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Integrative taxonomic studies of macrofungal diversity in the Brijuni National Park (Istria County, Croatia) led to the discovery of a second species of Inocybe (Agaricales, Inocybaceae) new to science. Inocybe istriaca sp. nov. is described on the basis of morphological, ecological, and multigene phylogenetic analyses, and its placement within the family Inocybaceae is discussed. The combination of most important morphological characters that distinguish I. istriaca from the other similar Inocybe species are smooth, (sub)amygdaliform, (sub)phaseoliform, or ellipsoid basidiospores (ca. 8.5–12 x 5–7 µm), large basidia (36–45 x 9–15 µm), mostly (sub)fusiform and weakly thick-walled (up to 1.5 µm) metuloid pleurocystidia, and lamellar edge and stipe apex partially covered by a dark resinous substance. The species was collected on the edge of grassland and Mediterranean evergreen holm oak (Quercus ilex) forest. In this study, a total of 14 DNA sequences from four Inocybe species were generated. Two-gene (ITS, LSU) and four-gene (ITS, LSU, rpb2, tef1) phylogenetic analyses confirmed the status of I. istriaca as an independent species.

Novel species of fungi described in this study include those from various countries as follows: Antarctica, Cladosporium arenosum from marine sediment sand. Argentina, Kosmimatamyces alatophylus (incl. Kosmimatamyces gen. nov.) from soil. Australia, Aspergillus banksianus, Aspergillus kumbius, Aspergillus luteorubrus, Aspergillus malvicolor and Aspergillus nanangensis from soil, Erysiphe medicaginis from leaves of Medicago polymorpha, Hymenotorrendiella communis on leaf litter of Eucalyptus bicostata, Lactifluus albopicri and Lactifluus austropiperatus on soil, Macalpinomyces collinsiae on Eriachne benthamii, Marasmius vagus on soil, Microdochium dawsoniorum from leaves of Sporobolus natalensis, Neopestalotiopsis nebuloides from leaves of Sporobolus elongatus, Pestalotiopsis etonensis from leaves of Sporobolus jacquemontii, Phytophthora personensis from soil associated with dying Grevillea mccutcheonii. Brazil, Aspergillus oxumiae from soil, Calvatia baixaverdensis on soil, Geastrum calycicoriaceum on leaf litter, Greeneria kielmeyerae on leaf spots of Kielmeyera coriacea. Chile, Phytophthora aysenensis on collar rot and stem of Aristotelia chilensis. Croatia, Mollisia gibbospora on fallen branch of Fagus sylvatica. Czech Republic, Neosetophoma hnaniceana from Buxus sempervirens. Ecuador, Exophiala frigidotolerans from soil. Estonia, Elaphomyces bucholtzii in soil. France, Venturia paralias from leaves of Euphorbia paralias. India, Cortinarius balteatoindicus and Cortinarius ulkhagarhiensis on leaf litter. Indonesia, Hymenotorrendiella indonesiana on Eucalyptus urophylla leaf litter. Italy, Penicillium taurinense from indoor chestnut mill. Malaysia, Hemileucoglossum kelabitense on soil, Satchmopsis pini on dead needles of Pinus tecunumanii. Poland, Lecanicillium praecognitum on insects’ frass. Portugal, Neodevriesia aestuarina from saline water. Republic of Korea, Gongronella namwonensis from freshwater. Russia, Candida pellucida from Exomias pellucidus, Heterocephalacria septentrionalis as endophyte from Cladonia rangiferina, Vishniacozyma phoenicis from dates fruit, Volvariella paludosa from swamp. Slovenia, Mallocybe crassivelata on soil. South Africa, Beltraniella podocarpi, Hamatocanthoscypha podocarpi, Coleophoma podocarpi and Nothoseiridium podocarpi (incl. Nothoseiridium gen. nov.) from leaves of Podocarpus latifolius, Gyrothrix encephalarti from leaves of Encephalartos sp., Paraphyton cutaneum from skin of human patient, Phacidiella alsophilae from leaves of Alsophila capensis, and Satchmopsis metrosideri on leaf litter of Metrosideros excelsa. Spain, Cladophialophora cabanerensis from soil, Cortinarius paezii on soil, Cylindrium magnoliae from leaves of Magnolia grandiflora, Trichophoma cylindrospora (incl. Trichophoma gen. nov.) from plant debris, Tuber alcaracense in calcareus soil, Tuber buendiae in calcareus soil. Thailand, Annulohypoxylon spougei on corticated wood, Poaceascoma filiforme from leaves of unknown Poaceae. UK, Dendrostoma luteum on branch lesions of Castanea sativa, Ypsilina buttingtonensis from heartwood of Quercus sp. Ukraine, Myrmecridium phragmiticola from leaves of Phragmites australis. USA, Absidia pararepens from air, Juncomyces californiensis (incl. Juncomyces gen. nov.) from leaves of Juncus effusus, Montagnula cylindrospora from a human skin sample, Muriphila oklahomaensis (incl. Muriphila gen. nov.) on outside wall of alcohol distillery, Neofabraea eucalyptorum from leaves of Eucalyptus macrandra, Diabolocovidia claustri (incl. Diabolocovidia gen. nov.) from leaves of Serenoa repens, Paecilomyces penicilliformis from air, Pseudopezicula betulae from leaves of leaf spots of Populus tremuloides. Vietnam, Diaporthe durionigena on branches of Durio zibethinus and Roridomyces pseudoirritans on rotten wood. Morphological and culture characteristics are supported by DNA barcodes.

Bryophilous Pezizales is a phylogenetically well-defined group of ascomycete fungi living in an intimate relationship with bryophytes. It includes the genera Octospora, Lamprospora, Octosporopsis, Octosporella and Neottiella. The species from this group can infect different parts of bryophytes (protonemata, rhizoids, stems or leaves in mosses, rhizoids or thalli in liverworts) and form elaborate infection structures consisting of appressoria, penetration pegs, and intracellular haustoria. This group of fungi is under research attention in Croatia for more than 30 years now. More comprehensive research has begun in recent years (since the end of 2015), a result of which is presented here. This research is further intensified in the frame of ForFungiDNA project aimed at the barcoding of fungi in Croatian forest ecosystems (2018-today). Field excursions were mainly conducted in the Adriatic regions of Croatia: Istria, Kvarner, Primorje, Northern and Southern Dalmatia (including the islands). During our survey, more than 40 taxa from the genera Lamprospora, Octospora, and Octosporella were found. The fungi were detected in very diverse habitats – e.g. in waterfalls and brooks, on rocks and boulders, on trees in forests, along roads and pathways, or on walls. The most frequently collected species were Lamprospora dictydiola (on Tortula muralis), Octospora affinis (on Orthotrichum affine), Octospora gemmicola agg. (on Bryum spp.) and Octospora wrightii (on Amblystegium spp.). The most interesting finds can be considered Octospora svrcekii, Octosporella ornithocephala or the recently described Lamprospora densireticulata and L. benkertii. Undescribed species from the genera Lamprospora and Octospora were discovered as well, while their integrative taxonomic evaluation is currently underway. Samples collected during this study were treated mainly by applying vital taxonomy methods and sequencing of DNA barcoding regions. Nuclear ribosomal DNA sequences (primarily LSU) are available in most of the collections but also protein coding gene regions were sequenced in order to better characterize species' phylogenetic placement within the genus.

