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(+)-Matrine and (+)-isomatrine are tetracyclic alkaloids isolated from the plant Sophora flavescens, the roots of which are used in traditional Chinese medicine. Biosynthetically, these alkaloids are proposed to derive from three molecules of (-)-lysine via the intermediacy of the unstable cyclic imine Δ1-piperidine. Inspired by the biosynthesis, a new dearomative annulation reaction has been developed that leverages pyridine as a stable surrogate for Δ1-piperidine. In this key transformation, two molecules of pyridine are joined with a molecule of glutaryl chloride to give the complete tetracyclic framework of the matrine alkaloids in a single step. Using this dearomative annulation, isomatrine is synthesized in four steps from inexpensive commercially available chemicals. Isomatrine then serves as the precursor to additional lupin alkaloids, including matrine, allomatrine, isosophoridine, and sophoridine.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory demyelination neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system (CNS). Ferroptosis has been implicated in a range of brain disorders, and iron-loaded microglia are frequently found in affected brain regions. However, the molecular mechanisms linking ferroptosis with MS have not been well-defined. The present study seeks to bridge this gap and investigate the impact of matrine (MAT), a herbal medicine with immunomodulatory capacities, on the regulation of oxidative stress and ferroptosis in the CNS of mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of MS. CNS of EAE mice contained elevated levels of ferroptosis-related molecules, e.g., MDA, LPCAT3 and PTGS2, but decreased expression of antioxidant molecules, including GSH and SOD, GPX4 and SLC7A11. This pathogenic process was reversed by MAT treatment, together with significant reduction of disease severity and CNS inflammatory demyelination. Furthermore, the expression of PTGS2 and LOX was largely increased in microglia of EAE mice, accompanied with increased production of IL-6 and TNF-α, indicating a proinflammatory phenotype of microglia that undergo oxidative stress/ferroptosis, and their expression was significantly reduced after MAT treatment. Together, our results indicate that ferroptosis/inflammation plays an important role in the pathogenesis of CNS autoimmunity, and inhibiting ferroptosis-induced microglial activation/inflammation could be a novel mechanism underlying the therapeutic effects of MAT on CNS inflammatory demyelination in EAE., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests:LinZhu reports financial support was provided by National Natural Science Foundation of China. If there are other authors, they declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Berberine hydrochloride (BH) extracted from Coptis chinensis (CC) and Matrine (MT) separated from Sophora flavescens (SF) are alkaloids with potent anti-bacterial, anti-inflammatory, and anti-tumor effects. Motivated by the clinical practice of using CC and SF together, we aimed to demonstrate that the synergistic application of the natural compounds BH and MT could enhance therapeutic effects and minimize side effects. Two types of liposomes, liposomes containing only BH (BH-LP) and liposomes containing both BH and MT (BH-MT-LP), were successfully prepared via the reverse evaporation method. The liposome preparation process was optimized by single-factor screening and the Box-Behnken experimental design method. The results showed that the liposomes had particle sizes in the range of 222.7 to 235.4 nm, polydispersity indicated in the range of 11.8% to 23.3%, and zeta potentials in the range of -35.9 to -31.1 mv. BH-MT-LP showed superior anti-tumor activity against MDA-MB-231, HepG-2, and HGC-27 cells in vitro. The incorporation of MT effectively promoted the anti-tumor effect of BH, while the controlled release from liposomes further enhanced the therapeutic efficacy of BH. Furthermore, based on the flow cytometry results, we speculated that BH-MT-LP might promote apoptosis by blocking the G1 phase of cells and inducing cell death. In conclusion, BH-MT-LP provides evidence for the combined use of natural compounds as a stable, safe, and practical drug delivery system for the treatment of potential cancers. Meanwhile, the successful preparation for BH-MT-LP also provides a new approach to the combined use of traditional Chinese medicine ingredients.

