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This study provides accurate results for the electronic stopping cross-sections of H, He, N, and Ne in silicon in low to intermediate energy ranges using various non-perturbative theoretical methods, including real-time time-dependent density functional theory, transport cross-section, and induced-density approach. Recent experimental findings [Ntemou \textit{et al.}, Phys. Rev. B {\bf 107}, 155145 (2023)] revealed discrepancies between the estimates of density functional theory and observed values. We show that these discrepancies vanish by considering the nonuniform electron density of the silicon deeper bands for ion velocities approaching zero ($v \to 0$). This indicates that mechanisms such as ``elevator'' and ``promotion,'' which can dynamically excite deeper-band electrons, are active, enabling a localized free electron gas to emulate ion energy loss, as pointed out by [Lim \textit{et al.}, Phys. Rev. Lett. {\bf 116}, 043201 (2016)]. The observation and the description of a velocity-proportionality breakdown in electronic stopping cross-sections at very low velocities are considered to be a signature of the deeper-band electrons' contributions.

This comprehensive study delves into the intricate interplay between protons and organic polymers, offering insights into proton therapy in cancer treatment. Focusing on the influence of the spatial electron density distribution on stopping power estimates, we employed time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT), coupled with the Penn method. Surprisingly, the assumption of electron density homogeneity in polymers is fundamentally flawed, resulting in an overestimation of stopping power values at energies below 2 MeV, approximately. Moreover, Bragg's rule application in specific compounds exhibited significant deviations from experimental data in the Bragg peak region, challenging established norms., Comment: 8 pages, 7 figures, research article

Quantum many-body edge and extended magnon excitations from the 1/3 -- plateau of the anisotropic Heisenberg model on an open AB$_2$ chain in a magnetic field $h$ are unveiled using the density matrix renormalization group and exact diagonalization. By tuning both the anisotropy and $h$ in the rich phase diagram, the edge states penetrate in the bulk, whose gap closes in a symmetry-protected topological Kosterlitz-Thouless transition. Also, we witness the squeezed chain effect, the breaking of the edge states degeneracy, and a topological change of the excitations from gapped magnons with quadratic long-wavelength dispersion to a linear spinon dispersion in the Luttinger liquid gapless phase as the anisotropy $\lambda$ approaches the critical point from the $\lambda>0$ side of the phase diagram., Comment: 10 pages, 10 figures

The generalized Jacobi equation is a differential equation in local coordinates that describes the behavior of infinitesimally close geodesics with an arbitrary relative velocity. In this note we study some transformation properties for solutions to this equation. We prove two results. First, under any affine coordinate changes we show that the tensor transformation rule maps solutions to solutions. As a consequence, the generalized Jacobi equation is a tensor equation when restricted to suitable Fermi coordinate systems along a geodesic. Second, in dimensions n\ge 3, we explicitly show that the transformation rule does not in general preserve solutions to the generalized Jacobi equation., Comment: 10 pages

We study Maxwell's equations on a 4-manifold N with a medium that is non-dissipative and has a linear and pointwise response. In this setting, the medium can be represented by a suitable (2,2)-tensor on the 4-manifold N. Moreover, in each cotangent space on N, the medium defines a Fresnel surface. Essentially, the Fresnel surface is a tensorial analogue of the dispersion equation that describes the response of the medium for signals in the geometric optics limit. For example, in isotropic medium the Fresnel surface is at each point a Lorentz light cone. In a recent paper, I. Lindell, A. Favaro and L. Bergamin introduced a condition that constrains the polarisation for plane waves. In this paper we show (under suitable assumptions) that a slight strengthening of this condition gives a pointwise characterisation of all medium tensors for which the Fresnel surface is the union of two distinct Lorentz null cones. This is for example the behaviour of uniaxial medium like calcite. Moreover, using the representation formulas from Lindell et al. we obtain a closed form representation formula that pointwise parameterises all medium tensors for which the Fresnel surface is the union of two distinct Lorentz null cones. Both the characterisation and the representation formula are tensorial and do not depend on local coordinates.

Suppose $S$ is a semispray on a manifold $M$. We know that the complete lift $S^c$ of $S$ is a semispray on $TM$ with the property that geodesics of $S^c$ correspond to Jacobi fields of $S$. In this note we generalize this result and show how geodesic variations of $k$-variables are related to geodesics of the $k$th iterated complete lift of $S$. Moreover, for sprays (that is, homogeneous semisprays) we show how geodesic variations of $(n-1)$-variables are related to a natural generalisation of Jacobi tensors.

We study Maxwell's equations on a 4-manifold where the electromagnetic medium is modelled by an antisymmetric (2, 2)-tensor kappa with real coefficients. In this setting the Fresnel surface is a fourth order polynomial surface in each cotangent space that acts as a generalisation of the light cone determined by a Lorentz metric; the Fresnel surface parameterises electromagnetic wave-speeds as a function of direction. The contribution of this paper is the complete pointwise description of all electromagnetic medium tensors that satisfy the following conditions: (i) kappa is invertible, (ii) kappa is skewon-free, (iii) kappa is birefringent, that is, the Fresnel surface of kappa is the union of two distinct light cones. We show that there are only three classes of mediums with these properties. Moreover, we give explicit expressions in local coordinates for each class.