The fungal genus Trichoderma (Ascomycota) has a cosmopolitan distribution throughout all climate zones and represents an important factor in soil microbiota. The agricultural importance of these fungi, especially in organic farming, lies in their effective antagonism against soil-borne plant pathogens and the ability to promote plant growth. They are currently marketed as active ingredients of biopesticides (fungicides, nematicides) and separately as plant growth enhancers and bio-stimulants of natural disease resistance in plants. The genus is hyperdiverse at the species level and it is impossible to accurately identify species solely based on their morphology due to the immense similarity of morphological characters in closely related taxa and an increasing number of newly described species which has led to numerous misidentifications or indeterminacies. Regarding the ecological and agricultural importance of Trichoderma species, it is first important to understand their biodiversity and biogeography, while correct species identification is a prerequisite for the registration of adequate Trichoderma-based pesticides. The biodiversity and biogeographical patterns of the genus Trichoderma on the Croatian territory are poorly known because previous studies were scarce. In order to assess the genetic diversity and occurrence of Trichoderma species in the Mediterranean region of Croatia, a total of 50 Trichoderma strains were isolated from the rhizosphere of agricultural plants, bulk soil and dead wood. Trichoderma species were identified on the basis of molecular sequence data (ITS, rpb2, and tef1 gene markers) in combination with the morphological characters and their evolutionary relationships were presented in the phylogenetic tree.

Members of the fungal genus Trichoderma (Hypocreales, Ascomycota) constitute an important component of the soil microbial community in various habitats worldwide. They possess many beneficial properties that are increasingly exploited in modern agriculture, such as effective antagonism against a wide range of plant pathogens, enhancement of nutrient availability and uptake, promotion of plant growth and development, and pesticide degradation. The distribution and abundance of Trichoderma species in agricultural soils is influenced by diverse biotic and abiotic factors, including climate, plant species, competition within the microbial community, soil physical and chemical properties, and pesticide and fertilizer application. Selected biologically active strains have been used to produce numerous biopesticides or biofertilizers to improve crop yield and quality. Products containing a few different Trichoderma species, sometimes in mixture with other microorganisms (bacteria, other fungi), are known to have a synergistic effect on plant growth. Accurate identification of fungal species is essential for many different biotechnological applications. The lack of reliable morphological distinguishing characters in more than 400 currently recognized Trichoderma species makes accurate taxonomic identification very difficult without the use of molecular data. The species diversity and biogeography of Trichoderma in Croatia are still largely under-explored. The aim of this study was to investigate the genetic diversity and distribution of the genus in the Continental and Alpine biogeographical regions of Croatia. A total of 50 strains were isolated from different agricultural soils and subjected to taxonomic identification. The strains were identified to the species level using an integrative approach based on molecular (ITS, rpb2, and tef1α gene regions) and morphological characters. The evolutionary relationships of the identified species were presented in a phylogenetic tree.

Ovo je promotivna knjiga o nekom Parku prirode koji (još) ne postoji. Postoji fizički okvir Parka, predviđeno područje koje obuhvaća četiri planinska masiva sjeverozapadne Hrvatske: Ivanščica, Strahinjščica, Maceljska gora i Ravna gora, te dio Varaždinsko-topličkog gorja. Temelji se na prethodno izrađenoj stručnoj podlozi. Tim ljudi, vizionara, promiču sad već treću inicijativu za osnivanje Parka. Ovaj predloženi Park jedinstveno je područje u usporedbi s postojećim Parkovima prirode u Hrvatskoj. Ono obuhvaća geospecifično vrlo raznolik prostor, čak pet masiva, koji su prema svojoj genezi i geološkoj građi međusobno različiti, izvore i dijelove vodotoka čak pet rijeka, zahvaća čak tri tektonske cjeline: Alpik, Dinarik i Panonik, s fosilnim vulkanima. Ovo je područje i iznimno značajan paleontološki park. U skladu s geološkom i klimatskom raznolikosti, te snažnim utjecajima glacijacije, ovo područje danas nastava izuzetno veliki broj različitih stanišnih tipova u kojima nalazimo mnoštvo relikata na razini bioloških vrsta i zajednica, pa i neke endemske vrste.

Šume su najsloženiji kopneni ekosustavi čiji opstanak temeljno ovisi o bioraznolikosti gljiva. Isto tako, šumski ekosustavi općenito predstavljaju najvažnija staništa za gljive. Razvijene stare šume i prašume spontanog sastava s obilježjima klimaksa danas su ozbiljno prorijeđene u Europi, prvenstveno zbog višetisućljetnog i sve intenzivnijeg utjecaja civilizacije u uvjetima njihove razmjerno spore regeneracije. Prorjeđivanje i jaku fragmentaciju najviše su doživjele upravo hrastove šume zbog činjenice da se pojas hrastova preklapa s područjima najpogodnijima za život čovjeka. Upravo u tom svjetlu treba razumijevati i važnost Parka Maksimir. Na temelju dosadašnjih višedesetljetnih mikoloških istraživanja, fokusiranih na gljive krupnih drvnih ostataka (CWD) i ektomikorizne gljive (EcM) iz odjeljaka Ascomycota i Basidiomycota te na terikolne i listinačke gljive iz redova Pezizales i Helotiales (Ascomycota), za Park Maksimir možemo reći da predstavlja dobru ravnotežu u upravljanju čime se maksimizira bioraznolikost gljiva, a time i stabilizira čitava šumska biocenoza. S jedne strane, djelomično se očuvala struktura stare sastojine, u kakvoj još možemo pronaći krupne drvne ostatke – nužne za život CWD gljiva na bukovkama kao i stara stabla, nužna za opstanak mjesnih populacija tih gljiva. S druge strane, upravljanjem koje je vodilo računa o parkovnoj namjeni, na velikim površinama se osigurala djelomično parkovna, a djelomično šumska struktura s dominacijom vitalnog drveća različite starosti i spontanog sastava vrsta u obliku prirodne šumske zajednice prebornoga tipa. S obzirom na dominaciju drvenastih vrsta iz reda Fagales (EcM vrste), oba tipa biljnoga pokrova u park šumi (parkovni i preborno-šumski), jako pogoduju diverzifikaciji, razvoju i održanju EcM gljiva koje su vezane za biljne vrste reda Fagales. Pored toga, gusta mreža stalno održavanih šumskih pješačkih staza stoljetne starosti osigurava najveći mogući broj terikolnih i nekih listinačkih gljiva koje nisu nužno mikorizne. To najbolje ilustriraju dosadašnji nalazi vrsta iz navedenih skupina, a koje su iznimno rijetke i ugrožene u Republici Hrvatskoj – CWD: Aurantiporus croceus, Inocutis dryophila, Hericium coralloides, Inonotus nidus-pici i Buglossoporus quercinus, te EcM: Xerocomus depilatus, Helvella bicolor i Helvella lactea. Pored toga utvrđen je vrlo velik broj terikolnih i listinačkih vrsta iz redova Pezizales i Helotiales, među kojima se ističe rijetka i ugrožena vrsta Pycnopeziza sejournei. U planiranom intenzivnom mikološkom istraživanju Parka Maksimir s posebnim naglaskom na CWD gljive, namjerava se sustavno proučiti ova sinuzija od posebnog značaja za kruženje tvari i energije u prirodnim šumskim ekosustavima.