Oxymatrine (OMT) as a quinazine alkaloid extracted from matrine has been shown to exhibit anti-inflammatory and anti-tumour effects. However, the protective mechanism of OMT on NSAID-associated small bowel mucosal injury remains unreported. We found that OMT could improve the clinical symptoms and pathological inflammation scoring, reduce the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α and cell apoptosis, promote cell proliferation and protect intestinal mucosal barrier as compared with the Diclofenac Sodium (DS) group. Further RNA-seq and KEGG analysis uncovered that the differentially expressed genes between DS and control groups were mainly enriched in immune regulation, of which MIP-1γ and its receptor CCR1 expression were validated to be repressed by OMTH. MAPK/NF-κB as the MIP-1 upstream signalling was also inactivated by OMT treatment. In this study, OMT regulated gut microbiota. Venn diagrams visualized and identified 1163 shared OTUs between DS group and OMTH group. The results showed that the α diversity index in the DS group was lower than that in the OMTH group, indicating that the complexity of the flora was reduced in the intestinal inflammatory state. β diversity mainly includes Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Principal Co-ordinates Analysis (PCoA). The differences between groups can be observed through PCA. The more similar the composition of the flora, the closer the samples are. We found that the difference was smaller in the DS group than in the OMTH group. The results of PcoA showed that the sample similarity between OMTH groups was the highest. Moreover, gut microbiota analysis unveiled that the abundances of Ruminococcus 1, Oscillibacter and Prevotellaceae at the genus level as well as Lactobacillus SP-L-Yj at the species level were increased in OMTH group as compared with the DS group but the abundance of Allobaculum, Ruminococceos-UCG-005, Ruminococceos-NK4A214 and Clostridium associated with DS-induced small bowel mucosal injury could be decreased by OMTH. MIP-1α and CCR1 were upregulated in human small bowel injury samples as compared with the normal ileal mucosa tissues. In conclusion, our findings demonstrated that OMT could alleviate NSAID-associated small bowel mucosal injury by inhibiting MIP-1γ/CCR1 signalling and regulating gut microbiota., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Co-amorphous (CM) is a promising technology for enhancing the aqueous solubility of insoluble drugs, but the gelation phenomenon has often occurred during the dissolution process and seriously threatened their solubility/dissolution performance. Therefore, it's quite important to design favorable CM systems to alleviate or even avoid the adverse effects of gelation phenomenon. In this study, CM systems of taxifolin (TAX) and oxymatrine (OMT) (TAX-OMT CMs) were constructed to improve the solubility and dissolution properties of TAX. Interestingly, TAX-OMT CMs gradually aggregated and obviously gelled during dissolution, but the solubility and dissolution of TAX in TAX-OMT CMs were significantly enhanced compared to crystalline TAX. Consequently, the underlying solubilization mechanisms of TAX-OMT CMs after gelation were systematically explored. For one thing, the complexation between the two components in TAX-OMT CMs was verified by phase solubility, fluorescence spectroscopy and isothermal titration calorimetry. For another, the residual solids of TAX-OMT CMs after dissolution evaluation were thoroughly characterized by means of powder X-ray diffraction, fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, which showed the anti-crystallization property of TAX-OMT CMs. Furthermore, molecular simulation demonstrated the intermolecular interactions of TAX-OMT CMs alone and TAX-OMT complexes in aqueous solution. Finally, pharmacokinetics study in rats suggested that the bioavailability of TAX in TAX-OMT CM (1:2) was approximately 5.5-fold higher than that of crystalline TAX after oral administration. Collectively, this study reveals the importance of complexation and anti-crystallization effects of CM systems on maintaining solubilization behavior after gelation, providing an effective strategy to improve the absorption performance of pharmaceutical CM systems., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Background: Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) presents a significant challenge in the medical field due to its high incidence and resistance to chemotherapy. Chemoresistance in NSCLC diminishes treatment efficacy and contributes to poor patient outcomes. Matrine alkaloids have shown promise in reversing chemotherapy resistance in NSCLC by targeting DNA repair mechanisms., Methods: Utilizing molecular dynamics simulations, we explored the interactions between Matrine alkaloids and DNA repair-related proteins to elucidate their impact on NSCLC cells. In vitro experiments involved treating A549/DDP cells with Matrine alkaloids to evaluate their sensitizing effects on lung cancer cells. Additionally, animal model experiments were conducted to validate the therapeutic potential of Matrine alkaloids in NSCLC treatment., Results: Our findings demonstrate that Matrine alkaloids disrupt DNA damage repair processes in NSCLC cells, leading to increased sensitivity to chemotherapy. Molecular docking studies revealed the intricate mechanisms by which Matrine alkaloids interact with DNA repair proteins, impacting cell survival and proliferation. Both cell experiments and animal models confirmed the chemosensitizing effects of Matrine alkaloids in NSCLC treatment., Conclusion: Matrine alkaloids offer a promising avenue for overcoming chemotherapy resistance in NSCLC by interfering with DNA repair pathways. This study lays a solid foundation for future clinical investigations into the potential of Matrine alkaloids as effective therapeutic agents for enhancing NSCLC treatment outcomes., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Objective: This study investigated the protective effect of oxymatrine (OMT) on carbon tetrachloride (CCl 4 )-induced hepatic fibrosis in mice and explored its possible targets and signaling pathways., Methods: Male BALB/c mice were randomly divided into blank control, model, positive drug (silymarin), and OMT administration groups, respectively, with 10 mice in each group. Hepatic fibrosis was induced in mice using CCl 4 and the corresponding drug intervention was given. After the final administration, ultrasonography tests, blood tests, and analysis of liver differential proteins using tandem mass tag labeling and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry were performed., Results: OMT intervention ameliorated CCl 4 -induced hepatic fibrosis in mice, significantly reduced serum alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase levels, down-regulated the expression of fibrosis factors, such as type IV collagen IV, laminin, type III procollagen III, and alpha-smooth muscle actin, and improved liver function. The results of the proteomic analysis showed that the intervention of OMT significantly down-regulated 130 out of 440 up-regulated proteins and up-regulated 70 out of 294 down-regulated proteins, primarily involving the transient receptor potential (TRP) signaling pathway, the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR) signaling pathway, and the metabolic pathway of arachidonic acid. The main differential proteins involved were Cyp2c37, SCP-2, and Tbxas1. In addition, OMT intervention significantly reversed the expression of sterol carrier protein-2 (SCP2) and upregulated the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma, Cyp2c37, and transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1 proteins., Conclusion: OMT inhibited the proliferative capacity of hepatic stellate cells, induced apoptotic properties, and suppressed the development of fibrosis by elevating Cyp2c37/TRP signaling axis activity and upregulating PPAR pathway activity by inhibiting SCP2., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Ethnopharmacological Relevance: Sophora flavescens is often used in traditional Chinese medicine for skin issues, diarrhea, and vaginal itching (Plant names have been checked with http://www.the/plant/list.org on Feb 22nd, 2024). Oxymatrine (OY), a major bioactive compound from Sophora flavescens, is commonly used in China to treat ulcerative colitis, but its mechanisms are still unclear., Aim of the Study: Recent studies have found that the crosstalk between ferroptosis and inflammation is an important mechanism in the pathogenesis of UC. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential underlying mechanisms of OY treatment on DSS-induced ulcerative colitis, specifically focusing on the processes of ferroptosis and inflammation., Materials and Methods: Bioinformatics methods were used to identify key targets of OY for ferroptosis and inflammation in ulcerative colitis, based on GEO data and FerrDb database. Then, 4% DSS solution was used to induce UC model. OY's impact on morphological changes was assessed using colon views, Hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Ferroptosis phenotype index and inflammations factors were detected by ELISA or chem-bio detection kits. The screen out hub related genes about ferroptosis and inflammation were verified by RT-PCR, immunohistochemistry (IHC), and western blotting (WB) respectively., Results: Bioinformatics results show that there are 16 key target genes involved in ferroptosis and inflammation interaction of OY treatment for UC, such as IL6, NOS2, IDO1, SOCS1, and DUOX. The results of animal experiments show that OY could depress inflammatory factors (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, HMGB1, and NLRP3) and reduce iron deposition (Fe 2+ , GSH). Additionally, OY suppressed the hub genes or proteins expression involved in ferroptosis and inflammation, including IL-1β, IL-6, NOS2, HIF1A, IDO1, TIMP1, and DUOX2., Conclusion: This present study combines bioinformatics, molecular biology, and animal experimental research evidently demonstrated that OY attenuates UC by improving ferroptosis and inflammation, mainly target to the expression of IL-1β, IL-6, NOS2, HIF1A, IDO1, TIMP1, and DUOX2., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest All authors declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to research, authorship, and publication of this article., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Sulfasalazine (SULF), a sulfonamide antibiotic, has been utilized in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) since its discovery. However, its poor water solubility causes the high daily doses (1---3 g) for patients, which may lead to the intolerable toxic and side effects for their lifelong treatment for RA and IBD. In this work, two water-soluble natural anti-inflammatory alkaloids, matrine (MAR) and sophoridine (SPD), were employed to construct the co-amorphous systems of SULF for addressing its solubility issue. These newly obtained co-amorphous forms of SULF were comprehensively characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), temperature-modulated differential scanning calorimetry (mDSC), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). We also investigated their dissolution behavior, including powder dissolution, in vitro release, and intrinsic dissolution rate. Both co-amorphous systems exhibited superior dissolution performance compared to crystalline SULF. The underlying mechanism responsible for the enhanced dissolution behaviors in co-amorphous systems were also elucidated. These mechanisms include the inhibition of nucleation, complexation, increased hydrophilicity, and robust intermolecular interactions in aqueous solutions. Importantly, these co-amorphous systems demonstrated satisfactory physical stability under various storage conditions. Network pharmacological analysis was utilized to investigate the potential therapeutic targets of both co-amorphous systems against RA, revealing similar yet distinct multi-target synergistic therapeutic mechanisms in the treatment of this condition. Our study suggests these drug-drug co-amorphous systems hold promise for optimizing SULF dosage in the future and providing a potential drug combination strategy., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Chronic pain often coincides with changes in gut microbiota composition. Yet, the role of gut microbiota in bone cancer pain (BCP) is still not fully understood. This study investigated the role of gut microbiota in BCP and the effect of oxymatrine (OMT) on gut microbiota in BCP. A BCP mice model was developed to assess gut microbiota composition, serum and brain tissue butyric acid levels, and blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability. Microbiota transplantation was used to restore gut microbiota, and the effect of Clostridium butyricum or sodium butyrate (NaB) supplementation on pain-related behaviors and BBB integrity was evaluated. The potential benefits of OMT on gut microbiota composition, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ)/cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) signaling, BBB integrity, and pain-related behaviors were also explored. BCP significantly altered gut microbiota composition and reduced serum and brain tissue butyric acid levels. Additionally, BBB permeability increased considerably in the BCP group compared with sham and control mice. Microbiota transplantation, as well as C butyricum or NaB supplementation, ameliorated pain-related behaviors and BBB integrity; the supplementation of C butyricum or NaB boosted brain-tight-junction protein expression, potentially through modulating PPARγ/COX-2 signaling. OMT influenced gut microbiota composition and regulated PPARγ/COX-2 signaling in the BCP model, improving pain-related behaviors and BBB integrity. BCP affects gut microbiota composition and butyric acid levels. Modulating gut microbiota and butyric acid levels through transplantation or supplementation may alleviate BCP. OMT shows potential as a treatment by altering gut microbiota composition and regulating PPARγ/COX-2 signaling. These findings provide new insights into BCP pathophysiology and possible treatments. PERSPECTIVE: This study explores the impact of gut microbiota on BCP. Microbiota transplantation alleviates BCP and enhances BBB integrity. Also, C butyricum or NaB improves BBB via PPARγ/COX-2. OMT, a BCP treatment, modifies microbiota by regulating PPARγ/COX-2, in turn improving pain and BBB integrity. These findings suggest a therapeutic approach, emphasizing clinical relevance in targeting gut microbiota and restoring butyric acid levels., (Copyright © 2024 United States Association for the Study of Pain, Inc. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Infection by multidrug-resistant avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) in chickens always leads to the uselessness of antibiotics, highlighting the need for alternative antibacterial agents. Sophora flavescens and Coptis chinensis have been a classical combination used together in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) formulas to treat diseases with similar symptoms to colibacillosis for an extended period, but the effect of their active ingredients' combination on APEC infection remains unstudied. The objective of this study was to explore the synergistic effect of matrine and berberine hydrochloride on colibacillosis caused by an isolated multidrug-resistant APEC. In this study, a highly pathogenic E. coli was isolated from the liver of a diseased chicken in a farm suspected of colibacillosis, and it was resistant to multiple antibiotics. The LD 50 of the strain was approximately 3.759×10 8 CFU/mL. The strain harbored several antibiotic resistance genes and virulence genes. Matrine and berberine hydrochloride have synergistic antibacterial effect against the isolated strain in vitro. The combined use of matrine and berberine hydrochloride exhibited synergistic effects in the treatment of APEC infection by regulating the organ indices, improving the pathological situation, decreasing the bacterial load, and regulating the inflammatory factors to enhance the survival rate of chickens in vivo. These results provided a foundation for revealing the effective effects and possible mechanisms of matrine and berberine hydrochloride as potential antimicrobial agents on diseases caused by multidrug-resistant APEC in chickens., Competing Interests: DISCLOSURES The authors declare no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Gallbladder cancer (GBC) is a common malignant cancer in the biliary system, which poses a serious threat to human health. It is urgent to explore ideal drugs for the treatment of GBC. Matrine is the main active ingredient of Sophora flavescentis, with a wide range of biological activities encompassing anti-inflammatory, antiviral, immunomodulatory, and anti-tumor. However, the underlying mechanism by which Matrine treats GBC is still unclear. The purpose of this study is to investigate the anti-tumor effects of Matrine on GBC in vivo and in vitro and to clarify the potential regulatory mechanisms. Here, we found that Matrine had a significant killing effect on GBC through CCK8 and flow cytometry, including arrest of cell cycle, inhibition of GBC cell, and induction of apoptosis. Further in vivo studies confirmed the inhibitory effect of Matrine on tumor growth in NOZ xenografted nude mouse. At the same time, Matrine also significantly suppressed the migration and invasion of GBC cells through scratch and Transwell experiments. In addition, by detecting the mRNA and protein levels of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and matrix metalloproteinases, Matrine furtherly substantiated the inhibitory role on invasion and migration of GBC. From a mechanistic perspective, network pharmacology analysis suggests that the potential targets of Matrine in the treatment of GBC are enriched in the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. Subsequently, Matrine effectively decreased the abundance of p-PI3K and p-AKT protein in vivo and in vitro. More importantly, PI3K activator (740 Y-P) antagonized the anti-tumor effect of Matrine, while PI3K inhibitor (LY294002) increased the sensitivity of Matrine for GBC. Based on the above findings, we conclude that Matrine inhibits the invasion and migration of GBC by regulating PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. Our results indicate the crucial role and regulatory mechanism of Matrine in suppressing the growth of GBC, which provides a theoretical basis for Matrine to be a candidate drug for the treatment and research of GBC., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

Matrine (MT), an active ingredient derived from Sophor flavescens Ait, is used as a therapeutic agent to treat liver disease and cancer. However, the serious toxic effects of MT, including nephrotoxicity, have limited its clinical application. Here, we explored the involvement of ferroptosis in MT-induced kidney injury and evaluated the potential efficacy and underlying mechanism of sodium selenite (SS) in attenuating MT-induced nephrotoxicity. We found that MT not only disrupts renal structure in mice but also induces the death of NRK-52E cells. Additionally, MT treatment resulted in significant elevations in ferrous iron, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and lipid peroxidation levels, accompanied by decreases in glutathione (GSH) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) levels. SS effectively mitigated the alterations in ferroptosis-related indicators caused by MT and prevented MT-induced nephrotoxicity as effectively as Fer-1 in vivo and in vitro. SS also reversed the MT-induced reduction in GPX4, CTH and xCT protein levels. However, the glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) inhibitor RSL3 and knockdown of GPX4, CTH, or xCT via siRNA abolished the protective effect of SS against MT-induced nephrotoxicity, indicating that SS exhibited antiferroptotic effects via the GSH-GPX4 antioxidant system. Overall, MT-induced ferroptosis triggers nephrotoxicity, and SS is a promising therapeutic drug for alleviating MT-induced renal injury by activating the GSH-GPX4 axis., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)

Background: Compound Ku-Shen Injection (CKI) is a traditional Chinese medicine preparation derived from Ku-Shen and Bai-Tu-Ling, commonly used in the adjunctive treatment of advanced cancers, including liver cancer. However, the underlying mechanisms of CKI's effectiveness in cancer treatment are not well defined., Methods: This study employs network pharmacology to investigate the traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) compatibility theory underlying CKI's action in treating liver cancer, with findings substantiated by molecular docking and in vitro experiments. Sixteen active components were identified from CKI, along with 193 potential targets for treating liver cancer. Key therapeutic target proteins, including EGFR and ESR1, were also identified. KEGG enrichment results showed that the neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction, cAMP signaling pathway, and serotonergic synapses make up the key pathway of CKI in the treatment of liver cancer. Molecular docking results confirmed that the key active ingredients effectively bind to the core targets. CCK-8 cytotoxic experiment results show that the CKI key components of oxymatrine and matrine can inhibit the growth of HepG2 liver cancer cell proliferation. A Western blot analysis revealed that oxymatrine suppresses the expression of EGFR, contributing to its therapeutic efficacy against liver cancer., Conclusion: our study elucidated the therapeutic mechanism of CKI in treating liver cancer and unveiled the underlying principles of its TCM compatibility through its mode of action.

