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1. Estimating stable carbon isotope values of microphytobenthos in the Arctic for application to food web studies

Author: Oxtoby, L. E., Mathis, J. T., Juranek, L. W., and Wooller, M. J.
Published: 2016
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2. Products from a surface ocean CO2 reference network, SOCONET

Author: Wanninkhof, R., Bakker, D. C. E., Pfeil, B., Smith, K., Hankin, S., Alin, S. R., Cosca, C., Harasawa, S., Kozyr, A., Nojiri, Y., O'Brien, K., Telszewski, M., Tilbrook, B., Wada, C., Akl, J., Barbero, L., Bates, N. R., Boutin, J., Bozec, Y., Cai, W. J., Castle, R. D., Chavez, F. P., Chen, L., Chierici, M., Currie, K., De Baar, H. J. W., Evans, W., Feely, R. A., Fransson, A., Gao, Z., Hales, B., Hardman-Mountford, N. J., Hoppema, Mario, Huang, W.J., Hunt, C. W., Huss, B., Ichikawa, T., Johannessen, T., Jones, E. M., Jones, S. D., Jutterström, S., Kitidis, V., Körtzinger, A., Landschützer, P., Lauvset, S. K., Lefevre, N., Manke, A., Mathis, J. T., Merlivat, L., Metzl, N., Murata, A., Monteiro, P., Newberger, T., Omar, A. M., Ono, T., Park, G. H., Paterson, K., Pierrot, D., Rios, A. F., Sabine, C. L., Saito, S., Salisbury, J., Sarma, V. V. S. S., Schlitzer, Reiner, Sieger, Rainer, Skjelvan, I., Steinhoff, T., Sullivan, K. F., Sun, H., Sutton, A.J., Suzuki, T., Sweeney, C., Takahashi, T., Tjiputra, J., Tsurushima, N., Van Heuven, S. M. A. C., Vandemark, D., Vlahos, P., Wallace, D. W. R., Watson, A., Pickers, P. A., Olsen, A., Stephens, B.B., Munro, D., Rehder, G., Santana-Casiano, J. M., Müller, J. D., Trianes, J., Tedesco, K., Ishii, M., González-Dávila, M., Suntharalingam, P., Nakaoka, S.-i., Schuster, U., Wanninkhof, R., Bakker, D. C. E., Pfeil, B., Smith, K., Hankin, S., Alin, S. R., Cosca, C., Harasawa, S., Kozyr, A., Nojiri, Y., O'Brien, K., Telszewski, M., Tilbrook, B., Wada, C., Akl, J., Barbero, L., Bates, N. R., Boutin, J., Bozec, Y., Cai, W. J., Castle, R. D., Chavez, F. P., Chen, L., Chierici, M., Currie, K., De Baar, H. J. W., Evans, W., Feely, R. A., Fransson, A., Gao, Z., Hales, B., Hardman-Mountford, N. J., Hoppema, Mario, Huang, W.J., Hunt, C. W., Huss, B., Ichikawa, T., Johannessen, T., Jones, E. M., Jones, S. D., Jutterström, S., Kitidis, V., Körtzinger, A., Landschützer, P., Lauvset, S. K., Lefevre, N., Manke, A., Mathis, J. T., Merlivat, L., Metzl, N., Murata, A., Monteiro, P., Newberger, T., Omar, A. M., Ono, T., Park, G. H., Paterson, K., Pierrot, D., Rios, A. F., Sabine, C. L., Saito, S., Salisbury, J., Sarma, V. V. S. S., Schlitzer, Reiner, Sieger, Rainer, Skjelvan, I., Steinhoff, T., Sullivan, K. F., Sun, H., Sutton, A.J., Suzuki, T., Sweeney, C., Takahashi, T., Tjiputra, J., Tsurushima, N., Van Heuven, S. M. A. C., Vandemark, D., Vlahos, P., Wallace, D. W. R., Watson, A., Pickers, P. A., Olsen, A., Stephens, B.B., Munro, D., Rehder, G., Santana-Casiano, J. M., Müller, J. D., Trianes, J., Tedesco, K., Ishii, M., González-Dávila, M., Suntharalingam, P., Nakaoka, S.-i., and Schuster, U.
Published: 2020

3. The Arctic Ocean marine carbon cycle: evaluation of air-sea CO2 exchanges, ocean acidification impacts and potential feedbacks

Author: Bates, N. R. and Mathis, J. T.
Abstract: At present, although seasonal sea-ice cover mitigates atmosphere-ocean gas exchange, the Arctic Ocean takes up carbon dioxide (CO2) on the order of −66 to −199 Tg C year−1 (1012 g C), contributing 5–14% to the global balance of CO2 sinks and sources. Because of this, the Arctic Ocean has an important influence on the global carbon cycle, with the marine carbon cycle and atmosphere-ocean CO2 exchanges sensitive to Arctic Ocean and global climate change feedbacks. In the near-term, further sea-ice loss and increases in phytoplankton growth rates are expected to increase the uptake of CO2 by Arctic Ocean surface waters, although mitigated somewhat by surface warming in the Arctic. Thus, the capacity of the Arctic Ocean to uptake CO2 is expected to alter in response to environmental changes driven largely by climate. These changes are likely to continue to modify the physics, biogeochemistry, and ecology of the Arctic Ocean in ways that are not yet fully understood. In surface waters, sea-ice melt, river runoff, cooling and uptake of CO2 through air-sea gas exchange combine to decrease the calcium carbonate (CaCO3) mineral saturation states (Ω) of seawater while seasonal phytoplankton primary production (PP) mitigates this effect. Biological amplification of ocean acidification effects in subsurface waters, due to the remineralization of organic matter, is likely to reduce the ability of many species to produce CaCO3 shells or tests with profound implications for Arctic marine ecosystems
Published: 2018

4. Technical Note: Constraining stable carbon isotope values of microphytobenthos (C3 photosynthesis) in the Arctic for application to food web studies

Author: Oxtoby, L. E., Mathis, J. T., Juranek, L. W., and Wooller, M. J.
Abstract: Microphytobenthos (MPB) tends to be omitted as a possible carbon source to higher trophic level consumers in high latitude marine food web models that use stable isotopes. Here, we used previously published relationships relating the concentration of aqueous carbon dioxide ([CO2]aq), the stable carbon isotopic composition of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) (δ13CDIC), and algal growth rates (μ) to estimate the stable carbon isotope composition of MPB-derived total organic carbon (TOC) (δ13Cp) and fatty acid (FA) biomarkers (δ13CFA). We measured [CO2]aq and δ13CDIC values from bottom water at sampling locations in the Beaufort and Chukchi Seas (n = 18), which ranged from 17 to 72 mmol kg–1 and −0.1 to 1.4 ‰ (0.8 ± 0.4‰, mean ±1 s.d.), respectively. We combined these field measurements with a set of stable carbon isotopic fractionation factors reflecting differences in algal taxonomy and physiology to determine δ13Cp and δ13CFA values. Theδ13Cp and δ13CFA values for a mixed eukaryotic algal community were estimated to be −23.6 ± 0.4‰ and −30.6 ± 0.4‰, respectively. These values were similar to our estimates for Phaeodactylum tricornutum (δ13Cp = −23.9 ± 0.4‰, δ13CFA = −30.9 ± 0.4‰), a pennate diatom likely to be a dominant MPB taxon. Taxon-specific differences were observed between a centric diatom (Porosira glacialis, δ13Cp = −20.0 ± 1.6‰), a marine haptophyte (Emiliana huxleyi, δ13Cp = −22.7 ± 0.5‰), and a cyanobacterium (Synechococcus sp., δ13Cp = −16.2 ± 0.4‰) at μ = 0.1 d−1. δ13Cp and δ13CFA values increased by &simeq; 2.5‰ for the mixed algal consortium and for P. tricornutum when growth rates were increased from 0.1 to 1.4 d−1. We compared our estimates of δ13Cp and δ13CFA values for MPB with previous measurements of δ13CTOC and δ13CFA values for other carbon sources in the Arctic, including ice-derived, terrestrial, and pelagic organic matter. We found that MPB values were significantly distinct from terrestrial and ice-derived carbon sources. However, MPB values overlapped with pelagic sources, which may result in MPB being overlooked as a significant source of carbon in the marine food web.
Published: 2018

