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OBJECTIVE Emotion dysregulation is a transdiagnostic risk factor for many mental health disorders and develops in the context of early trauma exposure. Research suggests intergenerational risk associated with trauma exposure and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), such that maternal trauma experiences and related symptoms can negatively impact child outcomes across development. The goals of the present study were to examine child and mother correlates of child PTSD symptoms and the unique roles of child and maternal emotion dysregulation in understanding child PTSD symptoms. METHOD Subjects included 105 African American mother-child dyads from an urban hospital serving primarily low-income minority individuals. RESULTS Correlational results showed that child trauma exposure, child emotion dysregulation, maternal depressive symptoms, maternal emotion dysregulation, and potential for maternal child abuse all were significantly associated with child PTSD symptoms (ps < 0.05). Hierarchical linear regression models revealed that child trauma exposure, maternal depression, and maternal abuse potential accounted for 29% of the variance in child PTSD symptoms (p < 0.001). Both child emotion dysregulation (Rchange² = 0.14, p < .001) and maternal emotion dysregulation (Rchange² = 0.04, p < .05) were significantly associated with child PTSD symptoms independent of other risk factors and potential for maternal abuse was no longer a significant predictor. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that maternal emotion dysregulation may be an important factor in influencing their child's PTSD symptoms above and beyond child-specific variables. Both maternal and child emotion dysregulation could be valuable treatment targets for improving maternal mental health and parenting behaviors and bolstering child health outcomes, thus reducing intergenerational transmission of risk associated with trauma. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).

AIM To identify practices, beliefs, and potential gaps in knowledge about parteria tradicional in Latin America. BACKGROUND/INTRODUCTION Parteria tradicional (lay midwifery) refers to ancestral knowledge used by laypersons, mainly parteras tradicionales (lay midwives), to provide health care to women and children. This care, initiated prior to formalization of health care continues today. Descriptions of the intergenerational oral transmission of parteria tradicional knowledge and practice in Latin America exist without related synthesis. METHODS Qualitative synthesis of the literature, including publications in Spanish, English, and Portuguese indexed in public databases over the previous 22 years concerning parteria tradicional. Identification of categories, themes, and bias reporting via PRISMA processes, using the Thomas and Harden's approach and the Noblit and Hare's methodological recommendations. RESULTS Parteria tradicional themes included "ancestral knowledge," "destiny and a spiritual calling," "woma's heritage," and "a means for providing health care." DISCUSSION Parteras tradicionales are key providers of health care for rural and urban marginalized communities. Limited knowledge and understanding of this practice impacts interactions between parteras tradicionales, midwives, and nurses. An interchange of knowledge is fundamental for care congruent with culture and the humanization of women's reproductive health. CONCLUSIONS AND POLICY IMPLICATIONS Communities with unresolved health care needs benefit via collaboration between formal health practices and parteria tradicional. A compelling need for inquiry to preserve the art of parteria tradicional exists internationally. Parteras tradicionales must be considered when formulating health care policy, thereby enhancing their historic role among the most vulnerable populations in Latin America: protecting, caring, and addressing health care needs.

Background We leveraged a recent efficacy trial to investigate directionality between parent anxiety and child anxiety at posttreatment and 12-month follow-up, and the potential role of parent psychological control as a mediator. We also explored child age and sex as moderators. Method Two-hundred and fifty-four children were randomized to individual cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) or to one of two CBT arms with parent involvement. Parent anxiety was not a treatment target in any of the three arms. Results Child anxiety at posttreatment was associated with parent anxiety and psychological control at 12-month follow-up, providing evidence of child-to-parent directionality. Parent anxiety at posttreatment was associated indirectly with child anxiety at 12-month follow-up through associations with parent psychological control, providing evidence of parent-to-child directionality. At posttreatment, parent psychological control contemporaneously mediated the relation between parent and child anxiety. Neither child age nor sex moderated any association. Conclusions Findings highlight the directional effects between child anxiety, parent anxiety, and psychological control from posttreatment to 12-month follow-up, even when parent anxiety is not a treatment target. Research and clinical implications are discussed, with an emphasis on enhancing durability following treatment effects.