Date palm trees, their cultivation and harvesting have become challenging due to infestations caused by some specific mites including Oligonychus afrasiaticus (McGregor) (Tetranychidae). Current research has been carried out to investigate the efficiency of nine pesticides against eggs and date palm mite, Oligonychus afrasiaticus against nine pesticides. Side effects of the nine pesticides were also examined on predatory mite, Amblyseius swirskii Athias-Henriot (Phytoseiidae). Mites and their eggs were treated with the recommended dosage of nine pesticides namely, Bifenazate 24%, Bifenthrin 10%, Matrine 0.6%, Imidacloprid 37% + Abamectin 3%, Sulphur 99.5%, Micronized Sulphur 80%, Mineral oil 95%, Pyrethrin 1.5% and Hexythiazox 10%, while they were present in their natural environment on the date palm trees in the experimental fields. Highest mortality of 91.16% was observed when O. afrasiaticus was treated with Bifenazate (24%) followed by 87.31%, 85.20%, 72.06%, 71.34%, 65.35%, 64.14%, 61.06% and 24.25% in case of Bifenthrin 10%, Matrine 0.6%, Imidacloprid 37% + Abamectin 3%, Sulphur 99.5%, Micronized Sulphur 80%, Mineral oil 95%, Pyrethrin 1.5%, and Hexythiazox 10%, respectively. A minimum hatching of 25.74% was observed when eggs of O. afrasiaticus were treated with Hexythiazox 10% and the highest success of hatching (99.07%) was seen when treatment was given with Imidacloprid 37% + Abamectin 3%. When same trials with same nine pesticides were performed on predatory mite; Amblyseius swirskii, the highest mortality in terms of percentage reduction (75.63%) was observed with Bifenthrin and the lowest (14.69%) with Matrine. Nine pesticides used in this study have distinct toxicity against targeted mite, their eggs and the predatory mite. A two steps control strategy is recommended for this treatment. First spray Hexythiazox at the egg laying stage and then at the moving stage of mites by using Matrine which is toxic to mites but negligibly toxic to predatory mites. Further studies are recommended to evaluate varied actions of the pesticide against eggs, phytophagous mites, and predatory mites.

Matrine (MT) is a kind of alkaloid extracted from Sophora and is a promising substitute for chemical nematicides and botanical pesticides. The present study utilized sodium alginate (SA), zeolite imidazole salt skeleton (ZIF), and MT as raw materials to prepare a pH-response-release nematicide through the electrostatic spray technique. Zinc metal-organic framework (ZIF-8) was initially synthesized, followed by the successful loading of MT. Subsequently, the electrostatic spray process was employed to encapsulate it in SA, resulting in the formation of MT/ZIF-8@SA microcapsules. The efficiency of encapsulation and drug loadings can reach 79.93 and 26.83%, respectively. Soybean cyst nematode (SCN) is one of the important pests that harm crops; acetic acid produced by plant roots and CO 2 produced by root respiration causing a decrease in the pH of the surrounding environment, which is most attractive to the SCN when the pH is between 4.5 and 5.4. MT/ZIF-8@SA releases the loaded MT in response to acetic acid produced by roots and acidic oxides produced by root respiration. The rate of release was 37.67% higher at pH 5.25 compared with pH 8.60. The control efficiency can reach 89.08% under greenhouse conditions. The above results demonstrate that the prepared MT/ZIF-8@SA not only exhibited excellent efficacy but also demonstrated a pH-responsive release of the nematicide.

Global impact of viral diseases specially Monkeypox (mpox) and Marburg virus, emphasizing the urgent need for effective drug interventions. Oxymatrine is an alkaloid which has been selected and modified using various functional groups to enhance its efficacy. The modifications were evaluated using various computatioanal analysis such as pass prediction, molecular docking, ADMET, and molecular dynamic simulation. Mpox and Marburg virus were chosen as target diseases based on their maximum pass prediction spectrum against viral disease. After that, molecular docking, dynamic simulation, DFT, calculation and ADMET prediction were determined. The main objective of this study was to enhance the efficacy of oxymatrine derivatives through functional group modifications and computational analyses to develop effective drug candidates against mpox and Marburg viruses. The calculated binding affinities indicated strong interactions against both mpox virus and Marburg virus. After that, the molecular dynamic simulation was conducted at 100 ns, which confirmed the stability of the binding interactions between the modified oxymatrine derivatives and target proteins. Then, the modified oxymatrine derivatives conducted theoretical ADMET profiling, which demonstrated their potential for effective drug development. Moreover, HOMO-LUMO calculation was performed to understand the chemical reactivity and physicochemical properties of compounds. This computational analysis indicated that modified oxymatrine derivatives for the treatment of mpox and Marburg virus suggested effective drug candidates based on their binding affinity, drug-like properties, stability and chemical reactivity. However, further experimental validation is necessary to confirm their clinical value and efficacy as therapeutic candidates., (© 2024 The Author(s). Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine published by Foundation for Cellular and Molecular Medicine and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Hepatic fibrosis is intricately associated with dysregulation of gut microbiota and host metabolomes. Our previous studies have demonstrated that matrine can effectively reduce hepatosteatosis and associated disorders. However, it is poorly understood whether the gut microbiota involved in the attenuation of liver fibrosis by matrine. Herein we explored a novel mechanism of how oral administration of matrine alleviates liver fibrosis by modulating gut microbiota. Administration of matrine not only potently ameliorated liver fibrosis in carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced mice, but also significantly preserved hepatic heat shock protein 72 (HSP72) in vivo and in vitro. Matrine was failed to reduce liver fibrosis when HSP72 upregulation was blocked by the HSP72 antagonist VER-155008. Also, consumption of matrine significantly alleviated gut dysbiosis and fecal metabonomic changes in CCl4-treated mice. Transplanted the faces of matrine-treated mice induced a remarkable upregulation of HSP72 and remission of fibrosis in liver in CCl4-exposed mice and inhibition of TGF-β1-induced inflammatory response and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in AML-12 cells. Furthermore, deficiency of HSP72 partly reversed the intestinal microbial composition that prevented matrine from reducing CCl4-induced liver fibrosis in mice. This study reveals the "gut microbiota-hepatic HSP72" axis as a key mechanism of matrine in reducing liver fibrosis and suggest that this axis may be targeted for developing other new therapies for liver fibrosis., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. Competing interests None declared., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS.. All rights reserved.)

Background: Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) represents a prevailing and severe clinical concern, characterized by limited availability of clinically effective treatment strategies. Current evidence endorses matrine's potential as a neuroprotective and analgesic agent for CIPN. Nevertheless, the precise targets and mechanisms of action of matrine remain insufficiently explored, impeding comprehensive pharmacological investigation and clinical application., Objective: This study endeavors to elucidate the analgesic and neuroprotective effects of matrine in mice with vincristine-induced neuropathic pain. A focal point is the identification of matrine's specific target and the underlying molecular mechanisms governing its analgesic and neuroprotective actions., Methods: To discern matrine's analgesic effects in CIPN mice, we conducted behavioral experiments encompassing the Von Frey filament test and Hargreaves Test. Furthermore, we conducted electrophysiological and histopathological assessments involving HE staining, Nissl staining, and Fluoro-Jade B staining to evaluate matrine's effects on neuroprotection within dorsal root ganglia and the spinal cord of CIPN mice. Sequentially, thermal shift assay, GTP hydrolysis assay, and nucleotide exchange assay were executed to validate matrine's inhibitory effects on KRAS. Molecular docking and site-directed mutagenesis experiments were implemented to identify the precise binding pocket of matrine on KRAS. Lastly, matrine's inhibitory effects on downstream signaling pathways of KRAS were confirmed through experiments conducted at animal model., Results: Matrine exhibited a notable increase in mechanical withdrawal threshold and thermal withdrawal latency in vincristine-treated mice. This compound substantially ameliorated the neurofunctional blockade associated with sensory and motor functions induced by vincristine. Moreover, matrine mitigated pathological damage within DRG and the L4-L5 spinal cord regions. The study's MST experiments indicated matrine's substantial elevation of KRAS's melting temperature. The GTP hydrolysis and nucleotide exchange assays revealed concentration-dependent inhibition of KRAS activity by matrine. Molecular docking provided insight into the binding mode of matrine with KRAS, while site-directed mutagenesis verified the specific binding site of matrine on KRAS. Lastly, matrine's inhibition of downstream Raf/Erk1/2 and PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathways of KRAS was confirmed in VCR mice., Conclusion: Compared to previous studies, our research has identified matrine as a natural inhibitor of the elusive protein KRAS, often considered "undruggable." Furthermore, this study has revealed that matrine exerts its therapeutic effects on chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) by inhibiting KRAS activation, subsequently suppressing downstream signaling pathways such as Raf/Erk1/2 and PI3K/Akt/mTOR. This investigation signifies the discovery of a novel target for matrine, thus expanding the potential scope of its involvement in KRAS-related biological functions and diseases. These findings hold the promise of providing a crucial experimental foundation for forthcoming drug development initiatives centered around matrine, thereby advancing the field of pharmaceutical research., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: Ning Liu reports financial support was provided by National Natural Science Foundation of China., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.)