5. State of the climate in 2016

Author: Aaron-Morrison, A. P., Ackerman, S. A., Adams, N. G., Adler, R. F., Albanil, A., Alfaro, E. J., Allan, R., Alves, L. M., Amador, J. A., Andreassen, L. M., Arendt, A., Arévalo, J., Arndt, D. S., Arzhanova, N. M., Aschan, M. M., Azorin-Molina, C., Banzon, V., Bardin, M. U., Barichivich, J., Baringer, M. O., Barreira, S., Baxter, S., Bazo, J., Becker, A., Bedka, K. M., Behrenfeld, M. J., Bell, G. D., Belmont, M., Benedetti, A., Bernhard, G., Berrisford, P., Berry, D. I., Bettolli, M. L., Bhatt, U. S., Bidegain, M., Bill, B. D., Billheimer, S., Bissolli, P., Blake, E. S., Blunden, J., Bosilovich, M. G., Boucher, O., Boudet, D., Box, J. E., Boyer, T., Braathen, G. O., Bromwich, D. H., Brown, R., Bulygina, O. N., Burgess, D., Calderón, B., Camargo, S. J., Campbell, J. D., Cappelen, J., Carrasco, G., Carter, B. R., Chambers, D. P., Chandler, E., Christiansen, H. H., Christy, J. R., Chung, D., Chung, E. S., Cinque, K., Clem, K. R., Coelho, C. A., Cogley, J. G., Coldewey-Egbers, M., Colwell, S., Cooper, O. R., Copland, L., Cosca, C. E., Cross, J. N., Crotwell, M. J., Crouch, J., Davis, S. M., Eyto, E., Jeu, R. A. M., Laat, J., Degasperi, C. L., Degenstein, D., Demircan, M., Derksen, C., Destin, D., Di Girolamo, L., Di Giuseppe, F., Diamond, H. J., Dlugokencky, E. J., Dohan, K., Dokulil, M. T., Dolgov, A. V., Dolman, A. J., Domingues, C. M., Donat, M. G., Dong, S., Dorigo, W. A., Dortch, Q., Doucette, G., Drozdov, D. S., Ducklow, H., Dunn, R. J. H., Durán-Quesada, A. M., Dutton, G. S., Ebrahim, A., Elkharrim, M., Elkins, J. W., Espinoza, J. C., Etienne-Leblanc, S., Evans, T. E., Famiglietti, J. S., Farrell, S., Fateh, S., Fausto, R. S., Fedaeff, N., Feely, R. A., Feng, Z., Fenimore, C., Fettweis, X., Fioletov, V. E., Flemming, J., Fogarty, C. T., Fogt, R. L., Folland, C., Fonseca, C., Fossheim, M., Foster, M. J., Fountain, A., Francis, S. D., Franz, B. A., Frey, R. A., Frith, S. M., Froidevaux, L., Ganter, C., Garzoli, S., Gerland, S., Gobron, N., Goldenberg, S. B., Gomez, R. S., Goni, G., Goto, A., Grooß, J. U., Gruber, A., Guard, C. C., Gugliemin, M., Gupta, S. K., Gutiérrez, J. M., Hagos, S., Hahn, S., Haimberger, L., Hakkarainen, J., Hall, B. D., Halpert, M. S., Hamlington, B. D., Hanna, E., Hansen, K., Hanssen-Bauer, I., Harris, I., Heidinger, A. K., Heikkilä, A., Heil, A., Heim, R. R., Hendricks, S., Hernández, M., Hidalgo, H. G., Hilburn, K., Ho, S. P. B., Holmes, R. M., Hu, Z. Z., Huang, B., Huelsing, H. K., Huffman, G. J., Hughes, C., Hurst, D. F., Ialongo, I., Ijampy, J. A., Ingvaldsen, R. B., Inness, A., Isaksen, K., Ishii, M., Jevrejeva, S., Jiménez, C., Jin, X., Johannesen, E., John, V., Johnsen, B., Johnson, B., Johnson, G. C., Jones, P. D., Joseph, A. C., Jumaux, G., Kabidi, K., Kaiser, J. W., Kato, S., Kazemi, A., Keller, L. M., Kendon, M., Kennedy, J., Kerr, K., Kholodov, A. L., Khoshkam, M., Killick, R., Kim, H., Kim, S. J., Kimberlain, T. B., Klotzbach, P. J., Knaff, J. A., Kobayashi, S., Kohler, J., Korhonen, J., Korshunova, N. N., Kovacs, K. M., Kramarova, N., Kratz, D. P., Kruger, A., Kruk, M. C., Kudela, R., Kumar, A., Lakatos, M., Lakkala, K., Lander, M. A., Landsea, C. W., Lankhorst, M., Lantz, K., Lazzara, M. A., Lemons, P., Leuliette, E., L’heureux, M., Lieser, J. L., Lin, I. I., Liu, H., Liu, Y., Locarnini, R., Loeb, N. G., Lo Monaco, C., Long, C. S., López Álvarez, L. A., Lorrey, A. M., Loyola, D., Lumpkin, R., Luo, J. J., Luojus, K., Lydersen, C., Lyman, J. M., Maberly, S. C., Maddux, B. C., Malheiros Ramos, A., Malkova, G. V., Manney, G., Marcellin, V., Marchenko, S. S., Marengo, J. A., Marra, J. J., Marszelewski, W., Martens, B., Martínez-Güingla, R., Massom, R. A., Mata, M. M., Mathis, J. T., May, L., Mayer, M., Mazloff, M., Mcbride, C., Mccabe, M. F., Mccarthy, M., Mcclelland, J. W., Mcgree, S., Mcvicar, T. R., Mears, C. A., Meier, W., Meinen, C. S., Mekonnen, A., Menéndez, M., Mengistu Tsidu, G., Menzel, W. P., Merchant, C. J., Meredith, M. P., Merrifield, M. A., Metzl, N., Minnis, P., Miralles, D. G., Mistelbauer, T., Mitchum, G. T., Monselesan, D., Monteiro, P., Montzka, S. A., Morice, C., Mote, T., Mudryk, L., Mühle, J., Mullan, A. B., Nash, E. R., Naveira-Garabato, A. C., Nerem, R. S., Newman, P. A., Nieto, J. J., Noetzli, J., O’neel, S., Osborn, T. J., Overland, J., Oyunjargal, L., Parinussa, R. M., Park, E. H., Parker, D., Parrington, M., Parsons, A. R., Pasch, R. J., Pascual-Ramírez, R., Paterson, A. M., Paulik, C., Pearce, P. R., Pelto, M. S., Peng, L., Perkins-Kirkpatrick, S. E., Perovich, D., Petropavlovskikh, I., Pezza, A. B., Phillips, D., Pinty, B., Pitts, M. C., Pons, M. R., Porter, A. O., Primicerio, R., Proshutinsky, A., Quegan, S., Quintana, J., Rahimzadeh, F., Rajeevan, M., Randriamarolaza, L., Razuvaev, V. N., Reagan, J., Reid, P., Reimer, C., Rémy, S., Renwick, J. A., Revadekar, J. V., Richter-Menge, J., Riffler, M., Rimmer, A., Rintoul, S., Robinson, D. A., Rodell, M., Rodríguez Solís, J. L., Romanovsky, V. E., Ronchail, J., Rosenlof, K. H., Roth, C., Rusak, J. A., Sabine, C. L., Sallée, J. B., Sánchez-Lugo, A., Santee, M. L., Sawaengphokhai, P., Sayouri, A., Scambos, T. A., Schemm, J., Schladow, S. G., Schmid, C., Schmid, M., Schmidtko, S., Schreck, C. J., Selkirk, H. B., Send, U., Sensoy, S., Setzer, A., Sharp, M., Shaw, A., Shi, L., Shiklomanov, A. I., Shiklomanov, N. I., Siegel, D. A., Signorini, S. R., Sima, F., Simmons, A. J., Smeets, C. J. P. P., Smith, S. L., Spence, J. M., Srivastava, A. K., Stackhouse, P. W., Stammerjohn, S., Steinbrecht, W., Stella, J. L., Stengel, M., Stennett-Brown, R., Stephenson, T. S., Strahan, S., Streletskiy, D. A., Sun-Mack, S., Swart, S., Sweet, W., Talley, L. D., Tamar, G., Tank, S. E., Taylor, M. A., Tedesco, M., Teubner, K., Thoman, R. L., Thompson, P., Thomson, L., Timmermans, M. L., Maxim Timofeyev, Tirnanes, J. A., Tobin, S., Trachte, K., Trainer, V. L., Tretiakov, M., Trewin, B. C., Trotman, A. R., Tschudi, M., As, D., Wal, R. S. W., A, R. J., Schalie, R., Schrier, G., Werf, G. R., Meerbeeck, C. J., Velicogna, I., Verburg, P., Vigneswaran, B., Vincent, L. A., Volkov, D., Vose, R. S., Wagner, W., Wåhlin, A., Wahr, J., Walsh, J., Wang, C., Wang, J., Wang, L., Wang, M., Wang, S. H., Wanninkhof, R., Watanabe, S., Weber, M., Weller, R. A., Weyhenmeyer, G. A., Whitewood, R., Wijffels, S. E., Wilber, A. C., Wild, J. D., Willett, K. M., Williams, M. J. M., Willie, S., Wolken, G., Wong, T., Wood, E. F., Woolway, R. I., Wouters, B., Xue, Y., Yamada, R., Yim, S. Y., Yin, X., Young, S. H., Yu, L., Zahid, H., Zambrano, E., Zhang, P., Zhao, G., Zhou, L., Ziemke, J. R., Love-Brotak, S. E., Gilbert, K., Maycock, T., Osborne, S., Sprain, M., Veasey, S. W., Ambrose, B. J., Griffin, J., Misch, D. J., Riddle, D. B., Young, T., Macias Fauria, M, Blunden, J, Arndt, D, Earth and Climate, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, Clinical Developmental Psychology, Climate Change and Landscape Dynamics, and Molecular Cell Physiology
Subjects: Meteor (satellite), Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, 0208 environmental biotechnology, 02 engineering and technology, 01 natural sciences, 020801 environmental engineering, Geography, 13. Climate action, Climatology, SDG 13 - Climate Action, SDG 14 - Life Below Water, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: In 2016, the dominant greenhouse gases released into Earth's atmosphere-carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide-continued to increase and reach new record highs. The 3.5 +/- 0.1 ppm rise in global annual mean carbon dioxide from 2015 to 2016 was the largest annual increase observed in the 58-year measurement record. The annual global average carbon dioxide concentration at Earth's surface surpassed 400 ppm (402.9 +/- 0.1 ppm) for the first time in the modern atmospheric measurement record and in ice core records dating back as far as 800000 years. One of the strongest El Nino events since at least 1950 dissipated in spring, and a weak La Nina evolved later in the year. Owing at least in part to the combination of El Nino conditions early in the year and a long-term upward trend, Earth's surface observed record warmth for a third consecutive year, albeit by a much slimmer margin than by which that record was set in 2015. Above Earth's surface, the annual lower troposphere temperature was record high according to all datasets analyzed, while the lower stratospheric temperature was record low according to most of the in situ and satellite datasets. Several countries, including Mexico and India, reported record high annual temperatures while many others observed near-record highs. A week-long heat wave at the end of April over the northern and eastern Indian peninsula, with temperatures surpassing 44 degrees C, contributed to a water crisis for 330 million people and to 300 fatalities. In the Arctic the 2016 land surface temperature was 2.0 degrees C above the 1981-2010 average, breaking the previous record of 2007, 2011, and 2015 by 0.8 degrees C, representing a 3.5 degrees C increase since the record began in 1900. The increasing temperatures have led to decreasing Arctic sea ice extent and thickness. On 24 March, the sea ice extent at the end of the growth season saw its lowest maximum in the 37-year satellite record, tying with 2015 at 7.2% below the 1981-2010 average. The September 2016 Arctic sea ice minimum extent tied with 2007 for the second lowest value on record, 33% lower than the 1981-2010 average. Arctic sea ice cover remains relatively young and thin, making it vulnerable to continued extensive melt. The mass of the Greenland Ice Sheet, which has the capacity to contribute similar to 7 m to sea level rise, reached a record low value. The onset of its surface melt was the second earliest, after 2012, in the 37-year satellite record. Sea surface temperature was record high at the global scale, surpassing the previous record of 2015 by about 0.01 degrees C. The global sea surface temperature trend for the 21st century-to-date of +0.162 degrees C decade(-1) is much higher than the longer term 1950-2016 trend of +0.100 degrees C decade(-1). Global annual mean sea level also reached a new record high, marking the sixth consecutive year of increase. Global annual ocean heat content saw a slight drop compared to the record high in 2015. Alpine glacier retreat continued around the globe, and preliminary data indicate that 2016 is the 37th consecutive year of negative annual mass balance. Across the Northern Hemisphere, snow cover for each month from February to June was among its four least extensive in the 47-year satellite record. Continuing a pattern below the surface, record high temperatures at 20-m depth were measured at all permafrost observatories on the North Slope of Alaska and at the Canadian observatory on northernmost Ellesmere Island. In the Antarctic, record low monthly surface pressures were broken at many stations, with the southern annular mode setting record high index values in March and June. Monthly high surface pressure records for August and November were set at several stations. During this period, record low daily and monthly sea ice extents were observed, with the November mean sea ice extent more than 5 standard deviations below the 1981-2010 average. These record low sea ice values contrast sharply with the record high values observed during 2012-14. Over the region, springtime Antarctic stratospheric ozone depletion was less severe relative to the 1991-2006 average, but ozone levels were still low compared to pre-1990 levels. Closer to the equator, 93 named tropical storms were observed during 2016, above the 1981-2010 average of 82, but fewer than the 101 storms recorded in 2015. Three basins-the North Atlantic, and eastern and western North Pacific-experienced above-normal activity in 2016. The Australian basin recorded its least active season since the beginning of the satellite era in 1970. Overall, four tropical cyclones reached the Saffir-Simpson category 5 intensity level. The strong El Nino at the beginning of the year that transitioned to a weak La Nina contributed to enhanced precipitation variability around the world. Wet conditions were observed throughout the year across southern South America, causing repeated heavy flooding in Argentina, Paraguay, and Uruguay. Wetter-than-usual conditions were also observed for eastern Europe and central Asia, alleviating the drought conditions of 2014 and 2015 in southern Russia. In the United States, California had its first wetter-than-average year since 2012, after being plagued by drought for several years. Even so, the area covered by drought in 2016 at the global scale was among the largest in the post-1950 record. For each month, at least 12% of land surfaces experienced severe drought conditions or worse, the longest such stretch in the record. In northeastern Brazil, drought conditions were observed for the fifth consecutive year, making this the longest drought on record in the region. Dry conditions were also observed in western Bolivia and Peru; it was Bolivia's worst drought in the past 25 years. In May, with abnormally warm and dry conditions already prevailing over western Canada for about a year, the human-induced Fort McMurray wildfire burned nearly 590000 hectares and became the costliest disaster in Canadian history, with $3 billion (U.S. dollars) in insured losses.
Published: 2017
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6. A high-frequency atmospheric and seawater pCO2 data set from 14 open-ocean sites using a moored autonomous system

Author: Sutton, A. J., Sabine, C. L., Maenner-Jones, S., Lawrence-Slavas, N., Meinig, C., Feely, R. A., Mathis, J. T., Musielewicz, S., Bott, R., McLain, P. D., Fought, H. J., and Kozyr, A.
Subjects: lcsh:GE1-350, lcsh:Geology, lcsh:QE1-996.5, lcsh:Environmental sciences
Abstract: In an intensifying effort to track ocean change and distinguish between natural and anthropogenic drivers, sustained ocean time series measurements are becoming increasingly important. Advancements in the ocean carbon observation network over the last decade, such as the development and deployment of Moored Autonomous pCO2 (MAPCO2) systems, have dramatically improved our ability to characterize ocean climate, sea–air gas exchange, and biogeochemical processes. The MAPCO2 system provides high-resolution data that can measure interannual, seasonal, and sub-seasonal dynamics and constrain the impact of short-term biogeochemical variability on carbon dioxide (CO2) flux. Overall uncertainty of the MAPCO2 using in situ calibrations with certified gas standards and post-deployment standard operating procedures is < 2 μatm for seawater partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2) and < 1 μatm for air pCO2. The MAPCO2 maintains this level of uncertainty for over 400 days of autonomous operation. MAPCO2 measurements are consistent with shipboard seawater pCO2 measurements and GLOBALVIEW-CO2 boundary layer atmospheric values. Here we provide an open-ocean MAPCO2 data set including over 100 000 individual atmospheric and seawater pCO2 measurements on 14 surface buoys from 2004 through 2011 and a description of the methods and data quality control involved. The climate-quality data provided by the MAPCO2 have allowed for the establishment of open-ocean observatories to track surface ocean pCO2 changes around the globe. Data are available at doi:10.3334/CDIAC/OTG.TSM_NDP092 and http://cdiac.ornl.gov/oceans/Moorings/ndp092.
Published: 2014

7. Air-sea CO2 fluxes on the Bering Sea shelf

Author: Bates, N. R., Mathis, J. T., and Jeffries, M. A.
Subjects: lcsh:Geology, lcsh:QH501-531, lcsh:QH540-549.5, lcsh:QE1-996.5, lcsh:Life, lcsh:Ecology
Abstract: There have been few previous studies of surface seawater CO2 partial pressure (pCO2) variability and air-sea CO2 gas exchange rates for the Bering Sea shelf. In 2008, spring and summertime observations were collected in the Bering Sea shelf as part of the Bering Sea Ecological Study (BEST). Our results indicate that the Bering Sea shelf was close to neutral in terms of CO2 sink-source status in springtime due to relatively small air-sea CO2 gradients (i.e., ΔpCO2 and sea-ice cover. However, by summertime, very low seawater pCO2 values were observed and much of the Bering Sea shelf became strongly undersaturated with respect to atmospheric CO2 concentrations. Thus the Bering Sea shelf transitions seasonally from mostly neutral conditions to a strong oceanic sink for atmospheric CO2 particularly in the "green belt" region of the Bering Sea where there are high rates of phytoplankton primary production (PP)and net community production (NCP). Ocean biological processes dominate the seasonal drawdown of seawater pCO2 for large areas of the Bering Sea shelf, with the effect partly countered by seasonal warming. In small areas of the Bering Sea shelf south of the Pribilof Islands and in the SE Bering Sea, seasonal warming is the dominant influence on seawater pCO2, shifting localized areas of the shelf from minor/neutral CO2 sink status to neutral/minor CO2 source status, in contrast to much of the Bering Sea shelf. Overall, we compute that the Bering Sea shelf CO2 sink in 2008 was 157 ± 35 Tg C yr−1 (Tg = 1012 g C) and thus a strong sink for CO2.
Published: 2011

8. Global carbon budget 2014

Author: Le Quéré, C., Moriarty, R., Andrew, R. M., Peters, G. P., Ciais, P., Friedlingstein, P., Jones, S. D., Sitch, S., Tans, P., Arneth, A., Boden, T. A., Bopp, L., Bozec, Y., Canadell, J. G., Chevallier, F., Cosca, C. E., Harris, I., Hoppema, M., Houghton, R. A., House, J. I., Jain, A., Johannessen, T., Kato, E., Keeling, R. F., Kitidis, V., Klein Goldewijk, K., Koven, C., Landa, C. S., Landschützer, P., Lenton, A., Lima, I. D., Marland, G., Mathis, J. T., Metzl, N., Nojiri, Y., Olsen, A., Ono, T., Peters, W., Pfeil, B., Poulter, B., Raupach, M. R., Regnier, P., Rödenbeck, C., Saito, S., Salisbury, J. E., Schuster, U., Schwinger, J., Séférian, R., Segschneider, J., Steinhoff, T., Stocker, B. D., Sutton, A. J., Takahashi, T., Tilbrook, B., van der Werf, G. R., Viovy, N., Wang, Y.-P., Wanninkhof, R., Wiltshire, A., Zeng, N., Environmental Sciences, LS Economische Geschiedenis, and Leerstoel Aarts
Abstract: Accurate assessment of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2)emissions and their redistribution among the atmosphere, ocean, andterrestrial biosphere is important to better understand the globalcarbon cycle, support the development of climate policies, and projectfuture climate change. Here we describe datasets and a methodology toquantify all major components of the global carbon budget, includingtheir uncertainties, based on the combination of a range of data,algorithms, statistics and model estimates and their interpretation by abroad scientific community. We discuss changes compared to previousestimates, consistency within and among components, alongsidemethodology and data limitations. CO2 emissions from fossilfuel combustion and cement production (EFF) are based onenergy statistics and cement production data, respectively, whileemissions from Land-Use Change (ELUC), mainly deforestation,are based on combined evidence from land-cover change data, fireactivity associated with deforestation, and models. The globalatmospheric CO2 concentration is measured directly and itsrate of growth (GATM) is computed from the annual changes inconcentration. The mean ocean CO2 sink (SOCEAN) isbased on observations from the 1990s, while the annual anomalies andtrends are estimated with ocean models. The variability inSOCEAN is evaluated with data products based on surveys ofocean CO2 measurements. The global residual terrestrialCO2 sink (SLAND) is estimated by the difference ofthe other terms of the global carbon budget and compared to results ofindependent Dynamic Global Vegetation Models forced by observed climate,CO2 and land cover change (some including nitrogen-carboninteractions). We compare the variability and mean land and ocean fluxesto estimates from three atmospheric inverse methods for three broadlatitude bands. All uncertainties are reported as ±1σ,reflecting the current capacity to characterise the annual estimates ofeach component of the global carbon budget. For the last decadeavailable (2004-2013), EFF was 8.9 ± 0.4 GtCyr-1, ELUC 0.9 ± 0.5 GtC yr-1,GATM 4.3 ± 0.1 GtC yr-1, SOCEAN2.6 ± 0.5 GtC yr-1, and SLAND 2.9 ±0.8 GtC yr-1. For year 2013 alone, EFF grew to 9.9± 0.5 GtC yr-1, 2.3% above 2012, contining the growthtrend in these emissions. ELUC was 0.9 ± 0.5 GtCyr-1, GATM was 5.4 ± 0.2 GtCyr-1, SOCEAN was 2.9 ± 0.5 GtCyr-1 and SLAND was 2.5 ± 0.9 GtCyr-1. GATM was high in 2013 reflecting a steadyincrease in EFF and smaller and opposite changes betweenSOCEAN and SLAND compared to the past decade(2004-2013). The global atmospheric CO2 concentration reached395.31 ± 0.10 ppm averaged over 2013. We estimate thatEFF will increase by 2.5% (1.3-3.5%) to 10.1 ± 0.6 GtCin 2014 (37.0 ± 2.2 GtCO2 yr-1), 65% aboveemissions in 1990, based on projections of World Gross Domestic Productand recent changes in the carbon intensity of the economy. From thisprojection of EFF and assumed constant ELUC for2014, cumulative emissions of CO2 will reach about 545± 55 GtC (2000 ± 200 GtCO2) for 1870-2014,about 75% from EFF and 25% from ELUC. This paperdocuments changes in the methods and datasets used in this new carbonbudget compared with previous publications of this living dataset (LeQuéré et al., 2013, 2014). All observations presented herecan be downloaded from the Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center(doi:10.3334/CDIAC/GCP_2014). Italic font highlights significant methodological changesand results compared to the Le Quéré et al. (2015)manuscript that accompanies the previous version of this living data.
Published: 2015

