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The subject of this paper is the analysis of court proceedings conducted in connection with the criminal offense of violation of a grave (Article 354 CC) which were held before the courts on the territory of Autonomous Province of Vojvodina. The analysis covers all finalized court cases of the aforementioned courts for the period from 01.01.2010. (i.e. from the introduction of the current organization of courts in the Republic of Serbia) to 01.07.2018. The research is primarily focused on the statistical presentation and analysis of data obtained from court decisions (which the author independently obtained from courts in original, raw form), as well as the identification of relevant criminal (material and procedural) and criminological characteristics. On the basis of the totality of the results, different regularities were noticed, with regard to the spatial and temporal distribution of the court proceedings, the types of court decisions, the type and amount of criminal sanctions imposed, as well as with regard to the characteristics of the perpetrators of the criminal offense in question. As a unifying conclusion, it can be stated that the crime of violation of a grave is relatively less represented in the practice of courts in the territory of AP Vojvodina, and that its spatial and temporal distribution is uneven (due to the absence of more specific regularities considering criminal expression). The penal policy regarding the crime in question can be characterized as in principle harmonized with the one at the level of the entire state regarding the same criminal offense. On the other hand, it is noticeable that the mentioned penal policy is somewhat stricter in relation to the general penal policy of the courts in the Republic of Serbia. However, this factual situation is potentially somewhat relativized by the specific features of the analyzed court proceedings (above all, the high percentage of recidivism and the frequent presence of other aggravating circumstances), as well as by the fact that all prison sentences were imposed only in the lower third of the envisaged range of the sentence (from one month to one year, although this criminal offense is punishable by up to three years in prison). Regarding the characteristics of the prosecuted perpetrators, it is noticeable that the convicts for the crime of violation of a grave were mainly nationals, and dominated by: adults over juvenile offenders; male over female; general recidivists over special recidivists; persons without education, with primary and secondary education over (non-existent) highly educated offenders; unemployed persons and persons without permanent employment over permanent employees. Considering possible strategies for prevention, it was concluded that important criminogenic factors are the low level of education of most perpetrators and their unfavorable socio-economic status, which gives grounds for assuming that timely educational work and providing conditions for improving their material opportunities could achieve significant results in the domain of both general and special prevention, especially in relation to the identified most risky categories of potential perpetrators (recidivists, illiterate persons, persons without primary education and persons in a state of severe social vulnerability).

This paper is dedicated to the analysis of the Council of Europe's activities concerning harmful actions of new religious movements. Within the first part of the paper, the author analysed Council of Europe's recommendations directed towards new religious movements. Within the second part, the causes for such Coucil's activism were examined. The third part is focused on establishing the relationship between the activities of the Council of Europe and national anti-cult strategies. Inside the final part, noticed tendencies and regularities were highlighted, together with the general summarization of the achieved insights. Among other things, it was concluded that the Council took a very cautious, liberal and tolerant attitude in relation to the matter of new religious movements. By recommending Member States exclusively to study these issues and educate the population, the Council clearly suggested the avoidance of legislative and other invasive anti-cult measures. Hence, the potential impact of the Council's recommendations can be sought exclusively within those countries that hold similar, liberal and non-invasive approach. By contrast, it is not justifiable to link such Council's influence with the policies of those countries that, contrary to recommendations 1178 and 1412, have opted for more radical (legislative and other) steps. On the other hand, it seems reasonable to assume that, on the contrary, countries with anti-cult legislation and other invasive anti-cult measures could easily influence the radicalization of the position of the Council of Europe, which can be noticed within the latest, yet not officially adopted, documents of the Council: Document 12595 and Report 13441.

This paper analyzes the totality of legal features of the phenomenon of vigilantism. Within the first chapter, the concept and features of this phenomenon are considered. The second chapter is dedicated to the specialized analysis of legal characteristics of vigilantism. Within the third chapter, the author shows some of the most relevant opinions regarding aforementioned topic which can be found in academic literature. The final, fourth part of this paper aims at a comprehensive analysis of the legal permissibility of vigilant actions. It was noticed that the actions of the vigilantes can take on the features of numerous criminal offences, very diverse in terms of the nature of the legally protected goods. Among other things, it was concluded that there are no legally relevant arguments for the general legalization of vigilantism, although certain circumstances in specific cases could lead to the elimination of unlawfulness, or to the exclusion or reduction of responsibility of the perpetrator-vigilant. This mainly refers to institutes of actual misconduct, necessary defense and its overstepping, as well as to other factors concerning the perpetrator-vigilant, the behavior of the victim of the vigilant action, and the characteristic of a concrete vigilant situation.