Ethnopharmacological Relevance: Sophocarpine is a bioactive compound extracted from the dried root of Sophorae Flavesentis Aiton, a plant that has been used for thousands of years for various conditions including skin itch and pain. Its antipruritic and analgesic effects are suggested in publications, while the molecular mechanisms underneath interacting with TRP channels are not understood., Aim of the Study: We investigated the anti-inflammatory, antipruritic, and analgesic effects of sophocarpine in a murine inflammatory itch and pain model to elucidate the underlying mechanisms., Materials and Methods: We evaluated sophocarpine's anti-pruritic and analgesic effects by monitoring mice's scratching and wiping behaviors, and the anti-inflammatory effect by measuring psoriasis area and severity index (PASI) score. The mRNA and protein expression of TRPA1/TRPV1 was analyzed by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blotting. We further investigated the relationship between sophocarpine and TRPA1/TRPV1 in mice administered allyl-isothiocyanate (AITC) or capsaicin and by molecular docking., Results: We found that sophocarpine decreased scratching bouts, wipes, and the PASI score, reduced the TNF-α and IL-1β in the skin and TRPA1 and TRPV1 in the trigeminal ganglion. Pretreatment of sophocarpine decreased AITC-induced scratching bouts and wipes and capsaicin-induced wipes. We also found potential competitive bindings between sophocarpine and AITC/capsaicin to TRPA1/TRPV1., Conclusions: Sophocarpine is a potential competitive inhibitor of TRPA1 and TRPV1 channels eliciting strong anti-inflammatory, anti-pruritic, and analgesic effects, suggesting its significant therapeutic potential in treating diseases with inflammatory itch and pain., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

Sophora flavescens Ait. (SFA), an extensively utilized herb for the treatment of fevers, inflammatory disorders, ulcers and skin diseases related to bur, contains oxymatrine (OMT) as its principal active constituent. OMT exerts regulatory effects over inflammation, oxidative stress and apoptosis. Neutrophils, critical regulators of the inflammation response, have not been thoroughly elucidated regarding the protective properties and underlying mechanisms of OMT-mediated anti-inflammation. This study was aim to explore the protective effect of OMT on neutrophils under inflammatory conditions and delve into its potential mechanism. Leveraging the advantages of zebrafish, an animal model with a real-time dynamic observation system, we established an in vivo caudal fin wound model and a copper sulfate induced-inflammation model in zebrafish line Tg (mpx:GFP). The result revealed that OMT significantly attenuated neutrophil migration, upregulated the mRNA expression levels of JNK, casp3, mapk14a, mapkapk2a and map2k1 damaged by zebrafish caudal fin wound model, and downregulated mRNA expression levels of JNK, casp3, mapk14a, mapkapk2a and map2k1 in the copper sulfate injury model. In vitro experiments demonstrated that OMT modulated the chemotaxis response of primary neutrophils from mice, enhanced phagocytosis, reduced oxidative stress and alleviated inflammation level. We hypothesize that the OMT may exert its anti-inflammatory effects by regulating primary neutrophils through the MAPK signaling pathway., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Esophageal, cancer is a prevalent malignant tumour of the digestive system in China, and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) accounts for 90 % of all esophageal cancer cases. Currently, the primary treatment involves surgical resection combined with postoperative radiotherapy. In this study, we used two ESCC cell lines to determine whether oxymatrine (OMT) inhibits ESCC, whether the mechanism involves the MEK1/ERK/β-catenin pathway, and how OMT modulates this pathway to affect the development of ESCC. The effects of OMT treatment were monitored with Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assays as well as with clony formation, migration and invasion, wound healing, Hoechst 33258, and Western blot analyses. The relationship between OMT and the target was also evaluated by molecular docking and cell stability experiments. These findings suggest that ESCC development and metastasis may be inhibited by OMT and that OMT targets MEK1 through the ERK/β-catenin/EMT pathway to suppress ESCC cell migration and invasion. In addition, in vivo studies confirmed that OMT can inhibit the growth of ESCC cell lines in NOG mice without causing damage to other organs. In conclusion, in vitro experiments, revealed that OMT prevents the migration and invasiveness of ESCC cells by inhibiting the ERK/β-catenin/EMT pathway and thus targeting MAP2K1 (MEK1) in ESCC., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Daruqi is a Traditional Mongolian medicine with anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial, and immune-regulatory effects. However, the mechanisms of its activity were unclear. In the present study, we confirmed the anti-inflammation effect of Daruqi on inflammation induced by LPS using animal models. Then, THP-1 cells treated with LPS was used as a positive control to explore the effective component of Daruqi on inflammation. We identified that Oxymatrine was the essential effector of Daruqi. Furthermore, the mechanism of Oxymatrine on inflammation was verified through proteomics analyses and validation assays. Our results demonstrated that Oxymatrine significantly reduced the levels of inflammatory cytokine, including IL-8, IL-1α, and IL-1β, in LPS induced THP-1 cells. Based on tandem mass tag -labeled quantitative proteomics, 428 differentially expressed proteins were screened, involved in TNF signaling pathway, Ferroptosis, IL-17 signaling pathway, etc. Among these differential expressed proteins (DEPs), 23 proteins were verified with parallel reaction monitoring analysis. The results showed that LPS treatment potentiated the protein level of PLEK, ACSL5 and CYBB, which could be reversed by Oxymatrine. By contrast, the protein expression of SPRYD4 and EMR2 was suppressed after LPS treatment, which could be rescued by Oxymatrine. In summary, Oxymatrine has excellent protective effects in LPS induced THP-1 cells. The five proteins, including PLEK, ACSL5, CYBB, SPRYD4 and EMR2, might serve as the targets of Oxymatrine, and as candidates regulating inflammation in future therapies., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Arsenic (As) has been classified as a carcinogen for humans. There is abundant evidence indicating that arsenic increases the risk of bladder cancer among human populations. However, the underlying mechanisms have yet to be fully understood and elucidated. NADPH oxidases (NOXs) are the main enzymes for ROS production in the body. NADPH Oxidase 2 (NOX2), which is the most distinctive and ubiquitously expressed subunit of NOXs, can promote the formation and development of tumors. The utilization of NOX2 as a therapeutic target has been proposed to modulate diseases resulting from the activation of NOD-like receptor thermal protein domain associated protein 3 (NLRP3). Matrine has been reported to exhibit various pharmacological effects, including anti-inflammatory, antifibrotic, antitumor, and analgesic properties. However, it has not been reported whether matrine can inhibit malignant transformation induced by arsenic in uroepithelial cells through NOX2. We have conducted a series of experiments using both a sub-chronic NaAsO 2 exposure rat model and a long-term NaAsO 2 exposure cell model. Our findings indicate that arsenic significantly increases cell proliferation, migration, and angiogenesis in vivo and in vitro. Arsenic exposure resulted in an upregulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), NOX2, and NLRP3 inflammasome expression. Remarkably, both in vivo and in vitro, the administration of matrine demonstrated a significant improvement in the detrimental impact of arsenic on bladder epithelial cells. This was evidenced by the downregulation of proliferation, migration, and angiogenesis, as well as the expression of the NOX2 and NLRP3 inflammasomes. Collectively, these findings indicate that matrine possesses the ability to reduce NOX2 levels and inhibit the transformation of bladder epithelial cells.

In this study, the role of matrine, a component derived from traditional Chinese medicine, in modulating macrophage polarization and its effects on traumatic heterotopic ossification (HO) in mice was investigated. Traumatic HO is a pathological condition characterized by abnormal bone formation in nonskeletal tissues, often following severe trauma or surgery. The mechanisms underlying HO involve an enhanced inflammatory response and abnormal bone formation, with macrophages playing a crucial role. Our study demonstrated that matrine effectively inhibits the polarization of bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) toward the M2 phenotype, a subtype associated with anti-inflammatory processes and implicated in the progression of HO. Using in vitro assays, we showed that matrine suppresses key M2 markers and inhibits the MAPK signaling pathway in BMDMs. Furthermore, in vivo experiments revealed that matrine treatment significantly reduced HO formation in the Achilles tendons of mice and downregulated the expression of markers associated with M2 macrophages and the MAPK pathway. Our findings suggest that the ability of matrine to modulate macrophage polarization and inhibit the MAPK pathway has therapeutic potential for treating traumatic HO, providing a novel approach to managing this complex condition., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest All authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS.. All rights reserved.)

Carrier-free self-assembly has gradually shifted the focus of research on natural products, which effectively improve the bioavailability and the drug-loading rate. However, in spite of the existing studies, the development of self-assembled natural phytochemicals that possess pharmacological effects still has scope for further exploration and enhancement. Herein, a nano-delivery system was fabricated through the direct self-assembly of Rhein and Matrine and was identified as a self-assembled Rhein-Matrine nanoparticles (RM NPs). The morphology of RM NPs was characterized by TEM. The molecular mechanisms of self-assembly were explored using FT-IR, 1 H NMR, and molecular dynamics simulation analysis. Gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) hydrogel was used as a drug carrier for controlled release and targeted delivery of RM NPs. The potential wound repair properties of RM NPs were evaluated on a skin wound-healing model. TEM and dynamic light scattering study demonstrated that the RM NPs were close to spherical, and the average size was approximately 75 nm. 1 H NMR of RM NPs demonstrated strong and weak changes in the interaction energies during self-assembly. Further molecular dynamics simulation analysis predicted the self-assembly behavior. An in vivo skin wound-healing model demonstrated that RM NPs present better protection effect against skin damages. Taken together, RM NPs are a new self-assembly system; this may provide new directions for natural product applications., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) activation is a key event in the development of liver fibrosis, and blockage of the activation of HSCs has been shown to alleviate liver fibrosis. Sophoridine, a bioactive alkaloid found in many Chinese herbs, exhibits a broad spectrum of pharmacological effects, but its activities are not strong. In this study, a series of structurally modified derivatives of sophoridine were designed and synthesized. Among them, sophoridine α-aryl propionamide derivative ZM600 displayed a significant inhibitory effect on the activation of HSCs. The in vivo experiment demonstrated that ZM600 markedly ameliorated carbon tetrachloride (CCl 4 ) and bile duct ligation (BDL)-induced liver fibrosis with a significant improvement of extracellular matrix deposition. Mechanism investigations revealed that ZM600 specifically inhibited the activation of NF-κB, PI-3K/AKT, and TGF-β/Smads signaling pathways. These results suggest that ZM600 has a protective effect on liver fibrosis, which provides a new candidate for the treatment of liver fibrosis.

