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U ovom radu opisan je koncept programski upravljivih radijskih prijamnika s njihovim specifikacijama, mogućnostima i primjeni te je razvijen program za prikupljanje i analizu signala korištenjem RTL-SDR Blog V3 prijamnika. Programsko rješenje uključuje korisničko sučelje izrađeno uz pomoć Tkintera koje omogućava korisnicima da interaktivno biraju frekvencijske opsege za analizu, dok se koristeći Matplotlib grafički prikazuju prikupljeni podatatci. Dodatno, implementirana je statistička analiza prikupljenih signala, kako bi se izrazio odnos prosječne snage signala i šuma. Analizirane su frekvencije FM frekvencijskog spektra. Ovaj rad može poslužiti kao osnova za daljnje istraživanje na polju digitalne obrade signala i bežične komunikacije. This paper describes the concept of programmable radio receivers with their specifications, capabilities and application, and developed program for collecting and analyzing signals using the RTL-SDR Blog V3 receiver. The software solution includes a user interface created with the Tkinter, which allows users to interactively select frequency ranges for analysis, while Matplotlib is used to graphically display the collected data. Additionally, I implemented statistical analysis of the collected signals, in order to show the relationship between the average signal strength and the noise. I analyzed the frequencies of the FM frequency spectrum. This work can serve as basis for further research in the field of digital signal processing and wireless communication.

Bromate formation is a complex process that depends on the properties of water and the ozone used. Due to fluctuations in quality, surface waters require major adjustments to the treatment process. In this work, we investigated how the time of year, ozone dose and duration, and ammonium affect bromides, bromates, absorbance at 254 nm (UV254), near-infrared (NIR) spectra, and fluorescent components (humic-like and tyrosine-like) during surface water ozonation. Linear and non-linear models were used to determine and predict the relationships between input and output variables. Season, ozonation dose and time were correlated with the output variables, while ammonium affected only bromates. All coefficients of determination (R2) for the multiple linear regression models were >0.64, while R2 for the piecewise linear regression models was >0.89. The season had no effect on bromate formation in either model, while ammonium only affected bromides and bromates. Three input variables influenced UV254 in both models. The artificial neural network (ANN) model with the season, ozonation dose and time, ammonium, and NIR spectra was an effective way to describe water ozonation results. The multilayer perception neural network 14-14-5 had the lowest errors and was the best ANN model with R2 values for training, testing, and validation of 0.9916, 0.9826, and 0.9732, respectively.

Alcohol dependence (AD) is a complex disorder with a poorly understood etiology. In this study, we investigated the relationship between genetic variation in the TPH2 gene, which encodes the enzyme responsible for serotonin synthesis in the brain, and both AD and personality traits, with attention to Cloninger’s types of AD. The study included 373 healthy control subjects, 206 inpatients with type I AD, and 110 inpatients with type II AD. All subjects were genotyped for the functional polymorphism rs4290270 in the TPH2 gene, and AD patients completed the Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire (TPQ). The AA genotype and the A allele of the rs4290270 polymorphism were more frequent in both patient groups compared with the control group. In addition, a negative association was found between the number of A alleles and TPQ scores for harm avoidance in patients with type II, but not type I, AD. These results support the involvement of genetic variations of the serotonergic system in the pathogenesis of AD, especially type II AD. They also suggest that in a subset of patients, genetic variation of TPH2 could potentially influence the development of AD by affecting the personality trait of harm avoidance.

Psychiatric disorders represent one of the leading problems of the public health community in the modern world today, especially because their incidence is steadily increasing and they are one of the main reasons for the overall disease burden in Europe. One of the most frequently diagnosed, yet under recognized diseases, is depression. Depression, whether a symptom, part of a syndrome or an independent diagnosis, is characterized by feelings of sadness, loss of interest and pleasure in activities that normally bring joy to a person, and can affect how a person feels, thinks and behaves. It affects all age and social groups, as well as both sexes, it is often comorbid with other physical diseases, and increases the risk of developing other physical diseases. There are certain differences between the sexes in the prevalence, the way a certain sex group deals with problems caused by depression, and the possible causes of these differences, which we present in more detail in this paper. Differences are observed in all cultures, environments and across different age groups. Patients suffering from depression have a particularly high risk of committing suicide. Suicide is a psychopathological phenomenon of multifactorial aetiology that is most often associated with psychiatry and mental disorders and is not a diagnosis in itself, but a complication of many psychiatric disorders. here are many differences in the rate of suicide by age and sex, as well as in the method of suicide, which we also present in more detail in this paper.