All the members of genus Tuber (truffles) are hypogeous mycorrhizal fungi. Some truffle species are highly commercially recognized and expensively priced in food markets because of their significant culinary value. In Croatia, the three most commercially valued species are Tuber magnatum, T. aestivum and T. melanosporum. All three species are being foraged with the help of trained dogs. As a result of insufficient research on these fungal species, the available data on their local population characteristics in Croatia is very limited. As a part of ongoing study on the ecology of T. aestivum (summer truffle), the most widespread species out of the three already mentioned, the mycorrhizal associations, climatological parameters, physical and chemical soil properties, and habitat and soil types associated with the ascomata were analyzed. The dependence of the distribution of summer truffle on ecological characteristics of the species was discussed. Tuber magnatum (white truffle) is the most commercially valuable truffle species worldwide and in Croatia it is most commonly collected in Istrian peninsula. The attempts to cultivate T. magnatum in completely artificial plantations have almost all failed so far and the natural habitats where this species can be found are fairly vulnerable to overexploitation. It is dependent on alkaline soils with high levels of moisture in order to propagate and produce mature ascomata. Tuber melanosporum (black truffle) occurs on alkaline soils with scarce nutrients. The possible impact of climate changes on the production of ascomata of the commercially important species of truffles was discussed.

Špilja Vjetrenica nalazi se na jugozapadnom rubu Popova polja u istočnoj Hercegovini te predstavlja iznimnu geomorfološku, povijesnu i prirodoslovnu vrijednost, te je pravi dragulj krškog podzemlja Dinarida, ali i cijele Europe i svijeta. Zaštićena je kao geomorfološki spomenik prirode još 1952. g., a turistički uređena 1964. g. Arheološki nalazi ukazuju da se Vjetrenica koristi barem 8000 godina, a spominje se i u prvoj svjetskoj enciklopediji Historia naturalis iz 1. st. n.e. Zbog iznimne raznolikosti špiljskih vrsta, Vjetrenica se biospeleološki istražuje već više od 100 godina i danas se smatra špiljom s najvećom bioraznolikosti na području Dinarida. Sadržaj monografije podijeljen je na nekoliko cjelina. Nakon Predgovora slijedi Uvod u kojemu se obrađuju osnove: pozicija, osnovne informacije o špilji te pregled do danas provedenih istraživanja. U Općem dijelu govori se o prirodno-geografskim značajkama, speleogenezi, speleomorfologiji, hidrologiji, mikroklimi, ekologiji paleontologiji i arheologiji Vjetrenice dok se u Specijalnom dijelu prezentira bioraznolikost Vjetrenice kroz sistematski popis organizama koji uključuje carstva bakterija, protista, gljiva i životinja – od najjednostavnijih virnjaka, puževa, pijavica, preko rakova, paučnjaka i kukaca, do kralježnjaka.

Za podravska pješčarska staništa su u ekološkom pogledu posebno značajne specifične saprotrofne psamobiontne i psamofilne gljivlje vrste koje žive u čistom pješčanom supstratu te briofilne i brioparazitske gljive. Psamofilni i subpsamofilni lišaji vrlo su dobro zastupljeni zbog visokog stupnja prilagođenosti na česte i ekstremno sušne uvjete. Lišajske zajednice su prisutne mjestimično s velikom pokrovnošću zbog čega značajno sudjeluju u izgradnji i fizionomiji staništa. Psamoksene vrste ukazuju na promijenjene ekološke uvjete na ovim staništima. Preliminarnom usporedbom s drugim pješčarskim staništima Europe, najveća sličnost u pogledu psamobiontnih gljiva vidljiva je kod golih i pokretnih pijesaka u srednjem Polablju Češke, a zatim kod primorskih pijesaka sjeverne Europe izvan značajnog utjecaja posolice. Visoki udio zaštićenih gljivljih vrsta ukazuje na iznimno veliku važnost oba istraživana NATURA 2000 područja, rezervata Đurđevački peski i područja Kloštarski (Kalinovački) peski, te neupitnu potrebu za njihovu daljnju aktivnu zaštitu. Na području rezervata Đurđevački peski do sada je zabilježeno preko 30 svojti praživotinja. Ovi organizmi žive u tankom filmu vode koji obavija zrnca pijeska ili humusni sloj tla tamo gdje on postoji. Praživotinje su zastupljene s predstavnicima skupina trepetljikaša (Ciliata), heterotrofnih bičaša (Flagellata), golih (Gymnamoebae) i okućenih ameba (Testacea). Najmanje praživotinja zabilježeno je u slobodnom pijesku gdje dolazi do čestog isušivanja i gdje je količina hranjivih tvari vrlo mala. Značajno više ih je zabilježeno uz busenove trave gladice (Corynephorus canescens) i u obraštajima mahovina između grmova zečjaka (Cytisus scoparius) jer je humusni sloj na tim mikrostaništima značajno obilniji. U ovom radu evaluira se vrijednost gljiva i praživotinja u pogledu ocjenjivanja kvalitete pješčarskih staništa. Na istraživanim lokalitetima potrebno je proširiti provedbu aktivnih mjera zaštite kako bi se povećale površine pod otvorenim pijescima i obnovile nekadašnje psamofilne biocenoze.