TiO2 nanopowders were produced by sol-gel technique using TiCl4 as a starting material. For the preparation of crystalline anatase with developed surface area, this aqueous solution has been mixed with 0.05 M or 0.07 M (NH4)2SO4 solution in a temperature-controlled bath. The pH values of the suspension were 7, 8 or 9. According to the x-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis the anatase crystallite sizes were about 12 nm, which coincided with the average particle size revealed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The Raman scattering measurements have shown the presence of a small amount of highly disordered brookite phase in addition to dominant anatase phase with similar nanostructure in all synthesized powders. BET measurements revealed that all synthesized catalysts were fully mesoporous, except the sample synthesized with 0.07 M (NH4)2SO4 at pH=9, which had small amount of micropores. The photocatalytic degradation of herbicide Clomazone was carried out for both the pure active substance and as the commercial product (GAMIT 4-EC) under UV irradiation. The best photocatalytic efficiency was obtained for the catalyst with the largest specific surface area, confirming this parameter as crucial for enhanced photocatalytic degradation of the pure active substance and commercial product of herbicide Clomazone. [Project of the Serbian Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development, Grant no. III45018]

This paper explores the relationship between Satanism and criminal acts related to that sphere which are frequent in criminal and judicial practice. Author proposes two definitions of a criminal act connected with the contemporary occultism, as well as definition of occult-related crime. He offers a review of the already existing classifications of the Satanism-related crime, after which he presents additional, legal-oriented typology. It is concluded that the crime associated with Satanism is extremely heterogenous and comprehensive category which includes many criminal acts which presence in practice varies a lot. Those criminal acts could be directly and primarily motivated by some kind of Satanic doctrine; however, in most cases, real motivation for a crime lies outside of that matter. Author divides most common crimes into four wider categories, analyzing particular crime motives, modus operandi and other elements relevant from legal, criminalistic and criminological perspective. The author points out that the most frequent criminal acts associated with the domain of Satanism/pseudosatanism are various types of vandalism (for example: graffiti containing Satanic and anti-Christian messages, grave desecration, church vandalism, as well as damaging or destruction of varios religious monuments, sacred items and sacred places connected with Christian religion), which usual perpetrators are adolescents. Regarding ritual sacrifices, in vast majority of cases, object of criminal act is some sort of animal. Unlike popular speculations, human sacrifices connected with Satanic ceremonies are extremely rare in practice. Absolute majority of registered murder cases (and other crimes against life, physical and sexual integrity, rights and freedoms of man and citizen) which were initially (in the early stages of investigation, or simply by sensationalist media informing) pointed out as a possible examples of 'ritualistic satanic crimes', proved not to be primarily related with real or presumed Satanic interests of the perpetrator. Even in those cases which were indirectly connected with some elements of Satanism, personal characteristics and general life perspective of the perpetrator proved to play crucial role in the domain of motivation for a crime and its realization (f.e. existence of some of the common pragmatic crime motive, presence of various personality disorders, presence of psychosis etc.). Author presents and analyses satanic-related clues typical for all sorts of crime, as well as clues which are significant for particular criminal acts. He underlines the existence of wide varietry of occult/satanic indicators, which could vary from the satanic and anti-Christian symbols, textual messages, illustrations, numerological aspects etc., to the less visible indicators concerning time, place, method, means, purpose of particular criminal act and the like. Among other things, author concludes that proper recognition of those clues and indicators could be an important step towards understanding and successfully solving individual criminal case.

This short essay aims at providing an outline for a critical reflection on the notion of activism and to bring to attention the significance for distinguishing between different forms of engagement in contemporary neoliberal societies. The article traces the history of the notion of ‘activism’ and argues that it went hand in hand with the reduction of heterogeneous political activity to immediate generic action. In order to counter such a reduction, the article relies on the work of Ellen Meiksins Wood and her critical history of the development of the liberal conception of citizenship. In conclusion, it will be argued that the conceptual significance of the notion of capitalism is crucial for distinguishing between different forms and figures of political activity - from the ‘activist’, ‘active citizen’ and what Engin Isin termed ‘activist citizenship’.