Research on the possible connection of right-wing extremism with organized crime actors shows that there are individuals who are occasionally mentioned in this context. Also, transnationally connected criminal groups from the West Balkans commit violent crimes in Croatia, mainly murders of Serbian and Montenegrin citizens, members of opponent OC groups from Serbia and Montenegro. These murders are connected to well-known criminal groups, which indicates to a cooperation with OC in the country. The background of these murders is the fight for control over the illegal narcotics trade because Croatia is situated along an extremely important smuggling route for illicit drugs towards. Western Europe.

Uvod Prethodna istraživanja percepcije pandemije COVID-19 adolescenata u ortodontskoj terapiji provedena su u ranoj fazi pandemije kada je dostupnost zdravstvene zaštite bila ograničena. Cilj istraživanja bio je procijeniti jesu li pohađanje online nastave, samoizolacija te općenita tjeskoba zbog pandemije prediktori zabrinutosti adolescenata oko njihove ortodontske terapije tijekom normalizacije zdravstvenog sustava. Materijali i metode Sudionicima u dobi od 10 do 18 godina koji su bili u ortodontskoj terapiji fiksnom napravom na Zavodu za ortodonciju Klinike za stomatologiju KBC Zagreb dan je upitnik s demografskim podacima i česticama vezanim uza zabrinutost koju osjećaju oko tijeka i rezultata svoje ortodontske terapije, kao i oko rizika zbog infekcije koronavirusom. Odgovori na navedene čestice bili su na Likertovoj ljestvici od 1 do 5. Latentna struktura upitnika analizirana je eksploratornom faktorskom analizom (EFA). Prediktori latentnih konstrukata ispitani su hijerarhijskom multiplom regresijom. Statistička analiza provedena je u softverom SPSS (verzija 22.0 ; IBM, Armonk, SAD). Rezultati U pilot studiji, 153 sudionika (60.1% djevojčica, medijan dobi 15, interkvartilni raspon 13-16) ispunilo je upitnik. EFA je otkrila dvofaktorsku strukturu, Zabrinutost oko terapije (TC) i svijest o važnosti zaštitnih mjera (AM). Kontrolni pregledi propušteni zbog samoizolacije, samoprocijenjen negativni psihološki učinak i tjeskoba zbog pandemije COVID-19 su bili značajni prediktori TC (p≤0.045), objašnjavajući 2-5% varijance, ali nisu bili prediktori AM. Pohađanje nastave uživo nasuprot online nastave nije bilo prediktor ni TC ni AM. Zaključak Prilikom razgovora s adolescentima o njihovoj zabrinutosti oko tijeka i ishoda ortodontske terapije, potrebno je posvetiti posebnu pažnju onih pacijentima koji reportiraju više tjeskobe zbog pandemije te onima koji su propustili jedan ili više kontrolnih pregleda zbog samoizolacije