Dubrovnik je jedinstvena prirodoslovna, povijesna, civilizacijska i kulturološka cjelina istočne obale Jadrana, u kojoj prirodoslovna istraživanja započinju paralelno s onima u Europi. Biogeografski, Dubrovnik se nalazi na području Mediterana i Dinarida te dodiru zapadne, istočne i južne Europe, stoga ga istražuju brojni europski prirodoslovci koje privlači biogeografski položaj, krajobrazna ljepota i iznimna bioraznolikost. Brojne publikacije navode dubrovačke (Ragusa) toponime: uže područje (Grad, Pile, Ploče), Srđ (Fort Imperial), Bosanka, Lapad, Gruž (Gravosa), otok Lokrum (Lacroma) i Rijeka Dubrovačka (Ombla). Istraživanje povijesti prirodoslovlja Dubrovnika predstavlja kontinuiran posao upornih istraživača, zbog potrebe sustavnog prikupljanja razbacanih i teško dostupnih podataka vezanih za publiciranje radove, terenska istraživanja, biografije i postojeće zbirke. Povijest prirodoslovlja otoka Lokruma nedjeljiva je od Dubrovnika, jer gotovo nema prirodoslovca koji ih sinkrono ne istražuje. Do sada je prikupljeno preko 180 znanstvenih radova te zabilježeno preko 120 prirodoslovaca istraživača Lokruma, prvenstveno mikrobiologa, botaničara, mikologa i zoologa. Moderna znanstvena istraživanja započinju početkom 19. stoljeća, kad pojedine vrste flore Lokruma navodi austrijski profesor Franz Petter (1823 ; 1832). Nastavlja ih dubrovački svećenik i ljekarnik Ivan Kuzmić, koji rezultate istraživanja malakološke faune objavljuje 1858. u radu Conchiglie terrestri e fluviali transportate del mare sul lidi dell Isola Lacroma, prvom radu u potpunosti posvećenom Lokrumu. Morsku faunu rakova kod Lokruma, istražuje češki profesor Camil Heller (1862 ; 1863). Izniman i sustavan botanički rad proveden na otoku objavljuje 1863. doajen hrvatske botanike Robert Visiani u radu Sulla vegetazione e sul clima dell’isola di Lacroma in Dalmazia. Kemijska istraživanja lokrumskog Mrtvog mora provode još davne 1876. godine austrijski znanstvenici Loebisch i Sipöcz, dok bioraznolikost bakterija i protista 1890. istražuje češki znanstvenik Hansgirg. Botanička istraživanja Lokruma tijekom 19. stoljeća bila su učestala, a među botaničarima se ističu: Unger, Beltramini, Mannagetta, Acherson, Adamović, Jetter, Stockmayer, Matouschek. Kroz 20. stoljeće istraživanja uključuju alge i mahovine. Ističu se strani istraživači: Ginzberg, Loitlesberger, Schiffner, Glowacki, Latzel, Baumgartner i Schiffner te domaći: Arnold, Horvat, Horvatić, Hećimović, Šerman i Ilijanić. Mikološka istraživanja početkom 20. stoljeća započinje austrijski lihenolog Zahlbruckner, a nastavljaju ih Rechinger, Servit i Kuthan, domaći mikolog Pišpek te veliki posvećenik hrvatske mikologije Ivan Focht. Zoološka istraživanja kroz 19. stoljeće nastavlja dubrovački zoolog Baldo Kosić te nestor hrvatske biologije Spiridion Brusina, koji 1894. organizira znanstveno istraživanje Jadrana školskim brodom Margita, te s kolegama (Damin, Langhoffer) istražuje i Lokrum. Od stranih istraživača ističu se europski zoolozi: Mann, Reitter, Werner, Strobl ; a kuriozitet je ornitološki rad kojeg je 1887. objavio prijestolonasljednik Austro-Ugarske, princ Rudolf Habsburški. Kroz 20. stoljeće, zoolozi istražuju prvenstveno entomofaunu te kralježnjake, posebno ptice, kroz rad Ornitološke stanice osnovane na Lokrumu 1961. Ističu se strani: Kempny, Sahlberg, Maly, Galvagni, Rebel, Borkenhagen, Neuhaus, Schima, Heikertinger, Jaap, Warnecke, Werner te domaći istraživači: Kolombatović, Müller, Novak, Karaman, Gamulin, Nikolić, Tutman, Lesinger, Štromar, Balarin i drugi. Rad na istraživanju povijesti prirodoslovnih istraživanja otoka Lokruma nastavljamo dalje, ponajprije kroz sintezu prikupljenih podataka i objavu znanstvenog rada te izradu popularno- stručne publikacije, kojom će se rad europskih i domaćih prirodoslovaca na otoku Lokrumu valorizirati, popularizirati i približiti kako stručnoj, tako i cjelokupnoj zainteresiranoj javnosti.

The genus Holwaya was until recently considered monospecific with many taxa treated as synonyms of H. mucida, except for H. pusilla that was transferred to the genus Claussenomyces, and H. salicis to Durandiella. Holwaya was previously considered a member of the family Bulgariaceae based on morphological and DNA data (Wang et al. 2006, Lumbsch & Huhndorf 2010), but it was removed from this family by Crous et al. (2014) who regarded Bulgariaceae as a synonym of Phacidiaceae. In the latest classifications of Ascomycota, Baral (in Jaklitsch et al. 2016), followed by Wijayawardene et al. (2017), placed the genus in Tympanidaceae. Yet, the revision of Tympanidaceae (Quijada et al. in prep.), and the results of the 15 genes phylogeny of Leotiomycetes made by Johnston et al. (in press), showed that the genus is not related to Tympanis, but formed a sister clade to Thelebolales in Leotiomycetes as incertae sedis (Johnston et al. 2019). Here we provide the morphological and phylogenetic evidences that link the genera Holwaya and Patinella. The aim of this work is to improve the classification of Leotiomycetes by placing two genera with currently uncertain position into a new family with the aid of polyphasic taxonomy.

The book gives a review of IFA - Important Fungus Area paradigm. Its concept and methodology are upgraded, mainly considering the evaluation principles and criteria for the system to become better tailored for mycobiota and its specificities. The enhanced and systemically defined IFA system and its procedures are explained, tested, and applied to the whole territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina relying on a newly created database including the assessed species with bioindicator values. They are a result of a preceding intensive and long-term inventory of ascomycetous fungi and its habitats conducted by the authors in a number of localities on a national scale. The main goal of a redefined presented IFA system is to achieve more objective and systematic solutions in nature conservation, primarily focusing on objective assessment on endangered fungi as well as on bio-indicated valuable and/or endangered habitat types, but also to position the conservation of fungi as a functional part of a general nature conservation system. The system is proposed as a practical model also for other countries with a comparable situation. According to the presented enhanced IFA system, three new IFA areas are determined, while all previously defined areas are either confirmed or widened in this study. The present IFA system spatially and functionally consists of nine defined standardised areas, representing the whole palette of bioclimatic zones from meso-Mediterranean area to the alpine and continental-montane zone of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Continental peri-Pannonic and colline zones are not evaluated. A review of each IFA area is given by its geographical position and extent, its geological and bioclimatic features as well as its vegetation. A brief history of conservation of each IFA area (if any previously conducted) is given and its bio-indicated values in terms of necessities of conservation are provided on the basis of the IFA's habitat type(s) quality, rarity, endangerment and its importance for fungi. The endangered habitat types as well as flora, fauna, and mycobiota known to the authors are enumerated for each IFA. In total, 42 most important recorded ascomycetous species (endangered and/or rare as well as bio-indicative species) are presented at the end of each IFA chapter by macro- and micro-photographs, a short description of distinctive morphological and ecological features, and data relevant for nature conservation. The IUCN status for each species with corresponding criteria is included. To better depict biodiversity, more than 100 additional species are also illustrated. One new combination (Hydnocystis colomboi) is proposed, while 67 species are reported as new to mycobiota of Bosnia and Herzegovina.

The Republic of Croatia is a small European country which spans to four different biogeographic regions and a large number of bio-climatic belts. Due to the significant differences between those, many forest habitats are developed within a small area. The initial results of the first ongoing comprehensive study on hypogeous mycorrhizal fungi in the forest ecosystems of Croatia, regarding a widespread commercial truffle species - Tuber aestivum, are presented here. The importance of commercial truffles in the Istrian peninsula (including T. aestivum) is summarized by Zgrablić et al. (2014a, 2014b). There are few earlier published records on hypogeous fungi in Croatia, starting with the pioneer work of Sella (1932). Although T. aestivum has been commercially exploited here for many decades, the available data remained scarce, often unreliable and thus scientifically unprocessed. The main aim of this research was to examine the biogeographic and ecological features as well as the distribution extent of T. aestivum within a frame of diversity of natural and seminatural habitat types in Croatia. The analysis of ca. 100 collections deposited in the Croatian National Fungarium (CNF) showed that T. aestivum is most common in native forests with Quercus ilex, Q. pubescens, Q. cerris, Carpinus orientalis, Ostrya carpinifolia in the Mediterranean region, and Fagus sylvatica, Carpinus betulus, Quercus petraea, Corylus avellana in the Continental region, developing mature fruitbodies mainly from May to December. The results of this research could provide reliable data about natural productivity of the species on a national scale for the first time. The nomenclature of T. aestivum is discussed.