9. Global carbon budget 2014

Author: Canadell, J. G., Tilbrook, B., Raupach, M. R., House, J. I., Salisbury, J. E., Keeling, R. F., Steinhoff, T., Moriarty, R., Wanninkhof, R., Lenton, A., Andrew, R. M., Poulter, B., Koven, C., Schuster, U., Peters, G. P., Landa, C. S., Arneth, A., Bopp, L., Johannessen, T., Bozec, Y., Wang, Y.-P., Cosca, C. E., Ciais, P., Mathis, J. T., Tans, P., Viovy, N., Harris, I., Landschützer, P., Lima, I. D., Takahashi, T., Friedlingstein, P., Jain, A. K., Metzl, N., Regnier, P., Olsen, A., Hoppema, M., Jones, S. D., Le Quéré, C., Chevallier, F., Sitch, S., Klein Goldewijk, K., Marland, G., Boden, T. A., Ono, T., Houghton, R. A., Peters, W., Kato, E., Nojiri, Y., Peng, S., Wiltshire, A., Chini, L. P., Rödenbeck, C., Segschneider, J., Saito, S., Schwinger, J., Sutton, A. J., Zeng, N., Van Der Werf, G. R., Stocker, Benjamin, Séférian, R., Pfeil, B., and Kitidis, V.
Subjects: 530 Physics
Published: 2015
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10. Changes in Ocean Heat, Carbon Content, and Ventilation: A Review of the First Decade of GO-SHIP Global Repeat Hydrography

Author: Talley, L. D., Feely, R. A., Sloyan, B. M., Wanninkhof, R., Baringer, M. O., Bullister, J. L., Carlson, C. A., Doney, S. C., Fine, R. A., Firing, E., Gruber, N., Hansell, D .A., Ishii, M., Johnson, G. C., Katsumata, K., Key, R. M., Kramp, M., Langdon, C., Macdonald, A. M., Mathis, J. T., McDonagh, E. L., Mecking, S., Millero, F. J., Mordy, C. W., Nakano, T., Sabine, C. L., Smethie, W. M., Swift, J. H., Tanhua, Toste, Thurnherr, A. M., Warner, M. J., Zhang, J.-Z., Talley, L. D., Feely, R. A., Sloyan, B. M., Wanninkhof, R., Baringer, M. O., Bullister, J. L., Carlson, C. A., Doney, S. C., Fine, R. A., Firing, E., Gruber, N., Hansell, D .A., Ishii, M., Johnson, G. C., Katsumata, K., Key, R. M., Kramp, M., Langdon, C., Macdonald, A. M., Mathis, J. T., McDonagh, E. L., Mecking, S., Millero, F. J., Mordy, C. W., Nakano, T., Sabine, C. L., Smethie, W. M., Swift, J. H., Tanhua, Toste, Thurnherr, A. M., Warner, M. J., and Zhang, J.-Z.
Abstract: Global ship-based programs, with highly accurate, full water column physical and biogeochemical observations repeated decadally since the 1970s, provide a crucial resource for documenting ocean change. The ocean, a central component of Earth’s climate system, is taking up most of Earth’s excess anthropogenic heat, with about 19% of this excess in the abyssal ocean beneath 2,000 m, dominated by Southern Ocean warming. The ocean also has taken up about 27% of anthropogenic carbon, resulting in acidification of the upper ocean. Increased stratification has resulted in a decline in oxygen and increase in nutrients in the Northern Hemisphere thermocline and an expansion of tropical oxygen minimum zones. Southern Hemisphere thermocline oxygen increased in the 2000s owing to stronger wind forcing and ventilation. The most recent decade of global hydrography has mapped dissolved organic carbon, a large, bioactive reservoir, for the first time and quantified its contribution to export production (∼20%) and deep-ocean oxygen utilization. Ship-based measurements also show that vertical diffusivity increases from a minimum in the thermocline to a maximum within the bottom 1,500 m, shifting our physical paradigm of the ocean’s overturning circulation.
Published: 2016
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11. STATE OF THE CLIMATE IN 2011 Special Supplement to the Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society Vol. 93, No. 7, July 2012

Author: Arndt, D. S., Blunden, J., Willett, K. M., Dolman, A. J., Hall, B. D., Thorne, P. W., Gregg, M. C., Newlin, M. L., Xue, Y., Hu, Z., Kumar, A., Banzon, V., Smith, T. M., Rayner, N. A., Jeffries, M. O., Richter-Menge, J., Overland, J., Bhatt, U., Key, J., Liu, Y., Walsh, J., Wang, M., Fogt, R. L., Scambos, T. A., Wovrosh, A. J., Barreira, S., Sanchez-Lugo, A., Renwick, J. A., Thiaw, W. M., Weaver, S. J., Whitewood, R., Phillips, D., Achberger, C., Ackerman, S. A., Ahmed, F. H., Albanil-Encarnacion, A., Alfaro, E. J., Alves, L. M., Allan, R., Amador, J. A., Ambenje, P., Antoine, M. D., Antonov, J., Arevalo, J., Ashik, I., Atheru, Z., Baccini, A., Baez, J., Baringer, M. O., Barriopedro, D. E., Bates, J. J., Becker, A., Behrenfeld, M. J., Bell, G. D., Benedetti, A., Bernhard, G., Berrisford, P., Berry, D. I., Beszczynska-Moeller, A., Bhatt, U. S., Bidegain, M., Bieniek, P., Birkett, C., Bissolli, P., Blake, E. S., Boudet-Rouco, D., Box, J. E., Boyer, T., Braathen, G. O., Brackenridge, G. R., Brohan, P., Bromwich, D. H., Brown, L., Brown, R., Bruhwiler, L., Bulygina, O. N., Burrows, J., Calderon, B., Camargo, S. J., Cappellen, J., Carmack, E., Carrasco, G., Chambers, D. P., Christiansen, H. H., Christy, J., Chung, D., Ciais, P., Coehlo, C. A. S., Colwell, S., Comiso, J., Cretaux, J. F., Crouch, J., Cunningham, S. A., Jeu, R. A. M., Demircan, M., Derksen, C., Diamond, H. J., Dlugokencky, E. J., Dohan, K., Dorigo, W. A., Drozdov, D. S., Duguay, C., Dutton, E., Dutton, G. S., Elkins, J. W., Epstein, H. E., Famiglietti, J. S., Fanton D Andon, O. H., Feely, R. A., Fekete, B. M., Fenimore, C., Fernandez-Prieto, D., Fields, E., Fioletov, V., Folland, C., Foster, M. J., Frajka-Williams, E., Franz, B. A., Frey, K., Frith, S. H., Frolov, I., Frost, G. V., Ganter, C., Garzoli, S., Gitau, W., Gleason, K. L., Gobron, N., Goldenberg, S. B., Goni, G., Gonzalez-Garcia, I., Gonzalez-Rodriguez, N., Good, S. A., Goryl, P., Gottschalck, J., Gouveia, C. M., Griffiths, G. M., Grigoryan, V., Grooss, J. U., Guard, C., Guglielmin, M., Halpert, M. S., Heidinger, A. K., Heikkila, A., Heim, R. R., Hennon, P. A., Hidalgo, H. G., Hilburn, K., Ho, S. P., Hobbs, W. R., Holgate, S., Hook, S. J., Hovsepyan, A., Hu, Z. Z., Hugony, S., Hurst, D. F., Ingvaldsen, R., Itoh, M., Jaimes, E., Jeffries, M., Johns, W. E., Johnsen, B., Johnson, B., Johnson, G. C., Jones, L. T., Jumaux, G., Kabidi, K., Kaiser, J. W., Kang, K. K., Kanzow, T. O., Kao, H. Y., Keller, L. M., Kendon, M., Kennedy, J. J., Kervankiran, S., Khatiwala, S., Kholodov, A. L., Khoshkam, M., Kikuchi, T., Kimberlain, T. B., King, D., Knaff, J. A., Korshunova, N. N., Koskela, T., Kratz, D. P., Krishfield, R., Kruger, A., Kruk, M. C., Lagerloef, G., Lakkala, K., Lammers, R. B., Lander, M. A., Landsea, C. W., Lankhorst, M., Lapinel-Pedroso, B., Lazzara, M. A., Leduc, S., Lefale, P., Leon, G., Leon-Lee, A., Leuliette, E., Levitus, S., L Heureux, M., Lin, II, Liu, H. X., Liu, Y. J., Lobato-Sanchez, R., Locarnini, R., Loeb, N. G., Loeng, H., Long, C. S., Lorrey, A. M., Lumpkin, R., Myhre, C. L., Jing-Jia Luo, Lyman, J. M., Maccallum, S., Macdonald, A. M., Maddux, B. C., Manney, G., Marchenko, S. S., Marengo, J. A., Maritorena, S., Marotzke, J., Marra, J. J., Martinez-Sanchez, O., Maslanik, J., Massom, R. A., Mathis, J. T., Mcbride, C., Mcclain, C. R., Mcgrath, D., Mcgree, S., Mclaughlin, F., Mcvicar, T. R., Mears, C., Meier, W., Meinen, C. S., Menendez, M., Merchant, C., Merrifield, M. A., Miller, L., Mitchum, G. T., Montzka, S. A., Moore, S., Mora, N. P., Morcrette, J. J., Mote, T., Muhle, J., Mullan, A. B., Muller, R., Myhre, C., Nash, E. R., Nerem, R. S., Newman, P. A., Ngari, A., Nishino, S., Njau, L. N., Noetzli, J., Oberman, N. G., Obregon, A., Ogallo, L., Oludhe, C., Oyunjargal, L., Parinussa, R. M., Park, G. H., Parker, D. E., Pasch, R. J., Pascual-Ramirez, R., Pelto, M. S., Penalba, O., Perez-Suarez, R., Perovich, D., Pezza, A. B., Pickart, R., Pinty, B., Pinzon, J., Pitts, M. C., Pour, H. K., Prior, J., Privette, J. L., Proshutinsky, A., Quegan, S., Quintana, J., Rabe, B., Rahimzadeh, F., Rajeevan, M., Rayner, D., Raynolds, M. K., Razuvaev, V. N., Reagan, J., Reid, P., Revadekar, J., Rex, M., Rivera, I. L., Robinson, D. A., Rodell, M., Roderick, M. L., Romanovsky, V. E., Ronchail, J., Rosenlof, K. H., Rudels, B., Sabine, C. L., Santee, M. L., Sawaengphokhai, P., Sayouri, A., Schauer, U., Schemm, J., Schmid, C., Schreck, C., Semiletov, I., Send, U., Sensoy, S., Shakhova, N., Sharp, M., Shiklomanov, N. I., Shimada, K., Shin, J., Siegel, D. A., Simmons, A., Skansi, M., Sokolov, V., Spence, J., Srivastava, A. K., Stackhouse, P. W., Stammerjohn, S., Steele, M., Steffen, K., Steinbrecht, W., Stephenson, T., Stolarski, R. S., Sweet, W., Takahashi, T., Taylor, M. A., Tedesco, M., Thepaut, J. N., Thompson, P., Timmermans, M. L., Tobin, S., Toole, J., Trachte, K., Trewin, B. C., Trigo, R. M., Trotman, A., Tucker, C. J., Ulupinar, Y., Wal, R. S. W., Werf, G. R., Vautard, R., Votaw, G., Wagner, W. W., Wahr, J., Walker, D. A., Wang, C. Z., Wang, J. H., Wang, L., Wang, M. H., Wang, S. H., Wanninkhof, R., Weaver, S., Weber, M., Weingartner, T., Weller, R. A., Wentz, F., Wilber, A. C., Williams, W., Willis, J. K., Wilson, R. C., Wolken, G., Wong, T. M., Woodgate, R., Yamada, R., Yamamoto-Kawai, M., Yoder, J. A., Yu, L. S., Yueh, S., Zhang, L. Y., Zhang, P. Q., Zhao, L., Zhou, X. J., Zimmermann, S., Zubair, L., Laboratoire d'études en Géophysique et océanographie spatiales (LEGOS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory (LDEO), Columbia University [New York], Space Technology Center, European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF), Climate Research Division [Toronto], Environment and Climate Change Canada, Earth and Space Research Institute [Seattle] (ESR), Department of Hydrology and Geo-Environmental Sciences [Amsterdam], Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam [Amsterdam] (VU), Vienna University of Technology (TU Wien), Instituto Dom Luiz, Universidade de Lisboa = University of Lisbon (ULISBOA), NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory (ESRL), Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), University of Colorado [Boulder]-National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Department of Earth System Science [Irvine] (ESS), University of California [Irvine] (UC Irvine), University of California (UC)-University of California (UC), Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), NASA-California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), University of California Center for Hydrologic Modeling [Irvine] (UCCHM), NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory [Seattle] (PMEL), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - 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University of Applied Sciences, Laboratoire d'océanographie de Villefranche (LOV), Observatoire océanologique de Villefranche-sur-mer (OOVM), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology (IITM), Ministry of Earth Sciences [India], Woods Hole Research Center, Department of Earth and Environment [Boston], Boston University [Boston] (BU), Centre for Australian Weather and Climate Research (CAWCR), Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung (AWI), Génétique et Ecologie des Virus, Génétique des Virus et Pathogénèse des Maladies Virales, Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University (OSU), Ctr Ecol & Hydrol, Bangor, Environm Ctr Wales, Biospherical Instruments Inc., Processus de la variabilité climatique tropicale et impacts (PARVATI), Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7), Instituto Uruguayo de Meteorología, Javier Barrios Amorín 1488, CP 11200, Montevideo, Uruguay, Science Systems and Applications, Inc. [Hampton] (SSAI), National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC), Naval Postgraduate School (NPS), University of California [Berkeley] (UC Berkeley), Centre de physique moléculaire optique et hertzienne (CPMOH), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1 (UB)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), CYRIC, Tohoku University [Sendai], The University of Tennessee [Knoxville], Oak Ridge National Laboratory [Oak Ridge] (ORNL), UT-Battelle, LLC, The University Centre in Svalbard (UNIS), Institute of Arctic Alpine Research [University of Colorado Boulder] (INSTAAR), Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Meteorologisches Observatorium Hohenpeißenberg (MOHp), Deutscher Wetterdienst [Offenbach] (DWD), British Antarctic Survey (BAS), Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Universidade de Lisboa (ULISBOA), University of California [Irvine] (UCI), University of California-University of California, Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Universitá degli Studi dell’Insubria, University of Costa Rica, Météo France [Sainte-Clotilde], Météo France, University of Oxford [Oxford], Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO), Huazhong Agricultural University, University of California, NMR and Molecular Imaging Laboratory [Mons], University of Mons [Belgium] (UMONS), Lausanne University Hospital [Switzerland], Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de la Mer de Villefranche (IMEV), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Berkeley University of California (UC BERKELEY), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1, and Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research (INSTAAR)
Subjects: [SDU.STU.OC]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Oceanography
Abstract: International audience; Large-scale climate patterns influenced temperature and weather patterns around the globe in 2011. In particular, a moderate-to-strong La Nina at the beginning of the year dissipated during boreal spring but reemerged during fall. The phenomenon contributed to historical droughts in East Africa, the southern United States, and northern Mexico, as well the wettest two-year period (2010-11) on record for Australia, particularly remarkable as this follows a decade-long dry period. Precipitation patterns in South America were also influenced by La Nina. Heavy rain in Rio de Janeiro in January triggered the country's worst floods and landslides in Brazil's history. The 2011 combined average temperature across global land and ocean surfaces was the coolest since 2008, but was also among the 15 warmest years on record and above the 1981-2010 average. The global sea surface temperature cooled by 0.1 degrees C from 2010 to 2011, associated with cooling influences of La Nina. Global integrals of upper ocean heat content for 2011 were higher than for all prior years, demonstrating the Earth's dominant role of the oceans in the Earth's energy budget. In the upper atmosphere, tropical stratospheric temperatures were anomalously warm, while polar temperatures were anomalously cold. This led to large springtime stratospheric ozone reductions in polar latitudes in both hemispheres. Ozone concentrations in the Arctic stratosphere during March were the lowest for that period since satellite records began in 1979. An extensive, deep, and persistent ozone hole over the Antarctic in September indicates that the recovery to pre-1980 conditions is proceeding very slowly. Atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations increased by 2.10 ppm in 2011, and exceeded 390 ppm for the first time since instrumental records began. Other greenhouse gases also continued to rise in concentration and the combined effect now represents a 30% increase in radiative forcing over a 1990 baseline. Most ozone depleting substances continued to fall. The global net ocean carbon dioxide uptake for the 2010 transition period from El Nino to La Nina, the most recent period for which analyzed data are available, was estimated to be 1.30 Pg C yr(-1), almost 12% below the 29-year long-term average. Relative to the long-term trend, global sea level dropped noticeably in mid-2010 and reached a local minimum in 2011. The drop has been linked to the La Nina conditions that prevailed throughout much of 2010-11. Global sea level increased sharply during the second half of 2011. Global tropical cyclone activity during 2011 was well-below average, with a total of 74 storms compared with the 1981-2010 average of 89. Similar to 2010, the North Atlantic was the only basin that experienced above-normal activity. For the first year since the widespread introduction of the Dvorak intensity-estimation method in the 1980s, only three tropical cyclones reached Category 5 intensity level-all in the Northwest Pacific basin. The Arctic continued to warm at about twice the rate compared with lower latitudes. Below-normal summer snowfall, a decreasing trend in surface albedo, and above-average surface and upper air temperatures resulted in a continued pattern of extreme surface melting, and net snow and ice loss on the Greenland ice sheet. Warmer-than-normal temperatures over the Eurasian Arctic in spring resulted in a new record-low June snow cover extent and spring snow cover duration in this region. In the Canadian Arctic, the mass loss from glaciers and ice caps was the greatest since GRACE measurements began in 2002, continuing a negative trend that began in 1987. New record high temperatures occurred at 20 m below the land surface at all permafrost observatories on the North Slope of Alaska, where measurements began in the late 1970s. Arctic sea ice extent in September 2011 was the second-lowest on record, while the extent of old ice (four and five years) reached a new record minimum that was just 19% of normal. On the opposite pole, austral winter and spring temperatures were more than 3 degrees C above normal over much of the Antarctic continent. However, winter temperatures were below normal in the northern Antarctic Peninsula, which continued the downward trend there during the last 15 years. In summer, an all-time record high temperature of -12.3 degrees C was set at the South Pole station on 25 December, exceeding the previous record by more than a full degree. Antarctic sea ice extent anomalies increased steadily through much of the year, from briefly setting a record low in April, to well above average in December. The latter trend reflects the dispersive effects of low pressure on sea ice and the generally cool conditions around the Antarctic perimeter.
Published: 2012
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12. Global carbon budget 2014

