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Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je utvrditi utjecaj dodatka kamilice i koprive kao prirodnih dodataka u hranidbi tovnih pilića na kvalitetu njihova mesa. Istraživanje je provedeno na 120 jednodnevnih pilića hibrida Ross 308, podijeljenih u 4 skupine. Kontrolna (K) skupina bez prirodnih dodataka u kompletnoj krmnoj smjesi te tri pokusne skupine (P1, P2, P3): P1 skupina uz dodatak 2 % koprive, P2 uz dodatak 2 % kamilice te P3 uz dodatak 1 % koprive + 1 % kamilice u kompletnim krmnim smjesama. Tov pilića trajao je 6 tjedana. Od 1. do 21. dana istraživanja pilići su bili hranjeni standardnom krmnom smjesom starter (22,05 % sirovih bjelančevina), a od 22. do 42. dana istraživanja krmnom smjesom finišer (20,18 % sirovih bjelančevina). Istraživanjem je utvrđeno kako je pokusna skupina P3 imala statistički značajno niže žive mase i mase trupa u odnosu na K, P1 i P2 skupinu pilića (P

Across the world, as well as in Croatia, there is a continuous increase in the consumption of chicken meat, and attempts are being made in modern poultry production to improve its quality as much as possible by using various natural additives. The aim of this study was to determine the influence of dietary supplementation with propolis and bee pollen on the quality of chicken meat. In order to determine this effect, the carcass body weight of slaughtered chickens and carcass yield were determined, as well as the average pH1 and pH2 of chicken breast muscle, drip loss values, and skin color and chicken breast muscle color expressed as values of L* (lightness), a* (redness), and b* (yellowness). The study was conducted on 200 Ross 308 chickens, divided into five groups. Throughout the study, the control group of chickens was fed with a basal diet, while the experimental groups of chickens were fed with the basal diet supplemented with propolis and bee pollen, each supplement given separately or in combination in specific proportions. At the end of the experiment (42nd day), 10 chickens from each group were slaughtered for the analyses mentioned above. The carcass yield values were significantly higher (P = 0.038) and the drip loss values were significantly lower (P = 0.003) in the experimental groups in comparison to the control group. In addition, there was a statistically significant difference in b* skin color (P = 0.017) and b* chicken breast muscle color (P

Cilj ovoga istraživanja bio je utvrditi utjecaj dodatka propolisa i/ili pčelinjeg peluda krmnim smjesama brojlera na sastav mikrobiološke flore voljke. Istraživanje je provedeno na ukupno 200 jednodnevnih pilića hibrida Ross 308 ravnomjerno raspoređenih spolova, koji su bili podijeljeni u pet skupina. Tijekom cijeloga pokusa kontrolna je skupina pilića hranjena krmnom smjesom, dok su pokusne skupine pilića hranjene istom krmnom smjesom uz dodatak propolisa i pčelinjeg peluda, svakim dodatkom zasebno ili u kombinaciji u određenome omjeru. Tov pilića trajao je 42 dana, podnim načinom držanja na stelji od drvene strugotine. Pilići su od 1. do 21. dana istraživanja bili hranjeni standardnom krmnom smjesom starter, a od 22. do 42. dana istraživanja krmnom smjesom finišer. Hranidba kao i napajanje pilića tijekom istraživanja bili su po volji. Na kraju istraživanja, 42. dan te nakon 10-satnog gladovanja slučajnim je odabirom žrtvovano po 10 pilića iz svake skupine. U sterilne bočice uzeti su uzorci sadržaja voljki u kojima se u ovlaštenom mikrobiološkom laboratoriju utvrđivao ukupni broj bakterija, broj bakterija iz roda Enterobacteriaceae te broj bakterija iz roda Lactobacillus. Mikrobiološka analiza sadržaja voljke pokazala je kako među skupinama pilića nisu postojale statistički značajne razlike u ukupnom broju bakterija i broju bakterija iz roda Lactobacillus dok su postojale statistički značajne razlike u broju bakterija iz roda Enterobacteriaceae (P=0,042) u sadržaju voljke pilića kontrolne i pokusnih skupina. Provedeno istraživanje potvrdilo je kako dodatak propolisa i/ili pčelinjeg peluda krmnoj smjesi za tov pilića značajno pozitivno utječe na pojavu korisnih i patogenih mikroorganizama u sadržaju voljke brojlera, što se očitovalo statistički značajno manjom vrijednosti broja bakterija iz roda Enterobacteriaceae u sadržaju voljke pilića pokusnih skupina 42. dana tova u odnosu na piliće kontrolne skupine., The aim of this study was to determine the influence of the addition of propolis and/or bee pollen to broiler feed mixtures on the composition of the microbiological flora of a broiler’s crop. The study was conducted on a total of 200 one-dayold chickens of the Ross 308 hybrid, evenly distributed between the sexes, which were divided into five groups. During the entire experiment, the control group of chickens was fed with a feed mixture, while the experimental groups of chickens were fed with the same feed mixture with the addition of propolis and bee pollen, each additive separately or in combination in a certain ratio. Fattening was conducted on the wooden sawdust, and lasted for 42 days. From days 1-21 of the study chickens were fed a feed mixture of starter, and from days 22-42 of the study they were fed a finisher feed mixture. During the study, feed and water were given to chickens’ ad libitum. At the end of the study, on the 42nd day and after a 10-hour starvation, 10 chickens were randomly selected from each group and sacrificed. Samples of the broiler’s crop contents were taken in sterile vials, in which the total number of bacteria, the number of bacteria from the genus Enterobacteriaceae and the number of bacteria from the genus Lactobacillus were determined in an authorized microbiological laboratory. Microbiological analysis of the broiler’s crop contents showed that there were no statistically significant differences between the groups of chickens in the total number of bacteria and the number of bacteria from the genus Lactobacillus, while there were statistically significant differences in the number of bacteria from the genus Enterobacteriaceae (P=0.042) in the broiler’s crop content of the chickens of the control and experimental groups. The present study confirmed that the addition of propolis and/or bee pollen to the feed mixtures has a significantly positive effect on the occurrence of beneficial and pathogenic microorganisms in the contents of broiler’s crop, which was manifested by a statistically significantly lower number of bacteria from the genus Enterobacteriaceae in the broiler’s crop content of chickens of the experimental groups on the 42nd day of fattening compared to chickens of the control group.

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of diet supplementation with propolis and/or bee pollen on the performance indicators of broilers. This experimental study was conducted on 200 Ross 308 broilers equally distributed by sex and divided into five groups. Throughout the whole study the control group of chickens was fed feed mixture. Feed mixture fed to the experimental groups of chickens contained additives (propolis and/or bee pollen, each supplement separately or in combination in a certain proportion). The average values of broilers body weight were significantly higher on 7th (p=0.001), 14th, 21st, 28th, 35th (p

Selen je esencijalni element za ljude i životinje, a kao građevni element selenoproteina vrlo značajan je za metabolizam organizma životinje. Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je utvrditi utjecaj dodatka selenom biofortificiranog kukuruza i soje u hranidbu tovnih pilića na tjelesnu masu i prirast te kvalitetu pilećeg mesa. Pokus je proveden na 90 jednodnevnih pilića provenijencije Ross 308 ravnomjerno raspoređenih spolova, podijeljenih u 3 skupine (kontrolna i dvije pokusne skupine pilića) u trajanju od šest tjedana. Kontrolna skupina pilića tijekom cijelog istraživanja bila je hranjena standardnom krmnom smjesom, dok je u smjesi P1skupine pilića korištena selenom biofortificirana soje, a u smjesu skupine P2 korišteni su selenom biofortificirani soja i kukuruz. Istraživanje je pokazalo kako je postojala statistički značajna razlika u tjelesnim masama (p=0, 004) i prirastima (p=0, 049) pokusnih skupina u odnosu na kontrolnu skupinu pilića u četvrtom tjednu tova. Istraživanje je nadalje pokazalo kako je postojala statistički značajna razlika u masama prsa pilića pokusnih skupina u odnosu na kontrolnu (p=0, 016) te kako je postojala statistički značajna razlika u koncentraciji selena u bijelom masu (p

Across the world, as well as in Croatia, there is a continuous increase in the consumption of chicken meat, and attempts are being made in modern poultry production to improve its quality as much as possible by using various natural additives. The aim of this study was to determine the influence of dietary supplementation with propolis and bee pollen on the quality of chicken meat. In order to determine this effect, the carcass body weight of slaughtered chickens and carcass yield were determined, as well as the average pH1 and pH2 of chicken breast muscle, drip loss values, and skin color and chicken breast muscle color expressed as values of L* (lightness), a* (redness), and b* (yellowness). The study was conducted on 200 Ross 308 chickens, divided into five groups. Throughout the study, the control group of chickens was fed with a basal diet, while the experimental groups of chickens were fed with the basal diet supplemented with propolis and bee pollen, each supplement given separately or in combination in specific proportions. At the end of the experiment (42nd day), 10 chickens from each group were slaughtered for the analyses mentioned above. The carcass yield values were significantly higher (P = 0.038) and the drip loss values were significantly lower (P = 0.003) in the experimental groups in comparison to the control group. In addition, there was a statistically significant difference in b* skin color (P = 0.017) and b* chicken breast muscle color (P, U čitavom svijetu, pa tako i u Hrvatskoj, bilježi se kontinuirani porast konzumacije pilećeg mesa, čija se kvaliteta u suvremenoj peradarskoj proizvodnji nastoji što više unaprijediti prije svega primjenom različitih prirodnih dodataka. Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je utvrditi utjecaj propolisa i pčelinjeg peluda kao aditiva u hranidbi tovnih pilića na kvalitetu pilećeg mesa. U svrhu utvrđivanja spomenutog utjecaja određivana je masa klaonički obrađenih trupova pilića i randman kao i prosječne vrijednosti pH1 i pH2 prsnog mišića pilića, boja kože i mesa pilića (izražena kroz tri vrijednosti: L* za stupanj svjetloće, a* za stupanj crvenila i b* za stupanj žutila) te prosječne vrijednosti otpuštanja mesnog soka. U istraživanju je tovljeno ukupno 200 pilića Ross 308 podijeljenih u pet skupina. Tijekom cijelog tova, kontrolna skupina pilića hranjena je čistom krmnom smjesom, dok su pokusne skupine pilića hranjene krmnom smjesom uz dodatak propolisa i pčelinjeg peluda (svakog aditiva zasebno ili u njihovoj kombinaciji u određenom omjeru). Po završetku tova (nakon 42 dana) i nakon 10-satnog gladovanja, žrtvovano je po 10 pilića iz svake skupine za potrebe prethodno spomenutih analiza. Utvrđene su statistički znakovito veće vrijednosti randmana (P = 0,038) pilića pokusnih skupina u odnosu na kontrolnu skupinu kao i statistički znakovito manje vrijednosti otpuštanja mesnog soka (P = 0,003) mesa pilića pokusnih skupina u odnosu na kontrolnu skupinu. Uz to, postojala je statistički značajna razlika u vrijednosti b* boje kože (P = 0,017) te statistički značajna razlika u vrijednosti b* boje mesa (P < 0,001) među skupinama pilića. Ovo je istraživanje pokazalo kako propolis i pčelinji pelud imaju značajan pozitivan utjecaj na kvalitetu pilećeg mesa.