In Europe, Croatia is distinguished by great biodiversity due to its position on the dividing line between Continental, Mediterranean, Pannonian, and Alpine biogeographical regions. About 47% of the total land area of the Republic of Croatia is covered in forests. These are the most complex terrestrial ecosystems and contain a large number of fungal species. Fungi play key ecological roles in forest ecosystems and are indispensable for forest health and existence. Human overexploitation of natural resources, and the geographical position of Croatia in the hot-spot area for climate change, poses a great threat to the biodiversity of its forests. Fungi are by far the least-studied group of organisms in Croatia with only 25% of expected species recorded so far. The main aim of this four-year project (2018–2022), funded by the Croatian Science Foundation, is to study fungal biodiversity of Croatian forests through the DNA barcoding methods and to analyze its impact on forest ecosystem services. The goal of ForFungiDNA project is to add at least 1500 fungal DNA barcode sequences (ITS rDNA) to international bioinformatic databases (Genbank, BOLD). It is planned, as a result of fieldwork research, to collect and deposit at least 1000 new fungal samples in the Croatian National Fungarium (CNF). Finally, all species DNA barcoded in this project will be categorised in trophic groups (pathogens, saprotrophs, and mycorrhizal species), and the intensity of their impact on the forest ecosystem services will be assessed. The project results will have great potential for different applications in forestry, food industry, pharmacy, and nature conservation. Application of DNA fungal barcodes will be especially important in forestry for relatively fast and accurate identification, control, and suppression of plant pathogens, as well as for identification of mycorrhizal and saprotrophic species.

Novel species of fungi described in this study include those from various countries as follows: Australia, Chaetopsina eucalypti on Eucalyptus leaf litter, Colletotrichum cobbittiense from Cordyline stricta × C. australis hybrid, Cyanodermella banksiae on Banksia ericifolia subsp. macrantha, Discosia macrozamiae on Macrozamia miquelii, Elsinoë banksiigena on Banksia marginata, Elsinoë elaeocarpi on Elaeocarpus sp., Elsinoë leucopogonis on Leucopogon sp., Helminthosporium livistonae on Livistona australis, Idriellomyces eucalypti (incl. Idriellomyces gen. nov.) on Eucalyptus obliqua, Lareunionomyces eucalypti on Eucalyptus sp., Myrotheciomyces corymbiae (incl. Myrotheciomyces gen. nov., Myrotheciomycetaceae fam. nov.), Neolauriomyces eucalypti (incl. Neolauriomyces gen. nov., Neolauriomycetaceae fam. nov.) on Eucalyptus sp., Nullicamyces eucalypti (incl. Nullicamyces gen. nov.) on Eucalyptus leaf litter, Oidiodendron eucalypti on Eucalyptus maidenii, Paracladophialophora cyperacearum (incl. Paracladophialophoraceae fam. nov.) and Periconia cyperacearum on leaves of Cyperaceae, Porodiplodia livistonae (incl. Porodiplodia gen. nov., Porodiplodiaceae fam. nov.) on Livistona australis, Sporidesmium melaleucae (incl. Sporidesmiales ord. nov.) on Melaleuca sp., Teratosphaeria sieberi on Eucalyptus sieberi, Thecaphora australiensis in capsules of a variant of Oxalis exilis. Brazil, Aspergillus serratalhadensis from soil, Diaporthe pseudoinconspicua from Poincianella pyramidalis, Fomitiporella pertenuis on dead wood, Geastrum magnosporum on soil, Marquesius aquaticus (incl. Marquesius gen. nov.) from submerged decaying twig and leaves of unidentified plant, Mastigosporella pigmentata from leaves of Qualea parviflorae, Mucor souzae from soil, Mycocalia aquaphila on decaying wood from tidal detritus, Preussia citrullina as endophyte from leaves of Citrullus lanatus, Queiroziella brasiliensis (incl. Queiroziella gen. nov.) as epiphytic yeast on leaves of Portea leptantha, Quixadomyces cearensis (incl. Quixadomyces gen. nov.) on decaying bark, Xylophallus clavatus on rotten wood., Canada, Didymella cari on Carum carvi and Coriandrum sativum. Chile, Araucasphaeria foliorum (incl. Araucasphaeria gen. nov.) on Araucaria araucana, Aspergillus tumidus from soil, Lomentospora valparaisensis from soil. Colombia, Corynespora pseudocassiicola on Byrsonima sp., Eucalyptostroma eucalyptorum on Eucalyptus pellita, Neometulocladosporiella eucalypti (incl. Neometulocladosporiella gen. nov.) on Eucalyptus grandis × urophylla, Tracylla eucalypti (incl. Tracyllaceae fam. nov., Tracyllalales ord. nov.) on Eucalyptus urophylla. Cyprus, Gyromitra anthracobia (incl. Gyromitra subg. Pseudoverpa) on burned soil. Czech Republic, Lecanicillium restrictum from the surface of the wooden barrel, Lecanicillium testudineum from scales of Trachemys scripta elegans. Ecuador, Entoloma yanacolor and Saproamanita quitensis on soil. France, Lentithecium carbonneanum from submerged decorticated Populus branch. Hungary, Pleuromyces hungaricus (incl. Pleuromyces gen. nov.) from a large Fagus sylvatica log. Iran, Zymoseptoria crescenta on Aegilops triuncialis. Malaysia, Ochroconis musicola on Musa sp. Mexico, Cladosporium michoacanense from soil. New Zealand , Acrodontium metrosideri on Metrosideros excelsa, Polynema podocarpi on Podocarpus totara, Pseudoarthrographis phlogis (incl. Pseudoarthrographis gen. nov.) on Phlox subulata. Nigeria, Coprinopsis afrocinerea on soil. Pakistan, Russula mansehraensis on soil under Pinus roxburghii. Russia, Baorangia alexandri on soil in deciduous forests with Quercus mongolica. South Africa, Didymocyrtis brachylaenae on Brachylaena discolor. Spain, Alfaria dactylis from fruit of Phoenix dactylifera, Dothiora infuscans from a blackened