Author: Environmental Sciences, LS Economische Geschiedenis, Leerstoel Aarts, Le Quéré, C., Moriarty, R., Andrew, R. M., Peters, G. P., Ciais, P., Friedlingstein, P., Jones, S. D., Sitch, S., Tans, P., Arneth, A., Boden, T. A., Bopp, L., Bozec, Y., Canadell, J. G., Chevallier, F., Cosca, C. E., Harris, I., Hoppema, M., Houghton, R. A., House, J. I., Jain, A., Johannessen, T., Kato, E., Keeling, R. F., Kitidis, V., Klein Goldewijk, K., Koven, C., Landa, C. S., Landschützer, P., Lenton, A., Lima, I. D., Marland, G., Mathis, J. T., Metzl, N., Nojiri, Y., Olsen, A., Ono, T., Peters, W., Pfeil, B., Poulter, B., Raupach, M. R., Regnier, P., Rödenbeck, C., Saito, S., Salisbury, J. E., Schuster, U., Schwinger, J., Séférian, R., Segschneider, J., Steinhoff, T., Stocker, B. D., Sutton, A. J., Takahashi, T., Tilbrook, B., van der Werf, G. R., Viovy, N., Wang, Y.-P., Wanninkhof, R., Wiltshire, A., Zeng, N., Environmental Sciences, LS Economische Geschiedenis, Leerstoel Aarts, Le Quéré, C., Moriarty, R., Andrew, R. M., Peters, G. P., Ciais, P., Friedlingstein, P., Jones, S. D., Sitch, S., Tans, P., Arneth, A., Boden, T. A., Bopp, L., Bozec, Y., Canadell, J. G., Chevallier, F., Cosca, C. E., Harris, I., Hoppema, M., Houghton, R. A., House, J. I., Jain, A., Johannessen, T., Kato, E., Keeling, R. F., Kitidis, V., Klein Goldewijk, K., Koven, C., Landa, C. S., Landschützer, P., Lenton, A., Lima, I. D., Marland, G., Mathis, J. T., Metzl, N., Nojiri, Y., Olsen, A., Ono, T., Peters, W., Pfeil, B., Poulter, B., Raupach, M. R., Regnier, P., Rödenbeck, C., Saito, S., Salisbury, J. E., Schuster, U., Schwinger, J., Séférian, R., Segschneider, J., Steinhoff, T., Stocker, B. D., Sutton, A. J., Takahashi, T., Tilbrook, B., van der Werf, G. R., Viovy, N., Wang, Y.-P., Wanninkhof, R., Wiltshire, A., and Zeng, N.
Published: 2015

13. Estimating stable carbon isotope values of microphytobenthos in the Arctic for application to food web studies

Author: Oxtoby, L. E., primary, Mathis, J. T., additional, Juranek, L. W., additional, and Wooller, M. J., additional
Published: 2015
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14. Assessing net community production in a glaciated Alaskan fjord

Author: Reisdorph, S. C., primary and Mathis, J. T., additional
Published: 2015
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15. Global carbon budget 2014

Author: Le Quéré, C., primary, Moriarty, R., additional, Andrew, R. M., additional, Peters, G. P., additional, Ciais, P., additional, Friedlingstein, P., additional, Jones, S. D., additional, Sitch, S., additional, Tans, P., additional, Arneth, A., additional, Boden, T. A., additional, Bopp, L., additional, Bozec, Y., additional, Canadell, J. G., additional, Chini, L. P., additional, Chevallier, F., additional, Cosca, C. E., additional, Harris, I., additional, Hoppema, M., additional, Houghton, R. A., additional, House, J. I., additional, Jain, A. K., additional, Johannessen, T., additional, Kato, E., additional, Keeling, R. F., additional, Kitidis, V., additional, Klein Goldewijk, K., additional, Koven, C., additional, Landa, C. S., additional, Landschützer, P., additional, Lenton, A., additional, Lima, I. D., additional, Marland, G., additional, Mathis, J. T., additional, Metzl, N., additional, Nojiri, Y., additional, Olsen, A., additional, Ono, T., additional, Peng, S., additional, Peters, W., additional, Pfeil, B., additional, Poulter, B., additional, Raupach, M. R., additional, Regnier, P., additional, Rödenbeck, C., additional, Saito, S., additional, Salisbury, J. E., additional, Schuster, U., additional, Schwinger, J., additional, Séférian, R., additional, Segschneider, J., additional, Steinhoff, T., additional, Stocker, B. D., additional, Sutton, A. J., additional, Takahashi, T., additional, Tilbrook, B., additional, van der Werf, G. R., additional, Viovy, N., additional, Wang, Y.-P., additional, Wanninkhof, R., additional, Wiltshire, A., additional, and Zeng, N., additional
Published: 2015
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16. An update to the Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas (SOCAT version 2)

Author: Bakker, D. C. E., Pfeil, B., Smith, K., Hankin, S., Olsen, A., Alin, S. R., Cosca, C., Harasawa, S., Kozyr, A., Nojiri, Y., O'Brien, K. M., Schuster, U., Telszewski, M., Tilbrook, B., Wada, C., Akl, J., Barbero, L., Bates, N. R., Boutin, J., Bozec, Y., Cai, W. -j., Castle, R. D., Chavez, F. P., Chen, L., Chierici, M., Currie, K., De Baar, H. J. W., Evans, W., Feely, R. A., Fransson, A., Gao, Z., Hales, B., Hardman-mountford, N. J., Hoppema, M., Huang, W. -j., Hunt, C. W., Huss, B., Ichikawa, T., Johannessen, T., Jones, E. M., Jones, S. D., Jutterstrom, S., Kitidis, V., Koertzinger, A., Landschuetzer, P., Lauvset, S. K., Lefevre, N., Manke, A. B., Mathis, J. T., Merlivat, L., Metzl, N., Murata, A., Newberger, T., Omar, A. M., Ono, T., Park, G. -h., Paterson, K., Pierrot, D., Rios, A. F., Sabine, C. L., Saito, S., Salisbury, J., Sarma, V. V. S. S., Schlitzer, R., Sieger, R., Skjelvan, I., Steinhoff, T., Sullivan, K. F., Sun, H., Sutton, A. J., Suzuki, T., Sweeney, C., Takahashi, T., Tjiputra, J., Tsurushima, N., Van Heuven, S. M. A. C., Vandemark, D., Vlahos, P., Wallace, D. W. R., Wanninkhof, R., Watson, A. J., Bakker, D. C. E., Pfeil, B., Smith, K., Hankin, S., Olsen, A., Alin, S. R., Cosca, C., Harasawa, S., Kozyr, A., Nojiri, Y., O'Brien, K. M., Schuster, U., Telszewski, M., Tilbrook, B., Wada, C., Akl, J., Barbero, L., Bates, N. R., Boutin, J., Bozec, Y., Cai, W. -j., Castle, R. D., Chavez, F. P., Chen, L., Chierici, M., Currie, K., De Baar, H. J. W., Evans, W., Feely, R. A., Fransson, A., Gao, Z., Hales, B., Hardman-mountford, N. J., Hoppema, M., Huang, W. -j., Hunt, C. W., Huss, B., Ichikawa, T., Johannessen, T., Jones, E. M., Jones, S. D., Jutterstrom, S., Kitidis, V., Koertzinger, A., Landschuetzer, P., Lauvset, S. K., Lefevre, N., Manke, A. B., Mathis, J. T., Merlivat, L., Metzl, N., Murata, A., Newberger, T., Omar, A. M., Ono, T., Park, G. -h., Paterson, K., Pierrot, D., Rios, A. F., Sabine, C. L., Saito, S., Salisbury, J., Sarma, V. V. S. S., Schlitzer, R., Sieger, R., Skjelvan, I., Steinhoff, T., Sullivan, K. F., Sun, H., Sutton, A. J., Suzuki, T., Sweeney, C., Takahashi, T., Tjiputra, J., Tsurushima, N., Van Heuven, S. M. A. C., Vandemark, D., Vlahos, P., Wallace, D. W. R., Wanninkhof, R., and Watson, A. J.
Abstract: The Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas (SOCAT), an activity of the international marine carbon research community, provides access to synthesis and gridded fCO(2) (fugacity of carbon dioxide) products for the surface oceans. Version 2 of SOCAT is an update of the previous release (version 1) with more data (increased from 6.3 million to 10.1 million surface water fCO(2) values) and extended data coverage (from 1968-2007 to 1968-2011). The quality control criteria, while identical in both versions, have been applied more strictly in version 2 than in version 1. The SOCAT website (http://www.socat.info/) has links to quality control comments, metadata, individual data set files, and synthesis and gridded data products. Interactive online tools allow visitors to explore the richness of the data. Applications of SOCAT include process studies, quantification of the ocean carbon sink and its spatial, seasonal, year-to-year and longer-term variation, as well as initialisation or validation of ocean carbon models and coupled climate-carbon models.
Published: 2014
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17. Global carbon budget 2014

