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Verwaltungsreformen gelten als Daueraufgabe; aber grose Strukturreformen sind selten. Mit der letzten Strukturreform der rheinland-pfalzischen Landesverwaltung wurden im Jahr 2001 die staatliche Mittelinstanz reformiert und anstelle von drei Bezirksregierungen eine ‚Aufsichts- und Dienstleistungsdirektion‘ sowie zwei ‚Struktur- und Genehmigungsdirektionen‘ geschaffen. In der Folge konzentrierten sich die Reformbemuhungen auf eine Erneuerung der durch die Kommunal- und Verwaltungsreform (KVR) von 1965 bis 1974 entstandenen Strukturen.

Weltweit hat die Nutzung von Social Media im Zeitverlauf grundsatzlich an Bedeutung gewonnen. In Deutschland ist sie im Vergleich zum Jahr 2013 um 13 Prozentpunkte auf 31 Prozent im Jahr 2018 gestiegen (Newman et al. 2018). Staat und Verwaltung sind folglich zunehmend mit der offentlichen Erwartungshaltung konfrontiert, via Social Media (insb. Facebook und Twitter) eine bessere Kommunikation (schneller, transparenter, responsiver, unburokratischer) mit Burgern zu realisieren. Bei genauer Betrachtung zeigt sich allerdings, dass die erhoffte kommunikative Burgernahe weitgehend ausbleibt. Professionelle Kommunikation wird primar in jenen Bereichen forciert, in denen Staat und Verwaltung auf Burger als Ressource zuruckgreifen mochten (z. B. Mithilfe bei Onlinefahndung, Personalrekrutierung, Legitimationsbeschaffung).

Die Offentlichkeit gilt als Kennzeichen demokratischer Vernunft und damit als ein zentrales normatives Qualitatsmerkmal der Demokratie. In ihrer modernen und empirisch weitestgehend unerforschten digitalen Variante (hier: Twitter) verdient sie besonderes Interesse. Der Beitrag untersucht erstmalig fur Deutschland die Twitter-Kommunikation in einer Regierungsbildungsphase. Besonders interessant ist hierbei die kommunikative Rahmung durch einen bundesweit einmaligen SPD-Mitgliederentscheid zum Koalitionsvertrag. Medienwirksam wurde explizit eine Beteiligung der Burger und besonders der SPD-Mitglieder angestrebt, die nicht nur klassisch „offline“, sondern gerade auch im Web 2.0 forciert wurde. Der Fall „GroKo“ zeigt: Die digitale Offentlichkeit wird zur Arena der publikumswirksamen Legitimationsbeschaffung. Die klassischen Akteure der politischen Offline-Offentlichkeit mussen sich namlich neu positionieren. Akteure aus Politik und Verwaltung konnen sich beispielsweise als burgernah zelebrieren, indem sie entsprechende Kommunikationsangebote initiieren, wahrend Medienakteure vor der strategischen Frage stehen, das digitale Treiben zu beobachten, zu ignorieren oder zu forcieren.

Despite the increased usage of pearlitic compacted graphite iron (CGI) in heavy vehicle engines, poor machinability of this material remains as one of the main technical challenges as compared to conventional lamellar iron. To minimise the machining cost, it is believed that solution-strengthened CGI material with a ferritic matrix could bring an advantage. The present study focuses on the effect of solution strengthening of silicon and section thickness on tensile, microstructure and hardness properties of high-Si CGI materials. To do so, plates with thicknesses from 7 to 75 mm were cast with three different target silicon levels 3.7, 4.0 and 4.5 wt%. For all Si levels, the microstructure was ferritic with a very limited pearlite content. The highest nodularity was observed in 7 and 15 mm plate sections, respectively, however, it decreased as the plate thickness increased. Moreover, increasing Si content to 4.5 wt% resulted in substantial improvement up to 65 and 50% in proof stress and tensile strength,...

We report the synthesis of the azaoxoaporphine alkaloid sampangine (4) and a series of ring A analogues and isomers of the marine pyridoacridine alkaloid ascididemin (2). This approach starts from readily available 1-bromo[2,7]naphthyridine (12) or 4-bromobenzo[c][2,7]naphthyridine (5), and the ring A scaffold bearing an ester moiety is introduced by a Suzuki or Negishi cross-coupling reaction. The final cyclization step was achieved through a directed remote ring metallation with the Knochel–Hauser base (TMPMgCl·LiCl; TMP = 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidinyl), followed by intramolecular trapping of the ester group.