wall, Exophiala nidicola from the nest of an unidentified bird, Matsushimaea monilioides from soil, Terfezia morenoi on soil. United Arab Emirates, Tirmania honrubiae on soil. USA, Arxotrichum wyomingense (incl. Arxotrichum gen. nov.) from soil, Hongkongmyces snookiorum from submerged detritus from a fresh water fen, Leratiomyces tesquorum from soil, Talaromyces tabacinus on leaves of Nicotiana tabacum. Vietnam, Afroboletus vietnamensis on soil in an evergreen tropical forest, Colletotrichum condaoense from Ipomoea pes-caprae. Morphological and culture characteristics along with DNA barcodes are provided., The study of Olga V. Morozova and Tatiana Yu. Svetasheva was carried out within the framework of an institutional research project of the Komarov Botanical Institute RAS ‘Biodiversity and spatial structure of fungi and myxomycetes communities in natural and anthropogenic ecosystems’ (АААА-А18-118031290108-6) using equipment of its Core Facility Center ‘Cell and Molecular Technologies in Plant Science’. Alina V. Alexandrova acknowledges financial support from the Russian Science Foundation (project N 14-50-00029)., Daniela de A. Viana Marques acknowledges Universidade de Pernambuco for financial support. Jan Borovička is thanked for providing the Portuguese collection of Baorangia emileorum and its ITS and LSU sequences, and Alessia Tatti for sending the Sardinian collections of B. emileorum. Taimy Cantillo, Luis F.P. Gusmão, Luana T. do Carmo, Lucas B. Conceição, Julieth O. Sousa, Luiz F. de Oliveira, Renan N. Barbosa, Rhudson H.S.F. Cruz, André L.C.M. de A. Santiago, Carlos A.F. de Souza, Diogo X. Lima, Rafael J.V. de Oliveira and Thalline R.L. Cordeiro, Olinto L. Pereira, Rejane M.F. Silva, Rafael J.V. Oliveira, José L. Bezerra, Gladstone A. Silva Ciro R. Félix, Melissa F. Landell, Thays G.L. Oliveira, Jadson D.P. Bezerra, Alexandre R. Machado, Cristina M. Souza-Motta and Oliane M. C. Magalhães, Tatiana B. Gibertoni, Vitor Xavier de Lima and José R. C. Oliveira-Filho acknowledge financial support and/or scholarships from the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES), the Conselho Nacional do Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) and the Fundação de Amparo à Ciência e Tecnologia de Pernambuco (FACEPE); the Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais (FAPEMIG), the Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade (ICMBio), Parque Memorial Zumbi dos Palmares and Usina Caeté – Grupo Carlos Lyra and Nordesta AS for suport during field trips., Maria E. Ordoñez and colleagues acknowledge the Secretaria de Educación Superior, Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación del Ecuador (SENESCYT), Arca de Noé Initiative, and the Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, project N13415 for financial support. Hugo Madrid was partially funded by Comisión Nacional de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica (CONICYT), Fondo Nacional de Desarrollo Científico y Tecnológico (FONDECYT), Chile, project no. 11140562. Vit Hubka and colleagues express their gratitude to Marek Kiecoň, Pavel Malík and Tereza Krasnokutská (National Heritage Institute) for providing information on archaeological research; Hana Rajhelová (Silesian University in Opava) and Jitka Koubková (Veterinary Laboratory Labvet) for providing photo documentation and material for mycological examinations; Czechoslovak Microscopy Society for support (CSMS scholarship 2016). The research of V. Hubka was supported by Charles University Research Centre program No. 204069 and the grant of the Czech Ministry of Health (AZV 17-31269A). Alfredo Vizzini and colleagues thank Jan Holec for administering of the loan of European material from PRM herbarium (Prague, Czech Republic). Soňa Jančovičová helped with the line drawings. Jozef Šibík and David Cooper are acknowledged for the support during the field collections in Colorado (USA) that was financed by the Slovak American Foundation., The sequencing of samples was funded by the Slovak national project Vega 02/0018/18. Željko Jurjević acknowledges Filomena Epifani and Sammy Sedky for their excellent technical support. Malka Saba acknowledges the Higher Education Commission (HEC), Islamabad, Pakistan, for financial assistance during field trips in Pakistan and the Slovak national project APVV-15-0210 for sequencing of Russula mansehraensis. The research of Alena Nováková and Miroslav Kolařík was supported by the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports of the Czech Republic (grant number LO1509). Asunción Morte, Juan Julián Bordallo and Antonio Rodríguez were supported by projects 19484/PI/14 (FEDER and Fundación Séneca - Agencia de Ciencia y Tecnología de la Región de Murcia, Spain) and CGL2016-78946-R (AEI and FEDER, UE); they also thank Aurelio Garcia Blanco, Andries Gouws, Tom de Wet, Ali Hassan and Faisal Abdullab for their observations and assistance with field work. Daniel B. Raudabaugh and colleagues thank the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources, Pennsylvania Bureau of State Parks, and Black Moshannon State Park for research support, the Mycological Society of America and University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign School of Integrative Biology for financial support, and Michael Woodley for field support. Cheryl Armstrong-Cho and Sabine Banniza acknowledge funding and support by the Saskatchewan Ministry of Agriculture, the Western Grains Research Foundation, the Herb, Spice and Specialty Agriculture Association and the Saskatchewan Crop Insurance Corporation. Shuming Luo and colleagues thank Mui-keng Tan for helpful advice during this study.