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of diet supplementation with propolis and/or bee pollen on the performance indicators of broilers. This experimental study was conducted on 200 Ross 308 broilers equally distributed by sex and divided into five groups. Throughout the whole study the control group of chickens was fed feed mixture. Feed mixture fed to the experimental groups of chickens contained additives (propolis and/or bee pollen, each supplement separately or in combination in a certain proportion). The average values of broilers body weight were significantly higher on 7th (p=0.001), 14th, 21st, 28th, 35th (p, Cilj ovoga istraživanja bio je ispitati učinak hranidbe uz dodatak propolisa i/ili pčelinjega peluda na proizvodne pokazatelje brojlera. Ovaj pokus proveden je na 200 brojlera provenijencije Ross 308 ravnomjerno raspoređenih po spolu, koji su bili podijeljeni u pet skupina. Tijekom cijeloga pokusa kontrolna je skupina brojlera bila hranjena krmnom smjesom, dok su pokusne skupine brojlera hranjene istom krmnom smjesom uz dodatak propolisa i pčelinjeg peluda, svakim dodatkom zasebno ili u kombinaciji u određenome omjeru. Prosječne vrijednosti tjelesne mase brojlera bile su znatno više 7. (p=0,001), 14., 21., 28., 35. (p

Zbog svojih svojstava propolis se smatra funkcionalnom hranom. Budući je upotreba propolisa u preh-rani ljudi ograničena, treba ju povećati kroz konzumaciju namirnica obogaćenih propolisom koje se uče-stalo koriste u prehrani, poput pilećeg mesa. Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je utvrditi utjecaj dodatka propo-lisa hranidbi pilića na tjelesnu masu pilića, masu trupova pilića i randman, kao i na masu pojedinih dije-lova trupa (prsa, batkovi sa zabatcima, leđa sa zdjelicom, krila i vratovi) kao pokazatelja mogućnosti uporabe propolisa u hranidbi tovnih pilića i moguće proizvodnje obogaćenog pilećeg mesa. Istraživanje je provedeno na 180 pilića Ross 308 provenijencije podjednako raspoređenih prema spolu i podijeljenih u tri skupine: kontrolnu skupinu pilića (K) koja je hranjena standardnom krmnom smjesom i dvije eks-perimentalne skupine pilića (E) hranjene uz dodatak propolisa u dvije različite koncentracije ( E1 2 g / kg i E2 4 g / kg). Istraživanje je pokazalo kako nisu postojale statistički značajne razlike između skupina K i E s obzirom na tjelesnu masu i potrošnju hrane u bilo kojem tjednu pokusa. Istraživanje je nadalje otkrilo kako nije bilo statistički značajnih razlika u masi trupova pilića, randmanima i masi pojedinih dijelova trupa između skupina K i E. Može se zaključiti kako dodavanje propolisa nije rezultiralo statis-tički značajnim razlikama u istraživanim proizvodnim pokazateljima pilića. Kako bi se bolje procijenila mogućnost stvaranja propolisom obogaćenog pilećeg mesa potrebna je dodatna analiza drugih pokaza-telja., Due to its properties, propolis is considered a functional food. Since the use of propolis in the human diet is restricted, it needs to be increased by consumption of propolis enriched foodstuffs that are common in the diet such as chicken meat. The aim of this study was to determine the influence of die-tary supplementation with propolis on the chickens’ body weight, the carcass body weight of slaugh-tered chickens and carcass yield as well as carcass body parts weight (breasts, drumsticks with thighs, backs with pelvis, wings and necks) as indicators of the use of propolis in the feeding of chickens and the possible production of enriched chicken meat. The study was conducted on 180 Ross 308 chickens equally distributed by sex and divided into three groups: the control group of chickens (C) fed with a basal diet and two experimental groups of chickens (E) fed with the same diet supplemented with propolis (E1 2 g/kg and E2 4 g/kg). The study showed that there were no statistically significant dif-ferences between C and E considering body weights and feed consumption in any week of the feeding trial. Study further revealed that there were no statistically significant differences in carcass body weights of slaughtered chickens, carcass yields and carcass body parts weight between C and E. It can be con-cluded that propolis addition did not result in statistically significant differences in evaluated perfor-mance indicators of chickens. In order to better evaluate the possibility of creation of the propolis en-riched chicken meat analysis of different parameters are needed.

Defining the optimal milk flow rate which would have no influence on the cow's udder health, there will be greater savings in milk production and its quality. We wanted to define possible improvements in development of cattle breeding methodology regarding milk flow rate. Researches were made on four locations, on two cow breeds and 538 cows. 2594 tests were made with computer milking equipment, Alfa-Laval and with digital milk flow counter made by Tru-Test Company. Tests showed better results among Holstein Friesian cows then Fleckviehs. The optimal distribution of milk flow rate of Holstein Friesian type was 56.58 %, and Fleckvieh was only 38.91%. Refilling the milking procedure methodology and amelioration of milking devices, milking could be done in less time. During that operation, it is necessary to monitor the optimal milk flow rate which would not have an influence on inflammation of udder and multiplication of somatic cells in milk.

Continuous growth of human population, combined with the changes in eating habits, calls for an intensification of agricultural production. However, apart from the increase in food production, its nutritional composition is important as well, particularly in terms of microelements. In diets of over two thirds of the world’s population, there is a lack of more than one microelement. Insufficient concentrations of microelements, which are important for proper growth, development and health of humans and domestic animals, can be eliminated with diverse nutrition, microelement supplementation and by increasing the concentration and bioavailability of microelements in feeds used in animal nutrition, or biofortification. By reviewing the literature, the factors that influence the increase in microelement concentration in fodder crops are presented. Agronomic and genetic approach to biofortification is advocated as an immediate strategy to eliminate the lack of microelements most commonly lacking in diets: iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), iodine (I), selenium (Se). The nutrition of animals containing biofortified fodder aims to increase the concentration of the aforementioned microelements in blood and improve their growth, development and health. By increasing the concentrations of microelements in tissues and milk of domestic animals, the ultimate goal is to meet the microelement needs in humans., Neprestanim rastom ljudske populacije i promjenom prehrambenih navika ljudi rastu zahtjevi za intenziviranjem poljoprivredne proizvodnje. Međutim, osim rasta proizvodnje hrane važan je i njen nutritivni sastav, osobito u pogledu mikroelemenata. U hrani dvije trećine svjetske populacije ljudi prisutan je nedostatak više od jednoga mikroelementa. Nedostatak mikroelemenata, koji su važni za pravilan rast i razvoj te zdravlje ljudi i domaćih životinja, može se ukloniti raznovrsnošću hranidbe, dodavanjem mikroelemenata u hranu te povećanjem koncentracije i bioraspoloživosti mikroelemenata u krmivima koja se koriste u hranidbi domaćih životinja, odnosno biofortifikacijom. Pregledom dostupne literature, prikazat će se čimbenici o kojima ovisi povećanje koncentracije mikroelemenata u krmnim kulturama, kao i agronomske te genetske načine biofortifikacije, kojima se nastoji ukloniti nedostatak najčešćih mikroelemenata u hrani: selena, željeza, bakra, cinka i joda. Hranidbom domaćih životinja biofortificiranim krmivima nastoji se povećati koncentracija navedenih mikroelemenata u krvi istih te poboljšati njihov rast, razvoj i zdravlje. Porastom koncentracije mikroelemenata u tkivima i mlijeku domaćih životinja nastoje se zadovoljiti njihove potrebe u ljudi.