Author: Le Quéré, C., Moriarty, R., Andrew, R. M., Peters, G. P., Ciais, P., Friedlingstein, P., Jones, S. D., Sitch, S., Tans, P., Arneth, A., Boden, T. A., Bopp, L., Bozec, Y., Canadell, J. G., Chevallier, F., Cosca, C. E., Harris, I., Hoppema, M., Houghton, R. A., House, J. I., Jain, A., Johannessen, T., Kato, E., Keeling, R. F., Kitidis, V., Klein Goldewijk, K., Koven, C., Landa, C. S., Landschützer, P., Lenton, A., Lima, I. D., Marland, G., Mathis, J. T., Metzl, N., Nojiri, Y., Olsen, A., Ono, T., Peters, W., Pfeil, B., Poulter, B., Raupach, M. R., Regnier, P., Rödenbeck, C., Saito, S., Salisbury, J. E., Schuster, U., Schwinger, J., Séférian, R., Segschneider, J., Steinhoff, T., Stocker, B. D., Sutton, A. J., Takahashi, T., Tilbrook, B., van der Werf, G. R., Viovy, N., Wang, Y.-P., Wanninkhof, R., Wiltshire, A., Zeng, N., Le Quéré, C., Moriarty, R., Andrew, R. M., Peters, G. P., Ciais, P., Friedlingstein, P., Jones, S. D., Sitch, S., Tans, P., Arneth, A., Boden, T. A., Bopp, L., Bozec, Y., Canadell, J. G., Chevallier, F., Cosca, C. E., Harris, I., Hoppema, M., Houghton, R. A., House, J. I., Jain, A., Johannessen, T., Kato, E., Keeling, R. F., Kitidis, V., Klein Goldewijk, K., Koven, C., Landa, C. S., Landschützer, P., Lenton, A., Lima, I. D., Marland, G., Mathis, J. T., Metzl, N., Nojiri, Y., Olsen, A., Ono, T., Peters, W., Pfeil, B., Poulter, B., Raupach, M. R., Regnier, P., Rödenbeck, C., Saito, S., Salisbury, J. E., Schuster, U., Schwinger, J., Séférian, R., Segschneider, J., Steinhoff, T., Stocker, B. D., Sutton, A. J., Takahashi, T., Tilbrook, B., van der Werf, G. R., Viovy, N., Wang, Y.-P., Wanninkhof, R., Wiltshire, A., and Zeng, N.
Published: 2014

18. The oceanic sink for anthropogenic CO2 since the mid 1990s

Author: Gruber, N., Clement, D., Tanhua, T., Ishii, M., Key, R. M., Rodgers, K., Feely, R. A., Sabine, C. L., Mathis, J. T., Wanninkhof, R., van Heuven, S., Hoppema, Mario, Perez, F. F., García-Ibañez, M., Lo Monaco, C., Murata, A., Lauvset, S., Kozyr, A., Gruber, N., Clement, D., Tanhua, T., Ishii, M., Key, R. M., Rodgers, K., Feely, R. A., Sabine, C. L., Mathis, J. T., Wanninkhof, R., van Heuven, S., Hoppema, Mario, Perez, F. F., García-Ibañez, M., Lo Monaco, C., Murata, A., Lauvset, S., and Kozyr, A.
Abstract: The ocean has continued to take up anthropogenic CO2 from the atmosphere since the 1990s, but so far, we do not have a direct global-scale data-based quantification of this uptake. Here, we address this gap and determine the oceanic accumulation of anthropogenic CO2 between the 1990s and the mid-2000s. We compare inorganic carbon observations from the recent global repeat hydrography program with observations from the 1990s and use an eMLR method on the sea-water property C* to separate the anthropogenic CO2 component from the total change in DIC. We evaluate these results with several independent estimates, permitting us to assess the uncertainties. The initial results indicate a global increase in inventory of about 25 Pg C between 1994 and 2006, which amounts to an uptake of about 2.1 Pg C yr-1 over this period. This flux is currently rather uncertain and is at the lower end of most other estimates (e.g., atmospheric data and ocean inversions). If correct, the ocean sink would have been smaller than expected from the increase in atmospheric CO2.
Published: 2014

19. Sea-ice melt CO2–carbonate chemistry in the western Arctic Ocean: meltwater contributions to air–sea CO2 gas exchange, mixed-layer properties and rates of net community production under sea ice

Author: Bates, N. R., primary, Garley, R., additional, Frey, K. E., additional, Shake, K. L., additional, and Mathis, J. T., additional
Published: 2014
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20. A high-frequency atmospheric and seawater pCO2 data set from 14 open-ocean sites using a moored autonomous system

Author: Sutton, A. J., primary, Sabine, C. L., additional, Maenner-Jones, S., additional, Lawrence-Slavas, N., additional, Meinig, C., additional, Feely, R. A., additional, Mathis, J. T., additional, Musielewicz, S., additional, Bott, R., additional, McLain, P. D., additional, Fought, H. J., additional, and Kozyr, A., additional
Published: 2014
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21. Global carbon budget 2014

Author: Le Quéré, C., primary, Moriarty, R., additional, Andrew, R. M., additional, Peters, G. P., additional, Ciais, P., additional, Friedlingstein, P., additional, Jones, S. D., additional, Sitch, S., additional, Tans, P., additional, Arneth, A., additional, Boden, T. A., additional, Bopp, L., additional, Bozec, Y., additional, Canadell, J. G., additional, Chevallier, F., additional, Cosca, C. E., additional, Harris, I., additional, Hoppema, M., additional, Houghton, R. A., additional, House, J. I., additional, Jain, A., additional, Johannessen, T., additional, Kato, E., additional, Keeling, R. F., additional, Kitidis, V., additional, Klein Goldewijk, K., additional, Koven, C., additional, Landa, C. S., additional, Landschützer, P., additional, Lenton, A., additional, Lima, I. D., additional, Marland, G., additional, Mathis, J. T., additional, Metzl, N., additional, Nojiri, Y., additional, Olsen, A., additional, Ono, T., additional, Peters, W., additional, Pfeil, B., additional, Poulter, B., additional, Raupach, M. R., additional, Regnier, P., additional, Rödenbeck, C., additional, Saito, S., additional, Salisbury, J. E., additional, Schuster, U., additional, Schwinger, J., additional, Séférian, R., additional, Segschneider, J., additional, Steinhoff, T., additional, Stocker, B. D., additional, Sutton, A. J., additional, Takahashi, T., additional, Tilbrook, B., additional, van der Werf, G. R., additional, Viovy, N., additional, Wang, Y.-P., additional, Wanninkhof, R., additional, Wiltshire, A., additional, and Zeng, N., additional
Published: 2014
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22. Supplementary material to "Global carbon budget 2014"

Author: Le Quéré, C., primary, Moriarty, R., additional, Andrew, R. M., additional, Peters, G. P., additional, Ciais, P., additional, Friedlingstein, P., additional, Jones, S. D., additional, Sitch, S., additional, Tans, P., additional, Arneth, A., additional, Boden, T. A., additional, Bopp, L., additional, Bozec, Y., additional, Canadell, J. G., additional, Chevallier, F., additional, Cosca, C. E., additional, Harris, I., additional, Hoppema, M., additional, Houghton, R. A., additional, House, J. I., additional, Jain, A., additional, Johannessen, T., additional, Kato, E., additional, Keeling, R. F., additional, Kitidis, V., additional, Klein Goldewijk, K., additional, Koven, C., additional, Landa, C. S., additional, Landschützer, P., additional, Lenton, A., additional, Lima, I. D., additional, Marland, G., additional, Mathis, J. T., additional, Metzl, N., additional, Nojiri, Y., additional, Olsen, A., additional, Ono, T., additional, Peters, W., additional, Pfeil, B., additional, Poulter, B., additional, Raupach, M. R., additional, Regnier, P., additional, Rödenbeck, C., additional, Saito, S., additional, Salisbury, J. E., additional, Schuster, U., additional, Schwinger, J., additional, Séférian, R., additional, Segschneider, J., additional, Steinhoff, T., additional, Stocker, B. D., additional, Sutton, A. J., additional, Takahashi, T., additional, Tilbrook, B., additional, van der Werf, G. R., additional, Viovy, N., additional, Wang, Y.-P., additional, Wanninkhof, R., additional, Wiltshire, A., additional, and Zeng, N., additional
Published: 2014
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23. Assessing net community production in a glaciated Alaska fjord

Author: Reisdorph, S. C., primary and Mathis, J. T., additional
Published: 2014
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24. An update to the Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas (SOCAT version 2)

Author: Bakker, D. C. E., primary, Pfeil, B., additional, Smith, K., additional, Hankin, S., additional, Olsen, A., additional, Alin, S. R., additional, Cosca, C., additional, Harasawa, S., additional, Kozyr, A., additional, Nojiri, Y., additional, O'Brien, K. M., additional, Schuster, U., additional, Telszewski, M., additional, Tilbrook, B., additional, Wada, C., additional, Akl, J., additional, Barbero, L., additional, Bates, N. R., additional, Boutin, J., additional, Bozec, Y., additional, Cai, W.-J., additional, Castle, R. D., additional, Chavez, F. P., additional, Chen, L., additional, Chierici, M., additional, Currie, K., additional, de Baar, H. J. W., additional, Evans, W., additional, Feely, R. A., additional, Fransson, A., additional, Gao, Z., additional, Hales, B., additional, Hardman-Mountford, N. J., additional, Hoppema, M., additional, Huang, W.-J., additional, Hunt, C. W., additional, Huss, B., additional, Ichikawa, T., additional, Johannessen, T., additional, Jones, E. M., additional, Jones, S. D., additional, Jutterström, S., additional, Kitidis, V., additional, Körtzinger, A., additional, Landschützer, P., additional, Lauvset, S. K., additional, Lefèvre, N., additional, Manke, A. B., additional, Mathis, J. T., additional, Merlivat, L., additional, Metzl, N., additional, Murata, A., additional, Newberger, T., additional, Omar, A. M., additional, Ono, T., additional, Park, G.-H., additional, Paterson, K., additional, Pierrot, D., additional, Ríos, A. F., additional, Sabine, C. L., additional, Saito, S., additional, Salisbury, J., additional, Sarma, V. V. S. S., additional, Schlitzer, R., additional, Sieger, R., additional, Skjelvan, I., additional, Steinhoff, T., additional, Sullivan, K. F., additional, Sun, H., additional, Sutton, A. J., additional, Suzuki, T., additional, Sweeney, C., additional, Takahashi, T., additional, Tjiputra, J., additional, Tsurushima, N., additional, van Heuven, S. M. A. C., additional, Vandemark, D., additional, Vlahos, P., additional, Wallace, D. W. R., additional, Wanninkhof, R., additional, and Watson, A. J., additional
Published: 2014
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25. An update to the Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas (SOCAT version 2)

Author: Bakker, D. C. E., Pfeil, B., Smith, K., Hankin, S., Olsen, A., Alin, S. R., Cosca, C., Harasawa, S., Kozyr, A., Nojiri, Y., O'Brien, K. M., Schuster, U., Telszewski, M., Tilbrook, B., Wada, C., Akl, J., Barbero, L., Bates, N., Boutin, J., Cai, W.-J., Castle, R. D., Chavez, F. P., Chen, L., Chierici, M., Currie, K., de Baar, H. J. W., Evans, W., Feely, R. A., Fransson, A., Gao, Z., Hales, B., Hardman-Mountford, N., Hoppema, Mario, Huang, W.-J., Hunt, C. W., Huss, B., Ichikawa, T., Johannessen, T., Jones, Elizabeth M., Jones, S. D., Jutterström, S., Kitidis, V., Körtzinger, A., Landschtzer, P., Lauvset, S. K., Lefèvre, N., Manke, A. B., Mathis, J. T., Merlivat, L., Metzl, N., Murata, A., Newberger, T., Ono, T., Park, G.-H., Paterson, K., Pierrot, D., Ríos, A. F., Sabine, C. L., Saito, S., Salisbury, J., Sarma, V. V. S. S., Schlitzer, Reiner, Sieger, Rainer, Skjelvan, I., Steinhoff, T., Sullivan, K., Sun, H., Sutton, A. J., Suzuki, T., Sweeney, C., Takahashi, T., Tjiputra, J., Tsurushima, N., van Heuven, S. M. A. C., Vandemark, D., Vlahos, P., Wallace, D. W. R., Wanninkhof, R., Watson, A. J., Bakker, D. C. E., Pfeil, B., Smith, K., Hankin, S., Olsen, A., Alin, S. R., Cosca, C., Harasawa, S., Kozyr, A., Nojiri, Y., O'Brien, K. M., Schuster, U., Telszewski, M., Tilbrook, B., Wada, C., Akl, J., Barbero, L., Bates, N., Boutin, J., Cai, W.-J., Castle, R. D., Chavez, F. P., Chen, L., Chierici, M., Currie, K., de Baar, H. J. W., Evans, W., Feely, R. A., Fransson, A., Gao, Z., Hales, B., Hardman-Mountford, N., Hoppema, Mario, Huang, W.-J., Hunt, C. W., Huss, B., Ichikawa, T., Johannessen, T., Jones, Elizabeth M., Jones, S. D., Jutterström, S., Kitidis, V., Körtzinger, A., Landschtzer, P., Lauvset, S. K., Lefèvre, N., Manke, A. B., Mathis, J. T., Merlivat, L., Metzl, N., Murata, A., Newberger, T., Ono, T., Park, G.-H., Paterson, K., Pierrot, D., Ríos, A. F., Sabine, C. L., Saito, S., Salisbury, J., Sarma, V. V. S. S., Schlitzer, Reiner, Sieger, Rainer, Skjelvan, I., Steinhoff, T., Sullivan, K., Sun, H., Sutton, A. J., Suzuki, T., Sweeney, C., Takahashi, T., Tjiputra, J., Tsurushima, N., van Heuven, S. M. A. C., Vandemark, D., Vlahos, P., Wallace, D. W. R., Wanninkhof, R., and Watson, A. J.
Abstract: The Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas (SOCAT) is an effort by the international marine carbon research community. It aims to improve access to carbon dioxide measurements in the surface oceans by regular releases of quality controlled and fully documented synthesis and gridded fCO2 (fugacity of carbon dioxide) products. SOCAT version 2 presented here extends the data set for the global oceans and coastal seas by four years and has 10.1 million surface water fCO2 values from 2660 cruises between 1968 and 2011. The procedures for creating version 2 have been comparable to those for version 1. The SOCAT website (http://www.socat.info/) provides access to the individual cruise data files, as well as to the synthesis and gridded data products. Interactive online tools allow visitors to explore the richness of the data. Scientific users can also retrieve the data as downloadable files or via Ocean Data View. Version 2 enables carbon specialists to expand their studies until 2011. Applications of SOCAT include process studies, quantification of the ocean carbon sink and its spatial, seasonal, year-to-year and longer-term variation, as well as initialisation or validation of ocean carbon models and coupled-climate carbon models.
Published: 2013

26. Calcium carbonate corrosivity in an Alaskan inland sea

Author: Evans, W., primary, Mathis, J. T., additional, and Cross, J. N., additional
Published: 2014
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27. Technical Note: Constraining stable carbon isotope values of microphytobenthos (C3 photosynthesis) in the Arctic for application to food web studies