The genus Holwaya was considered to be monospecific until recently because of extensive species synonymy. Seven species have been described or combined in the genus: H. gigantea, H. leptosperma, H. mucida (with subsp. nipponica), H. ophiobolus, H. pusilla, H. salicis, and H. tiliacea. Nowadays most of these taxa are considered to be synonyms of H. mucida, except H. pusilla that was transferred to the genus Claussenomyces, and H. salicis to Durandiella. Since the first more thorough molecular phylogeny of Helotiales (Wang et al. 2006), there have been few changes in the classification until that proposed by Baral (2016). Holwaya was previously considered a member of the family Bulgariaceae (Lumbsch & Huhndorf 2010), but it was removed from this family by Crous et al. (2014) who regarded Bulgariaceae as a synonym of Phacidiaceae. Although Holwaya was never included in Phacidiaceae, Baral (2016) expanded the concept of Phacidiales by adding other families and placing the genus Holwaya in Tympanidaceae. The aim of this work is to provide a taxonomic review of the genus Holwaya based on data gathered by the authors through the last few decades. This includes new microscopical features revealed by studies of the material in living state and new taxonomic and systematic information, such as the correct generic affiliation of Claussenomyces tympanoides (C. pusillus) based on type studies.

The Leotiomycetes are recognized as one of the most diverse classes of Ascomycota. Despite the high diversity in this class, certain orders and families have a high proportion of taxa that have not been studied using molecular methods. A good example of the paucity of molecular data is found in Tympanidaceae (Baral 2015), a poorly studied family containing nine genera, which have previously been placed in the Bulgariaceae, Dermateaceae, and Helotiaceae: Claussenomyces, Collophora, Durandiella, Grovesiella, Holwaya, Micraspis, Myriodiscus, Pragmopora, and Tympanis. Some of them are associated with diseases such as bark and xylem lesions, internal necrosis, vascular streaking, cankers and crown damage (Quijada 2015, Baral 2016). The genus Claussenomyces was erected by Kirschstein in 1923 for a single species (C. jahnianus). Korf and Abawi (1971) drastically widened the concept of the genus combining and adding three species: Holwaya salicis E. Müll. and S. Ahmad, Corynella prasinula (P. Karst.) Boud., and Corynella atrovirens (Pers.) Boud. Currently, Claussenomyces is one of the most diverse genera in Tympanidaceae with 16, mostly conifer-associated species, with corticolous, lignicolous, fungicolous, and resinicolous lifestyles. A monographic treatment of the genus does not exist, and only a few species — C. kirschsteinianus, C. prasinulus, C. olivaceus, C. cf. hydnicola, Claussenomyces sp. or uncultured Claussenomyces — have publicly available sequences (NCBI). Baral and Marson (2005) provided for first time a key to species of the genus, but also a revision of several species and types (C. jahnianus, C. pusillus, Tympanis xylophila). In 2013, the first author started to work in the genus and reviewed more than 40 collections, including most of the types with the exception of C. kirschsteinianus, C. simplex and C. pleomorphicus. Another additional 15 collections have been treated in detail jointly by the second and third author previous to the present work. Current results of our morphological and phylogenetic analyses revealed that Claussenomyces is a polyphyletic genus that should be split into at least four genera represented as: C. jahnianus, C. atrovirens group, C. prasinulus group, and C. kirschsteinianus group. The three former are related to Phacidiales whereas the latter is related to Helotiales. Although C. jahnianus still lacks molecular data, we consider it different from all remaining species based on its deviating morphology, but tentatively place it in the Phacidiales. In addition, several species currently included in Claussenomyces belong to other genera (i.e. Claussenomyces pini in Durandiella, C. tympanoides = C. pusillus in Holwaya), or are synonyms of other species in the Claussenomyces (i.e. C. canariensis and C. clavatus being conspecific with C. atrovirens). In the future, the 16 current binominals will be reduced to 10 species, divided into four genera: Claussenomyces, restricted to its type species (C. jahnianus), and three newly erected genera defined by phylogenic, microscopic, and ontogenetic features as follows: (1) fungicolous, lignicolous and resinicolous species with true ascoconidia (C. atrovirens group, 6 species) ; (2) lignicolous species without ascoconidia (C. prasinulus, 1 species) and (3) resinicolous species without ascoconidia (C. kirschsteinianus group, 2 species).

Gljive i protisti uglavnom se povezuju s vlažnim ili akvatičkim staništima, no zastupljene su i na staništima izloženim redovitom ekstremnom isušivanju, kao što su pijesci. Prilagodbe gljiva takvim uvjetima često uključuju: razvoj nespolnih stadija, posebnih otpornih struktura (strome, sklerociji i dr.) ili plodišta otpornih na isušivanje (npr. utrobnjače, gljive s ukopanim plodištima i dr.), fruktificiranje u sezonama s povoljnim uvjetima te uspostavu simbioza (lišajske zajednice, briofilne gljive i dr.). S druge strane, protisti stvaraju otporne ciste i zbog kozmopolitske rasprostranjenosti brzo koloniziraju nova staništa. Istraživanje gljiva na Đurđevačkim pijescima započeli su oko 1915. godine Vale Vouk i Ivo Pevalek, na čija se istraživanja nadovezuje Ivan Soklić od 1938., a od 70-tih godina 20. stoljeća Radovan Kranjčev. Ciljana mikološka istraživanja na podravskim pijescima započinju 2000. g., a provode ih Zdenko Tkalčec, Armin Mešić, Neven Matočec i Ivana Kušan, čime su na Đurđevačkim pijescima utvrđene strogo zaštićene vrste Phallus hadriani i Entoloma pseudoturci, dok je na lokalitetu Kloštarski (Kalinovački) peski, pored navedenih, utvrđeno još 6 strogo zaštićenih vrsta gljiva, kojima je taj lokalitet ujedno i jedini poznati u Hrvatskoj. Time su ove psamobiontne i psamofilne vrste prepoznate kao izrazito ugrožene zbog nestajanja ovog tipa staništa. Nedavnim integralnim prirodoslovnim istraživanjima (2014.-2016.) na Đurđevačkim pijescima su zabilježene 24 vrste gljiva, uključujući i kritično ugroženu Disciseda bovista te starijim istraživanjima zabilježenu, osjetljivu vrstu lišaja Cetraria aculeata. Šest je vrsta novo zabilježeno. U ekološkom pogledu zastupljene su saprotrofne psamobiontne i psamofilne vrste koje žive u pješčanom supstratu, fimikolne vrste, briofilne vrste, ali i psamoksene vrste, što ukazuje na promijenjene ekološke uvjete na ovim staništima. Lišaji su vrlo dobro zastupljeni, mjestimično i s velikom pokrovnošću, budući da su dobro prilagođeni na povremene ekstremno sušne uvjete. Najbrojnije su terikolne vrste iz roda Cladonia sl. l. Na Đurđevačkim pijescima do sada je zabilježeno preko 30 svojti protista. Ovi organizmi žive u tankom filmu vode koji obavija zrnca pijeska ili humusni sloj, tamo gdje on postoji. Od algi dominiraju različite skupine zelenih algi i više svojti algi kremenjašica. Praživotinje zastupaju predstavnici skupina trepetljikaša, sitnih bičaša, golih i okućenih ameba. Najmanje protista zabilježeno je u slobodnom pijesku, gdje dolazi do čestog isušivanja, a količina hranjivih tvari je vrlo mala. Značajno više ih je zabilježeno uz busene autohtone trave gladice (Corynephorus canescens) i u mahovinama uz grmove zečjaka (Cytisus scoparius), jer je humusni sloj na tim mikrostaništima značajno obilniji. Gljive i protisti su značajni bioindikatorski organizmi, budući da izrazito brzo reagiraju na promjene u ekosustavu (npr. razina vlage, dostupnost hranjivih tvari, onečišćenje). Njihovim monitoringom mogu se dobiti vrijedni podaci o sukcesijskim procesima na staništu pijesaka te doprinijeti njihovom očuvanju. Pored toga, potrebno je nastaviti i proširiti mjere zaštite kako bi se povećale površine pod otvorenim pijescima i obnovile nekadašnje psamofilne biocenoze.

Prema autorima dostupnim podacima, entomofilna komenzalna gljivlja vrsta Rhachomyces hypogaeus (špiljska klasnica) iz reda Laboulbeniales je endemična troglobiontna vrsta koja je svojim arealom i simbiozom s kornjašima iz roda Typhlotrechus ograničena na dinarsko krško podzemlje. Do danas je zabilježena na svega nekoliko lokaliteta u slijedećim regijama: Notranjsko u Sloveniji, zatim Gorski kotar, Istra, Lika i južni Velebit u Hrvatskoj te u Bosni i Hercegovini kod Žepča, tako da poznati areal ove vrste zahvaća područja sjeverozapadnih i središnjih Dinarida. U radu prikazujemo morfološke i ekološke podatke o nalazu ove vrste koja je 2005. g. po prvi puta pronađena na području Nacionalnog Parka „Sjeverni Velebit“ u jami Olimp (područje Begovačkih kukova), pri čemu je više jedinki živjelo na odraslom troglobiontskom kornjašu Typhlotrechus bilimeki likanensis. Također, prikazani su i biogeografski podaci s označenim svim poznatim lokalitetima na kojima je ova gljivlja vrsta zabilježena.