This experimental study aimed to determine how propolis and bee pollen (each supplement separately or in combination in a certain proportion), as additives to broiler feed, affect performance, mortality and the values of the selected haematological blood parameters in chickens. This experimental study was conducted on 200 Ross 308 chickens of equally distributed sex, which were randomly divided into five groups. Throughout the whole study, the control group of chickens was fed ordinary feed mixture, while the feed mixture that was fed to the experimental groups of chickens contained propolis and/or bee pollen. The average values of body weight of chickens were significantly higher on the 1st (P=0.001), 2nd-5th (P

The aim of this study was to determine whether increase in proportion of the rumen undegradable starch (RUS) and rumen undegradable protein (RUP) affects the production performance and health status of calves. The experiment was done on 36 Holstein, seven days old calves, divided into three groups of 12 calves, with equal sex ratio. The experiment was conducted in two periods. In the first period calves were fed with full pasteurized milk and milk replacer and additionally fed with starter mixture with different proportions of rumen undegradable protein and starch: Group I 36.6% RUP and 16.5% RUS, Group II 49.1% RUP and 27.6% RUS and Group III 53.5% RUP and 36.5% RUS. In the second period, calves were fed with milk replacer and grower mixture with different proportions of rumen undegradable protein and starch: Group I 33.5% RUP and 15.8% RUS, Group II 48% RUP and 26.3% RUS and Group III 54.3% RUP and 34.6% RUS. In the first period calves from the Group III had significantly (P

Linseed is well known for abundant content of α-linolenic acid why it has been widely used as a source of n-3 fatty acid. Higher ratio of polyunsaturated fatty acids can increase lipid peroxidation. Selenium (Se) plays a key role in antioxidant enzymes and can therefore be regarded for use in attempts focused on protection of fatty acids from oxidation. The organic Se has been shown to have higher bioavailability compared to the inorganic selenium. The aim of this research was to determine the influence of dietary replacement of n-6 with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on plasma and milk fatty acid composition in the dairy cows. The experiment was conducted on 30 dairy Holstein cows in the period from parturition until the 3rd week of lactation. Soybean meal from control (C) group was replaced with grounded linseed in the both experimental (LS and LS+Se) groups. In addition to that, in the 2nd experimental (LS+Se) group sodium selenite from premix was replaced with organic selenium. Blood and milk samples were collected at 21st day of lactation and fatty acids were determined using gas chromatography from it. Feeding dairy cows during transition period with linseed showed a positive impact on milk fatty acid composition by increasing (P0.05)., Laneno sjeme je krmivo bogato n-3 masnim kiselinama, ali veliki udio nezasićenih masnih kiselina može povećati lipidnu peroksidaciju. Selen, kao mikroelement, koji je nužan za normalno funkcioniranje andioksidativne obrane, može se koristiti kao aditiv kako bi se smanjila oksidacija masnih kiselina. Organski oblici selena imaju veću bioraspoloživost u odnosu na anorganske oblike. Cilj ovoga istraživanja bio je utvrditi utjecaj zamjene dijela n-6 masnih kiselina obroka sa n-3 polinezasićenim masnim kiselinama na masnokiselinski sastav krvne plazme i mlijeka mliječnih krava. Pokus je proveden na 30 krava pasmine holštajn u razdoblju od partusa do 21. dana laktacije. Sojina sačma iz kontrolne (C) skupine zamijenjena je lanenim sjemenom u pokusnim (LS i LS+Se) skupinama. Uz to anorganski oblik selena iz premiksa 2. pokusne skupine (LS+Se) zamijenjen je keliranim oblikom selena. U uzorcima krvi i mlijeka prikupljenih 21. dana laktacije određen je sastav masnih kiselina. Dodatak lanenoga sjemena u hranidbi krava tijekom prijelaznoga razdoblja povećao je (P0,05).

The aim was to determine the effect of substituting pumpkin seed cake (PSC) or extruded linseed (ELS) for soya bean meal in goats’ diets on milk yield, milk composition and fatty acids profile of milk fat. In total, 28 dairy goats were divided into three groups. They were fed with concentrate mixtures containing soya bean meal (Control ; n = 9), ELS ( n = 10) or PSC ( n=9) as main protein sources in the trial lasting 75 days. Addition of ELS or PSC did not influence milk yield and milk gross composition in contrast to fatty acid profile compared with Control. Supplementation of ELS resulted in greater branched-chain fatty acids (BCFA) and total n-3 fatty acids compared with Control and PSC ( P

The aim of this study was to determine the influence of dietary supplementation with propolis and bee pollen on the intestinal morphology and absorptive surface areas of chickens. Two hundred day-old Ross 308 chickens (100 male and 100 female) were equally allocated into five groups. Throughout the whole study, the control group of chickens was fed with a basal diet, while the experimental groups of chickens were fed with the same diet supplemented with propolis and bee pollen: P1 = 0.25 g of propolis/kg + 20 g of bee pollen/kg, P2 = 0.5 g of propolis/kg, P3 = 1.0 g of propolis/kg, P4 = 20 g of bee pollen/kg. The duodenal villi of chickens from all experimental groups were significantly higher and wider (p &lt, 0.001), while their duodenal villi crypts were significantly deeper (p &lt, 0.001) in comparison with these parameters in chickens from the control group. The villus height to crypt depth ratio, as well as the absorptive surface areas of broiler chickens, were significantly increased (p &lt, 0.001) in experimental groups of chickens in comparison with the control group. These findings suggest that dietary supplementation with propolis and bee pollen has a beneficial effect on broilers chickens&rsquo, intestinal morphophysiology.

Uvod: Propolis i pčelinji pelud pripadaju skupini prirodnih tvari životinjskog i biljnog podrijetla, s osobito izraženim antimikrobnim i antioksidativnim svojstvima. Cilj istraživanja bio je utvrditi utjecaj dodatka propolisa i pčelinjeg peluda u hranidbi tovnih pilića na prisustvo odabranih bakterijskih uzročnika u obriscima kloake pilića. Ispitanici i metode: U obriscima kloake tovnih pilića Ross 308 provenijencije, hranjenih s (pokusne skupine pilića) ili bez (kontrolna skupina pilića) dodatka propolisa i pčelinjeg peluda, uzorkovanih 21. i 42. dana tova, određivana je prisutnost bakterijskih vrsta iz rodova Campylobacter i Salmonella, te bakterijske vrste Escherichia coli. Pri izolaciji istraživanih mikrobnih kultura postupalo se u skladu s Hrvatskim normama koje se temelje na propisanim ISO standardima i to za Campylobacter sp. (HRN EN ISO 10272-1, 2008), Salmonella sp. (HRN EN ISO 6579, 2003) i E. coli (HRN ISO 16649-2, 2001). Rezultati: Obrisci kloake svih skupina tovnih pilića uzorkovanih 21. i 42. dana tova bili su negativni na prisutnost Campylobacter sp. Istraživanjem je utvrđen smanjeni broj obrisaka kloake pozitivnih na prisutnost E. coli u pokusnim skupinama pilića 42. dana tova u odnosu na 21. dan tova te potpuni izostanak prisutnosti Salmonella sp. u pokusnim skupinama pilića 42. dana tova u odnosu na 21. dan tova. Zaključak: Propolis i pčelinji pelud imaju snažan baktericidni učinak u kloaki tovnih pilića pri čemu je u javnozdravstvenom smislu posebno značajan utjecaj spomenutih dodataka na Salmonella sp., Introduction: Propolis and bee pollen belong to a group of natural substances of animal and vegetable origin, with a particularly expressed antimicrobial and antioxidant properties. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of propolis and bee pollen in chickens feeding to the presence of selected bacterial pathogens in chicken’s cloacal swabs. Materials and Methods: In cloacal swabs of Ross 308 broiler chickens, fed with (the experimental groups of chickens) or without (control group of chickens) the addition of propolis and bee pollen, sampled on days 21 and 42 of the study, the presence of Campylobacter spp., Salmonella spp., and E. coli was established. Detection of previously mentioned bacterial strains was done following the ISO detection methods for Campylobacter spp. (ISO 10272-1, 2008), Salmonella spp. (ISO 6579, 2003) and E. coli (ISO 16649-2, 2001). Results: Cloacal swabs of all groups of chickens that were sampled on days 21 and 42 of the study were negative for the presence of Campylobacter spp. The study revealed the reduced number of cloacal swabs positive for the presence of E. coli in the experimental groups of chickens on day 42 of fattening comparing to the 21st day of fattening and the complete absence of the Salmonella spp. in experimental groups of chickens on day 42 of fattening comparing to the 21st day of fattening. Conclusion: Propolis and bee pollen have a strong bactericidal effect in chicken’s cloaca while from the public health aspect the influence of these additives on Salmonella spp. is particularly significant.