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is endemic worldwide, seriously affecting the development of the pig industry, but vaccines have limited protective effects against PRRSV transmission. The aim of this study was to identify potential anti-PRRSV drugs. We examined the cytotoxicity of seven compounds formulated based on the mass ratio of glycyrrhizic acid to matrine and calculated their inhibition rates against PRRSV in vitro. The results showed that the seven compounds all had direct killing and therapeutic effects on PRRSV, and the compounds inhibited PRRSV replication in a time- and dose-dependent manner. The compound with the strongest anti-PRRSV effect was selected for subsequent in vivo experiments. Pigs were divided into a control group and a medication group for the in vivo evaluation. The results showed that pigs treated with the 4:1 compound had 100% morbidity after PRRSV challenge, and the mortality rate reached 75% on the 8th day of the virus challenge. These results suggest that this compound has no practical anti-PRRSV effect in vivo and can actually accelerate the death of infected pigs. Next, we further analyzed the pigs that exhibited semiprotective effects following vaccination with the compound to determine whether the compound can synergize with the vaccine in vivo. The results indicated that pigs treated with the compound had higher mortality rates and more severe clinical reactions after PRRSV infection (p < 0.05). The levels of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-8, IL-1β, IFN-γ, and TNF-α) were significantly greater in the compound-treated pigs than in the positive control-treated pigs (p < 0.05), and there was no synergistic enhancement with the live attenuated PRRSV vaccine (p < 0.05). The compound enhanced the inflammatory response, prompted the body to produce excessive levels of inflammatory cytokines and caused body damage, preventing a therapeutic effect. In conclusion, the present study revealed that the in vitro effectiveness of these agents does not indicate that they are effective in vivo or useful for developing anti-PRRSV drugs. Our findings also showed that, to identify effective anti-PRRSV drugs, comprehensive drug screening is needed, for compounds with solid anti-inflammatory effects both in vitro and in vivo. Our study may aid in the development of new anti-PRRSV drugs., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

The discovery of alternative medicines with fewer adverse effects is urgently needed for rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Sophoridine (SR), the naturally occurring quinolizidine alkaloid isolated from the leguminous sophora species, has been demonstrated to possess a wide range of pharmacological activities. However, the effect of SR on RA remains unknown. In this study, the collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) rat model and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα)-induced fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLSs) were utilized to investigate the inhibitory effect of SR on RA. The anti-arthritic effect of SR was evaluated using the CIA rat model in vivo and TNFα-stimulated FLSs in vitro. Mechanistically, potential therapeutic targets and pathways of SR in RA were analyzed through drug target databases and disease databases, and validation was carried out through immunofluorescence, immunohistochemistry, and Western blot. The in vivo results revealed that SR treatment effectively ameliorated synovial inflammation and bone erosion in rats with CIA. The in vitro studies showed that SR could significantly suppress the proliferation and migration in TNFα-induced arthritic FLSs. Mechanistically, SR treatment efficiently inhibited the activation of MAPKs (JNK and p38) and NF-κB pathways in TNFα-induced arthritic FLSs. These findings were further substantiated by Immunohistochemistry results in the CIA rat. SR exerts an anti-arthritic effect in CIA rats through inhibition of the pathogenic characteristic of arthritic FLSs via suppressing NF-κB and MAPKs (JNK and p38) signaling pathways. SR may have a great potential for development as a novel therapeutic agent for RA treatment., (© 2024 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Cryptosporidiosis is a worldwide zoonotic disease. Oxymatrine, an alkaloid extracted and isolated from the plant bitter ginseng, has been reported to have therapeutic effects on cryptosporidiosis. However, the underlying mechanism of its action remains unclear. In this study, we utilized network pharmacology and experimental validation to investigate the mechanism of oxymatrine in the treatment of cryptosporidiosis. First, the potential targets of drugs and diseases were predicted by TCMSP, Gene Cards, and other databases. Following the intersection of drug-disease targets, the DAVID database was used to implement the enrichment analysis of GO functions and KEGG pathways, and then the network diagram of "intersected target-KEGG" relationship was constructed. Autodock 4.2.6 software was used to carry out the molecular docking of core targets to drug components. Based on the establishment of a mouse model of cryptosporidiosis, the validity of the targets in the TNF/NF-κB signaling pathway was confirmed using Western blot analysis and Quantitative Rea-ltime-PCR. A total of 41 intersectional targets of oxymatrine and Cryptosporidium were generated from the results, and five core targets were screened out by network analysis, including RELA, AKT1, ESR1, TNF, and CASP3. The enrichment analysis showed that oxymatrine could regulate multiple gene targets, mediate TNF, Apoptpsis, IL-17, NF-κB and other signaling pathways. Molecular docking experiments revealed that oxymatrine was tightly bound to core targets with stable conformation. Furthermore, we found through animal experiments that oxymatrine could regulate the mRNA and protein expression of IL-6, NF-κB, and TNF-α in the intestinal tissues of post-infected mice through the TNF/NF-κB signaling pathway. Therefore, it can be concluded that oxymatrine can regulate the inflammatory factors TNF-α, NF-κB, and IL-6 through the TNF/NF-κB signaling pathway for the treatment of cryptosporidiosis. This prediction has also been validated by network pharmacology and animal experiments., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is difficult to cure and easy to relapse, leading to poor quality of life for patients. Oxymatrine (OMT) is one of the main alkaloids of Sophora flavescens Aiton, which has many effects, such as anti-inflammation, anti-oxidative stress, and immunosuppression. This study aimed to investigate whether OMT could attenuate ulcerative colitis by inhibiting the NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain containing three (NLRP3) inflammasome-mediated pyroptosis. In this study, the UC rat models were established by 2,4,6-Trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS) in vivo, while RAW264.7 cells and peritoneal macrophages were stimulated with Lipopolysaccharides/Adenosine Triphosphate (LPS/ATP) in vitro to simulate pyroptosis models, and Western blotting (WB) and other detection techniques were applied to analyze proteins involved in the NLRP3 inflammasome pathway. Our results showed that OMT alleviated colitis ulcers and pathological damage in the TNBS-induced UC rats and exhibited an inhibitory effect on pyroptosis at the early stage of UC. In the model group, the pyroptosis reached the peak at 24 h after modeling with the contents of active-cysteine-aspartic proteases-1 (caspase-1), Gasdermin D (GSDMD)-N, and cleaved-interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) to the highest expression level. Meanwhile, we found that OMT (80 mg kg -1 ) remarkably decreased the expression levels of NLRP3, active-caspase-1, and cleaved-IL-1β at 24 h in the lesion tissue from UC rats. Further experiments on cells demonstrated that OMT at concentrations of 100 and 250 μM significantly inhibited cell death caused by NLRP3 inflammasome activation ( p < 0.05), downregulated caspase-1, GSDMD, and decreased the levels of active-caspase-1, GSDMD-N, cleaved-IL-1β in RAW326.7 cells, and peritoneal macrophages. In summary, these results indicated that OMT could attenuate ulcerative colitis through inhibiting pyroptosis mediated by the NLRP3 inflammasome. The inhibition of the NLRP3 inflammasome may be a potential strategy for UC.