UVOD: Pojava novog oblika pandemije ukazala je na važnu i zahtjevnu ulogu medicinskih sestara i tehničara u održavanju zdravlja ljudi i to posebice u izvanrednim situacijama globalnih javnozdravstvenih kriza i problema. Poznavanje karakteristika posla kao i praćenje profesionalne predanosti zaposlenika važno je u svrhu praćenja i poboljšanja kvalitete pružene skrbi. CILJ: Ispitati karakteristike posla i profesionalnu predanost zaposlenih medicinskih sestara i tehničara u Republici Hrvatskoj tijekom COVID-19 pandemije. MATERIJALI I METODE: Provedeno je presječno istraživanje uz pomoć on line ankete distribuirane potencijalnim ispitanicima putem društvenih mreža. Za istraživanje se koristio anonimni standardizirani anketni upitnik iz tri dijela. REZULTATI: Od ukupno 497 ispitanika, 435 (88%) cijelu karijeru namjerava raditi u sestrinstvu. Ispitanici uglavnom izražavaju (97,17%) da skrb prema bolesniku pružaju kao prema članu svoje obitelji. Polovica ispitanika (50,7%) napustila bi profesiju ako se ne bi slagala sa nadređenim ili kolegama, a nešto manji udio (34,4%) ostao bi u sestrinskoj profesiji unatoč nemogućnosti profesionalnog napredovanja. Ispitanici (70%) smatraju kako u poslu imaju umjerenu autonomiju, a 74,03 % ispitanika kako tijekom rada koristi složenu sofisticiranu opremu. Ispitanici su uglavnom suglasni (78.46%) da da njihov posao utječu povratne informacije od drugih osoba te niti jedan ispitanik (0) nije smatrao da sestrinski posao nije važan. ZAKLJUČAK: Tijekom COVID-19 pandemije koja je dovela do promjena u karakteristikama posla svih zdravstvenih djelatnika pa tako i medicinskih sestara na području Republike Hrvatske prisutna je profesionalna predanost medicinskih sestara. ABSRTACT: The emergence of a new form of pandemic has pointed to the important and demanding role of nurses and technicians in maintaining people's health, especially in emergency situations of global public health crises and problems. Knowing the characteristics of the job as well as monitoring professional commitment of employees is important for the purpose of monitoring and improving the quality of care provided. OBJECTIVE: To examine the job characteristics and professional commitment of employed nurses and technicians in the Republic of Croatia during the COVID-19 pandemic MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted with the help of an online survey distributed to potential respondents via social networks. An anonymus standardized questionnaire in three parts was used for the research. RESULTS: Out of a total of 497 respondents, 435 (88%) intend to work in nursing for their entire career. Respondents mostly express (97.17%) that they care for the ptient as if they were a memeber of their family. Half of the respondents (50.7%) would leave the profession if they did not agree with their superiors of colleagues, and a slightly smaller proportion (34.4%) would remain in the nursing profession despite the impossibility of professional advancement. 70% of respondents believe that they use complex sophisticated equipment during work. Respondents mostly agree (78.46%) that their work is influenced by feedback from other people, and not a single respondent (0) considered that nursing work is not important. CONCLUSION: During the COVID-19 pandemic, which led to changes in the job characteristics of all healthcare workers, including nurses, in the Republic of Croatia, the professional commitment of nurses was present.

Background: Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is a psychiatric disorder characterized by excessive and uncontrolled drinking that causes distress and has damaging consequences for men and women of all ages. It is one of the four most disabling diseases and it affects approximately 14.6 million persons in Europe. Objectives: Objective of this study is to investigate changes in platelet serotonin concentration after four weeks of alcohol abstinence in regards to the genotype of the serotonin transporter. Methods: A total of 154 patients with AUD were included in the study. Platelet serotonin concentrations were assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Genotype of serotonin transporter promoter polymorphism was determined by the polymerase chain reaction-based method. Results: We did not establish a statistically significant main effect of serotonin transporter polymorphism on platelet serotonin concentration after four weeks of abstinence. Conclusion: Aforementioned finding is in line with previous research suggesting a complex relationship between serotonin transporter gene and platelet serotonin levels, and congruent with the well-established genotype interaction with numerous other factors, such as sex, ethnicity, education level, and stressful life events.