Cilj provedenog istraživanja bio je provjeriti utjecaj različitih koncentracija DDGS-a u krmnoj smjesi tovnih pilića (Cobb 500) na klaoničke pokazatelje istih. U pokusu su bile tri skupine tovnih pilića (40 u skupini) a pokus je trajao 42 dana. U P1 skupini u smjesu je dodano 15 %, a P2 skupini 25 % DDGS-a. Masa trupa u K skupini imala statistički značajno više vrijednosti (P < 0,05) u odnosu na P2 skupinu i statistički vrlo značajno više (P < 0,01) vrijednosti od P1 skupine. Randman je bio statistički značajno niži kod P1 skupine (P < 0,05) u odnosu na P2 skupinu i statistički vrlo značajno niži (P < 0,01) u odnosu na K skupinu, dok je između P1 i P2 skupina dobivena statistički značajna (P < 0,05) razlika u korist P2 skupine. Kod više vrijednih dijelova trupa statistički značajne razlike dobivene su za relativni udio prsa gdje je najnižu vrijednost imala P1 pokusna skupina, pri čemu je u odnosu na kontrolnu K skupinu razlika statistički značajno niža (P < 0,05), dok je u odnosu na pokusnu P2 skupinu ta vrijednost bila statistički vrlo značajno niža (P < 0,01). Analizirajući boju kože skupina K imala je statistički vrlo značajno višu (P < 0,01) vrijednost L* u odnosu na P1 skupinu te statistički značajno višu (P < 0,05) vrijednost u odnosu na P2 skupinu. Statistički značajno viša (P < 0,05) vrijednost K skupine u odnosu na P1 skupinu utvrđena je i kod a* pokazatelja. Kod boje mesa pokazatelj L* P1 skupine pokazao je statistički vrlo značajno više (P < 0,01) vrijednosti u odnosu na K i P2 skupinu., The aim of the study was to determine the effect of different concentrations of DDGS in broiler feed mixture on slaughter characteristics of broilers (Cobb 500). The research focused on three groups of broilers (40 per group) and lasted for 42 days. We added 15 % of DDGS to the feed mixture of group P1 and 25 % of DDGS to the feed mixture of group P2. Compared to group P2, broilers in group K showed higher values of statistically significant (P < 0.05) body mass and higher statistically significant (P < 0.01) values than group P1. The yield of broilers in group P1 was statistically significantly lower (P < 0.05) than the yield of broilers in group P2 and statistically significantly lower (P < 0.01) from broilers in group K, although we determined a statistically significant difference (P < 0.05) between groups P1 and P2, in favour of group P2. A statistically significant difference for more valuable parts of carcass was determined for the relative proportion of broiler breast, wherein experimental group P1 had the lowest value with a lower statistically significant (P < 0.05) value than control group K and a lower statistically very significant difference than experimental group P2 (P < 0.01). In the analysis of colour, group K had a higher statistically very significant (P, Ziel der Untersuchung war es, die Auswirkung von diversen Konzentrationen von Trockenschlempe (DDGS) im Futtermittel (Cobb 500) auf die Schlachteigenschaften von Masthähnchen zu prüfen. Drei Gruppen von Masthähnchen (40 pro Gruppe) haben an der Untersuchung in Dauer von 42 Tagen teilgenommen. In der ersten Gruppe P1 wurde dem Futtermittel 15 % und in der zweiten Gruppe P2 25 % DDGS hinzugefügt. Das Rumpfgewicht in der Gruppe K wies statistisch bedeutend höhere Werte (P < 0,05) im Vergleich zur Gruppe P2 und statistisch viel höhere Werte (P < 0,01) im Vergleich zur Gruppe P1 auf. Der Ertrag war bei der Gruppe P 1 bedeutend niedriger (P < 0,05) als bei der Gruppe P2 und statistisch sehr viel niedriger (P < 0,01) im Vergleich zur Gruppe K, während zwischen den Gruppen P1 und P2 statistisch relevante Unterschiede (P < 0,05) zu Gunsten der Gruppe P2 beobachtet wurden. Bei den höherwertigeren Teilen des Rumpfes wurden statistisch relevante Unterschiede beim relativen Anteil der Brust ermittelt, wo die Gruppe P1 den niedrigsten Wert verzeichnet, wobei der Unterschied im Vergleich zur Kontrollgruppe K statistisch bedeutend niedriger (P < 0,05) und im Vergleich zur Gruppe P2 sehr viel niedriger ist (P < 0,01). Bei der Auswertung der Hautfarbe stellte sich heraus, dass die Gruppe K einen erheblich höheren L* Wert P < 0,01) im Vergleich zur Gruppe P1 erreichte und einen statistisch sehr viel höheren Wert (P < 0,05) im Vergleich zur Gruppe P2. Ein statistisch bedeutend höherer Wert (P < 0,05) konnte die Gruppe K auch im Vergleich zur Gruppe P1 beim a* Parameter erreichen. Bei der Fleischfarbe wies der Faktor L* bei der Gruppe P1 statistisch sehr viel höhere Werte (P < 0,01) im Vergleich zu den Gruppen K und P2 auf., L’obiettivo della ricerca svolta consisteva nel verificare l’incidenza di diverse concentrazioni di DDGS nel mangime dei polli da carne (Cobb 500) sugli indicatori di macellazione degli stessi. L’esperimento, durato 42 giorni, ha preso in considerazione tre gruppi di polli da carne (40 per gruppo). Nel mangime destinato al gruppo P1 è stato aggiunto un 15% di DDGS, mentre nel gruppo P2 è stato aggiunto un 25% di DDGS. La massa della carcassa nel gruppo K ha dato valori statisticamente superiori (P, El objetivo de la investigacion fue averiguar la influencia de diferentes concentraciones de los DDGS en el pienso para los pollitos de engorde (Cobb 500) sobre sus características de la canal. Para el experimento fueron usados tres grupos de los pollitos de engorde (40 en cada grupo). El experimento duró 42 días. En el pienso del grupo P1 fue añadido 15 % de los DDGS y en el pienso del grupo P2 25 % de los DDGS. El peso en canal del grupo K tenía los valores significativamente más altos (P • 0,05) en comparación con el grupo P2 y los valores estadísticamente mucho más altos (P < 0,01) que el grupo P1. El rendimiento fue estadísticamente más bajo en el grupo P1 (P < 0,05) en comparación con el grupo P2 y estadísticamente más bajo (P < 0,01) en comparación con el grupo K, mientras existía una diferencia estadisticamente significante (P • 0,05) entre los grupos P1 y P2, a favor del grupo P2. Tratándose de las partes de la canal con más valor, lás diferencias estadísticamente significantes eran para la proporción relativa de la pechuga, donde el valor más bajo tenía el grupo experimental P1, con la diferencia estadísticamente más pequeña (P • 0,05) en comparación con el grupo de control K, mientras el mismo valor fue estadísticamente mucho más bajo (P • 0,01) en comparación con el grupo experimental P2. En el análisis del color de la piel, el grupo K tenía el valor L* estadísticamente mucho más alto (P • 0,01) en comparación con el grupo P1 y el valor estadísticamente más alto (P < 0,05) en comparación con el grupo P2. Cuando se trata del indicador a*, fue determinado el valor estadísticamente más alto (P < 0,05) para el grupo K en comparación con el grupo P1. El indicador L* para el color de la piel tenía el valor estadísticamente mucho más alto (P • 0,01) en el grupo P1 en comparación con los grupos K y P2.

Važnost pravilne tehnologije uzgoja teladi proizlazi iz izravnog utjecaja na proizvodna i reproduktivna svojstva te vijek eksploatacije odrasle životinje, a kako je tekuća komponenta najskuplja hrana, važan je i ekonomski učinak uzgoja. S ciljem da se usporedi proizvodni, zdravstveni i ekonomski učinak uzgoja teladi na punomasnom mlijeku do različite dobi, proveden je praktični dio istraživanja na 30 teladi holstein pasmine. Telad je raspoređena u tri skupine (10 životinja u skupini), a razdoblje pokusa obuhvaćalo je vrijeme od teljenja do 60. dana. Telad I. skupine konzumirala je punomasno mlijeko do 30. dana, telad II. skupine do 20. dana, a telad treće skupine do 10. dana. Potom su do 60. dana svi konzumirali mliječnu zamjenicu. Učinak predloženih tehnoloških rješenja othrane teladi u pokusu analiziran je praćenjem osnovnih tovnih pokazatelja te učestalosti pojave proljeva, kao i izračunom vrijednosti cijene kilograma prirasta po skupinama. Rezultati statističke obrade tjelesne mase, dnevnog prirasta i konverzije tekuće hrane teladi tijekom prvog mjeseca pokusa pokazali su najbolje vrijednosti kod teladi I. skupine, što je bilo statistički visoko signifikantno (P, Determination of correct feeding regimes for calves is very important as it directly influences calves’ productive and reproductive traits, as well as duration of adult animal exploitation period. As the liquid feed is the most expensive component, its importance also has an economic aspect in calves rearing. The experiment was carried out on 30 Holstein calves with the aim to determine productive, economic and health effects of feeding calves with whole milk in different periods. Calves were divided into three equal groups (10 calves in each group). Experiment was carried out in the period from calving up to the 60th day of calf ’s age. All groups were given whole milk, however, duration of whole milk feeding differed among groups. Group 1 consumed whole milk from birth up to the 30th day of age, group 2 from birth up to the 20th day of age and group 3 from birth up to the 10th day of age. Afterwards, all groups were fed with milk replacement formula up to the 60th day of age. Suggested technological solutions in calves feeding within this experiment were analyzed through evaluation of basic fattening characteristics, monitoring of diarrhea occurrences and calculating costs per kg of weight gain per each group. Statistical analysis referring to calves body weight, daily gain and liquid feed conversion during the 1st month of experiment proved the best values for group 1, which were statistically highly significant (P

The introduction of mechanical milking systems has made a tremendous positive impact on the working efficiency of dairy enterprises. Despite this, a certain discrepancy between the milking machines and dairy cows was soon noticed, usually not favoring the animals well being. For the udder to remain healthy, milking period should be brief, and the optimal milk flow has to be reached as soon as possible and remain constant as long as possible. Research has shown that the lowest SCC for the Holstein breed of cows (LSCC = 3.03) were observed at dIP = 0.3 – 0.6 min, and in those of the Simmental breed (LSCC = 2.96) at dIP = 0.6 – 0.9 min. Furthermore, the prolongation of the dPP of the milk flow curve has proven to have a beneficial effect on the udder health in both breeds of cows (LSCC = 2.46 and 2.50). The dPP should be prolonged by shortening the dDP, since the lowest somatic cell counts in milk (LSCC = 3.27 and 2.80) were observed when the dDP was shorter than 0.7 min.