Introduction Transactional developmental and anxiety theories suggest that mothers and toddlers may influence each other's anxiety development across early childhood. Further, toddlers' successful solicitations of comfort during uncertain, yet manageable, situations, may be a behavioral mechanism by which mothers and toddlers impact each other over time. To test these ideas, the current study employed a longitudinal design to investigate bidirectional relations between maternal anxiety and toddler anxiety risk (observed inhibited temperament and mother-perceived anxiety, analyzed separately), through the mediating role of toddler-solicited maternal comforting behavior, across toddlerhood. Methods Mothers (n = 174; 93.6% European American) and their toddlers (42.4% female; 83.7% European American) participated in laboratory assessments at child ages 1, 2, and 3 years. Mothers self-reported anxiety symptoms. Toddler anxiety risk was observed in the laboratory as inhibited temperament and reported by mothers. Solicited comforting interactions were observed across standardized laboratory tasks. Results Direct and indirect bidirectional effects were tested simultaneously in two longitudinal path models. Toddler anxiety risk, but not maternal anxiety, predicted solicited comforting behavior, and solicited comforting behavior predicted maternal anxiety. No convincing evidence for parent-directed effects on toddler anxiety risk emerged. Conclusion Results support continued emphasis on child-elicited effects in child and parent anxiety development in early childhood.

Objective: This article aims to analyze the Brazilian scientific production related to communication and the Rede Cegonha, see king to raise questions about the communication process in these which is one of the health care networks present in the daily activities of the family health strategy. Methods: Bibliometric literature review research, searched in the Biblioteca Virtual de Saúde - BVS and The Scientific Electronic Library Online - SciELO.org databases, in the months of August and September 2019, using the key words: Rede Cegonha, Assistência Materno-Infantil(as a synonym of the first) and comunicação through the following peer associations: rede cegonha / communication and assistência materno-infantil/comunicação, through the Boolean operator AND the proximity operator quotation marks (“”), using the second consideringth e use of compound descriptors. Results: After excluding all articles that were not relevant to the topic and with all descriptors, 35 articles were found in the virtual library BVS and SciELO.org, however 18 were duplicated, leaving 17 articles. Regarding these arches performed with the descriptors associations, there was also duplicity, and all articles found were also inserted in the search with the descriptor Rede Stork. There was a tendency for publications to increase between 2015 and 2018, mainly in the VHL. Conclusion: The publication about stork net is still incipient, but with in increase in production in the last four years. KEYWORDS: Pregnant Women, Health Care Networks, Stork Network and Maternal Child Care. RESUMO: Objetivo: Esse artigo tem como objetivo analisar a produção científica brasileira relacionada à comunicação na Rede Cegonha, buscando levantar questionamentos sobre o processo de comunicação nessas que é uma das redes de atenção à saúde presente no cotidiano da atuação da estratégia de saúde da família. Métodos: Pesquisa de revisão de literatura tipo bibliométrica, pesquisada nos bancos de dados Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde – BVS e The Scientific Electronic Library Online – SciELO.org, nos meses de agosto e setembro de 2019, utilizando os descritores: Rede cegonha, Assistência Materno-Infantil (enquanto sinônimo do primeiro) e comunicação através das seguintes associações de pares: rede cegonha/comunicação e assistência materno-infantil/comunicação, por meio do operador booleano AND e o operador de proximidade aspas (“”), utilizando-se o segundo tendo em vista o uso de descritores compostos. Resultados: Após a exclusão de todos os artigos que não estavam pertinentes ao tema e com todos descritores, foram encontrados 35 artigos no total, nas bases de dados BVS e SciELO.org, contudo 18 estavam duplicados, restando 17 artigos. Com relação a busca realizada com as associações dos descritores, houve também duplicidade, sendo que todos os artigos encontrados estavam também inseridos na busca com o descritor Rede Cegonha. Houve uma tendência de aumento das publicações entre os anos de 2015 a 2018, principalmente na BVS. Conclusão: A publicação sobre rede cegonha ainda é incipiente, mas com um aumento na produção nos últimos quatro anos. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Gestantes, Rede Cegonha, Assistência Materno Infantil.