Starting from Grundmann's ketone a new chemotype of inhibitors of the post-squalene part of cholesterol biosynthesis was developed. Stereoselective introduction of an angular methyl group at C-3a, followed by a plethora of functionalisations at C-4 and C-5 led to cis-configured amino alcohols as a new chemotype of inhibitors of cholesterol biosynthesis. In cell-based screening systems these compounds were identified to be selective inhibitors of human Δ8,7-sterol isomerase, inhibiting total cholesterol biosynthesis with IC50 values in the low nanomolar range. The most active compounds did not affect fungal Δ8,7-sterol isomerase (in ergosterol biosynthesis), neither showed noteworthy antimicrobial and cytotoxic effects.

This paper presents a detailed study on the effect of an industrial blast cleaning process on the fatigue behavior of a grey cast iron with regard to the residual stresses and microstructural chang ...

The influence of alloying elements on the chill formation in Compacted Graphite Iron (CGI) is investigated. Chill wedges cast in an industrial foundry were used to investigate the chill formation. A total number of 19 chemical compositions were studied, including three trials of varying nodularity treatment level; four trials of varying copper content; four trials of varying silicon content; four trials of varying tin content and four trials of varying carbide promoter content. Three wedges were cast for each alloy composition, of which one was used for measuring the temperature at three different heights in the wedge. Contrary to some previous reports, the results indicate that low-nodularity CGI is not more prone to chill formation (columnar white) than high-nodularity CGI. Trends regarding the effect of alloying elements on chill formation are shown to generally be in agreement with previous work on spheroidal graphite iron and lamellar graphite iron. Most of the samples also show carbide formation in centre line areas of the wedge (inverse chill), this occurrence is also discussed in the paper.

The literature concerning microstructure formation in Compacted Graphite Iron (CGI) is reviewed. CGI has an intermediate graphite morphology between Lamellar Graphite Iron (LGI) and Spheroidal Grap ...

The influence of alloying elements and cooling conditions on compacted graphite iron is investigated. To investigate the influence of different alloying elements a sampling cup, designed for therma ...

A model describing the thermal conductivity of compacted graphite iron (CGI) was created based on the microstructure analysis and thermal conductivity measurements of 76 compacted graphite samples. The thermal conductivity was measured using a laser flash apparatus for seven temperatures ranging between 35 °C and 600 °C. The model was created by solving a linear regression model taking into account the influence of carbon and silicon additions, nodularity, and fractions of ferrite and carbide constituents. Observations and the results from the model indicated a positive influence of the fraction of ferrite in the metal matrix on the thermal conductivity. Increasing the amount of carbon addition while keeping the CE value constant, i.e., at the same time reducing the silicon addition, had a positive effect on the thermal conductivity value. Nodularity is known to reduce the thermal conductivity and this was also confirmed. The fraction of carbides was low in the samples, making their influence slight. A comparison of the thermal conductivity values calculated from the model with measured values showed a good agreement, even on materials not used to solve the linear regression model.

Der „Werkstattbericht“ gibt einen Einblick in ein aktuelles, ambitioniertes und noch nicht abgeschlossenes Burgerbeteiligungsprojekt auf Landerebene: Politikberatung durch Burgerbeteiligung! Rheinland-Pfalz ist das erste Bundesland, das im Rahmen einer Kommunal- und Verwaltungsreform – neben den klassischen Politikberatungsinstrumenten – von Beginn an Burgerbeteiligung als Politikberatung einsetzt.. Aufwand und Kosten des Verfahrens schaffen Erwartungen, denen sich die Politik nur schwer entziehen kann. Die Einbeziehung der Ergebnisse in den Reformprozess wird daher immer wieder von der Politik betont. Die Burgerbeteiligung wird in mehreren Stufen durchgefuhrt. Die erste Stufe, auf die sich dieser Praxisbericht bezieht, ist bereits abgeschlossen und erste Ergebnisse der empirischen Begleitforschung liegen vor. Zum Einsatz kamen drei Elemente: Regionalkonferenzen, Burgerkonferenzen und „Planungszellen“, die jeweils als Beratungselemente in den Entscheidungsprozess eingebracht werden sollen.