The research has been conducted on 48 weaned lambs divided into two groups (C-control and E- experimental) and lasted for 35 days. To lambs in group E the probiotic PIONEER PDFM (R) was added to the fodder Lambs in group E had larger average body weights, greater daily weight gain, increased average daily intake and a better feed efficiency, compared to group C. However, differences between groups have not been statistically significant. The concentration of calcium in the blood serum of group E (2.16 mmol/l) on the 35th day has been statistically lower (P < 0.01) compared to group C (2.38 mmol/l). The concentration of chloride was statistically higher in group E (P < 0.05) on the 19th day (104.75:103.38 nmol/L) and statistically lower (P < 0.05) on the 35 th day (106.00: 107.33 mmol/L). The concentration of iron in the blood serum was statistically higher (P < 0.05) on the 19th and the 35th dayin group E (26.29 and 33.00mmol/l) than in group C (21.97 and 29.15 mmol/l) ; concentrations of phosphorus and potassium in the blood serum were statistically higher on the 35th day in group E (2.74 and 4.95 mmol/l) than in group C (2.41 and 4.65 mmol1l). Lambs in group E had in the blood sera statistically lower (P < 0.01) concentrations of glucose and urea. The activities of the enzymes ALT AST and CK measured on the 35th day of fattening were lower (P < 0. 01) compared to group C. The concentrations of total bilirubin and triglycerides were statistically higher in group E than in group C.

Recently secondary cattle selection traits have been given more attention in developed cattle breeding countries in establishing a selection index. In this way, milking traits have acquired a prominent place. This paper aimed to determine coefficients of correlation and regression between a number of milking traits, that could be helpful in establishing a selection index for breeding bulls and their dams. A further goal was to determine the distribution of milking parameters. The data of 303 Holstein Friesian and 235 Simmental cows were analysed. The results showed that in both cow breeds correlations existed between milk yield and average milk flow (0.39 and 0.49), as well as between milk yield and milking time (0.53 and 0.35). Negative correlations were found between average milk flow and milking time (-0.49 and -0.56). For the Holstein Friesian breed, 67.0% of the cows had a total milk flow in the range of 1.61 to 3.60 kg/min, whereas in the Simmental breed 72.2% of the cows had a total milk flow of 2.40 kg/min. The milk flow rate can be indirectly affected by selecting cows with higher milk production. The definition of an optimal milk flow rate and the determination of breeding goals for milking traits will lead to faster progress in milking trait improvement and an easier choice of quality breeding bulls and dams.

Pravilno izbalansiran obrok kobile nakon ždrijebljenja pozitivno će se odraziti na oporavak kobile, sljedeći spolni ciklus, vraćanje u prvobitnu kondiciju, napredak ždrjebeta te sastav i količinu kobiljeg mlijeka. Razdoblje u kojem se kobila treba vratiti u prvobitno kondicijsko stanje, a ujedno namirivati uzdržne i produktivne potrebe za hranjivim tvarima, iznimno je zahtjevno. Kobile u prva tri mjeseca laktacije proizvedu mlijeka u količini oko 3% tjelesne mase dnevno, te u tom razdoblju imaju znatno veće potrebe za hranjivim tvarima, dok kasnija razina proizvodnje mlijeka pada na 2% tjelesne mase dnevno. Dnevne potrebe toplokrvne kobile u laktaciji od 600 kg tjelesne mase za probavljivim bjelančevinama u prvom mjesecu laktacije su 1.275 g, te se postupno smanjuju do petog mjeseca laktacije za 30,6%. Dnevni obroci u prvom mjesecu laktacije trebaju zadovoljavati 135 MJ metaboličke energije koja se u petom mjesecu laktacije smanjuje za 11,8%, a najveća je u trećem mjesecu laktacije (142 MJ). Važno je namiriti potrebe za makro-elementima: kalcijem (61 g), fosforom (46 g), natrijem (16 g), klorom (54 g), kao i elementima u tragovima (željezom 1.250 mg, bakrom 125 mg, cinkom 625 mg i magnezijem 500 mg). U hranidbi kobila u laktaciji treba osigurati i vitamine topive u mastima: vitamin A (90.000 IJ), D (12.000 IJ) i E (600 mg). Sastavi obroka koji bi zadovoljavali dnevne potrebe kobila u laktaciji za hranjivim tvarima ovise o sustavu držanja, godišnjem dobu, raspoloživim krmivima i zdravstvenom stanju jedinke. Pristupi li se individualnoj hranidbi kobile nakon ždrijebljenja, vodeći računa o uzdržnim i produktivnim potrebama za hranjivim tvarima i pravilno ih balansirajući u obroke kobila, u laktaciji brzo će se vratiti u prvobitno kondicijsko stanje, te će se dugo koristiti u uzgoju konja., Properly balanced mare’s diet after foaling will reflect positively on the mare’s recovery, following sexual cycle, restoring the body condition, foal’s progress, as well as on the composition and quantity of mare's milk. The period in which the mare should be returned to her original body condition, and also settled maintenance and productive needs for nutrients, is extremely challenging. Mares during the first three months of lactation produce milk in quantity about 3% of their body weight per day, hence in that time they have significantly greater needs for nutrients. Later in lactation milk production levels decrease to 2% of mare’s body weight per day. Daily needs for digestible protein of lactating warm-blooded mares weighing of 600 kg are 1275 g in the first month of lactation, after which the weight gradually decreases by 30.6% until the fifth month of lactation. Daily diet in the first month of lactation should meet the 135 MJ of metabolic energy. The highest needs for metabolic energy are in the third month of lactation (142 MJ), while reduction in the amount of 11.8% occurs in the fifth month of lactation. Also, it is important to satisfy the needs for macro-elements: calcium (61 g), phosphorus (46 g), sodium (16 g), chlorine (54 g), and elements in trace (iron, 1250 mg, copper 125 mg, zinc 625 mg and magnesium 500 mg). The lactating mare’s diet should contain fat-soluble vitamins in the amount as follows: vitamin A (90,000 IU), D (12,000 IU) and E (600 mg). Diet composition that would satisfy the daily needs of lactating mares for nutrients depends on the keeping system, the season, the available fodder and health status of individual animal. Individual approach to the mare’s diet after the foaling taking into account the maintenance and the productive needs, applying properly balanced diet will result in mare’s fast return to initial body condition, long life and breeding use.

Brojna istraživanja u svijetu ukazala su na moguću primjenu propolisa i pčelinje peludi, svakog dodatka zasebno ili u njihovoj kombinaciji kao aditiva u hranidbi tovnih pilića. Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je utvrditi utjecaj propolisa i pčelinje peludi kao aditiva u hranidbi na vrijednosti odabranih pokazatelja (sadržaja suhe tvari, dušika, pepela te pH – vrijednosti) u fecesu pilića i ukupnog broja bakterija, broja bakterija iz roda Enterobacteriaceae te broja bakterija iz roda Lactobacillus u sadržaju crijeva pilića. Istraživanje je provedeno na 200 pilića Ross 308 provenijencije ravnomjerno raspoređenih spolova, koji su bili podijeljeni u 5 skupina (kontrolna i četiri pokusne skupine pilića). Kontrolna skupina pilića tijekom cijelog istraživanja bila je hranjena krmnom smjesom, dok su u smjese kojima su bile hranjene pokusne skupine pilića bili umiješani dodatci – propolis i/ili pčelinja pelud, svaki dodatak zasebno ili u njihovoj kombinaciji u određenom omjeru. Dva puta tijekom istraživanja (21. i 42. dana) prikupljeni su skupni uzorci fecesa po skupinama pilića u kojima su utvrđene vrijednosti spomenutih pokazatelja u fecesu te je 42. dana nakon žrtvovanja odabranih pokusnih životinja izvršeno uzorkovanje sadržaja crijeva (ileuma) pilića u kojima su utvrđivane brojčane vrijednosti spomenutih mikrobioloških uzročnika. Istraživanje je pokazalo kako je postojala statistički značajna razlika u vrijednosti pH fecesa (p

Intenzivan uzgoj životinja s ciljem proizvodnje hrane doveo je tijekom posljednjih nekoliko desetljeća do znatnog povećanja uporabe veterinarskih lijekova u stočarstvu i to kako u liječenju tako i u sprječavanju nastanka bolesti. Usporedo s porastom uporabe veterinarskih lijekova, suvremena stočarska proizvodnja postala je također nezamisliva bez uporabe različitih promotora rasta. Kao rezultat toga, nadležne institucije širom svijeta pokrenule su brojne inicijative za ograničavanje uporabe svih spomenutih tvari u suvremenoj stočarskoj proizvodnji. Istodobno, kako bi se postigla što uspješnija te isplativija proizvodnja, u stočarstvu se danas sve više upotrebljavaju različiti prirodni dodatci hrani. Jedan od korištenih prirodnih dodataka hrani je pčelinja pelud koja sadrži većinu bitnih prehrambenih elemenata potrebnih za rast i razvoj. Pčelinja pelud sastoji se od muških spolnih stanica biljaka. U njoj je do danas otkriveno oko 250 različitih kemijskih tvari, uključujući ugljikohidrate, masti, proteine, vitamine, makro- i mikroelemente, antibiotike (inhibine), hormone, enzime, organske kiseline, esencijalna ulja, rutin i druge. Bioaktivne komponente pčelinje peludi uključuju flavonoide, fenolne kiseline i njihove derivate koji su ujedno odgovorni za baktericidne, antiviralne, antifugalne, analgetske, antiupalne, antioksidativne te imunostimulirajuće i imunomodulirajuće učinke ovih spojeva kod ljudi i životinja. Imajući na umu sve prethodno spomenute karakteristike pčelinje peludi te zahtjeve suvremene stočarske proizvodnje postalo je jasno zašto se upravo pčelinja pelud danas sve češće koristi kao dodatak hrani životinja., Intensive animal farming with the aim of producing food has over the past few decades led to a substantial increase in the use of veterinary drugs in animal husbandry both for treatment and for prevention of diseases. Along with the increase in the use of veterinary drugs, modern livestock production has also become unthinkable without the use of different growth promoters. As a result, competent authorities in the world have launched a number of initiatives to restrict the use of such substances in modern livestock production. At the same time, in order to achieve a successful and cost-effective production, in today’s animal husbandry one can see increased use of various natural food additives. One of the used natural food sup¬plements is bee pollen, which contains most of the essential nutritional elements needed for growth and development. Bee pollen consists of the male reproductive cells of plants. To date, about 250 various chemical compounds, have been determined in it, including carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, macro - and microelements, antibiotics (inhibins), hormones, enzymes, organic acids, essential oils, rutin, and others. Bioactive compounds of bee pollen include flavonoids, phenolic acids and their derivatives that are responsible for the bactericidal, antiviral, antifungal, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, immunostimulating and immunomodulating effects of these substances in humans and animals. Bearing in mind all the aforementioned characteristics of bee pollen and demands of modern livestock production it has become clear why nowadays bee pollen is often used as a feed additive.