Bol je neugodno osjetno i emocionalno iskustvo koje se redovito javlja u mnogim kroničnim stanjima. U ovom radu opisana je primjena epiduralne analgezije kod bolesnika s kroničnom boli, od čega je obrađena primjena kod nemaligne i maligne boli. Kronična bol kompleksan je klinički problem koji utječe na sva područja života i rada pojedinca. Pod kroničnom boli podrazumijeva se bol koja traje od 3 do 6 mjeseci i dulje i ostaje prisutna i nakon što je završen proces cijeljenja tkiva. Opisana je primjena epiduralne analgezije kod liječenja križoblje kao najčešće kronične nemaligne boli, a potom je opisana i primjena epiduralne analgezije u liječenju karcinomske boli kao maligne boli. Epiduralna analgezija je tzv. neuroaksijalna blokada kod koje se anestetik aplicira u epiduralni prostor, a njegova će definicija, kao i kontraindikacije te komplikacije spomenute analgezije biti dane u radu. Kronična nemaligna bol tretira se davanjem epiduralnih injekcija koje najčešće sadrže kortikosteroide, a ponekad i lokalne anestetike, dok se kronična maligna bol najčešće tretira plasiranjem tuneliranog epiduralnog katetera putem kojeg se daju opijati i lokalni anestetici. Prilikom primjene epiduralne analgezije u liječenju kronične nemaligne i maligne boli od neizmjerne je važnosti uloga medicinske sestre. Medicinska sestra zadužena je za provođenje kvalitetne psihološke i fizičke pripreme pacijenta, uzimanje detaljne anamneze, edukaciju pacijenta i obitelji o samom postupku, pripremu aseptičnih uvjeta i monitoring pacijenta za vrijeme i po završetku postupka. Pain is an uncomfortable sensory and emotional experience that occurs regularly in many chronic conditions. In this paper, the use of epidural analgesia in patients with chronic pain is described, of which the use in non-malignant and malignant pain is discussed. Chronic pain is a complex clinical problem that affects all areas of an individual’s life and work. Chronic pain is pain that lasts from 3 to 6 months and longer and remains present even after the tissue healing process has been completed. The use of epidural analgesia in the treatment of low back pain as the most common chronic non-malignant pain is described, and then the use of epidural analgesia in the treatment of carcinoma pain as malignant pain is described. Epidural analgesia is the neuroaxial blockade in which the anesthetic is applied to the epidural space, and its definition, as well as contraindications and complications of the mentioned analgesia, will be given in the paper. Chronic non-malignant pain is treated by giving epidural injections, which usually contain corticosteroids and sometimes local anesthetics, while chronic malignant pain is usually treated by placing a tunneled epidural catheter through which opiates and local anesthetics are given. In the application of epidural analgesia in the treatment of chronic non-malignant and malignant pain, the role of the nurse is of immense importance. The nurse is in charge of conducting quality psychological and physical preparation of the patient, taking detailed anamnesis, educating patients and families about the procedure, preparing aseptic conditions and monitoring the patient during and after the procedure.

To assess potential benefits of quetiapine for persistent sleep disturbances in patients with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) on stable combined SSRI and benzodiazepine therapy, who previously failed to respond to various benzodiazepine and non-benzodiazepine hypnotic adjuvant treatment as well as to first-generation antipsychotic add-on treatment.Fifty-two male PTSD outpatients on stable combination treatment with SSRI and benzodiazepines, with persistent sleep disturbances not responding to prescription of zolpidem, flurazepam, nitrazepam, promazine, and levopromazine, were assessed for sleep disturbances improvements after prescription of quetiapine in the evening. Each patient met both ICD-10 and DSM-IV criteria for PTSD. Psychiatric comorbidity and premorbidity were excluded using the Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI). Improvement on the CAPS recurrent distressing dream item, reduction in the amount of time needed to fall asleep, prolongation of sleep duration, and reduction in average number of arousals per night in the last 7 days before the assessment period were used as efficacy measures.All sleep-related parameters improved significantly at the end of a five-week follow-up: sleep duration increased by one hour (p0.001), sleep latency decreased by 52.5 minutes (p0.001), median number of arousals per night decreased from two to one (p0.001), CAPS recurrent distressing dream item median decreased from five to four (p0.001), and the number of patients dissatisfied with their sleep quality and quantity decreased from 45 to two (p0.001).Quetiapine prescribed in the evening may be successful therapy for persistent sleep disturbances in patients with PTSD and generally good response to an SSRI and benzodiazepine combination, who previously failed to respond to some of the usual hypnotic medication or addition of first-generation antipsychotics: zolpidem, flurazepam, nitrazepam, promazine, and levopromazine.

Optimization of the water treatment process is a major challenge given the large number of parameters that influence water quality and the stages of the raw water treatment process. In this work, the influence of three input parameters (preozonation dose, time and main zonation dose) on five outputs (bromates, dissolved manganese, specific ultraviolet absorption, trihalomethanes and haloacetic acids) was studied. The effect of ozone in different combinations of process conditions was investigated by 17 experiments using a Box-Behnken design of experiment, reducing the complexity and financial cost of the research compared to classical research. In addition, the response surface methodology was used to obtain predictive models for all output variables and to obtain graphical representations of the prediction of bromate formation, considering the input parameters with their optimal values and to achieve desired output values.