The study investigated the unswerving besides the incidental effect of domestic violence on a child’s Logical Operations. This study took 100 participants also children, whose age is between 3 or 5-year-old in which (44 Boys and 56 Girls) conscripted from the overall society. Domestic violence is used as a dependent variable and negatively related to the home environment and Trauma & Mental Depression. Children who witness domestic violence have poorer verbal ability whereas controlling the SES and child abuse have significantly affected visual-spatial abilities. The two scores WPPSI-R and PPVT-R score are used for MANCOVA results for primary data for witness and non-witness of domestic violence. In the end, internal vehemence circuitously precious the mutual type of rational skills over the impression on parental downheartedness besides the intellectual superiority of the household atmosphere.

Background: Studies suggest breastfeeding lowers obesity risk in childhood, but generalizability of existing evidence is limited. We examined associations of breastfeeding with childhood overweight, obesity, and percentage body fat, in a racially diverse maternal-child cohort. Methods: This cross-sectional study included 823 children, ages 4-8 years, enrolled in the Environmental Exposures and Child Health Outcomes (ECHO) cohort, a subset of the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Fetal Growth Studies cohort. Logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for overweight [BMI (kg/m2) 85th to

This is the first study to use ethno-mimesis to explore the lived experiences of mothers navigating child-to-parent violence initiated by pre-adolescent children. The current child-to-parent violence research landscape is predominantly focused upon the experiences of parents of adolescent children, identifying that violent behaviours can be used as a life-long strategy. This research uses innovative methods to explore the lived experiences of mothers, and how they understand and navigate the violence of their pre-adolescent child. Using ethno-mimesis to allow for the intersection of socio-cultural theory (social roles and expectations); experience (reflection on motherhood); and practice (creating visual representations), five mother experiencing child-to-parent violence were identified and recruited from three parent support groups in the North of England. These mothers individually reflected on their experiences of violence, as mothers with young children, with responses thematically analyzed underpinned by phenomenological inquiry. Mothers in this research identified the violence as a symptom of wider structural, neurological, or mental health difficulties their child was experiencing rather than the problem itself. Participants did not believe the violence was intentional but was due to uncontrollable and overwhelming emotions. Nevertheless, there was considerable overlap between the experiences of these mothers and previous research into maternal experiences of adolescent violence; maternal experiences of adult child-to-parent violence, and intimate partner violence. By understanding the behaviours of younger children, there is opportunity to provide whole-family interventions which will prevent lifecourse trajectories, and focus upon the challenges and support needs of mothers living with this form of violence and abuse.

Introduction: Infections acquired during pregnancy increases the risk of maternal child morbidity and mortality. Likewise, maternal stress has undesirable impact on women’s health. The aim of this study is to assess the prevalence of TORCH infections and stress among pregnant women in tribal areas of Aravalli district, Gujarat and its impact on birth outcome. This paper outlines the methodology adopted for the research study. Materials and Methods: A prospective cohort study is ongoing in a tribal block of Aravalli district, Bhiloda. Expecting women will be included to collect data on antenatal care (ANC), household (HH) and post-delivery status of women and children born. Plasma and saliva samples are collected to assess TORCH infection and stress through nested PCR and ELISA assays. Discussion: As of October 2019, 119 tribal villages & 100,000 populations are covered. This is the first study in India focusing on both TORCH infections and stress during pregnancy, and its birth outcome. This study will add to evidence generation for improving neonatal mortality. Keywords: India, Maternal health, Maternal stress, Neonatal mortality, Poor birth outcomes, Pregnancy, TORCH, Tribal.

Introduction: While the many health vulnerabilities and challenges experienced by refugees have been previously documented, few studies have addressed the strengths-focused response strategies that women refugees, in particular, engage to navigate health systems and experiences associated with displacement. Our study attempts to document this among members of one group, the Karen, who represent a significant proportion of refugees resettled in the United States over the past decade. The purpose of this study was to explore how a sample of resettled Karen refugee women construct meaning around health, particularly in the context of cultural values, community, and migration. Methodology: This research took place in a series of ethnographic case studies documenting experiences of resilience, identity construction, and mothering among Karen refugee women from Burma. Data were collected through participant interviews with 12 Karen refugee women living in the United States. Interviews were transcribed, coded, and analyzed to identify themes relating to culturally influenced and newly emerging perceptions of health, identity, motherhood, and migration. Results: Participants identified correlates of doing, such as the ability to work and physical energy, as positively related to health, while the inability to do things was negatively related to health. Personal health also encompassed the health of family and community. Discussion: Women in this sample drew on broad, culturally informed ways of being to explain their health experiences. Implications of these findings are presented regarding how organizations and health providers can approach their work with refugees in culturally informed and relevant ways.