An area metric is a (0,4)-tensor with certain symmetries on a 4-manifold that represent a non-dissipative linear electromagnetic medium. A recent result by Schuller, Witte and Wohlfarth provides a pointwise normal form theorem for such area metrics. This result is similar to the Jordan normal form theorem for (1,1)-tensors, and the result shows that any area metric belongs to one of 23 metaclasses with explicit coordinate expressions for each metaclass. In this paper we restate and prove this result for skewon-free (2,2)-tensors and show that in general, each metaclasses has three different coordinate representations, and each of metaclasses I, II, ..., VI, VII need only one coordinate representation., Comment: Updated proof of Proposition A.2 (Claim 5). Fixed typo in Theorem 6 (Metaclass XXIII)

We study Maxwell's equations on a 4-manifold where the electromagnetic medium is described by an antisymmetric $2\choose 2$-tensor $\kappa$. In this setting, the Tamm-Rubilar tensor density determines a polynomial surface of fourth order in each cotangent space. This surface is called the Fresnel surface and acts as a generalisation of the light-cone determined by a Lorentz metric; the Fresnel surface parameterises electromagnetic wave-speed as a function of direction. Favaro and Bergamin have recently proven that if $\kappa$ has only a principal part and if the Fresnel surface of $\kappa$ coincides with the light cone for a Lorentz metric $g$, then $\kappa$ is proportional to the Hodge star operator of $g$. That is, under additional assumptions, the Fresnel surface of $\kappa$ determines the conformal class of $\kappa$. The purpose of this paper is twofold. First, we provide a new proof of this result using Gr\"obner bases. Second, we describe a number of cases where the Fresnel surface does not determine the conformal class of the original $2\choose 2$-tensor $\kappa$. For example, if $\kappa$ is invertible we show that $\kappa$ and $\kappa^{-1}$ have the same Fresnel surfaces., Comment: 23 pages, 1 figure

To a system of second order ordinary differential equations (SODE) one can assign a canonical nonlinear connection that describes the geometry of the system. In this work we develop a geometric setting that allows us to assign a canonical nonlinear connection also to a system of higher order ordinary differential equations (HODE). For this nonlinear connection we develop its geometry, and explicitly compute all curvature components of the corresponding Jacobi endomorphism. Using these curvature components we derive a Jacobi equation that describes the behavior of nearby geodesics to a HODE. We motivate the applicability of this nonlinear connection using examples from the equivalence problem, the inverse problem of the calculus of variations, and biharmonicity. For example, using components of the Jacobi endomorphism we express two Wuenschmann-type invariants that appear in the study of scalar third or fourth order ordinary differential equations.

Suppose $TM\setminus \{0\}$ and $T\widetilde M\setminus\{0\}$ are slashed tangent bundles of two smooth manifolds $M$ and $\widetilde M$, respectively. In this paper we characterize those diffeomorphisms $F\colon TM\setminus\{0\} \to T\widetilde M\setminus\{0\}$ that can be written as $F = (D\phi)|_{TM\setminus\{0\}}$ for a diffeomorphism $\phi\colon M\to \wt M$. When $F = (D\phi)|_{TM\setminus\{0\}}$ one say that $F$ \emph{descends}. If $M$ is equipped with two sprays, we use the characterization to derive sufficient conditions that imply that $F$ descends to a totally geodesic map. Specializing to Riemann geometry we also obtain sufficient conditions for $F$ to descent to an isometry.

We use Fr\"olicher-Nijenhuis theory to obtain global Helmholtz conditions, expressed in terms of a semi-basic 1-form, that characterize when a semispray is locally Lagrangian. We also discuss the relation between these Helmholtz conditions and their classic formulation written using a multiplier matrix. When the semi-basic 1-form is 1-homogeneous (0-homogeneous) we show that two (one) of the Helmholtz conditions are consequences of the other ones. These two special cases correspond to two inverse problems in the calculus of variation: Finsler metrizability for a spray, and projective metrizability for a spray.

In this short note we prove that every contact form on a 3-manifold M induces a solution to Maxwell's equations on M.

From a spray space $S$ on a manifold $M$ we construct a new geometric space $P$ of larger dimension with the following properties: 1. Geodesics in $P$ are in one-to-one correspondence with parallel Jacobi fields of $M$. 2. $P$ is complete if and only if $S$ is complete. 3. If two geodesics in $P$ meet at one point, the geodesics coincide on their common domain, and $P$ has no conjugate points. 4. There exists a submersion $\pi\colon P \to M$ that maps geodesics in $P$ into geodesics on $M$. Space $P$ is constructed by first taking two complete lifts of spray $S$. This will give a spray $S^{cc}$ on the second iterated tangent bundle $TTM$. Then space $P$ is obtained by restricting tangent vectors of geodesics for $S^{cc}$ onto a suitable $(2\dim M+2)$-dimensional submanifold of $TTTM$. Due to the last restriction, space $P$ is not a spray space. However, the construction shows that conjugate points can be removed if we add dimensions and relax assumptions on the geometric structure.

In this paper, we define a complete lift for semisprays. If $S$ is a semispray on a manifold $M$, its complete lift is a new semispray $S^c$ on $TM$. The motivation for this lift is two-fold: First, geodesics for $S^c$ correspond to the Jacobi fields for $S$, and second, this complete lift generalizes and unifies previously known complete lifts for Riemannian metrics, affine connections, and regular Lagrangians. When $S$ is a spray, we prove that the projective geometry of $S^c$ uniquely determines $S$. We also study how symmetries and constants of motions for $S$ lift into symmetries and constants of motions for $S^c$.