Put u Split je knjiga, odnosno storytelling vodič kroz palaču cara Dioklecijana. Ovaj vodič ispričat će priče i vodit će ulicama daleke prošlosti, još od samog rođenja Dioklesa pa sve do njegove vladavine.

Near infrared spectroscopy (NIRs) is gaining momentum as an analytical tool because of its ability of fast, on-line, non-destructive sample scanning and analysis. According to literature data, it is extensively used in food, chemical, textile and pharmaceutical industry, as well as in biotechnology. The aim of this study was to explore the potential of the use of NIRs for determination of drinking water quality. The analyzed samples were taken from the Butoniga Lake (Istria, Croatia) and have been undergone different treatments: pre-treatment, flocculation and main ozonation. During the pre-treatment phase, the samples were treated with different ozone concentrations (0.2, 1.1 and 2 mg/L), and during the main ozonation phase they were treated with 0.1, 0.3 and 0.5 mg/L ozone for varying duration (5, 15.5 and 30 min). The samples were scanned using the NIR-128L-1.7-USB/6.25/50 µm (Control Development, South Bend, Indiana, USA) spectrophotometer and the data was analyzed by use of principle component analysis in the Statistica v.14 software (Tibco software, Palo Alto, USA). As a result it certainly stands out that, NIR spectroscopy coupled with multivariate data analysis, was able to differentiate the water samples based on the type of treatment with high accuracy (pretreatment, flocculation and main ozonation). Furthermore, when only the main ozonation stage was analyzed, the distinction between the dose of ozone and the duration of ozone treatment was also successful deriving from the recorded NIR spectra. These results confirm the possibility of NIRs usage in water quality analysis, which enables fast on-line analysis with no need of complicated time and resource consuming chemical analyses.

The question to what extent right-wing extremism in the Republic of Croatia threatens, or could in certain circumstances threaten, the democratic order and become a serious national security issue, has not been considered particularly relevant by the Croatian public until recently. Inappropriate rhetoric, namely hate speech as a tool for defamation and exclusion of minority groups or "dangerous others" in general, has been seen as having more of a trendy character. As, after all, in most countries of liberal democracy, there is a constant presence of greater or lesser intensity of such rhetoric. This rhetoric has very rarely, almost never, been accompanied by a more serious realization of the phenomenon. Clear condemnation and dissociation of state institutions, along with the legal framework, from those unacceptable activities make a significant contribution to combating right-wing extremism. In that regard, the public reports of SOA -- the central institution of the Croatian security intelligence system -- do not label extremism as a threat to national security. This means that in their opinion, there are no organized social groups or political parties in Croatia whose actions can cause such a wave of violence that would lead, or at least in part, to the destabilization of the democratic framework of the Croatian society and state.

UVOD: Pojava novog oblika pandemije ukazala je na važnu i zahtjevnu ulogu medicinskih sestara i tehničara u održavanju zdravlja ljudi i to posebice u izvanrednim situacijama globalnih javnozdravstvenih kriza i problema. Poznavanje karakteristika posla kao i praćenje profesionalne predanosti zaposlenika važno je u svrhu praćenja i poboljšanja kvalitete pružene skrbi. CILJ: Ispitati karakteristike posla i profesionalnu predanost zaposlenih medicinskih sestara i tehničara u Republici Hrvatskoj tijekom COVID-19 pandemije. MATERIJALI I METODE: Provedeno je presječno istraživanje uz pomoć on line ankete distribuirane potencijalnim ispitanicima putem društvenih mreža. Za istraživanje se koristio anonimni standardizirani anketni upitnik iz tri dijela. REZULTATI: Od ukupno 497 ispitanika, 435 (88%) cijelu karijeru namjerava raditi u sestrinstvu. Ispitanici uglavnom izražavaju (97, 17%) da skrb prema bolesniku pružaju kao prema članu svoje obitelji. Polovica ispitanika (50, 7%) napustila bi profesiju ako se ne bi slagala sa nadređenim ili kolegama, a nešto manji udio (34, 4%) ostao bi u sestrinskoj profesiji unatoč nemogućnosti profesionalnog napredovanja. Ispitanici (70%) smatraju kako u poslu imaju umjerenu autonomiju, a 74, 03 % ispitanika kako tijekom rada koristi složenu sofisticiranu opremu. Ispitanici su uglavnom suglasni (78.46%) da da njihov posao utječu povratne informacije od drugih osoba te niti jedan ispitanik (0) nije smatrao da sestrinski posao nije važan. ZAKLJUČAK: Tijekom COVID-19 pandemije koja je dovela do promjena u karakteristikama posla svih zdravstvenih djelatnika pa tako i medicinskih sestara na području Republike Hrvatske prisutna je profesionalna predanost medicinskih sestara.