Brojna istraživanja u svijetu ukazala su na moguću primjenu propolisa i pčelinjeg peluda, svakog dodatka zasebno ili u njihovoj kombinaciji kao aditiva u hranidbi tovnih pilića. Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je utvrditi utjecaj propolisa i pčelinjeg peluda kao aditiva u hranidbi na vrijednosti odabranih pokazatelja (sadržaja suhe tvari, dušika, pepela te pH – vrijednosti) u fecesu pilića i ukupnog broja bakterija, broja bakterija iz roda Enterobacteriaceae te broja bakterija iz roda Lactobacillus u sadržaju crijeva pilića. Istraživanje je provedeno na 200 pilića Ross 308 provenijencije ravnomjerno raspoređenih spolova, koji su bili podijeljeni u 5 skupina (kontrolna i četiri pokusne skupine pilića). Kontrolna skupina pilića tijekom cijelog istraživanja bila je hranjena krmnom smjesom, dok su u smjese kojima su bile hranjene pokusne skupine pilića bili umiješani dodatci – propolis i/ili pčelinji pelud, svaki dodatak zasebno ili u njihovoj kombinaciji u određenom omjeru. Dva puta tijekom istraživanja (21. i 42. dana) prikupljeni su skupni uzorci fecesa po skupinama pilića u kojima su utvrđene vrijednosti spomenutih pokazatelja u fecesu te je 42. dana nakon žrtvovanja odabranih pokusnih životinja izvršeno uzorkovanje sadržaja crijeva (ileuma) pilića u kojima su utvrđivane brojčane vrijednosti spomenutih mikrobioloških uzročnika. Istraživanje je pokazalo kako je postojala statistički značajna razlika u vrijednosti pH fecesa (p, Numerous studies worldwide have pointed to the possible application of propolis and bee pollen, each added separately or in their combination as additives in broiler feeding. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of propolis and bee pollen as additives in broiler feeding on values of selected indicators (dry matter, nitrogen, ashes and pH) in the feces of chickens and the total number of bacteria, the number of bacteria of the genus Enterobacteriaceae and the number of bacteria of the genus Lactobacillus in the intestinal contents of chickens. The study was conducted on 200 chickens of Ross 308 provenance of evenly distributed gender, which were divided into five groups (control and four experimental groups of chickens). The control chickens throughout the study were fed feed mixture, while the mixture that was fed to experimental chickens contained propolis and / or bee pollen, each added separately or in their combination in a given ratio. Twice during the study period (21 and 42 day) group fecal samples were collected in which the values of the above mentioned indicators were established. On 42nd day of the experiment after slaughter of selected test animals samples of chicken gut (ileum) contents were taken and numerical values of above mentioned microbiological pathogens were determined. The study showed that there was a statistically significant difference in the pH of the feces (p

Endurance je jedno od najzahtjevnijih konjičkih natjecanja izdržljivosti i može trajati od jedan do tri ili više dana. Arapski konji su se pokazali najbolji za ovaj tip natjecanja, ali i one pasmine konja koje su nastale križanjem s arapskom pasminom. Konji koji sudjeluju u natjecanju moraju biti pripremani na način da izdrže napor, što je izazov ovih zahtjevnih natjecanja. Kako bi se to postiglo, podvrgavaju se drugačijem načinu treninga i programu hranidbe. Obroci moraju biti dobro izbalansirani te moraju odgovarati zahtjevima konja u pogledu energije i hranjivih tvari. Voda i elektroliti, s naglaskom na natrij, kalij i magnezij, su od velike važnosti za pravilno funkcioniranje organizma, posebno za održavanje normalne aktivnosti mišićnog i živčanog sustava. Kako tijekom natjecanja organizam konja pojačano troši elektrolite, važno ih je obrokom podmirivati. Da bi se izbjegli mogući metabolički problemi, nužno ih je nadomjestiti. Najviše zastupljena energetska krmiva u obrocima su zob, kukuruz i ječam. U novije vrijeme koriste se izvori energije kao što su biljno ulje i mast. Glikogen je od posebne važnosti, jer predstavlja rezervni tjelesni oblik energije. Zbog specifičnosti endurance konjičkog sporta, konjima je uz to potreban dugotrajan izvor energije za završetak natjecanja. Metabolička aktivnost organizma sportskog konja usmjerena je ka procesu oksidacije organskih hranjivih tvari, kojim se oslobađa potrebna energija. Istodobno se oslobađaju slobodni radikali, koji imaju negativan utjecaj izazivajući pojave antioksidacijskog stresa. Zbog ovoga je hrana konja obogaćena dodacima (vitamini E i C), koji imaju pozitivan učinak na sprječavanje antioksidacijskog stresa. Obroci se u manjim količinama daju prije, tijekom i po završetku natjecanja. Dobro izbalansirani obroci važni su zbog održavanja zdravlja, izdržljivosti i kondicije konja., Endurance is one of the most demanding equestrian competition sports and could last one to three or more days. Arabian horses are preferably used, combined with their crossbreeds. It is necessary that all horses used in such competitions are prepared in a way to strengthen their endurance capacity. To achieve such a demanding goal horses are put on a special diet and training. Meals should be well balanced in qualitative and quantitative ratio, keeping in mind energetic and nutritional demands of the horse. Water and electrolytes, especially sodium, potas¬sium and magnesium are of great value for homeostasis especially for adequate neuromuscular activity. Since horse body excretes increased amount of electrolytes during the competition, it is necessary to supply it in regular meals to avoid meta¬bolic disturbances. The most frequently used energetic food supply is oat, maize and barley. Recently plant oil and fat are additionally used. Keeping in mind all the specific efforts of horse organism needed in endurance, it is easy to understand why it is so essential to have a long term source of energy to help the horse to fin¬ish the competition. Body energetic supplies kept in glycogen are of irreplaceable value. Metabolic activity of sport horse organism is oriented to oxidation of organic nutritive compounds leading to release of energy needed. At the same time free radicals are released, having negative impact by inducing and causing antioxida¬tive stress. Food enriched with additives, such as vitamins A and C is used as a successive preventive method, since it has a positive influence on prevention of oxidative stress. Such meals are beneficial and essential, given in small amounts before, during and after the endurance competition. Well balanced meals are also important for maintaining health, endurance and body condition of the horse.

Hranidba konja mora biti optimalna, a obroci pravilno izbalansirani, s dovoljnom količinom hranjivih tvari i energije. Minerali su anorganske tvari, prijeko potrebne za sve biološke procese u organizmu pa je konjima nužno osigurati dovoljne količine makro i mikroelemenata u obroku, kao i njihov pravilan međusoban odnos. Potrebe konja za mineralima ovise o pasmini, neurohormonalnom statusu, tjelesnoj masi, kondiciji, dobi, klimatskim prilikama, zdravstvenom stanju, tjelesnoj temperaturi, parazitarnim invazijama, probavnim poremećajima, intenzitetu rada, športskim natjecanjima, forsiranom rastu ždrebadi te stanju organizma, kao što su ždrjebnost ili laktacija. Minerali su nužni aktivni sudionici biokemijskih reakcija koje se događaju u tijelu, a sudjeluju u građi lokomotornoga sustava. Sudjeluju u prijenosu energije, živčanih impulsa i kontrakcije mišića. Nijedan tip obroka ne pruža optimalan omjer mineralnih tvari potrebnih organizmu konja, tako da se svakodnevno u obrocima pojavljuje stanovit manjak ovih biološki aktivnih tvari koje se redovito kompenziraju dodavanjem mineralno-vitaminskih premiksa. Ukoliko dođe do deficita minerala, smanjit će se učinkovitost iskorištavanja energije iz obroka. Kada se pri nestašici minerala u organizmu potroše zalihe, narušeni tijek biokemijskih procesa uvjetuje kliničke i patomorfološke promjene. Hranom primljene prekomjerne količine minerala u organizmu stvaraju zalihe te može doći do pojave simptoma trovanja zbog toga što se nagomilavanjem minerala u pojedine organe narušava tok određenih biokemijskih reakcija. Odgovarajući način hranidbe, uz djelovanje nasljedne osnove te pravilan trening, omogućit će maksimalno iskorištavanje potencijala konja. Sastavljanje pravilnoga obroka, s obzirom na zahtjeve konja, predstavlja velik izazov., Horse feeding must be optimal, and meals properly balanced with the sufficient amount of nutritious substances and energy. Minerals are inorganic substances which are necessary for all biological processes in an organism. It should be ensured that horses get sufficient amounts of balanced macroelements and microelements in a meal. The horse’s need for minerals depends on the breed, neurohormone status, body weight, fitness, age, climate change, health, body temperature, parasites occurrence, digestive disorders, labour intensity, sports competitions, forced growth of foals and the state of organism, such as foaling condition or lactation. Minerals are essential active participants in biochemical reactions which occur in the body, and participate in the anatomy of locomotor system. They also participate in transmission of energy, nervous impulses and muscle contractions. There is not one kind of meal that offers an optimal range of mineral substances necessary for the horse’s organism, so there is a lack of these biologically active substances in every meal, which is regularly compensated by adding mineral-vitamin mixtures. In case of mineral deficits, the efficiency of obtaining energy from rations will be reduced. When mineral supplies are low due to the lack of minerals in an organism, the disturbed biochemical processes cause clinical and patomorphological changes. An excessive intake of minerals creates supplies in an organism, thus causing poisoning because of disruption of some biochemical reactions. Adequate feeding, inheritance base and proper training enable maximum use of horse’s potentials. Preparing a proper meal, regarding horse’s needs, presents a great challenge.