Objective: To investigate the involvement of the high mobility group box protein B1 (HMGB1)-Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2)/TLR4-nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) pathway in the intestinal mucosal injury induced by Cryptosporidium parvum infection, and to examine the effect of oxymatrine (OMT) on C. parvum infection in mice., Methods: Forty SPF 4-week-old BALB/c mice were randomly divided into four groups, including the control group, infection group, glycyrrhizin (GA) group and OMT group. Each mouse was orally administered with 1 × 10 5 C. parvum oocysts one week in the infection, GA and OMT groups following dexamethasone-induced immunosuppression to model C. parvum intestinal infections in mice. Upon successful modeling, mice in the GA group were intraperitoneally injected with GA at a daily dose of 25.9 mL/kg for successive two weeks, and animals in the OMT group were orally administered OMT at a daily dose of 50 mg/kg for successive two weeks, while mice in the control group were given normal food and water. All mice were sacrificed two weeks post-treatment, and proximal jejunal tissues were sampled. The pathological changes of mouse intestinal mucosal specimens were observed using hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining, and the mouse intestinal villous height, intestinal crypt depth and the ratio of intestinal villous height to intestinal crypt depth were measured. The occludin and zonula occludens protein 1 (ZO1) expression was determined in mouse intestinal epithelial cells using immunohistochemistry, and the relative expression of HMGB1 , TLR2 , TLR4 , myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 ( MyD88 ) and NF-κB p65 mRNA was quantified in mouse jejunal tissues using quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) assay., Results: HE staining showed that the mouse intestinal villi were obviously atrophic, shortened, and detached, and the submucosal layer of the mouse intestine was edematous in the infection group as compared with the control group, while the mouse intestinal villi tended to be structurally intact and neatly arranged in the GA and OMT groups. There were significant differences among the four groups in terms of the mouse intestinal villous height ( F = 6.207, P = 0.000 5), intestinal crypt depth ( F = 6.903, P = 0.000 3) and the ratio of intestinal villous height to intestinal crypt depth ( F = 37.190, P < 0.000 1). The mouse intestinal villous height was lower in the infection group than in the control group [(321.9 ± 41.1) μm vs. (399.5 ± 30.9) μm; t = 4.178, P < 0.01] and the GA group [(321.9 ± 41.1) μm vs. (383.7 ± 42.7) μm; t = 3.130, P < 0.01], and the mouse intestinal crypt depth was greater in the infection group [(185.0 ± 35.9) μm] than in the control group [(128.4 ± 23.6) μm] ( t = 3.877, P < 0.01) and GA group [(143.3 ± 24.7) μm] ( t = 2.710, P < 0.05). The mouse intestinal villous height was greater in the OMT group [(375.3 ± 22.9) μm] than in the infection group ( t = 3.888, P < 0.01), and there was no significant difference in mouse intestinal villous height between the OMT group and the control group ( t = 1.989, P > 0.05). The mouse intestinal crypt depth was significantly lower in the OMT group [(121.5 ± 27.3) μm] than in the infection group ( t = 4.133, P < 0.01), and there was no significant difference in mouse intestinal crypt depth between the OMT group and the control group ( t = 0.575, P > 0.05). The ratio of the mouse intestinal villous height to intestinal crypt depth was significantly lower in the infection group (1.8 ± 0.2) than in the control group (3.1 ± 0.3) ( t = 10.540, P < 0.01) and the GA group (2.7 ± 0.3) ( t = 7.370, P < 0.01), and the ratio of the mouse intestinal villous height to intestinal crypt depth was significantly higher in the OMT group (3.1 ± 0.2) than in the infection group ( t = 15.020, P < 0.01); however, there was no significant difference in the ratio of the mouse intestinal villous height to intestinal crypt depth between the OMT group and the control group ( t = 0.404, P > 0.05). Immunohistochemical staining showed significant differences among the four groups in terms of occludin ( F = 28.031, P < 0.000 1) and ZO1 expression ( F = 14.122, P < 0.000 1) in mouse intestinal epithelial cells. The proportion of positive occluding expression was significantly lower in mouse intestinal epithelial cells in the infection group than in the control group [(14.3 ± 4.5)% vs. (28.3 ± 0.5)%; t = 3.810, P < 0.01], and the proportions of positive occluding expression were significantly higher in mouse intestinal epithelial cells in the GA group [(30.3 ± 1.3)%] and OMT group [(25.8 ± 1.5)%] than in the infection group ( t = 7.620 and 5.391, both P values < 0.01); however, there was no significant differences in the proportion of positive occluding expression in mouse intestinal epithelial cells between the GA or OMT groups and the control group ( t = 1.791 and 2.033, both P values > 0.05). The proportion of positive ZO1 expression was significantly lower in mouse intestinal epithelial cells in the infection group than in the control group [(14.4 ± 1.8)% vs. (24.2 ± 2.8)%; t = 4.485, P < 0.01], and the proportions of positive ZO1 expression were significantly higher in mouse intestinal epithelial cells in the GA group [(24.1 ± 2.3)%] ( t = 5.159, P < 0.01) and OMT group than in the infection group [(22.5 ± 1.9)%] ( t = 4.441, P < 0.05); however, there were no significant differences in the proportion of positive ZO1 expression in mouse intestinal epithelial cells between the GA or OMT groups and the control group ( t = 0.037 and 0.742, both P values > 0.05). qPCR assay showed significant differences among the four groups in terms of HMGB1 ( F = 21.980, P < 0.000 1), TLR2 ( F = 20.630, P < 0.000 1), TLR4 ( F = 17.000, P = 0.000 6), MyD88 ( F = 8.907, P = 0.000 5) and NF-κB p65 mRNA expression in mouse jejunal tissues ( F = 8.889, P = 0.000 7). The relative expression of HMGB1 [(5.97 ± 1.07) vs. (1.05 ± 0.07); t = 6.482, P < 0.05] 、 TLR2 [(5.92 ± 1.29) vs. (1.10 ± 0.14); t = 5.272, P < 0.05] 、 TLR4 [(5.96 ± 1.50) vs. (1.02 ± 0.03); t = 4.644, P < 0.05] 、 MyD88 [(3.00 ± 1.26) vs. (1.02 ± 0.05); t = 2.734, P < 0.05] and NF-κB p65 mRNA [(2.33 ± 0.72) vs. (1.04 ± 0.06); t = 2.665, P < 0.05] was all significantly higher in mouse jejunal tissues in the infection group than in the control group. A significant reduction was detected in the relative expression of HMGB1 (0.63 ± 0.01), TLR2 (0.42 ± 0.10), TLR4 (0.35 ± 0.07), MyD88 (0.70 ± 0.11) and NF-κB p65 mRNA (0.75 ± 0.01) in mouse jejunal tissues in the GA group relative to the control group ( t = 8.629, 5.830, 11.500, 4.729 and 6.898, all P values < 0.05), and the relative expression of HMGB1 , TLR2 , TLR4 , MyD88 and NF-κB p65 mRNA significantly reduced in mouse jejunal tissues in the GA group as compared to the infection group ( t = 7.052, 6.035, 4.084, 3.165 and 3.274, all P values < 0.05). In addition, the relative expression of HMGB1 (1.14 ± 0.60), TLR2 (1.00 ± 0.24), TLR4 (1.14 ± 0.07), MyD88 (0.96 ± 0.25) and N F-κ B p65 mRNA (1.12 ± 0.17) was significantly lower in mouse jejunal tissues in the OMT group than in the infection group ( t = 7.059, 5.320, 3.510, 3.466 and 3.273, all P values < 0.05); however, there were no significant differences between the OMT and control groups in terms of relative expression of HMGB1 , TLR2 , TLR4 , MyD88 or NF-κB p65 mRNA in mouse jejunal tissues ( t = 0.239, 0.518, 1.887, 0.427 and 0.641, all P values > 0.05)., Conclusions: C. parvum infection causes intestinal inflammatory responses and destruction of intestinal mucosal barrier through up-regulating of the HMGB1-TLR2/TLR4-NF-κB pathway. OMT may suppress the intestinal inflammation and repair the intestinal mucosal barrier through inhibiting the activity of the HMGB1-TLR2/TLR4-NF-κB pathway.

Matrine (MT) possesses anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic and antioxidative properties. However, the impact and underlying mechanisms of matrine on colitis are unclear. The purpose of this research was to examine the protective impact and regulatory mechanism of matrine on dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced ulcerative colitis (UC) in mice. MT alleviated DSS-induced UC by inhibiting weight loss, relieving colon shortening and reducing the disease activity index (DAI). Moreover, DSS-induced intestinal injury and the number of goblet cells were reversed by MT, as were alterations in the expression of zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) and occludin in colon. Simultaneously, matrine not only effectively restored DSS-induced oxidative stress in colonic tissues but also reduced the production of inflammatory cytokines. Furthermore, MT could treat colitis mice by regulating the regulatory T cell (Treg)/T helper 17 (Th17) cell imbalance. We observed further evidence that MT alleviated the decrease in intestinal flora diversity, reduced the proportion of Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes , decreased the proportion of Proteobacteria and increased the relative abundance of Lactobacillus and Akkermansia in colitis mice. In conclusion, these results suggest that MT may mitigate DSS-induced colitis by enhancing the colon barrier integrity, reducing the Treg/Th17 cell imbalance, inhibiting intestinal inflammation, modulating oxidative stress and regulating the gut microbiota. These findings provide strong evidence for the development and application of MT as a dietary treatment for UC.

Myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (MI/R) is a common cardiovascular disease that seriously affects the quality of life and prognosis of patients. In recent years, matrine has attracted widespread attention in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. This study designed, synthesized, and characterized 20 new matrine derivatives and studied their protective effects on ischemia-reperfusion injury through in vivo and in vitro experiments. Based on cellular assays, most newly synthesized derivatives have a certain protective effect on Hypoxia/Reoxygenation (H/R) induced H9C2 cell damage, with compound 22 having the best activity and effectively reducing cell apoptosis and necrosis. In vitro experimental data shows that compound 22 can significantly reduce the infarct size of rat myocardium and improve cardiac function after MI/R injury. In summary, compound 22 is a new potential cardioprotective agent that can promote angiogenesis and enhance antioxidant activity by activating ADCY5, CREB3l4, and VEGFA, thereby protecting myocardial cell apoptosis and necrosis induced by MI/R., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

In recent years, the evolution of antibiotic resistance has led to the inefficacy of several antibiotics, and the reverse of resistance was a novel method to solve this problem. We previously demonstrated that matrine (Mat) and berberine hydrochloride (Ber) had a synergistic effect against multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli (MDREC). This study aimed to demonstrate the effect of Mat combined with Ber in reversing the resistance of MDREC. The MDREC was sequenced passaged in the presence of Mat, Ber, and a combination of Mat and Ber, which did not affect its growth. The reverse rate was up to 39.67% after MDREC exposed to Mat + Ber for 15 days. The strain that reversed resistance was named drug resistance reversed E. coli (DRREC) and its resistance to ampicillin, streptomycin, gentamicin, and tetracycline was reversed. The MIC of Gentamicin Sulfate (GS) against DRREC decreased 128-fold to 0.63 µg/mL, and it was stable within 20 generations. Furthermore, the susceptible phenotype of DRREC remained stable within 20 generations, as well. The LD 50 of DRREC for chickens was 8.69 × 10 9 CFU/mL. qRT-PCR assays revealed that the transcript levels of antibiotic-resistant genes and virulence genes in the DRREC strain were significantly lower than that in the MDREC strain (P < 0.05). In addition, GS decreased the death, decreased the bacterial loading in organs, alleviated the injury of the spleen and liver, and decreased the cytokine levels in the chickens infected by the DRREC strain. In contrast, the therapeutic effect of GS in chickens infected with MDREC was not as evident. These findings suggest that the combination of Mat and Ber has potential for reversing resistance to MDREC., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

Sepsis is a life-threatening organ dysfunction that endangers patient lives and is caused by an imbalance in the host defense against infection. Sepsis continues to be a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in critically sick patients. Oxymatrine (OMT), a quinolizidine alkaloid derived from the traditional Chinese herb Sophora flavescens Aiton, has been shown to have anti-inflammatory effects on a number of inflammatory illnesses according to research. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the therapeutic effects of OMT on sepsis and explore the underlying mechanisms. We differentiated THP-1 cells into THP-1 macrophages and studied the anti-inflammatory mechanism of OMT in a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced THP-1 macrophage sepsis model. Activation of the receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE), as well as NF-κB, was assessed by Western blot analysis and immunofluorescence staining. ELISA was used to measure the levels of inflammatory factors. We found that OMT significantly inhibited HMGB1-mediated RAGE/NF-κB activation and downstream inflammatory cytokine production in response to LPS stimulation. Finally, an in vivo experiment was performed on septic mice to further study the effect of OMT on injured organs. The animal experiments showed that OMT significantly inhibited HMGB1-mediated RAGE/NF-κB activation, protected against the inflammatory response and organ injury induced by CLP, and prolonged the survival rate of septic mice. Herein, we provide evidence that OMT exerts a significant therapeutic effect on sepsis by inhibiting the HMGB1/RAGE/NF-κB signaling pathway., (© 2024 Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