Uvod Proučavanjem različitosti u dimenzijama zubi opažaju se razlike ovisno o dobi, spolu i pripadnosti određenoj populaciji. Cilj ovog rada bio je istražiti međusobne povezanosti dimenzija trajnih očnjaka i prednjeg Boltonovog omjera sa spolnim razlikama u dimenzijama zubi te iskoristiti spolno-specifične razlike u odontometrijskih varijablama za pripremu statističkog modela koji može odrediti spol nepoznatog ispitanika. Materijali i metode Odontometrijski podaci prikupljeni su na temelju 121 sadrenog studijskog modela mjerenjem dimenzija trajnih očnjaka (cervikalno-incizalna, mezio-distalna i vestibularno-oralna) te Boltonovog prednjeg omjera. Mjerenja su provedena pomoću digitalne pomične mjerke uz preciznost od 0, 1 mm. Za svakog ispitanika prikupljeno je ukupno 16 varijabli: 12 dimenzija trajnih očnjaka (4 zuba × 3 dimenzije), spol, dob, prednji Boltonov omjer i podatak o klasi prema Angleu. Analiza podataka provedena je metodama inferencijalne statistike, analizom glavnih komponenata i modelom umjetne neuronske mreže. Rezultati Usporedbom srednjih vrijednosti pojedinih odontometrijskih varijabli trajnih očnjaka između muških i ženskih ispitanika utvrđene su statistički značajne razlike. Svaka od 12 odontometrijskih varijabli statistički se značajno razlikovala između spolova. Opažene su i razlike među kvadrantima usne šupljine. Poboljšanje preciznosti modela demonstrirano je povećanjem postotka točnih predikcija s početnih vrijednosti od 72, 0 – 78, 1 % na 77, 8 – 85, 7 % nakon što je u osnovni model dodan podatak o prednjem Boltonovom omjeru te dobi ispitanika. Zaključak Spolno-specifične razlike identificirane su u svim odontometrijskim varijablama i pripremljen je model umjetne neuronske mreže koji temeljem odontometrijskih varijabli može predvidjeti spol nepoznatog ispitanika s točnošću od preko 80 %.

Ekstremne vremenske prilike poput suša, poplava i toplinskih valova neke su od posljedica klimatskih promjena. Sve te promjene utječu na količinu i kvalitetu vode prisutne u prirodi, a, samim time, i na vodu za ljudsku potrošnju. Promjena kemijskog sastava, porast zamućenja i rast patogenih mikroorganizama samo su neke od promjena kvalitete sirove vode koje zahtijevaju prilagodbe u procesima obrade kao što su desalinizacija, ultrafiltracija, ozoniranje, flokulacija i dezinfekcija. Svaki od procesa obrade potrebno je optimirati kako bi se postigli željeni parametri, a da pritom ne nastanu neželjeni nusproizvodi. Ukoliko se identificiraju parametri na koje direktno i indirektno utječu klimatske promjene, lakše je prilagoditi kompleksan proces obrade vode za ljudsku potrošnju, ovisno o izvoru koji se koristi. Optimiranjem procesa obrade vode također se povećavaju pouzdanost sustava opskrbe vodom te smanjuju operativni troškovi, čime se omogućava siguran pristup vodi za ljudsku potrošnju široj populaciji.