Cilj je ovoga rada ukazati na hranidbeni status janjadi cigaja pasmine u porastu (n = 20) iz ekološkog uzgoja. Janjad je sisala i imala smjesu žitarica i sijeno lucerne po volji, dok je tijekom tova hranjena navedenom smjesom i sijenom lucerne po volji. Janjad je vagana po porodu i u prosječnoj dobi od 40 dana te u razdoblju tova (70. dana), kada su uzete i druge eksterijerne odlike i krv. Proizvodna svojstva i eksterijerne odlike janjadi u sisajućem razdoblju i tovu su zadovoljavajući, iako su s obzirom na genetski potencijal proizvodni rezultati mogli biti i bolji, osobito u razdoblju sisanja. Koncentracije Fe u krvi janjadi bile su na donjoj granici referentnih vrijednosti, što ukazuje na manjak ovoga elementa u hrani. Na bogatstvo obroka energijom ukazuju koncentracije glukoze u krvi koje su bile na gornjoj granici referentnih vrijednosti te koncentracije hormona štitaste žlijezde i triglicerida u krvi janjadi. Koncentracije ureje i albumina u krvi janjadi ukazuju na nedostatnu opskrbu bjelančevinama. Aktivnost enzima i sadržaj hematoloških pokazatelja u krvi janjadi nisu pokazali bitne promjene u usporedbi s referentnim vrijednostima za odbijenu janjad. Sve ovo ukazuje na probleme u hranidbi ovaca iz ekološkog uzgoja s obzirom da je porast sisajuće janjadi uvelike ovisan o hranidbi majki-ovaca. Zbog toga se utvrđivanje metaboličkog profila krvi i indeksa tjelesne kondicije, uz utvrđivanje proizvodnih pokazatelja, može uzeti kao pouzdan kriterij u praćenju hranidbenog statusa janjadi u ekološkom uzgoju., The aim of this study was to indicate the nutritional status of growing Tsigay breed lambs (n = 20) in organic breeding. Lambs suckled and had a mixture of grains and alfalfa hay ad libitum, while during fattening were fed mixture and alfalfa hay ad libitum. Lambs were weighed at birth as well as at the average age of 40 days and in the fattening period (70 days), when and other exterior characteristics and blood were taken. Production traits and exterior characteristics of lambs in suckling and fattening period were satisfactory, although according to genetic potential production results of lambs could have been better, especially in the suckling period. Concentration of Fe in the blood of lambs was at the lower limit of reference values, indicating a lack of this element in feed. Rich meal energy is indicates by the concentration of glucose in the blood that was at the upper limit reference values and concentrations of thyroid hormones and triglycerides in the blood of lambs. Concentration of urea and albumin in the blood of fattening lambs indicated on inadequate supply of protein. Enzyme activity and haematological parameters in blood of lambs did not show significant changes compared with the reference values of weaned lambs. All this points to the problems in feeding sheep in organic breeding because the growth of suckled lambs largely dependents on nutrition sheep-mothers. Therefore, determining the blood metabolic profile and body condition scores, with the establishment of production traits, can be taken as reliable indicators in monitoring the nutritional status of lambs in organic breeding.

The study examined the effect of raw and roasted cereals (corn, oat and barley) and soybean in diet on growth performance and blood parameters of lambs fattening. Totally 60 lambs after ablactation at average of 50 days, were tested and equally divided into three groups: an experimental I (E I), experimental II (E II) and a control (C) group. The fattening period lasted 56 days. Lambs of the C group were fed on mixture with crude forages, those from the E I on mixture with roasted cereals and lambs of the E II on mixture with both roasted cereals and soybean. The lambs from E I and E II groups grew faster (by 13.62 and 19.40 %), gained higher final body weight (by 6.72 and 8.08 %) and spent less food per kg of daily gain weights (by 14.03 and 13.24 %) although feed consumption in E I was lower (by 2.33 %) but in E II higher (3.49 %) in comparison with the C group. The blood serum concentrations of cholesterol-total and cholesterol-HDL were lower for lambs EI groups compared with lambs C and E II groups. ALP activity was higher for lambs EI and EII groups compared with C group. Urea concentrations were significantly (P

Istraživanje je provedeno s 30 jaradi, pasmine francuska alpina, po odbiću, u dobi od 70 do 110 dana, podijeljeno u dvije skupine. Osnovica obroka jaradi bilo je sijeno lucerne i smjesa koncentriranih krmiva (kukuruz - 50%, pšenica - 25%, sojina sačma - 15%, pšenične posije 8%) uz dodatak stočne krede od 2%. Hranidba je bila po volji. Jarad kontrolne i pokusne skupine hranjena je istim obrokom, uz dodatak 0,1% probiotika Bioplus 2B (Bacillus licheniformis i Bacillus subtilis). Analizirajući tjelesne mase jaradi vidljivo je da je na kraju pokusa jarad pokusne skupine imala značajno (P, The investigation included 30 weaned French Alpina goat kids, aged from 70 to 110 days, divided into two groups. Feeding was ad libitum. Basic feed ingredients were alfalfa hay and feed mixture (corn 50%, wheat 25%, soybean cake 15%, wheat bran 8%, limestone 2%). The experimental group of animals was fed feed mixture with addition of 0.1% Bioplus 2B® (Bacillus licheniformis and Bacillus subtilis). Goat kids from the experimental group had statistically (P

The investigation involved three groups of weaned piglets (N=60), crossbreed (LWxSL)x Pietrein, the same sex proportions, aged 28 to 70 days. All groups were fed on fodder mixture for weaned piglets containing 22% crude protein and 13.84 MJ ME/kg until 21th day after weaning. In the second phase of investigation piglets were fed on fodder mixture for growing pigs with 19% crude protein and 13.74 MJ ME/kg. The first experimental group (E1) was added biomechanically activated zeolite clinoptilolite (TMAZ-tribomechanical mineral activation process of disintegration of crude particles characterized by high speeds and particle collisions in short periods) in concentration 0.2%, the second eperimental group (E2) in concentration 0.5%. Body weight was controled on the weaning day (BW-0), the 5th, 21st and 42nd day after weaning (BW-1, BW- 2, BW-3). Blood samples were taken from the animals on the 21st day after weaning in order to determine biochemical indicators. Tribomechanically activated zeolite clinoptilolite strongly stimulate growth of weaned piglets, more with the addittion of 0.5% than 0.2%. Addition of clinoptilolite affected biochemical parameters in piglets, probably because of stimulation immune and neuroendocrine response during fight-or-flight response on TMAZ in gastrointestinal system. No detrimental effect was determined.

Positive effect of zeolite on pig breeding production results, and also on ammonia and carbon dioxide concentration decrease in the air of breeding facilities was confirmed. Research showed that there was no reduction in quantity and quality of biogas. Addition of zeolite in feed and sprinkling of litter did not jeopardize methanogenesis in the anaerobic fermentation process of investigated manure, what leads to conclusion that zeolite application does not jeopardize biogas production. Zeolite application can be recommended to pig breeders who own biogas production plants because it was proved that zeolite causes good production results of animals, higher quality of microclimatic breeding conditions with unchanged quantity and quality of biogas. Biogas production plant ensures environment protection and technological solution for manure and straw-manure management, unused waste converts to usable energy and decreases energy importation and petroleum product costs. In the end of fermentation, a useful fertilizer is obtained.

In order to reach better production and financial results of pork production different technological ways of pig fattening are researched. The purpose of this paper is to. show separate results of polyenzyme application and the results of the use of heat- treated cereals in pig fattening as well as the results of their combined application. Pigs fattened on a diet with polyenzyme preparation and heat- treated cereals, either separately or combined, were characterised by an insignificantly higher growth rate and their feed intake per kilogram of weight gain was low compared to pigs fed standard mixtures (control group). In statistical terms, the relative portion of muscle tissue in pork carcass was significantly lower in experimental group 3 fed the mixture with heat-treated cereals than in the other groups. The absolute portion of muscle tissue in pork carcass was statistically more important in experimental group 2 (45.15 kg) receiving the mixture of enzyme additive and heat-treated cereals, and the least important in experimental group 3 (40.92 kg) fed heat- treated cereals. During pig fattening the income for experimental groups was higher than for the control group because of better production results. Average values covering variable expenses show the increase only in the third experimental group in the second fattening period compared to the control group, but these differences were of no statistical importance.

Budući da stočni grašak kao krupnozrna leguminoza sadrži nekoliko antinutritivnih tvari u malim količinama, u sirovom stanju nije pogodan u većim koncentracijama kao komponenta za hranjenje peradi. Cilj istraživanja bio je usporediti 30 %, odnosno 60 % izobjelančevinaste zamjene sojine sačme i toplinski obrađenog stočnog graška u kompletnim krmnim smjesama tovnih pilića. Završna tjelesna masa pilića pokazuje da su pilići pokusnih skupina na kraju pokusa bili za 14,6 % u P I i 15,3 % u P II skupini bolji od pilića kontrolne skupine, a razlike su statistički visoko opravdane (P0,05)., Concerning the fact that fodder pea as a legume seed contains several antinutritive substances (in small amounts), it is not favourable in high concentrations as a component part of feeding fowls in a raw form. The aim of our research was to compare 30 %, and 60 % of isoprotein substitute of soybean meal and thermally treated fodder pea in the complete mixtures for fattening chickens. The final body mass of chickens shows that the chickens in the experimental group, at the end of the experiment, were 14.6 % in P I and 15.3 % in P II better than the chickens in the control group and the differences were statistically highly justified (P0,05).