Background: Coccidiosis is a rapidly spreading and acute parasitic disease that seriously threatening the intestinal health of poultry. Matrine from leguminous plants has anthelmintic and anti-inflammatory properties., Purpose: This assay was conducted to explore the protective effects of Matrine and the AntiC (a Matrine compound) on Eimeria necatrix (EN)-infected chick small intestines and to provide a nutritional intervention strategy for EN injury., Study Design: The in vivo (chick) experiment: A total of 392 one-day-old yellow-feathered broilers were randomly assigned to six groups in a 21-day study: control group, 350 mg/kg Matrine group, 500 mg/kg AntiC group, EN group, and EN + 350 mg/kg Matrine group, EN + 500 mg/kg AntiC group. The in vitro (chick intestinal organoids, IOs): The IOs were treated with PBS, Matrine, AntiC, 3 μM CHIR99021, EN (15,000 EN sporozoites), EN + Matrine, EN + AntiC, EN + Matrine + CHIR99021, EN + AntiC + CHIR99021., Methods: The structural integrity of chicks jejunal crypt-villus axis was evaluated by hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). And the activity of intestinal stem cells (ISCs) located in crypts was assessed by in vitro expansion advantages of a primary in IOs model. Then, the changes of Wnt/β-catenin signaling in jejunal tissues and IOs were detected by Real-Time qPCR,Western blotting and immunohistochemistry., Results: The results showed that dietary supplementation with Matrine or AntiC rescued the jejunal injury caused by EN, as indicated by increased villus height, reduced crypt hyperplasia, and enhanced expression of tight junction proteins. Moreover, there was less budding efficiency of the IOs expanded from jejunal crypts of chicks in the EN group than that in the Matrine and AntiC group, respectively. Further investigation showed that AntiC and Matrine inhibited EN-stimulated Wnt/β-catenin signaling. The fact that Wnt/β-catenin activation via CHIR99021 led to the failure of Matrine and AntiC to rescue damaged ISCs confirmed the dominance of this signaling., Conclusion: Our results suggest that Matrine and AntiC inhibit ISC proliferation and promote ISC differentiation into absorptive cells by preventing the hyperactivation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling, thereby standardizing the function of ISC proliferation and differentiation, which provides new insights into mitigating EN injury by Matrine and AntiC., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.)

Despite significant advancements in multiple myeloma (MM) treatment in recent years, most patients will eventually develop resistance or experience relapse. Matrine, a primary active compound of traditional Chinese medicinal herb Sophora flavescens Ait, has been found to have anti-tumor properties in various types of malignant tumors. Whether autophagy plays a crucial role in the anti-MM effect of matrine remain unknown. Herein, we found that matrine could trigger apoptosis and cell cycle arrest, and meanwhile induce autophagy in MM cells in vitro. We further ascertained the role of autophagy by using ATG5 siRNA or the autophagy inhibitor spautin-1, which partially reversed matrine's inhibitory effect on MM cells. Conversely, the combination of matrine with the autophagy inducer rapamycin enhanced their anti-tumor activity. These findings suggest that autophagy induced by matrine can lead to cell death in MM cells. Further mechanism investigation revealed that matrine treatment increased the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and AMPKα1 phosphorylation and decreased the phosphorylation of mTOR in MM cells. Additionally, co-treatment with AMPKα1 siRNA or the ROS scavenger N-acetyl-1-cysteine weakened the increase in autophagy that was induced by matrine. Finally, we demonstrated a synergistic inhibitory effect of matrine and rapamycin against MM in a xenograft mouse model. Collectively, our findings provided novel insights into the anti-MM efficacy of matrine and suggest that matrine induces autophagy by triggering ROS/AMPK/mTOR axis in MM cells, and combinatorial treatment of matrine and rapamycin may be a promising therapeutic strategy against MM., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS.. All rights reserved.)

Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus (PEDV) is a highly contagious virus that causes Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea (PED). This enteric disease results in high mortality rates in piglets, leading to significant financial losses in the pig industry. However, vaccines cannot provide sufficient protection against epidemic strains. Spike (S) protein exposed on the surface of virion mediates PEDV entry into cells. Our findings imply that matrine (MT), a naturally occurring alkaloid, inhibits PEDV infection targeting S protein of virions and biological process of cells. The GLY434 residue in the autodocking site of the S protein and MT conserved based on sequence comparison. This study provides a comprehensive analysis of viral attachment, entry, and virucidal effects to investigate how that MT inhibits virus replication. MT inhibits PEDV attachment and entry by targeting S protein. MT was added to cells before, during, or after infection, it exhibits anti-PEDV activities and viricidal effects. Network pharmacology focuses on addressing causal mechanisms rather than just treating symptoms. We identified the key genes and screened the cell apoptosis involved in the inhibition of MT on PEDV infection in network pharmacology. MT significantly promotes cell apoptosis in PEDV-infected cells to inhibit PEDV infection by activating the MAPK signaling pathway. Collectively, we provide the biological foundations for the development of single components of traditional Chinese medicine to inhibit PEDV infection and spread., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Sophoridine, which is derived from the Leguminous plant Sophora alopecuroides L., has certain pharmacological activity as a new anticancer drug. Herein, a series of novel N-substituted sophoridine derivatives was designed, synthesized and evaluated with anticancer activity. Through QSAR prediction models, it was discovered that the introduction of a benzene ring as a main pharmacophore and reintroduced into a benzene in para position on the phenyl ring in the novel sophoridine derivatives improved the anticancer activity effectively. In vitro, 28 novel compounds were evaluated for anticancer activity against four human tumor cell lines (A549, CNE-2, HepG-2, and HEC-1-B). In particular, Compound 26 exhibited remarkable inhibitory effects, with an IC 50 value of 15.6 μM against HepG-2 cells, surpassing cis-Dichlorodiamineplatinum (II). Molecular docking studies verified that the derivatives exhibit stronger binding affinity with DNA topoisomerase I compared to sophoridine. In addition, 26 demonstrated significant inhibition of DNA Topoisomerase I and could arrest cells in G 0 /G 1 phase. This study provides valuable insights into the design and synthesis of N-substituted sophoridine derivatives with anticancer activity., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors report there are no competing interests to declare., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

Sophora flavescens Aiton, a traditional Chinese medicine that was supposed to predominantly play an anti-inflammatory role, has been used to treat multiple diseases, including cancer, for over two thousand years. Recently, it has attracted increasing attention due to the anti-tumor properties of Oxymatrine, one of the most active alkaloids extracted from S. flavescens. This study aims to explore it's anti-tumor effects in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and the underlying mechanisms. We first investigated the effects of oxymatrine on cell apoptosis in lung cancer cell lines A549 and PC9 as well as explored related genes in regulating the apoptosis by transcriptome analysis. Subsequently, to further study the role of TRIM46, we constructed two types of TRIM46 over-expression cells (A549 TRIM46+ and PC9 TRIM46+ cells) and then investigated the effect of TRIM46 on oxymatrine-induced apoptosis. Moreover, we explored the effect of TRIM46 on downstream signaling pathways. Transcriptome analysis suggested that shared differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in A549 and PC9 cells treated with oxymatrine were CACNA1I, PADI2, and TRIM46. According to TCGA database analysis, the abundance of TRIM46 expression was higher than CACNA1I, and PADI2 in lung cancer tissues, then was selected as the final DEG for subsequent studies. We observed that oxymatrine resulted in down-expression of TRIM46 as well as induced the apoptosis of the cancer cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Meanwhile, we found that apoptosis induced by oxymatrine was inhibited by over-expressing TRIM46. Furthermore, our study indicated that the NF-κB signaling pathway was involved in apoptosis suppressed by TRIM46. We conclude that TRIM46 is the direct target of oxymatrine to induce anti-tumor apoptosis and may activate the downstream NF-κB signaling pathway., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Matrine (MT) has shown promising efficacy in various cancers and chronic hepatitis; however, its clinical application is limited because of its side effects. Our previous studies have indicated that MT can induce severe hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity. The current study aimed to investigate its cardiotoxicity and potential underlying mechanisms in H9c2 cells. Our results showed that MT induced H9c2 cell death and disrupted the cellular membrane integrity. Moreover, MT decreased glutathione (GSH) and cysteine (Cys) levels, and increased Fe 2+ , lipid peroxidation, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and MDA levels, ultimately leading to ferroptosis. Interestingly, these phenomena were alleviated by the ferroptosis inhibitor Fer-1, whereas MT-induced ferroptosis was exacerbated by the ferroptosis agonist RSL3. In addition, MT significantly reduced FTH, Nrf2, xCT, GPX4, and FSP1 protein levels and inhibited the transcriptional activity of Nrf2 while increasing TFR1 protein levels. Supplementation with Nrf2 agonist (Dimethyl fumarate, DMF) or selenium (Sodium selenite, SS) and CoQ 10 alleviated MT-induced cytotoxic effects in H9c2 cells. These results suggest that ferroptosis, which is mediated by an imbalance in the Nrf2 antioxidant system, is involved in MT-induced cardiac toxicity., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper, (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Since the thalidomide incident, research on chiral drugs has escalated immensely. Differences in drug configuration can lead to significant variations in therapeutic efficacy. Matrine, a natural product esteemed for its low toxicity and high water solubility, has garnered significant attention in research endeavors. Nonetheless, its precise target has proven elusive. In this study, we designed and synthesized a novel chiral matrine derivative. Their cytotoxicity against three types of tumor cells was assessed. Comparing the newly synthesized derivatives to the parent matrine, most compounds exhibited significantly enhanced inhibitory effects on cancer cells. Among them, Q12 exhibited the highest activity, with IC 50 values of 8.31 μM against rat glioma cells C6, 6.3 μM against human liver cancer cells HepG2 and 7.14 μM against human gastric cancer cells HGC-27, meanwhile showing low toxicity. Based on IC 50 values, we constructed a preliminary structure-activity relationship (SAR). Compound Q12 significantly suppressed the cloning and migration of HepG2 cells. Further mechanistic studies indicated that Q12 inhibited Topo I in HepG2 cells, leading to DNA damage, induction of G0/G1 cell cycle arrest and ultimately causing apoptosis. The molecular docking experiments provided a rational binding mode of Q12 with the Topo I-DNA complex. In vivo, experiments demonstrated that Q12 exhibited a higher tumor growth inhibition rate (TGI) compared to the positive control drug Lenvatinib, while maintaining good safety. In summary, it suggests that Topo I might be a potential target for matrine and Q12 represents a promising candidate for cancer treatment., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) represents a complex complication of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Oxymatrine (OMT) is an alkaloid extracted from Sophora flavescens with broad pharmacological effects. However, there is currently a lack of research on OMT in the field of NAFLD. The present study aimed to explore the effects and underlying mechanisms of oxymatrine in treating T2DM with NAFLD. The T2DM mice model was induced by high-fat diet (HFD) combined with streptozotocin (STZ) injection in male C57BL/6 J mice. Animals were randomly divided into four groups (n = 8): Control group, DC group, OMT-L group (45 mg/kg i.g.), and OMT-H group (90 mg/kg, i.g.). The drug was administered once a day for 8 weeks. In addition, HepG2 hepatocytes were incubated with palmitic acid (PA) to establish a fatty liver cell model. Treated with OMT, the body weight and fasting blood glucose (FBG) of DC mice were reduced and the liver organ coefficient was significantly optimized. Meanwhile, OMT markedly enhanced the activities of key antioxidant enzymes, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and also reduced malondialdehyde (MDA) levels. These biochemical alterations were accompanied by noticeable improvements in liver histopathology. Furthermore, OMT down-regulated the expression of NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) and collagen I significantly, highlighting its potential in modulating inflammatory and fibrotic pathways. In conclusion, OMT improved liver impairment effectively in diabetic mice by suppressing oxidative stress, inflammation and fibrosis. These results suggest that OMT may represent a novel therapy for NAFLD with diabetes., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS.. All rights reserved.)