Background Up to 1 in 5 children are exposed to maternal depressive symptoms. Children exposed to maternal depressive symptoms have poorer language skills than children not exposed to maternal depressive symptoms. Due to the crucial role of children's language skills in school readiness and academic achievement, it is imperative to understand the factors that underlie the relation between maternal depressive symptoms and children's language skills. Previous reviews have examined the mechanistic role of social-pragmatic features of mother-child interactions. However, the literature on the relation between maternal depressive symptoms and data-providing aspects of mother-child interactions, including child-directed speech, has yet to be consolidated. In this systematic review, we present maternal child-directed speech as a potential pathway through which maternal depressive symptoms influence children's language skills. Methods Following PRISMA guidelines, three database searches produced 546 articles related to maternal depressive symptoms, child-directed speech, and children's language skills, ten of which examined the relation between maternal depressive symptoms and child-directed speech. Results Findings revealed that increases in maternal depressive symptoms may be associated with decreases in amount of child-directed speech but not necessarily with decreases in the complexity of child-directed speech. Limitations The studies in this review varied in sample size, the inclusion of important sociodemographic factors, and the operationalization of depression and child-directed speech, thereby limiting conclusions, especially about whether maternal depressive symptoms are associated with the complexity of child-directed speech. Conclusions This review has implications for prevention and intervention efforts aimed at optimizing children's language skills; child-directed speech is modifiable, and mothers experiencing depressive symptoms may benefit from resources encouraging rich child-directed speech.

BackgroundPoor nutritional status in childhood is associated with an elevated risk of mortality and morbidity later in life. Previous studies showed a positive association between specific types of social capital and child nutritional status. Our study examined whether improved food security mediates the impact of maternal and child social support on child height and body mass index (BMI) in four low- and middle-income countries.Methods We used data from the Young Lives cohort study comprising roughly 1,000 children at age 8 and 12 in Vietnam, Ethiopia, India, and Peru. Outcome variables were z-score for height (HAZ) and BMI (BAZ). Results Belonging to the top half of maternal financial support and child financial support was positively associated with child HAZ at age 12 in Peru. Belonging to top half of overall maternal support among children aged 8 in Vietnam, and maternal financial support among children aged 12 in India were also positively associated with child BAZ. A positive association of food security was only found with maternal financial support among children aged 12 in Peru. However, food security did not play a significant role in mediating the effect of maternal financial support on child HAZ at age 12. ConclusionsStrengthening social support to improve child nutritional status may not be a sufficient intervention in resource-poor settings because sources of supports may lack sufficient food resources to share. Considering between-country heterogeneity, a “one size fits all” approach for enhancing social capital may not be appropriate.

Background Prenatal anxiety is associated with child behavioral problems. Prenatal anxiety is predictive of postnatal anxiety which can interfere with the security of maternal-child attachment and further raise the risk of child behavior problems. Secure maternal-child attachment is essential for optimal emotional health. Sex influences the type of behavior problem experienced. There is a gap in understanding whether attachment security and the sex of the child can moderate association between prenatal anxiety and children’s behavioral problems. Purpose To examine the association between prenatal anxiety and child behavioral problems and to test the moderating effects of attachment security and child sex on the association between prenatal anxiety and child behavioral problems. Methods Secondary analysis of data from 182 mothers and their children, enrolled in the Alberta Pregnancy Outcomes and Nutrition Study using Hayes' (2013) conditional process modeling. Results Prenatal anxiety was associated with both externalizing ( b = −0.53; standard error ( SE) = 0.20; p = 0.009) and internalizing ( b = −0.32; SE = 0.13; p = 0.01) behaviors only in children with an insecure style of attachment. Child sex did not moderate the association between prenatal anxiety and children's behavioral problems. Conclusions Attachment security moderated the association between prenatal anxiety and children’s externalizing and internalizing behavioral problems.