Author: Oxtoby, L. E., primary, Mathis, J. T., additional, Juranek, L. W., additional, and Wooller, M. J., additional
Published: 2013
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28. Supplementary material to "Technical Note: Constraining stable carbon isotope values of microphytobenthos (C3 photosynthesis) in the Arctic for application to food web studies"

Author: Oxtoby, L. E., primary, Mathis, J. T., additional, Juranek, L. W., additional, and Wooller, M. J., additional
Published: 2013
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29. Calcium carbonate corrosivity in an Alaskan inland sea

Author: Evans, W., primary, Mathis, J. T., additional, and Cross, J. N., additional
Published: 2013
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30. An update to the Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas (SOCAT version 2)

Author: Bakker, D. C. E., primary, Pfeil, B., additional, Smith, K., additional, Hankin, S., additional, Olsen, A., additional, Alin, S. R., additional, Cosca, C., additional, Harasawa, S., additional, Kozyr, A., additional, Nojiri, Y., additional, O'Brien, K. M., additional, Schuster, U., additional, Telszewski, M., additional, Tilbrook, B., additional, Wada, C., additional, Akl, J., additional, Barbero, L., additional, Bates, N., additional, Boutin, J., additional, Cai, W.-J., additional, Castle, R. D., additional, Chavez, F. P., additional, Chen, L., additional, Chierici, M., additional, Currie, K., additional, de Baar, H. J. W., additional, Evans, W., additional, Feely, R. A., additional, Fransson, A., additional, Gao, Z., additional, Hales, B., additional, Hardman-Mountford, N., additional, Hoppema, M., additional, Huang, W.-J., additional, Hunt, C. W., additional, Huss, B., additional, Ichikawa, T., additional, Johannessen, T., additional, Jones, E. M., additional, Jones, S. D., additional, Jutterström, S., additional, Kitidis, V., additional, Körtzinger, A., additional, Landschtzer, P., additional, Lauvset, S. K., additional, Lefèvre, N., additional, Manke, A. B., additional, Mathis, J. T., additional, Merlivat, L., additional, Metzl, N., additional, Murata, A., additional, Newberger, T., additional, Ono, T., additional, Park, G.-H., additional, Paterson, K., additional, Pierrot, D., additional, Ríos, A. F., additional, Sabine, C. L., additional, Saito, S., additional, Salisbury, J., additional, Sarma, V. V. S. S., additional, Schlitzer, R., additional, Sieger, R., additional, Skjelvan, I., additional, Steinhoff, T., additional, Sullivan, K., additional, Sun, H., additional, Sutton, A. J., additional, Suzuki, T., additional, Sweeney, C., additional, Takahashi, T., additional, Tjiputra, J., additional, Tsurushima, N., additional, van Heuven, S. M. A. C., additional, Vandemark, D., additional, Vlahos, P., additional, Wallace, D. W. R., additional, Wanninkhof, R., additional, and Watson, A. J., additional
Published: 2013
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31. Summertime calcium carbonate undersaturation in shelf waters of the western Arctic Ocean – how biological processes exacerbate the impact of ocean acidification

Author: Bates, N. R., primary, Orchowska, M. I., additional, Garley, R., additional, and Mathis, J. T., additional
Published: 2013
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32. Global ocean carbon cycle.

Author: Feely, R. A., Wanninkhof, R., Carter, B. R., Cross, J. N., Mathis, J. T., Sabine, C. L., Cosca, C. E., and Tirnanes, J. A.
Subjects: CARBON cycle, CARBON dioxide analysis, CARBON dioxide adsorption, CARBON dioxide mitigation, OCEAN temperature measurement
Abstract: The article focuses on the global ocean carbon cycle. Topics mentioned include the analysis of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) in the ocean, the CO2 absorption in the ocean, and the air-sea exchange and ocean inventory of anthropogenic carbon (Canth). Also mentioned are the quality control of ocean carbon and the ocean temperature measurement.
Published: 2016

33. Seasonal calcium carbonate undersaturation in shelf waters of the Western Arctic Ocean; how biological processes exacerbate the impact of ocean acidification

Author: Bates, N. R., primary, Orchowska, M. I., additional, Garley, R., additional, and Mathis, J. T., additional
Published: 2012
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34. Air-sea CO2 fluxes on the Bering Sea shelf

Author: Bates, N. R., primary, Mathis, J. T., additional, and Jeffries, M. A., additional
Published: 2010
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35. Seasonal distribution of dissolved inorganic carbon and net community production on the Bering Sea shelf

Author: Mathis, J. T., primary, Cross, J. N., additional, Bates, N. R., additional, Bradley Moran, S., additional, Lomas, M. W., additional, Mordy, C. W., additional, and Stabeno, P. J., additional
Published: 2010
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36. The Arctic Ocean marine carbon cycle: evaluation of air-sea CO2 exchanges, ocean acidification impacts and potential feedbacks

Author: Bates, N. R., primary and Mathis, J. T., additional
Published: 2009
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37. Seasonal and interannual changes in particulate organic carbon export and deposition in the Chukchi Sea

Author: Lepore, K., primary, Moran, S. B., additional, Grebmeier, J. M., additional, Cooper, L. W., additional, Lalande, C., additional, Maslowski, W., additional, Hill, V., additional, Bates, N. R., additional, Hansell, D. A., additional, Mathis, J. T., additional, and Kelly, R. P., additional
Published: 2007
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38. A high-frequency atmospheric and seawater pCO2 data set from 14 open-ocean sites using a moored autonomous system.

Author: Sutton, A. J., Sabine, C. L., Maenner-Jones, S., Lawrence-Slavas, N., Meinig, C., Feely, R. A., Mathis, J. T., Musielewicz, S., Bott, R., McLain, P. D., Fought, H. J., and Kozyr, A.
Subjects: CARBON content of seawater, BIOGEOCHEMICAL cycles, CARBON dioxide, ATMOSPHERIC boundary layer, DATA quality, OCEANOGRAPHY
Abstract: In an intensifying effort to track ocean change and distinguish between natural and anthropogenic drivers, sustained ocean time series measurements are becoming increasingly important. Advancements in the ocean carbon observation network over the last decade, such as the development and deployment of Moored Autonomous pCO2 (MAPCO2) systems, have dramatically improved our ability to characterize ocean climate, sea-air gas exchange, and biogeochemical processes. The MAPCO2 system provides high-resolution data that can measure interannual, seasonal, and sub-seasonal dynamics and constrain the impact of shortterm biogeochemical variability on carbon dioxide (CO2) flux. Overall uncertainty of the MAPCO2 using in situ calibrations with certified gas standards and post-deployment standard operating procedures is <2 ìatm for seawater partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2) and <1 ìatm for air pCO2. The MAPCO2 maintains this level of uncertainty for over 400 days of autonomous operation. MAPCO2 measurements are consistent with shipboard seawater pCO2 measurements and GLOBALVIEW-CO2 boundary layer atmospheric values. Here we provide an open-ocean MAPCO2 data set including over 100 000 individual atmospheric and seawater pCO2 measurements on 14 surface buoys from 2004 through 2011 and a description of the methods and data quality control involved. The climate-quality data provided by the MAPCO2 have allowed for the establishment of open-ocean observatories to track surface ocean pCO2 changes around the globe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Published: 2014
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39. k. Global ocean carbon cycle.

Author: Feely, R. A., Wanninkhof, R., Sabine, C. L., Mathis, J. T., Takahashi, T., and Khatiwala, S.
Subjects: ATMOSPHERIC carbon dioxide, OCEANOGRAPHY, OCEAN circulation, BIOGEOCHEMISTRY, OCEAN-atmosphere interaction, EL Nino, CLIMATOLOGY
Abstract: The article highlights the global ocean carbon cycle in 2013. Topics discussed include the important role played by the ocean in the climate system, the air-sea flux of carbon dioxide climatology, and the impact of the El Niño current on global sea-air fluxes. The interannual variability for the ocean inverse models (OIM) and ocean general circulation models with biogeochmiestry (OBGCM) is mentioned.
Published: 2014

40. Sea-ice melt CO2-carbonate chemistry in the western Arctic Ocean: meltwater contributions to air-sea CO2 gas exchange, mixed layer properties and rates of net community production under sea ice.

Author: Bates, N. R., Garley, R., Frey, K. E., Shake, K. L., and Mathis, J. T.
Subjects: SEA ice, CARBONATES, MELTWATER, SEAWATER, ALKALINITY
Abstract: The carbon dioxide (CO2)-carbonate chemistry of sea-ice melt and co-located, contemporaneous seawater has rarely been studied in sea ice covered oceans. Here, we describe the CO2-carbonate chemistry of sea-ice melt (both above sea ice as "melt ponds" and below sea ice as "interface waters") and mixed layer properties in the western Arctic Ocean in the early summer of 2010 and 2011. At nineteen stations, the salinity (~0.5 to < 6.5), dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC; ~20 to < 550 µmol kg-1) and total alkalinity (TA; ~ 30 to < 500 µmol kg-1) of above-ice melt pond water was low compared to water in the underlying mixed layer. The partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2) in these melt ponds was highly variable (~ < 10 to > 1500 µ atm) with the majority of melt ponds acting as potentially strong sources of CO2 to the atmosphere. The pH of melt pond waters was also highly variable ranging from mildly acidic (6.1 to 7) to slightly more alkaline than underlying seawater (8 to 10.7). All of observed melt ponds had very low (< 0.1) saturation states (Ω) for calcium carbonate (CaCO3) minerals such as aragonite (Ωaragonite). Our data suggests that sea ice generated "alkaline" or "acidic" melt pond water. This melt-water chemistry dictates whether the ponds are sources of CO2 to the atmosphere or CO2 sinks. Below-ice interface water CO2-carbonate chemistry data also indicated substantial generation of alkalinity, presumably owing to dissolution of calcium CaCO3 in sea ice. The interface waters generally had lower pCO2 and higher pH/Ωaragonite than the co-located mixed layer beneath. Sea-ice melt thus contributed to the suppression of mixed layer pCO2 enhancing the surface ocean's capacity to uptake CO2 from the atmosphere. Meltwater contributions to changes in mixed-layer DIC were also used to estimate net community production rates (mean of 46.9 ± 29.8 g C m-2 for the early-season period) under sea-ice cover. Although sea-ice melt is a transient seasonal feature, above-ice melt pond coverage can be substantial (10 to >50%) and underice interface melt water is ubiquitous during this spring/summer sea-ice retreat. Our observations contribute to growing evidence that sea-ice CO2-carbonate chemistry is highly variable and its contribution to the complex factors that influence the balance of CO2 sinks and sources (and thereby ocean acidification) is difficult to predict in an era of rapid warming and sea ice loss in the Arctic Ocean. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Published: 2014
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41. Technical Note: Constraining stable carbon isotope values of microphytobenthos (C3 photosynthesis) in the Arctic for application to food web studies.

Author: Oxtoby, L. E., Mathis, J. T., Juranek, L. W., and Wooller, M. J.
Subjects: STABLE isotopes, CARBON isotopes, BENTHOS, PHOTOSYNTHESIS, FOOD chains, MARINE food chain, BIOMARKERS
Abstract: Microphytobenthos (MPB) tends to be omitted as a possible carbon source to higher trophic level consumers in high latitude marine food web models that use stable isotopes. Here, we used previously published relationships relating the concentration of aqueous carbon dioxide ([CO2]aq), the stable carbon isotopic composition of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) (δ13CDIC), and algal growth rates (μ) to estimate the stable carbon isotope composition of MPB-derived total organic carbon (TOC) (δ13Cp) and fatty acid (FA) biomarkers (δ13CFA). We measured [CO2]aq and δ13CDIC values from bottom water at sampling locations in the Beaufort and Chukchi Seas (n = 18), which ranged from 17 to 72 mmolkg-1 and -0.1 to 1.4‰ (0.8±0.4 ‰, mean ±1 s.d.), respectively. We combined these field measurements with a set of stable carbon isotopic fractionation factors reflecting differences in algal taxonomy and physiology to determine δ13Cp and δ13CFA values. The δ13Cp and δ13CFA values for a mixed eukaryotic algal community were estimated to be -23.6±0.4‰ and -30.6±0.4 ‰, respectively. These values were similar to our estimates for Phaeodactylum tricornutum (δ13Cp =-23.9±0.4 ‰, δ13CFA =-30.9±0.4 ‰), a pennate diatom likely to be a dominant MPB taxon. Taxon-specific differences were observed between a centric diatom (Porosira glacialis, δ13Cp =-20.0±1.6 ‰), a marine haptophyte (Emiliana huxleyi, δ13Cp =-22.7±0.5 ‰), and a cyanobacterium (Synechococcus sp., δ13Cp =-16.2±0.4 ‰) at μ=0.1 d-1. δ13Cp and δ13CFA values increased by ' 2.5‰ for the mixed algal consortium and for P. tricornutum when growth rates were increased from 0.1 to 1.4 d-1. We compared our estimates of δ13Cp and δ13CFA values for MPB with previous measurements of δ13CTOC and δ13CFA values for other carbon sources in the Arctic, including ice-derived, terrestrial, and pelagic organic matter. We found that MPB values were significantly distinct from terrestrial and ice-derived carbon sources. However, MPB values overlapped with pelagic sources, which may result in MPB being overlooked as a significant source of carbon in the marine food web. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Published: 2013
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42. Calcium carbonate corrosivity in an Alaskan inland sea.

Author: Evans, W., Mathis, J. T., and Cross, J. N.
Subjects: CALCIUM carbonate, HYDROGEN ions, OCEAN acidification, CHEMICAL reactions, BIOGEOCHEMISTRY, CORROSION & anti-corrosives, GEOLOGICAL formations
Abstract: Ocean acidification is the hydrogen ion increase caused by the oceanic uptake of anthropogenic CO2, and is a focal point in marine biogeochemistry, in part, because this chemical reaction reduces calcium carbonate (CaCO3) saturation states (Ω) to levels that are corrosive (i.e. Ω ≤ 1) to shell-forming marine organisms. However, other processes can drive CaCO3 corrosivity; specifically, the addition of tidewater glacial melt. Carbonate system data collected in May and September from 2009 through 2012 in Prince William Sound (PWS), a semi-enclosed inland sea located on the south-central coast of Alaska that is ringed with fjords containing tidewater glaciers, reveal the unique impact of glacial melt on CaCO3 corrosivity. Initial limited sampling was expanded in September 2011 to span large portions of the western and central sound, and included two fjords proximal to tidewater glaciers: Icy Bay and Columbia Bay. The observed conditions in these fjords affected CaCO3 corrosivity in the upper water column (< 50 m) in PWS in two ways: (1) as spring-time formation sites of mode water with near-corrosive Ω levels seen below the mixed layer across the sound, and (2) as point sources for surface plumes of glacial melt with corrosive Ω levels (Ω for aragonite and calcite down to 0.60 and 1.02, respectively) and carbon dioxide partial pressures (pCO2) well below atmospheric levels. CaCO3 corrosivity in glacial melt plumes is poorly reflected by pCO2 or pHT, indicating that either one of these carbonate parameters alone would 20 fail to track Ω in PWS. The unique Ω and pCO2 conditions in the glacial melt plumes enhances atmospheric CO2 uptake, which, if not offset by mixing or primary productivity, would rapidly exacerbate CaCO3 corrosivity in a positive feedback. The cumulative effects of glacial melt and air-sea gas exchange are likely responsible for the seasonal widespread reduction of Ω in PWS; making PWS highly sensitive to increasing atmospheric CO2 and amplified CaCO3 corrosivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Published: 2013
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43. Seasonal calcium carbonate undersaturation in shelf waters of the Western Arctic Ocean; how biological processes exacerbate the impact of ocean acidification.