In our research, we explored a natural substance called Oxymatrine, found in a traditional Chinese medicinal plant, to fight against a common bird flu virus known as H9N2. This virus not only affects birds but can also pose a threat to human health. We focused on how this natural compound can help in stopping the virus from spreading in cells that line the lungs of birds and potentially humans. Our findings show that Oxymatrine can both directly block the virus and boost the body's immune response against it. This dual-action mechanism is particularly interesting because it indicates that Oxymatrine might be a useful tool in developing new ways to prevent and treat this type of bird flu. Understanding how Oxymatrine works against the H9N2 virus could lead to safer and more natural ways to combat viral infections in animals and humans, contributing to the health and well-being of society. The H9N2 Avian Influenza Virus (AIV) is a persistent health threat because of its rapid mutation rate and the limited efficacy of vaccines, underscoring the urgent need for innovative therapies. This study investigated the H9N2 AIV antiviral properties of Oxymatrine (OMT), a compound derived from traditional Chinese medicine, particularly focusing on its interaction with pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells (PMVECs). Employing an array of in vitro assays, including 50% tissue culture infectious dose, Cell Counting Kit-8, reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and Western blot, we systematically elucidated the multifaceted effects of OMT. OMT dose-dependently inhibited critical antiviral proteins (PKR and Mx1) and modulated the expression of type I interferons and key cytokines (IFN-α, IFN-β, IL-6, and TNF-α), thereby affecting TLR3 signaling and its downstream elements (NF-κB and IRF-3). OMT's antiviral efficacy extended beyond TLR3-mediated responses, suggesting its potential as a versatile antiviral agent. This study not only contributes to the growing body of research on the use of natural compounds as antiviral agents but also underscores the importance of further investigating the broader application of OMT for combating viral infections.

The integration of a multidimensional treatment dominated by active ingredients of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), including enhanced chemotherapy and synergistically amplification of oxidative damage, into a nanoplatform would be of great significance for furthering accurate and effective cancer treatment with the active ingredients of TCM. Herein, in this study, we designed and synthesized four matrine-proteolysis-targeting chimeras (PROTACs) (depending on different lengths of the chains named LST-1, LST-2, LST-3, and LST-4) based on PROTAC technology to overcome the limitations of matrine. LST-4, with better anti-tumor activity than matrine, still degrades p-Erk and p-Akt proteins. Moreover, LST-4 NPs formed via LST-4 self-assembly with stronger anti-tumor activity and glutathione (GSH) depletion ability could be enriched in lysosomes through their outstanding enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect. Then, we synthesized LST-4@ZnPc NPs with a low-pH-triggered drug release property that could release zinc(II) phthalocyanine (ZnPc) in tumor sites. LST-4@ZnPc NPs combine the application of chemotherapy and phototherapy, including both enhanced chemotherapy from LST-4 NPs and the synergistic amplification of oxidative damage, through increasing the reactive oxygen species (ROS) by photodynamic therapy (PDT), causing an GSH decrease via LST-4 mediation to effectively kill tumor cells. Therefore, multifunctional LST-4@ZnPc NPs are a promising method for killing cancer cells, which also provides a new paradigm for using natural products to kill tumors.

TOPOI inhibitors have long been a focal point in the research and development of antitumor drugs. PARP-1 plays a crucial role in repairing DNA damage induced by TOPOI inhibitors. Thus, concurrent inhibition of TOPOI and PARP-1 has the potential to augment drug activity. Matrine, characterized by low toxicity and good water solubility, offers advantageous properties. In this investigation, a series of benzimidazole matrine derivatives were designed and synthesized using matrine as the lead compound with the aim of developing dual inhibitors targeting both TOPOI and PARP-1. Among these derivatives, Compound B6 exhibited potent inhibitory effects on PARP-1 and TOPOI, effectively suppressing cancer cell proliferation and migration. Mechanistic assessments revealed that B6 induced DNA damage in HGC-27 cells, leading to G0/G1 cell cycle arrest and significant apoptosis. Molecular docking experiments demonstrated that B6 can effectively enter the active pocket of target proteins, where it forms stable hydrogen bonds with amino acid residues. In vivo, experiments demonstrated that B6 exhibited antitumor activity comparable to that of the positive control drug. The tumor growth inhibition rates (TGIs) for irinotecan, B6 and matrine were 87.0%, 75.4% and 9.7%, respectively. Importantly, B6 demonstrated lower toxicity than the positive control drug. Our findings suggest that TOPOI and PARP-1 may represent potential targets for matrine and B6 emerges as a promising candidate for cancer therapy., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Matrine and indole have antibacterial, anticancer, and other biological activities, in order to develop new antibiotics to solve the problem of multi-drug resistant bacteria. In this paper, we synthesized a series of 29 novel matrine derivatives as potential drug candidates by combining indole analogs and matrine. The antibacterial activity of these compounds was evaluated through minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) assays against five bacterial strains (S. aureus, C. albicans, P. acnes, P. aeruginosa, and E. coli). The obtained results demonstrated promising antibacterial efficacy, particularly for compounds A20 and A18, which exhibited MIC s. au values of 0.021 and 0.031 mg/ml, respectively, against S. aureus. Moreover, compounds A20 and A27 displayed remarkable MIC c.al values of 2.806 and 4.519 mg/ml, respectively, against C. albicans, surpassing the performance of the clinical antibiotic penicillin G sodium (0.0368 mg/ml) and fluconazole (4.849 mg/ml). These findings underscore the significant bacteriostatic activity of the matrine derivatives. Furthermore, to gain a deeper understanding 3D-QSAR modeling was employed, revealing the critical influence of steric structure, charge distribution, hydrophobic interactions, and hydrogen bonding within the molecular structure on the bacteriostatic activity of the compounds. Additionally, molecular docking simulations shed light on the interaction between compound A20 and bacterial proteins, highlighting the involvement of hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic interactions, and π-π conjugation in the formation of stable complexes that inhibit the normal functioning of the proteins. This comprehensive analysis provided valuable insights into the antibacterial mechanism of the novel matrine derivatives, offering theoretical support for their potential application as antibiotics., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

The study aimed to demonstrate that matrine can reduce apoptosis in H9c2 cells induced by the cardiotoxic anticancer drug doxorubicin (DOX).The researchers pretreated H9c2 cells with different concentrations of matrine before exposing them to DOX and cultured them for 24 h. They assessed cell survival rates using cell counting kit-8 and MTT assay. Hoechst 33258 dye kits were used to determine apoptosis, while laser confocal JC-1 method was applied to test the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP). Complex I activities were detected following the manufacturer's protocol. The results indicated that matrine pretreatment significantly increased the survival rate of H9c2 cells injured by DOX. Additionally, matrine reduced apoptosis in H9c2 cells through the improvement of MMP and activity of Complex I, which were damaged by DOX., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare no competing interests., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS.. All rights reserved.)

The aim of the study was to develop an oral targeting drug delivery system (OTDDS) of oxymatrine (OMT) to effectively treat ulcerative colitis (UC). The OTDDS of OMT (OMT/SA-NPs) was constructed with OMT, pectin, Ca 2+ , chitosan (CS) and sialic acid (SA). The obtained particles were characterized in terms of particle size, zeta potential, morphology, drug loading, encapsulation efficiency, drug release and stability. The average size of OMT/SA-NPs was 255.0 nm with a zeta potential of -12.4 mV. The loading content and encapsulation efficiency of OMT/SA-NPs were 14.65% and 84.83%, respectively. The particle size of OMT/SA-NPs changed slightly in the gastrointestinal tract. The nanoparticles can delivery most of the drug to the colon region. In vitro cell experiments showed that the SA-NPs had excellent biocompatibility and anti-inflammation, and the uptake of SA-NPs by RAW 264.7 cells was time and concentration-dependent. The conjugated SA can help the internalization of NPs into target cells. In vivo experiments showed that OMT/SA-NPs had a superior anti-inflammation effect and the effect of reducing UC, which was attributed to the delivery most of OMT to the colonic lumen, the specific targeting and retention in colitis site and the combined anti-inflammation of OMT and NPs., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)