Zbog obilnosti i važnosti poslova koji prate proces mužnje, muzna svojstva su postala važna odlika mliječnih krava. Današnja suvremena muzna oprema omogućuje praćenje cjelokupnog procesa mužnje i uvid u svaki njezin dio. Proučavanjem protoka mlijeka i standardizacijom vimena krava, te korištenjem novije mjerne tehnike moglo bi se doći do većeg broja krava prilagođenih strojnoj mužnji, a ujedno i do krava s manjim brojem oboljenja vimena. Rezultati provedenih istraživanja na simentalskim kravama pokazali su dobar kemijsko-fizakalni sastav mlijeka (4,24 % masti, 3,68 % bjelančevina i 9,22 % bezmasne suhe tvari). Količina mlijeka po mužnji iznosila je 8,03 kg, pri prosječnom protoku mlijeka od 1,86 kg/min i vremenu trajanja mužnje od 4,27 min. Iako je prosječni broj somatski stanica u mlijeku bio relativno mali (246.000/ml), čak 22,7 % krava imalo je u uzorcima mlijeka više od 400.000 somatskih stanica/ml. Od ovog dijela, 90 % životinja imalo je kratku plato fazu mužnje (< 2 min) i dugu silaznu fazu mužnje (> 3 min). Uvođenjem suvremene mjerne opreme i novih selekcijskih ciljeva u uzgojni program goveda detaljnije bi se proučila muzna svojstva, njihova gospo-darska važnost, kao i povezanost sa zdravljem vimena., Milking performances have become a very important characteristic of milk-cows. Today’s modern milking equipment enables following the entire milking process and the insight into each part of it. By studying the milk flow and standardizing the milk udder, as well as by using the new measuring techniques could be adjusted to machine milking and larger number of cows consequently fewer udder problems. The conducted research results on Simmental cows showed a good chemical and physical milk composition (4.24 % fat, 3.68 % proteins and 9.22 % non-fat dry substance). The milk quantity per milking was 8.03 kg, per average milk flow of 1.86 kg/min and the milking duration of 4.27 minutes. Although the average somatic cell count in milk was rather low (246.000/ml) even 22.7 % of cows had in milk samples more than 400.000 somatic cells/ml. From that, 90 % of animals had a short peak phase ( 2min) and a long descending phase ( 3 min). Introducing modern milking equipment and new selective aims into the cattle breeding program, milking characteristics, their economic significance and correlation to the health of the udder would be studied in more detail.

The modern equipment introduction into cow milking created technical possibilities for studying the milk flow curve and for using the results in cattle selection. In preventing mastitis, besides curing, other parameters of the milk flow curve could be used preventively. Research showed that cows that had the milk flow curve with a short duration of increasing flow rate (dIFR ≤ 0.40 min) and a larger quotient between the peak and down phase (QPD > 1.20) had also the least somatic cell count in milk (LSCC = 3.47, and 3.30 respectively). Such relation is favourable because increasing the relation, the duration of quick and uniform milking extends, and the duration of peak flow rate shortens. That also show correlation coefficients which were between the logarithmic somatic cell count in milk (LSCC) on one hand and the peak flow rate (dPFR), that means the quotient of peak and down phase (QPD) on the other hand negative (r= −0.25** and –0.27**). Breeding-selective procedures could create bull fathers and mothers with the most desirable milk flow curve and the duration of certain milking phases, whereby the somatic cell count in milk would be the least. Therefore it would be necessary to define desirable proportions of the milk flow curve with a special attention to the cow’s health udder.

Trebalo je utvrditi na današnjem simentalcu učinkovitost tova ženske junadi s krmom koja je dominantna za ovu proizvodnju, pri različitim razinama sirove vlaknine u obrocima i kod različite duljine tova. Različite razine sirove vlaknine u obrocima proizašle su iz njihovog različitog udjela. Ispitivana su tri obroka (tretmana) koji su sadržavali 80, 55 g sirove vlaknine u 1 kg obroka (tretman I), 143, 56 g (tretman II) i 184, 46 g (tretman III) sirove vlaknine. Tov ženske junadi, šest skupina (120 grla), počeo je s prosječnom ulaznom težinom od 246, 43 kg, a završio za tri skupine (60 grla) A, B i C s 372, 95 kg, odnosno za tri skupine (60 grla) A1, B1, i C1 s 409, 63 kg. Analizom varijance utvrđeno je da su različiti tretmani hranidbe imali značajan utjecaj na dnevne priraste neovisno o dužini tova ženske junadi (P0, 01 ; P>0, 05), tablica 5. Tijekom tova najbolje dnevne priraste, od 1085, 83 g, imale su junice pokusne skupine A. Ova pokusna skupina, čija je energetska vrijednost obroka u granicama suhe tvari koncentrata, ostvarila je za 62, 91 g (5, 79%) više dnevne priraste od pokusne skupine B, za 104, 31 g (9, 60%) od pokusne skupine C1 a najveća razlika u dnevnom prirastu ostvarena je između pokusnih skupina A i C, za 116, 36 g ili 10, 71 %. Najniže dnevne priraste imala je ženska junad pokusne skupine C (969, 47 g), iako je koristila isti obrok kao i pokusna skupina junadi koja je ostvarila dnevni prirast od 981, 52 g. Međutim, pokusna skupina junadi C bila je u tovu 131 dan, dok je pokusna skupina C1 bila u tovu 165 dana. Unatoč tovu dužem za 34 dana, postignute razlike u dnevnom prirastu od 12, 05 g nisu bile značajne. Ovo se može objasniti time da obroci s povećanim sadržajem sirove vlaknine imaju povoljan fiziološki utjecaj na nakupljanje biomase kod produženog tova. Konverzija metaboličke energije (ME) i sirovih bjelančevina za 1 kg prirasta podijelila se po tretmanima i rasla je s povećanjem sirove vlaknine u obroku.

Obavljeno je istraživanje utjecaja različitih udjela sirove vlaknine u dnevnom obroku na prirast i na utrošak energije i bjelančevina u tovu muške junadi simentalske pasmine. Svrha je bila utvrditi na današnjem simentalcu u Hrvatskoj, u uvjetima koji vladaju u tovu junadi i s krmom koja je dominantna za ovu proizvodnju, učinkovitost tova pri različitim razinama hranidbe i kod različite duljine tova. Različite razine hranidbe proizašle su iz različitog učešća sirove vlaknine u obroku. Ispitivana su tri obroka (tretmana) koji su sadržavali 80, 55 g sirove vlaknine u 1 kg obroka (tretman I) 143, 56 g (tretman II) i 184, 46 g (tretman III) sirove vlaknine. Tov junadi, šest skupina (120 grla), počeo je s prosječnom ulaznom težinom od 273, 85 kg, a završio za tri skupine (60 grla) A, B i C s 447, 98 kg, odnosno za tri skupine (60 grla) A1, B1 i C1 s 521, 07 kg. Različiti tretmani hranidbe imali su značajan utjecaj na dnevne priraste (P

Poznavajući pozitivan učinak toplinske obrade na hranjivu vrijednost tretiranih krmiva, provedeno je istraživanje usporedbe tri različita postupka toplinske obrade žitarica u smjesama tovnih pilića, i njihovog utjecaja na proizvodne pokazatelje. Postupci toplinske obrade su se odnosili na mikroniziranje, ekstrudiranje i tostiranje. Praćeni prirast tjelesne mase, konverzija hrane i dnevna potrošnja hrane pokazali su bolje vrijednosti kod pilića pokusnih skupina, u odnosu na kontrolnu. Od pokusnih skupina najbolje vrijednosti zabilježene su pokusnoj skupini I gdje je primijenjen postupak mikronizacije. Pozitivan učinak ispitivanih postupaka toplinske obrade opravdava daljnju uporabu istih postupaka i u hrani tovnih pilića.

Posljednjih godina sekundarne selekcijske značajke goveda u razvijenim govedarskim zemljama dobivaju sve veću važnost u izgradnji selekcijskog indeksa, pri čemu su muzna svojstva stavljena na bitno mjesto. cilj ovog rada bio je utvrditi utjecaj okolišnih čimbenika na muzna svojstva simentalske i holstein-frizijske pasmine krava, koji bi u budućem uzgojnom radu mogli poslužiti za što točniju uzgojnu ocjenu rasplodnih bikova i bikovskih majki. U tu svrhu analizirani su podaci 303 holstein-friesian i 235 simentalskih krava. Od istraživanih okolišnih čimbenika signifikantan utjecaj na muzna svojstva za obje pasmine krava imala su stada i redosljed laktacija. Ostali okolišni čimbenici utjecali su različito. Muzna svojstva kod holstein- friesian krava bila su više podložna utjecaju okolišnih čimbenika. S izuzetkom stadija laktacije, svi ostali čimbenici utjecali su signifikantno. Utjecaj okolišnih čimbenika bio je manji na muzna svojstva simentalskih krava. Tako su na protok mlijeka signifikantno utjecala samo dva čimbenika (stado i laktacija), dok za tri nije utvrđen nikakav utjecaj (stadij laktacije, vrijeme mužnje i sezona). Da bi uzgojna procjena muznih svojstava bila što točnija, utjecaj okolišnih čimbenika trebalo bi korigirati. Jedna od mogućnosti je korekcija protoka mlijeka na osnovi prosječne količine namuženog mlijeka za pojedinu pasminu.