Author: Bates, N. R., Orchowska, M. I., Garley, R., and Mathis, J. T.
Subjects: CALCIUM carbonate, OCEAN acidification, CARBON cycle, WATER chemistry, CLIMATE change, PHOTOSYNTHESIS, PHYTOPLANKTON
Abstract: The Arctic Ocean accounts for only 4% of the global ocean area but it contributes significantly to the global carbon cycle. Recent observations of seawater carbonate chemistry in shelf waters of the Western Arctic from 2009 to 2011 indicate that extensive areas of the benthos are exposed to bottom waters that are seasonally undersaturated with respect to calcium carbonate (CaCO3) minerals, particularly aragonite. Our observations indicate seasonal reduction of saturation states (ω) for calcite (ωcalcite) and aragonite (ωaragonite) in the subsurface in the Western Arctic by as much as 0.9 and 0.6, respectively. Such data indicates that bottom waters of the Western Arctic shelves are already potentially corrosive for biogenic and sedimentary CaCO3 for several months each year. Seasonal changes in ω are imparted by a variety of factors such as phytoplankton photosynthesis, respiration/remineralization of organic matter and air-sea gas exchange of CO2 - combined these processes either increase or enhance ω in surface and subsurface waters, respectively. These seasonal physical and biological processes also act to mitigate or enhance the impact of Anthropocene ocean acidification (OA) on ω in surface and subsurface waters, respectively. Future monitoring of the Western Arctic shelves is warranted to assess the present and future impact on ω values from ocean acidification and seasonal biological/physical processes on Arctic marine ecosystems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Published: 2012
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44. Air-sea CO2 fluxes on the Bering Sea shelf.

Author: Bates, N. R., Mathis, J. T., and Jeffries, M. A.
Subjects: OCEAN temperature, ATMOSPHERIC carbon dioxide, PHYTOPLANKTON, PLANT communities, GLOBAL warming, CARBON dioxide in seawater
Abstract: There have been few previous studies of surface seawater CO2 partial pressure (pCO2) variability and air-sea CO2 gas exchange rates for the Bering Sea shelf. In 2008, spring and summertime observations were collected in the Bering Sea shelf as pan of the Bering Sea Ecological Study (BEST). Our results indicate that the Bering Sea shelf was close to neutral in terms of CO2 sink-source status in springtime due to relatively small air-sea CO2 gradients (i.e., &Delta:pCO2) and sea-ice cover. However, by summertime, very low seawater pCO2 values were observed and much of the Bering Sea shelf became strongly undersaturated with respect to atmospheric CO2 concentrations. Thus the Bering Sea shelf transitions seasonally from mostly neutral conditions to a strong oceanic sink for atmospheric CO2 particularly in the "green belt" region of the Bering Sea where there are high rates of phytoplankton primary production (PP)and net community production (NCP). Ocean biological processes dominate the seasonal drawdown of seawater pCO2 for large areas of the Bering Sea shelf, with the effect partly countered by seasonal warming. In small areas of the Bering Sea shelf south of the Pribilof Islands and in the SE Bering Sea, seasonal warming is the dominant influence on seawater pCO2, shifting localized areas of the shelf from minor/neutral CO2 sink status to neutral/minor CO2 source status, in contrast to much of the Bering Sea shelf. Overall, we compute that the Bering Sea shelf CO2 sink in 2008 was 157 ± 35 Tg C yr-1 (Tg = 1012 gC) and thus a strong sink for CO2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Published: 2011
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45. Air-sea CO2 fluxes on the Bering Sea shelf.

Author: Bates, N. R., Mathis, J. T., and Jeffries, M. A.
Subjects: ATMOSPHERIC carbon dioxide, OCEAN temperature, ATMOSPHERIC pressure, GLOBAL warming, CHEMICAL oceanography, COASTS
Abstract: There have been few previous studies of surface seawater CO2 partial pressure (pCO2) variability and air-sea CO2 gas exchange rates for the Bering Sea shelf which is the largest US coastal shelf sea. In 2008, spring and summertime observations were collected in the Bering Sea shelf as part of the Bering Sea Ecological Study (BEST). Our results indicate that the Bering Sea shelf was close to neutral in terms of CO2 sinksource status in springtime due to relatively small air-sea CO2 gradients (i.e., ÉpCO2) and sea-ice cover. However, by summertime, very low seawater pCO2 values were observed and much of the Bering Sea shelf became strongly undersaturated with respect to atmosphere CO2 concentrations. Thus the Bering Sea shelf transitions seasonally from mostly neutral conditions to a strong oceanic sink for atmospheric CO2 particularly in the "green belt" region of the Bering Sea. Ocean biological processes dominate the seasonal drawdown of seawater pCO2 for large areas of the Bering Sea shelf, with the effect partly countered by seasonal warming. In small areas of the Bering Sea shelf south of the Pribilof Islands and in the SE Bering Sea, seasonal warming is the dominant influence on seawater pCO2, shifting localized areas of the shelf from minor/ neutral CO2 sink status to neutral/minor CO2 source status, in contrast to much of the Bering Sea shelf. We compute that the Bering Sea shelf CO2 sink in 2008 was 157 TgCyr-1 (Tg=1012 g C) and a stronger sink for CO2 than previously demonstrated by other studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Published: 2010
Full Text: View/download PDF

46. The Arctic Ocean marine carbon cycle: evaluation of air-sea CO2 exchanges, ocean acidification impacts and potential feedbacks.

Author: Bates, N. R. and Mathis, J. T.
Subjects: CARBON cycle, ACIDIFICATION, SEA ice, CARBON dioxide in seawater
Abstract: At present, although seasonal sea-ice cover mitigates atmosphere-ocean gas exchange, the Arctic Ocean takes up carbon dioxide (CO2) on the order of -66 to -199 TgC year-1 (1012 g C), contributing 5-14% to the global balance of CO2 sinks and sources. Because of this, the Arctic Ocean has an important influence on the global carbon cycle, with the marine carbon cycle and atmosphere-ocean CO2 exchanges sensitive to Arctic Ocean and global climate change feedbacks. In the near-term, further sea-ice loss and increases in phytoplankton growth rates are expected to increase the uptake of CO2 by Arctic Ocean surface waters, although mitigated somewhat by surface warming in the Arctic. Thus, the capacity of the Arctic Ocean to uptake CO2 is expected to alter in response to environmental changes driven largely by climate. These changes are likely to continue to modify the physics, biogeochemistry, and ecology of the Arctic Ocean in ways that are not yet fully understood. In surface waters, sea-ice melt, river runoff, cooling and uptake of CO2 through air-sea gas exchange combine to decrease the calcium carbonate (CaCO3) mineral saturation states (Ω) of seawater while seasonal phytoplankton primary production (PP) mitigates this effect. Biological amplification of ocean acidification effects in subsurface waters, due to the remineralization of organic matter, is likely to reduce the ability of many species to produce CaCO3 shells or tests with profound implications for Arctic marine ecosystems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Published: 2009
Full Text: View/download PDF

47. Letter from J. T. Mathis, Employees Mutual Benefit Association, Atlanta, Georgia, to A. H. Woodward, Woodward, Alabama, October 25, 1937

Author: Woodward, A. H., 1876-1950 (Addressee), Mathis, J. T., Woodward, A. H., 1876-1950 (Addressee), and Mathis, J. T.
Abstract: The digitization of this collection was funded by a gift from EBSCO Industries.
Published: 1937

48. An update to the Surface Ocean CO₂ Atlas (SOCAT version 2)

Author: Bakker, D. C. E., Pfeil, B., Smith, K., Hankin, S., Olsen, A., Alin, S. R., Cosca, C., Harasawa, S., Kozyr, A., Nojiri, Y., O'Brien, K. M., Schuster, U., Telszewski, M., Tilbrook, B., Wada, C., Akl, J., Barbero, L., Bates, N. R., Boutin, J., Bozec, Y., Cai, W.-J., Castle, R. D., Chavez, F. P., Chen, L., Chierici, M., Currie, K., De Baar, H. J. W., Evans, W., Feely, R. A., Fransson, A., Gao, Z., Hales, B., Hardman-Mountford, N. J., Hoppema, M., Huang, W.-J., Hunt, C. W., Huss, B., Ichikawa, T., Johannessen, T., Jones, E. M., Jones, S. D., Jutterström, S., Kitidis, V., Körtzinger, A., Landschützer, P., Lauvset, S. K., Lefèvre, N., Manke, A. B., Mathis, J. T., Merlivat, L., Metzl, N., Murata, A., Newberger, T., Omar, A. M., Ono, T., Park, G.-H., Paterson, K., Pierrot, D., Ríos, A. F., Sabine, C. L., Saito, S., Salisbury, J., Sarma, V. V. S. S., Schlitzer, R., Sieger, R., Skjelvan, I., Steinhoff, T., Sullivan, K. F., Sun., H., Sutton, A. J., Suzuki, T., Sweeney, C., Takahashi, Taro, Tjiputra, J., Tsurushima, N., Van Heuven, S. M. A. C., Vandemark, D., Vlahos, P., Wallace, D. W. R., Wanninkhof, R., and Watson, A. J.
Subjects: Earth sciences--Data processing, 13. Climate action, Information science, Marine sciences--Research--International cooperation, Chemical oceanography, 14. Life underwater, Hydrology, Carbon dioxide--Environmental aspects--Mathematical models
Abstract: The Surface Ocean CO₂ Atlas (SOCAT), an activity of the international marine carbon research community, provides access to synthesis and gridded fCO₂ (fugacity of carbon dioxide) products for the surface oceans. Version 2 of SOCAT is an update of the previous release (version 1) with more data (increased from 6.3 million to 10.1 million surface water fCO₂ values) and extended data coverage (from 1968–2007 to 1968–2011). The quality control criteria, while identical in both versions, have been applied more strictly in version 2 than in version 1. The SOCAT website (http://www.socat.info/) has links to quality control comments, metadata, individual data set files, and synthesis and gridded data products. Interactive online tools allow visitors to explore the richness of the data. Applications of SOCAT include process studies, quantification of the ocean carbon sink and its spatial, seasonal, year-to-year and longerterm variation, as well as initialisation or validation of ocean carbon models and coupled climate-carbon models.