In this article I consider the performative moving sculpture titled 16 Girls (2015) produced by Australian-based organization St Martins Youth Art Center as a work that plays consciously and active...

OBJECTIVES: Designing survey questions that clearly and precisely communicate the question's intent and elicit responses based on the intended interpretation is critical but often undervalued. We used cognitive interviewing to qualitatively assess respondents’ interpretation and responses to questions pertaining to maternal and child nutrition intervention coverage. METHODS: We conducted interviews with mothers (N = 21) with children less than one year in Madhya Pradesh, India, to cognitively test 25 survey questions. Each question was followed by probes to capture information on four cognitive stages - comprehension, retrieval, judgement, and response. Interviews were recorded and notes were taken on verbal and non-verbal cues. Data were analyzed for common and unique patterns across the survey questions within the cognitive domains and grouped into challenges. RESULTS: We identified four types of cognitive challenges: 1) Poor retention of multiple concepts in long questions: difficulty in comprehending and retaining questions with three or more key concepts; 2) Temporal confusion: difficulty in conceptualizing recall periods such as “in the last 6 months” as compared to life stages such as pregnancy; 3) Misinterpretation of concepts: misinterpretation of the information being asked; meaning of certain terms such as “animal-source foods” was considered as referring to meat products only and not milk and eggs; scope of intervention using the phrase “talk with you” in referring to counseling was interpreted in different ways by respondents; and 4) Poor understanding of technical terms: difficulty in understanding even commonly-used technical words such as “breastfeeding” and “antenatal care” requiring the use of plain and simple alternative language. CONCLUSIONS: Findings from this study will be useful for stakeholders involved in survey design and implementation, especially those conducting large-scale household surveys to improve coverage data of essential nutrition interventions, which is critical for policy actions FUNDING SOURCES: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation through the DataDENT initiative and the Improving Measurement and Program Design grant, and the CGIAR Research Program on Agriculture for Nutrition and Health (A4NH), led by the International Food Policy Research Institute.

BackgroundPoor nutritional status in childhood is associated with an elevated risk of mortality and morbidity later in life. Previous studies showed a positive association between specific types of social capital and child nutritional status. Our study examined whether improved food security mediates the impact of maternal and child social support on child height and body mass index (BMI) in four low- and middle-income countries.Methods We used data from the Young Lives cohort study comprising roughly 1,000 children at age 8 and 12 in Vietnam, Ethiopia, India, and Peru. Outcome variables were z-score for height (HAZ) and BMI (BAZ). Results Belonging to the top half of maternal financial support and child financial support was positively associated with child HAZ at age 12 in Peru. Belonging to top half of overall maternal support among children aged 8 in Vietnam, and maternal financial support among children aged 12 in India were also positively associated with child BAZ. A positive association of food security was only found with maternal financial support among children aged 12 in Peru. However, food security did not play a significant role in mediating the effect of maternal financial support on child HAZ at age 12. ConclusionsStrengthening social support to improve child nutritional status may not be a sufficient intervention in resource-poor settings because sources of supports may lack sufficient food resources to share. Considering between-country heterogeneity, a “one size fits all” approach for enhancing social capital may not be appropriate.

Postpartum depression (PPD) affects women across all races with serious health consequences for mothers and infants. Maternal factors may increase PPD risk, but research in exclusive Hispanic populations is limited. This secondary analysis evaluated the associations between maternal sociodemographic characteristics and reliable decrease in depressive symptoms in Hispanic women between prenatal study enrollment and 2 months postpartum. Data from all women ( n = 178) who completed a randomized control trial assessing the efficacy of a home-visitation program were included. Most women were from Mexico (66.9%), had incomes

Background: Air pollution in the household and ambient environment ranks among the leading risk factors contributing to the national burden of disease in India. We describe results from the Tamil N...