Rheinland-Pfalz befi ndet sich mitten in einer Kommunal- und Verwaltungsreform. Um die Stimmung im Land auszuloten und mogliche Widerstande abzumildern, fuhrte die Landesregierung eine breite Burgerbeteiligung im Vorfeld der Rahmengesetzgebung durch. Mit dem in der Folge verabschiedeten Reformpaket wurden gleichzeitig auch Demokratiereformen beschlossen. Lerneff ekte aus vergangenen Reformstufen konnten bei den anstehenden Kreisfusionen genutzt werden. So zeigt sich beispielsweise deutlich, dass die Burgerbeteiligung nur dann ein Legitimationsgewinn bedeutet, wenn Politik und Verwaltung diese professionell und ernsthaft betreiben.

A new RF-PACVD processing technology is described that helps to overcome some of the most important limitations of existing technology to generate diamond-like carbon (DLC) coatings on technical substrates. Separating the active inert gas area from the floating reactive-gas-chamber reduces cleaning requirements and improves scalability of the reactor design. It is shown how the films grown from different precursor gases differ in their ability to cover the original surface structure of technical substrates by analyzing the development of roughness, power spectra and statistical anisotropy of the surface topography measured with atomic force microscopy. Parameter studies are presented showing the in situ surface nano-structuring capabilities of the toluene based amorphous hydrogenated carbon (a-C:H) coatings that can be efficiently produced using the described technology.

Purpose: The prospective study compares the confocal microscopic images of the rabbit and human corneal epithelial layers obtained with two objectives having different numerical apertures (NA). Methods: Ten rabbit eyes were enucleated and kept in place by a pneumatic support to ensure the best performance of each objective, with no disturbance due to eye movements. Five normal patients were selected after agreement. The rabbit eyes and those of the patients were all examined with slit lamp. Confocal microscopy (Tomey, Erlangen-Tennenlohe, Germany) was performed with Achroplan (Zeiss, Oberkochen, Germany) 40x/NA = 0.75 and 63x/NA = 0.9 objectives. Selected images of the corneal epithelium layers were evaluated qualitatively for the size, shape, light scattering, and reflection of the cells. Results: The cells in the superficial corneal epithelium of rabbit and human eyes, before desquamation, produced a much brighter reflection than the surrounding cells. This was clearly seen only with the 63x/NA = 0.9 objective. The corneal epithelium subsegments of the rabbit eyes, like the basal cell layer or the intermediate cell layer (wing cells), were visible under the high numerical aperture (63x/NA = 0.9) objective only. These layers, in the human eyes, were more clearly visible using the high numerical aperture objective. Conclusion: An objective with a high numerical aperture and a high optical resolution provided an improved analysis to study all the layers of the rabbit and human corneal epithelium.Objetivo: Este estudo prospectivo compara as imagens de microscopia confocal do epitélio corneano do coelho e do homem, obtidas através de 2 objetivas com aberturas numéricas (AN) diferentes. Métodos: Dez olhos de coelhos foram enucleados e fixados através de um suporte pneumático para garantir o melhor desempenho de cada objetiva. Cinco pacientes normais foram selecionados após consentimento. Os olhos de coelhos e dos pacientes foram previamente examinados na lâmpada de fenda. O exame de microscopia confocal (Tomey, Erlangen-Tennenlohe, Alemanha) foi realizado com as objetivas Achroplan 40x/AN = 0,75 e 63x/AN = 0,9 (Zeiss, Oberkochen, Alemanha). Imagens selecionadas do epitélio corneano foram avaliadas qualitativamente com relação ao tamanho, forma e refletividade das células. Resultados: As células no epitélio superficial dos coelhos e dos pacientes, previamente à descamação, tiveram uma refletividade maior que as células adjacentes. Este aspecto foi claramente observado somente com a objetiva 63x/AN = 0,9. As camadas basal e intermediária do epitélio em coelhos foram visualizadas somente através desta objetiva. Estas camadas nos pacientes tornaram-se mais nítidas com a objetiva de abertura numérica maior (63x/AN = 0,9). Conclusão: Uma objetiva de abertura numérica elevada produz melhor resolução dos cortes ópticos, facilitando a análise das camadas do epitélio no coelho e no homem.