The United States of America are one of the rare states (and according to available data, the first one), which introduced specialised anti-cult regulations. This article is dedicated to the analysis of the general perspective of the origins and reasons for the introduction of such regulations in the USA, to their presentation and the analysis of their content, as well as identification of their key specific and general characteristics. First, the author analyses the influences and reasons which led to the introduction of mentioned legislation. The author points to the direct link between the phenomenon of Satanist moral panic and the anti-cult movement, on one side, and anti-cult legislation, on the other. Through an observation of legislation passed in federal states of Idaho, California and Illinois, he identifies their specific features, as well as general, common characteristics. It was ascertained that Idaho's legislation, which was passed first, served as a model for other adopted legal acts. Further on, it was concluded that the main negative characteristics of USAs anti-cult legislation are: the absence or lack of foundation for their adoption; the controversies in their practical application; the absence of expected social results; their arguable compatibility with legally guaranteed religious rights and freedoms; the creation of a perspective for legalisation of discrimination on religious grounds; and the possibility and justifiability of application of general legislation which does not have a specialised, i.e. anti-cult orientation.

The article analyzes the so-called anti-cult and anti-sectarian legislation through the example of French Law no. 2001-504 dated June 12, 2001. The author analyzes the prospects of general anti-cult legislation, as well as the causes and the processes of actualization of the aforementioned matter on the territory of France. The analysis of the French Law leads to the conclusion about its shortcomings and disputed contents. The key objections to the regulation are the following: terminological imprecision and substantive deficiencies, the possibility of applying it in spite of the legislator's intentions on the broadest range of legal entities, citizens' associations and other organizations and institutions; creating a predisposition to destabilize the social environment; opposing to the constitutional freedoms and rights and the principles of religious equality; contribution to the legalization of religious discrimination.

This article provides a general overview of the phenomenon of community policing with regard to suppression of street crime. The author offers a definition of this phenomenon and presents its most important characteristics, conditions for its occurrence, its specific models and other relevant factors, by providing a comparative analysis and drawing necessary conclusions. In considering factors which contribute to the actualisation of community policing in Serbia, it can be concluded that the crucial influence on its appearance and development came on one side from the objective raise in crime rates and on the other side from media emphasis on the raised crime rates. The authors distinguishes between legally permissible and legally impermissible forms of such activism and provides a tentative classification model of possible, legally permissible action. The article considers both possible positive as well as negative effects and results of such reaction of the citizens. It is concluded that citizens have the right to, on their own initiative, take all measures aimed at and enabling their neighborhood's security which are permitted by current legislation, while the state is entitled to suppress all behaviour exceeding the boundaries of the permissible, irrespective of the ethical dimension of the concrete action. Besides that, the author suggests that community policing should not be treated as a regular tool and one to be widely promoted by the state in suppressing crime, but primarily as a spontaneous, selfinitiated and voluntary citizens' participation aimed at improvement of security. As long as objective possibilities for reorganisation and improvement of functioning of competent bodies allow for that, the state should rely exclusively on its own institutions, and by constant evaluation of its work and thorough and meticulous improvement of its functioning create preconditions for efficient opposition to delinquent behaviour. Finally, the author positions the citizens in regard to justification of civic anti-criminal activism. Taking into account both positive and negative effects of this phenomenon, the author points out that a flexible approach, i.e. principal acceptance of community policing as a spontaneous (as long as there is a possibility of a successful response by official bodies), or (in exceptional cases of escalation of illegal activities) moderately stimulated activity, can achieve the best results in preventing and combating the described criminal tendencies.

Although the literature on digital violence is largely dominated by studies focusing on the pre-adolescent or adolescent population, young adults are a vulnerable category as well, due to a high prevalence of Internet use. The goal of this research was to examine the extent to which young adults in Serbia report committing or being exposed to different types of cyber harassment and to identify possible differences in gender and the level of attended education (secondary school or university). The research was conducted on 312 participants (32.69% male and 67.31% female), from 18 to 25 years (mean age = 19.23). The sample included high school seniors (33.33%) and university students (66.67%). Obtained results reveal that the most represented forms of cyber harassment are online stalking (52.56%), ignoring/excluding someone from groups on social networks (27.88%), harassment by phone calls (24.68%), and the use of false/someone else's identity or creating profiles in someone else's name (22.76%). We conclude that one of the main priorities in the digital era is to create a secure online environment not only for children and adolescents but also for young adults, as they too are frequently exposed to digital violence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

LiFePO4 (LFP) microparticles with a faceted crystal habit have been fabricated by hydrothermal synthesis. Three different surfactants were employed to control the crystal habits of the particles, which ranged from cubes over different diamond-shaped platelets to pyramids. Crystallographic models of the particles with the lowest matching Miller indices were determined based on the data acquired by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and gave insight into the synthesis process. The analysis of the crystal facets of the observed particles implied the importance of the (2 1 0) facet, which was previously neglected. First-principles investigations based on density functional theory revealed a surface energy for (2 1 0) of 0.83 J m−2, contributing 2.5% of the surface area of the equilibrium shape of LFP crystals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]