Prva sustavna istraživanja gljiva iz odjeljka Ascomycota na području Nacionalnog parka Sjeverni Velebit koja provode autori započela su 2003. godine te traju još i danas. Većina dotadašnjih podataka o nalazima gljiva askomiceta odnosila se na lihenizirane predstavnike ovoga odjeljka koje su u prvoj polovici 20. stoljeća istraživali uglavnom strani lihenolozi. Novija istraživanja obuhvaćaju nelihenizirane predstavnike razreda Leotiomycetes, Pezizomycetes, Orbiliomycetes, Geoglossomycetes, Sordariomycetes i Eurotiomycetes, a u posljednje vrijeme i Laboulbeniomycetes. Područje Nacionalnog parka pokazalo se izuzetno vrijedno s obzirom na gljive radi mnogobrojnih staništa koja su mozaično raspoređena na vrlo malom prostoru, od submediteranskog do alpskog pojasa na najvišim vrhovima Parka. Mikološka istraživanja provedena su u svim bioklimatskim pojasevima, na različitim staništima: starim šumama i prašumama, prirodnim obalnim zonama slatkovodnih staništa, travnjacima, kamenjarima i jamama ledenicama. U provedenom 10-godišnjem istraživanju, na području Parka zabilježeno je ukupno 308 vrsta iz 149 rodova te veći broj potencijalno novih vrsta za znanost od kojih je 2015. kao nova za znanost opisana vrsta Thecotheus platyapiculatus. Deset zabilježenih vrsta strogo je zaštićeno u Hrvatskoj. Veći broj vrsta, pa i neki rodovi, zabilježeni su do sada u Hrvatskoj samo na području ovog Parka. Provedena višegodišnja terenska istraživanja u različitim staništima i sezonama rezultirala su visokim udjelom novozabilježenih vrsta nakon svake pojedine provedene faze istraživanja. U radu dajemo pregled dinamike naših istraživanja te analizu odnosno evaluaciju staništa i lokaliteta s obzirom na bioraznolikost i ugroženost gljiva uvažavajući trenutni stupanj istraženosti.

Desmazierella acicola Lib. s anamorfou Verticicladium trifidum Preuss. (Pezizales, Ascomycota) patří mezi významné druhy kolonizující opad různých druhů borovic. Teleomorfa se tvoří pouze za optimálních klimatických podmínek většinou na začátku jara, anamorfa je nicméně velmi častá. Molekulární analýza kmenů izolovaných z jehlic různých druhů borovic a smrků získaných v přirozeném areálu těchto dřevin i ve výsadbách prokázala několik dobře podpořených linií s částečnou vazbou na region nebo druh hostitelské dřeviny. Vzhledem k odlišné topologii stromů získaných z fylogenetických analýz genů pro ITS a LSU rDNA a fragmentů genů TEF-1α, RPB2 a TUB je nutné většinu linií interpretovat jako odlišné populace v rámci jediného druhu. Nicméně některé vitální znaky na teleomorfě ukazují i na dobrou podporu pro existenci několika (kryptických) druhů.

Karst poljes occupy small portion of total Dinarides surface (ca. 5%) and they represent fluvial “islands in the sea” of water-permeable massifs and plateaus, which are extremely important for mycobiota of Dinaric Alps. Thanks to the geographic position and climatic characteristics of the Dinarides and their wide front faced along the border of Mediterranean and continental area, karst poljes are positioned in numerous bioclimatic zones, from thermo-Mediterranean to altimontane zone. They occur in a very wide gradient of ecological entities due to their specific hydrology and microclimatic conditions in which exist large number of highly mosaic habitats important for fungi. Forest stands of high phyto-diversity are of high significance for hundreds of ectomycorrhizal fungal species, especially those from the orders Agaricales, Boletales and Pezizales. The old osier grooves, oak and black alder stands are not only important for specialised ectomycorrhizal fungi but also for saprotrophs of coarse woody debris – “aphyllophoralean” fungi and fungi from the orders Agaricales, Pezizales, Xylariales and Boliniales. Wetland habitats are particularly important for hundreds of ascomycetous species which are saprotrophs of wetland herbaceous plants, as well as water bodies which are exclusive habitats for numerous freshwater fungi from the phylum Ascomycota and phylogenetically older groups (Chytridiomycota and Blastocladiomycota). Karst poljes are characterised also by grasslands created by traditional and longlasting cattle breeding which are important to grassland fungi from the genera Hygrocybe, Clavaria, Entoloma and Dermoloma, family Geoglossaceae, but also to numerous species of fimicolous fungi from the phyla Ascomycota, Basidiomycota and Mucoromycota. During research of Ascomycota performed by the authors on two occasions (12.06.2016 and 26.-31.08.2017) on Livanjsko polje, Duvanjsko polje, Šujičko polje and Dugo polje 40 samples were collected and 35 species recorded. Out of the the currently identified collections, two species are reported as new to Bosnia and Herzegovina’s mycobiota, while eight (or 23%) are considered rare and/or endangered. The ecological value and habitat quality of the explored localities regarding fungi are analysed and the need for further research and necessity for efficient conservation of particular areas are identified.

Ascomycete monitoring plots in the Krka National Park were established in 2015. During 2016 and 2017 field research was performed and fungi from the phylum Ascomycota were collected within 1 m2 squares placed at standard distances from supposed source of ecological pressure. Number of collected fruitbodies of each fungal taxon was noted. Biodiversity of ascomycete fungi was presented.

U knjizi je dan pregled raznih aspekata Đurđevečkih pesaka - povijest, geografija, geologija, geomorfologija, ekologija, biologija (raznolikost protista, gljiva, biljaka i životinja), agrobioraznolikost, šumarstvo, upravljanje i zaštita.

Recent collections of a cup-fungus identified as Lachnea poiraultii Boud. from the Iberian and Istrian (Croatia) peninsulas provided the opportunity to investigate its modern taxonomic position. An examination of the type specimen of this taxon confirmed the determination of Croatian, Portuguese and Spanish collections. Based on the results of multi-gene phylogenetic analyses which placed L. poiraultii within the Pyronemataceae with no support of affiliation with another genus, and the study of microscopic features in the living state, the new genus Paratricharina is proposed to accommodate L. poiraultii. The morphological similarities and differences from the most closely related species are discussed. A full description and illustrations of P. poiraultii are also provided.

During systematic research on fimicolous fungi in the Sjeverni Velebit National Park, a new species was revealed. It is described here as Thecotheus platyapiculatus. Taxonomic characters are studied in detail on both living and dead material. Ascospore germination was tested on dung agar and dung oatmeal agar. The most important differential characters of the new species related to apiculi, spore symmetry and ascal strangulation are discussed and compared to the most similar T. keithii. Semi- resistant vacuolar bodies are described as new type of cell inclusions. Guidelines to the standardised procedure of treating Thecotheus collections in order to efficiently characterise and differentiate the species are recommended. The ecology of T. platyapiculatus as well as the importance of traditional way of stock breeding for preserving the fimicolous species is discussed. A worldwide identification key to the apiculate species in the genus Thecotheus is provided. A list of 19 additional fimicolous species found on the horse dung during this study is also given. All ascomycetous species but Peziza vesiculosa are reported as new to Croatian mycobiota.