Etablierte bzw. „gewahlte“ Parteien wirken im „Parteienstaat“ nicht nur bei der politischen Willensbildung und der Besetzung staatlicher Amter mit. Sie stehen gleichzeitig fur die offentlich sichtbare politische Wahrnehmung der bestehenden Wirklichkeitskonstruktion der reprasentativen Demokratie.

Purpose: The prospective study compares the confocal microscopic images of the rabbit and human corneal epithelial layers obtained with two objectives having different numerical apertures (NA). Methods: Ten rabbit eyes were enucleated and kept in place by a pneumatic support to ensure the best performance of each objective, with no disturbance due to eye movements. Five normal patients were selected after agreement. The rabbit eyes and those of the patients were all examined with slit lamp. Confocal microscopy (Tomey, Erlangen-Tennenlohe, Germany) was performed with Achroplan (Zeiss, Oberkochen, Germany) 40x/NA = 0.75 and 63x/NA = 0.9 objectives. Selected images of the corneal epithelium layers were evaluated qualitatively for the size, shape, light scattering, and reflection of the cells. Results: The cells in the superficial corneal epithelium of rabbit and human eyes, before desquamation, produced a much brighter reflection than the surrounding cells. This was clearly seen only with the 63x/NA = 0.9 objective. The corneal epithelium subsegments of the rabbit eyes, like the basal cell layer or the intermediate cell layer (wing cells), were visible under the high numerical aperture (63x/NA = 0.9) objective only. These layers, in the human eyes, were more clearly visible using the high numerical aperture objective. Conclusion: An objective with a high numerical aperture and a high optical resolution provided an improved analysis to study all the layers of the rabbit and human corneal epithelium. Objetivo: Este estudo prospectivo compara as imagens de microscopia confocal do epitélio corneano do coelho e do homem, obtidas através de 2 objetivas com aberturas numéricas (AN) diferentes. Métodos: Dez olhos de coelhos foram enucleados e fixados através de um suporte pneumático para garantir o melhor desempenho de cada objetiva. Cinco pacientes normais foram selecionados após consentimento. Os olhos de coelhos e dos pacientes foram previamente examinados na lâmpada de fenda. O exame de microscopia confocal (Tomey, Erlangen-Tennenlohe, Alemanha) foi realizado com as objetivas Achroplan 40x/AN = 0,75 e 63x/AN = 0,9 (Zeiss, Oberkochen, Alemanha). Imagens selecionadas do epitélio corneano foram avaliadas qualitativamente com relação ao tamanho, forma e refletividade das células. Resultados: As células no epitélio superficial dos coelhos e dos pacientes, previamente à descamação, tiveram uma refletividade maior que as células adjacentes. Este aspecto foi claramente observado somente com a objetiva 63x/AN = 0,9. As camadas basal e intermediária do epitélio em coelhos foram visualizadas somente através desta objetiva. Estas camadas nos pacientes tornaram-se mais nítidas com a objetiva de abertura numérica maior (63x/AN = 0,9). Conclusão: Uma objetiva de abertura numérica elevada produz melhor resolução dos cortes ópticos, facilitando a análise das camadas do epitélio no coelho e no homem.

The higher mechanical strength of Compacted Graphite Iron (CGI) than Flake Graphite Iron (FGI) makes it very useful material for several commercial components. The knowledge of microstructure and hence the mechanical properties and machinability is very important for the CGI to used efficiently in manufacturing. The complex geometry of cast components makes it difficult to produce adequate microstructure in the whole component.Adequate material properties can be achieved by having good knowledge about the correlations between the casted geometry, graphite morphology and pearlite content. In the presented paper, 18 different model materials have been analysed extensively, concerning the effect of chemical composition, solidification and cooling rate on the nodularity, pearlite content, interlamellar spacing in pearlite, hardness and mechanical properties. Later, the cutting force measurement tests were performed on some of the materials and it was found that the forces have a strong positive correlation with pearlite content and the tensile strength of the materials.