49. State of the climate in 2013

Author: Blunden, J., Arndt, D. S., Willett, K. M., Dolman, A. J., Hurst, D. F., Rennie, J., Thorne, P. W., Donat, M. G., Dunn, R. J. H., Long, C. S., Christy, J. R., Noetzli, J., Christiansen, H. H., Gugliemin, M., Romanovsky, V. E., Shiklomanov, N. I., Smith, S. L., Zhao, L., Robinson, D. A., Pelto, M. S., Mears, C. A., Ho, S.-O. B., Peng, L., Wang, J., Vose, R. S., Hilburn, K., Yin, X., Kruk, M. C., Becker, A., Foster, M. J., Ackerman, S. A., Heidinger, A. K., Maddux, B. C., Stengel, M., Kim, H., Oki, T., Rodell, M., Chambers, D. P., Famiglietti, J. S., Dorigo, W. A., Chung, D., Parinussa, R. M., Reimer, C., Hahn, S., Liu, Y. Y., Wagner, W. W., de Jeu, R. A. M., Paulik, C., Wang, G., Allan, R., Folland, C. K., Tobin, I., Berrisford, P., Vautard, R., McVicar, T. R., Kratz, D. P., Stackhouse, P.W., Wong, T., Sawaengphokhai, P., Wilber, A. C., Gupta, S. K., Loeb, N. G., Lantz, K. O., Dlugokencky, E. J., Hall, B. D., Montzka, S. A., Dutton, G. S., MÃ¼hle, J., Elkins, J. W., Benedetti, A., Jones, L. T., Kaiser, J. W., Morcrette, J.-J., Remy, S., Weber, M., Steinbrecht, W., van der A., R. J., Coldewey-Egbers, M., Fioletov, V. E., Frith, S. M., Loyola, D., Wild, J. D., Davis, S. M., Rosenlof, K. H., Cooper, O. R., Ziemke, J., Flemming, J., Inness, A., Quegan, S., Ciais, P., Santoro, M., Pinty, B., Gobron, N., van der Werf, G. R., Newlin, M. L., Gregg, M. C., Xue, Y., Hu, Z.-Z., Kumar, A., Banzon, V., Smith, T. M., Rayner, N. A., Johnson, G. C., Lyman, J. M., Willis, J. K., Boyer, T., Antonov, J., Good, S. A., Domingues, C. M., Bindoff, N., Yu, L., Jin, X., Lagerloef, G. S. E., Kao, H.-Y., Reagan, J., Schmid, C., Locarnini, R., Lumpkin, R., Goni, G., Dohan, K., Baringer, M. O., McCarthy, G., Lankhorst, M., Smeed, D. A., Send, U., Rayner, D., Johns, W. E., Meinen, C. S., Cunningham, S. A., Kanzow, T. O., Frajka-Williams, E., Marotzke, J., Garzoli, S., Dong, S., Volkov, D., Hobbs, W. R., Merrifield, M. A., Thompson, P., Leuliette, E., Nerem, R. S., Hamlington, B., Mitchum, G. T., McInnes, K., Marra, J. J., Menendez, M., Sweet, W., Feely, R. A., Wanninkhof, R., Sabine, C. L., Mathis, J. T., Takahashi, T., Khatiwala, S., Franz, B. A., Behrenfeld, M. J., Siegel, D. A., Werdell, P. J., Diamond, H. J., Bell, G. D., L'Heureux, M., Halpert, M. S., Baxter, S., Gottschalck, J., Landsea, C. W., Goldenberg, S. B., Pasch, R. J., Blake, E. S., Schemm, J., Kimberlain, T. B., Schreck, C. J., Evans, T.E., Camargo, S. J., Gleason, K. L., Trewin, B. C., Lorrey, A. M., Fauchereau, N. C., Chappell, P. R., Ready, S., Goni, G. J., Knaff, J. A., Lin, I.-I., Wang, B., Mullan, A. B., Pezza, A. B., Coelho, C A. S., Wang, C., Fogarty, C. T., Klotzbach, P., Luo, J.-J., Lander, M. A., Guard, C. P. C., Jeffries, M. O., Richter-Menge, J., Overland, J., Key, J., Hanna, E., Hanssen-Bauer, I., Kim, B.-M., Kim, S.-J., Walsh, J., Wang, M., Bhatt, U. S., Liu, Y., Stone, R., Cox, C., Walden, V., Francis, J., Vavrus, S., Tang, Q., Bernhard, G., Manney, G., Grooss, J.-U., Muller, R., Heikkila, A., Johnsen, B., Koskela, T., Lakkala, K., Svendby, T., Dahlback, A., Bruhwiler, L., Laurila, T., Worthy, D., Quinn, P. K., Stohl, A., Baklanov, A., Flanner, M. G., Herber, A., Kupiainen, K., Law, K. S., Schmale, J., Sharma, S., Vestreng, V., Von Salzen, K., Perovich, D., Gerland, S., Hendricks, S., Meier, W., Nicolaus, M., Tschudi, M., Timmermans, M.-L., Ashik, I., Frolov, I., Ha, H. K., Ingvaldsen, R., Kikuchi, T., Kim, T. W., Krishfield, R., Loeng, H., Nishino, S., Pickart, R., Polyakov, I., Rabe, B., Schauer, U., Schlosser, P., Smethie, W. M., Sokolov, V., Steele, M., Toole, J., Williams, W., Woodgate, R., Zimmerman, S., Cross, J. N., Evans, W., Anderson, L., Yamamoto-Kawai, M., Derksen, C., Brown, R., Luojus, K., Sharp, M., Wolken, G., Geai, M.-L., Burgess, D., Arendt, A., Wouters, B., Kohler, J., Andreassen, L. M., Tedesco, M., Box, J. E., Cappelen, J., Fettweis, X., Jensen, T. S., Mote, T., Rennermalm, A. K., Smith, L. C., van de Wal, R. S. W., Wahr, J., Duguay, C. R., Brown, L. C., Kang, K.-K., Kheyrollah Pour, H., Streletskiy, D. A., Drozdov, D. S., Malkova, G. V., Oberman, N. G., Kholodov, A. L., Marchenko, S. S., Fogt, R. L., Scambos, T.A., Clem, K.R., Barreira, S., Colwell, S., Keller, L.M., Lazzara, M.A., Setzer, A., Bromwich, D.H., Wang, S.-H., Wang, L., Liu, H., Wang, S., Shu, S., Massom, R.A., Reid, P., Stammerjohn, S., Lieser, J., Newman, P.A., Kramarova, N., Nash, E.R., Pitts, M.C., Johnson, B.f, Santee, M.L., Braathen, G.O., Campbell, G.G., Pope, A., Haran, T., Sanchez-Lugo, A., Renwick, J.A., Thiaw, W.M., Weaver, S.J., Vincent, L.A., Phillips, D., Whitewood, R., Crouch, J., Heim, Jr., Fenimore, C., Augustine, J., Pascual, R., Albanil, A., Vazquez, J.L., Lobato, R., Amador, J.A., Alfaro, E.J., Hidalgo, H.G., Duran-Quesada, A.M., Calderon, B., Rivera, I.L., Vega, C., Stephenson, T.S., Taylor, M.A., Trotman, A.R., Porter, A.O., Gonzalez, I.T., Spence, J.M., McLean, N., Campbell, J.D., Brown, G., Butler, M., Blenman, R.C., Aaron-Morrison, A.P., Marcellin-Honore, V., Martinez, R., Arevalo, J., Carrasco, G., Euscategui, C., Bazo, J., Nieto, J.J., Zambrano, E., Marengo, J.A., Alves, L.M., Espinoza, J.C., Ronchail, J., Bidegain, M., Stella, J.L., Penalba, O.C., Kabidi, K., Sayouri, A., Ebrahim, A., James, I.A., Dekaa, F.S., Sima, F., Coulibaly, K.A., Gitau, W., Chang'a, L., Oludhe, C.S., Ogallo, L.A., Atheru, Z., Ambenje, P., Kijazi, A., Ng'ongolo, H., Luhunga, P., Levira, P., Kruger, A., McBride, C., Rakotomavo, Z., Jumaux, G., Trachte, K., Bissolli, P., Obregon, A., Nitsche, H., Parker, D., Kennedy, J.J., Kendon, M., Trigo, R., Barriopedro, D., Ramos, A., Sensoy, S., Hovhannisyan, D., Bulygina, O.N., Khoshkam, M., Korshunova, N.N., Oyunjargal, L., Park, E.-H., Rahimzadeh, F., Rajeevan, M., Razuvaev, V.N., Revadekar, J.V., Srivastava, A.K., Yamada, R., Zhang, P., Tanaka, S., Yoshimatsu, K., Ohno, H., Ganter, C., Macara, G.R., McGree, S., Tobin, S., Blunden, J., Arndt, D. S., Willett, K. M., Dolman, A. J., Hurst, D. F., Rennie, J., Thorne, P. W., Donat, M. G., Dunn, R. J. H., Long, C. S., Christy, J. R., Noetzli, J., Christiansen, H. H., Gugliemin, M., Romanovsky, V. E., Shiklomanov, N. I., Smith, S. L., Zhao, L., Robinson, D. A., Pelto, M. S., Mears, C. A., Ho, S.-O. B., Peng, L., Wang, J., Vose, R. S., Hilburn, K., Yin, X., Kruk, M. C., Becker, A., Foster, M. J., Ackerman, S. A., Heidinger, A. K., Maddux, B. C., Stengel, M., Kim, H., Oki, T., Rodell, M., Chambers, D. P., Famiglietti, J. S., Dorigo, W. A., Chung, D., Parinussa, R. M., Reimer, C., Hahn, S., Liu, Y. Y., Wagner, W. W., de Jeu, R. A. M., Paulik, C., Wang, G., Allan, R., Folland, C. K., Tobin, I., Berrisford, P., Vautard, R., McVicar, T. R., Kratz, D. P., Stackhouse, P.W., Wong, T., Sawaengphokhai, P., Wilber, A. C., Gupta, S. K., Loeb, N. G., Lantz, K. O., Dlugokencky, E. J., Hall, B. D., Montzka, S. A., Dutton, G. S., MÃ¼hle, J., Elkins, J. W., Benedetti, A., Jones, L. T., Kaiser, J. W., Morcrette, J.-J., Remy, S., Weber, M., Steinbrecht, W., van der A., R. J., Coldewey-Egbers, M., Fioletov, V. E., Frith, S. M., Loyola, D., Wild, J. D., Davis, S. M., Rosenlof, K. H., Cooper, O. R., Ziemke, J., Flemming, J., Inness, A., Quegan, S., Ciais, P., Santoro, M., Pinty, B., Gobron, N., van der Werf, G. R., Newlin, M. L., Gregg, M. C., Xue, Y., Hu, Z.-Z., Kumar, A., Banzon, V., Smith, T. M., Rayner, N. A., Johnson, G. C., Lyman, J. M., Willis, J. K., Boyer, T., Antonov, J., Good, S. A., Domingues, C. M., Bindoff, N., Yu, L., Jin, X., Lagerloef, G. S. E., Kao, H.-Y., Reagan, J., Schmid, C., Locarnini, R., Lumpkin, R., Goni, G., Dohan, K., Baringer, M. O., McCarthy, G., Lankhorst, M., Smeed, D. A., Send, U., Rayner, D., Johns, W. E., Meinen, C. S., Cunningham, S. A., Kanzow, T. O., Frajka-Williams, E., Marotzke, J., Garzoli, S., Dong, S., Volkov, D., Hobbs, W. R., Merrifield, M. A., Thompson, P., Leuliette, E., Nerem, R. S., Hamlington, B., Mitchum, G. T., McInnes, K., Marra, J. J., Menendez, M., Sweet, W., Feely, R. A., Wanninkhof, R., Sabine, C. L., Mathis, J. T., Takahashi, T., Khatiwala, S., Franz, B. A., Behrenfeld, M. J., Siegel, D. A., Werdell, P. J., Diamond, H. J., Bell, G. D., L'Heureux, M., Halpert, M. S., Baxter, S., Gottschalck, J., Landsea, C. W., Goldenberg, S. B., Pasch, R. J., Blake, E. S., Schemm, J., Kimberlain, T. B., Schreck, C. J., Evans, T.E., Camargo, S. J., Gleason, K. L., Trewin, B. C., Lorrey, A. M., Fauchereau, N. C., Chappell, P. R., Ready, S., Goni, G. J., Knaff, J. A., Lin, I.-I., Wang, B., Mullan, A. B., Pezza, A. B., Coelho, C A. S., Wang, C., Fogarty, C. T., Klotzbach, P., Luo, J.-J., Lander, M. A., Guard, C. P. C., Jeffries, M. O., Richter-Menge, J., Overland, J., Key, J., Hanna, E., Hanssen-Bauer, I., Kim, B.-M., Kim, S.-J., Walsh, J., Wang, M., Bhatt, U. S., Liu, Y., Stone, R., Cox, C., Walden, V., Francis, J., Vavrus, S., Tang, Q., Bernhard, G., Manney, G., Grooss, J.-U., Muller, R., Heikkila, A., Johnsen, B., Koskela, T., Lakkala, K., Svendby, T., Dahlback, A., Bruhwiler, L., Laurila, T., Worthy, D., Quinn, P. K., Stohl, A., Baklanov, A., Flanner, M. G., Herber, A., Kupiainen, K., Law, K. S., Schmale, J., Sharma, S., Vestreng, V., Von Salzen, K., Perovich, D., Gerland, S., Hendricks, S., Meier, W., Nicolaus, M., Tschudi, M., Timmermans, M.-L., Ashik, I., Frolov, I., Ha, H. K., Ingvaldsen, R., Kikuchi, T., Kim, T. W., Krishfield, R., Loeng, H., Nishino, S., Pickart, R., Polyakov, I., Rabe, B., Schauer, U., Schlosser, P., Smethie, W. M., Sokolov, V., Steele, M., Toole, J., Williams, W., Woodgate, R., Zimmerman, S., Cross, J. N., Evans, W., Anderson, L., Yamamoto-Kawai, M., Derksen, C., Brown, R., Luojus, K., Sharp, M., Wolken, G., Geai, M.-L., Burgess, D., Arendt, A., Wouters, B., Kohler, J., Andreassen, L. M., Tedesco, M., Box, J. E., Cappelen, J., Fettweis, X., Jensen, T. S., Mote, T., Rennermalm, A. K., Smith, L. C., van de Wal, R. S. W., Wahr, J., Duguay, C. R., Brown, L. C., Kang, K.-K., Kheyrollah Pour, H., Streletskiy, D. A., Drozdov, D. S., Malkova, G. V., Oberman, N. G., Kholodov, A. L., Marchenko, S. S., Fogt, R. L., Scambos, T.A., Clem, K.R., Barreira, S., Colwell, S., Keller, L.M., Lazzara, M.A., Setzer, A., Bromwich, D.H., Wang, S.-H., Wang, L., Liu, H., Wang, S., Shu, S., Massom, R.A., Reid, P., Stammerjohn, S., Lieser, J., Newman, P.A., Kramarova, N., Nash, E.R., Pitts, M.C., Johnson, B.f, Santee, M.L., Braathen, G.O., Campbell, G.G., Pope, A., Haran, T., Sanchez-Lugo, A., Renwick, J.A., Thiaw, W.M., Weaver, S.J., Vincent, L.A., Phillips, D., Whitewood, R., Crouch, J., Heim, Jr., Fenimore, C., Augustine, J., Pascual, R., Albanil, A., Vazquez, J.L., Lobato, R., Amador, J.A., Alfaro, E.J., Hidalgo, H.G., Duran-Quesada, A.M., Calderon, B., Rivera, I.L., Vega, C., Stephenson, T.S., Taylor, M.A., Trotman, A.R., Porter, A.O., Gonzalez, I.T., Spence, J.M., McLean, N., Campbell, J.D., Brown, G., Butler, M., Blenman, R.C., Aaron-Morrison, A.P., Marcellin-Honore, V., Martinez, R., Arevalo, J., Carrasco, G., Euscategui, C., Bazo, J., Nieto, J.J., Zambrano, E., Marengo, J.A., Alves, L.M., Espinoza, J.C., Ronchail, J., Bidegain, M., Stella, J.L., Penalba, O.C., Kabidi, K., Sayouri, A., Ebrahim, A., James, I.A., Dekaa, F.S., Sima, F., Coulibaly, K.A., Gitau, W., Chang'a, L., Oludhe, C.S., Ogallo, L.A., Atheru, Z., Ambenje, P., Kijazi, A., Ng'ongolo, H., Luhunga, P., Levira, P., Kruger, A., McBride, C., Rakotomavo, Z., Jumaux, G., Trachte, K., Bissolli, P., Obregon, A., Nitsche, H., Parker, D., Kennedy, J.J., Kendon, M., Trigo, R., Barriopedro, D., Ramos, A., Sensoy, S., Hovhannisyan, D., Bulygina, O.N., Khoshkam, M., Korshunova, N.N., Oyunjargal, L., Park, E.-H., Rahimzadeh, F., Rajeevan, M., Razuvaev, V.N., Revadekar, J.V., Srivastava, A.K., Yamada, R., Zhang, P., Tanaka, S., Yoshimatsu, K., Ohno, H., Ganter, C., Macara, G.R., McGree, S., and Tobin, S.
Abstract: In 2013, the vast majority of the monitored climate variables reported here maintained trends established in recent decades. ENSO was in a neutral state during the entire year, remaining mostly on the cool side of neutral with modest impacts on regional weather patterns around the world. This follows several years dominated by the effects of either La NiÃ±a or El NiÃ±o events. According to several independent analyses, 2013 was again among the 10 warmest years on record at the global scale, both at the Earths surface and through the troposphere. Some regions in the Southern Hemisphere had record or near-record high temperatures for the year. Australia observed its hottest year on record, while Argentina and New Zealand reported their second and third hottest years, respectively. In Antarctica, Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station reported its highest annual temperature since records began in 1957. At the opposite pole, the Arctic observed its seventh warmest year since records began in the early 20th century. At 20-m depth, record high temperatures were measured at some permafrost stations on the North Slope of Alaska and in the Brooks Range. In the Northern Hemisphere extratropics, anomalous meridional atmospheric circulation occurred throughout much of the year, leading to marked regional extremes of both temperature and precipitation. Cold temperature anomalies during winter across Eurasia were followed by warm spring temperature anomalies, which were linked to a new record low Eurasian snow cover extent in May. Minimum sea ice extent in the Arctic was the sixth lowest since satellite observations began in 1979. Including 2013, all seven lowest extents on record have occurred in the past seven years. Antarctica, on the other hand, had above-average sea ice extent throughout 2013, with 116 days of new daily high extent records, including a new daily maximum sea ice area of 19.57 million km2 reached on 1 October. ENSO-neutral conditions in the eastern central Pacific

50. New Staphyloraphic Needle

Author: Mathis, J. T., primary
Published: 1870
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