Rationale The first two to three years of life are critical for early child development (ECD), which affects later life trajectories in health, development, and earning potential. Global calls for early stimulation activities to support optimal development among young children are increasing and there is a need to better understand the factors associated with maternal engagement in early stimulation activities, particularly maternal mental health. Objective This study examined important factors associated with early stimulation activities performed by mothers of children ages 0–2 in rural Kenya. Methods Baseline cohort data from an evaluation of an integrated maternal mental health and an ECD intervention included 374 interviews with mothers of children under 24 months. Descriptive and multivariable analyses were performed. Results Maternal mental health was not associated with maternal early stimulation activities. Having worked in the past week was associated with more frequent early stimulation activities. At the child level, female sex was associated with more frequent early stimulation activities but prematurity at birth was associated with less frequent early stimulation activities. At the household level, ownership of children's toys and books was associated with more frequent early stimulation activities. Conclusions This study indicates that both mothers and families could benefit from availability of ECD-friendly resources such as homemade toys and children's books (particularly for low-income families), and tailored messaging to support early stimulation activities for both girl and boy children and for those prematurely-born. Local governments and community-based programs can aim to both raise awareness about the importance of early childhood development and educate caregivers on specific age-appropriate early stimulation activities that promote optimal growth. Future research should also explore the reciprocal and temporal relationships between maternal mental health and early stimulation activities to inform and elucidate their potential synergistic impact on ECD.

Estudo qualitativo, do tipo relato de experiência, de cunho crítico-reflexivo, sobre elaboração e desenvolvimento de um Projeto Terapêutico Singular (PTS) pela equipe Materno Infantil de um Programa de Residência Multiprofissional em Saúde, em um hospital público da região central do Rio Grande do Sul. O caso relatado descreve o acompanhamento, fundamentado no referencial teórico do PTS, de uma usuária do Sistema Único de Saúde, com diversas demandas biopsicossociais. O PTS iniciou-se durante internação da usuária na unidade tocoginecológica do hospital, campo de referência das residentes. Após o aceite da usuária em participar e da vinculação estabelecida entre ela e a equipe, realizou-se o planejamento das estratégias para atingir metas em curto, médio e longo prazos, que foram constantemente reavaliadas durante o período de acompanhamento. Como resultado da vivência, confirmou-se o que prima a literatura. O PTS mostra-se uma potente ferramenta na assistência integral à saúde e deve ser incentivado, não apenas como apoio à formação de residentes multiprofissionais, mas também entre as diferentes equipes de saúde da rede de atenção, como estratégia eficiente na produção do cuidado em saúde.

Introduction: There are significant disparities in medication adherence among underserved minority groups such as Latinos. Adherence to medication is a primary determinant of treatment success. Little is known about medication adherence among Latino children. This integrated review aims to describe what is known about medication adherence among Latino children and explore barriers and facilitators to medication adherence. Method: This review was guided by Whittemore and Knafl’s method of integrative review and the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) Statement. Results: Of the 20 articles reviewed about medication adherence among Latino children, the analysis of these articles revealed four major themes: (1) low adherence, (2) low adherence associations, (3) child outcomes, and (4) effective interventions. Conclusion: Health practitioners should consider medication adherence associations and interventions when collaborating with the family caregiver to improve child outcomes.

Exposure to tobacco smoke during pregnancy has been associated with a series of adverse reproductive outcomes; however, the underlying molecular mechanisms are not well-established. We conducted an untargeted metabolome-wide association study to identify the metabolic perturbations and molecular mechanisms underlying the association between cotinine, a widely used biomarker of tobacco exposure, and adverse birth outcomes. We collected early and late pregnancy urine samples for cotinine measurement and serum samples for high-resolution metabolomics (HRM) profiling from 105 pregnant women from the Atlanta African American Maternal-Child cohort (2014–2016). Maternal metabolome perturbations mediating prenatal tobacco smoke exposure and adverse birth outcomes were assessed by an untargeted HRM workflow using generalized linear models, followed by pathway enrichment analysis and chemical annotation, with a meet-in-the-middle approach. The median maternal urinary cotinine concentrations were 5.93 μg/g creatinine and 3.69 μg/g creatinine in early and late pregnancy, respectively. In total, 16,481 and 13,043 metabolic features were identified in serum samples at each visit from positive and negative electrospray ionization modes, respectively. Twelve metabolic pathways were found to be associated with both cotinine concentrations and adverse birth outcomes during early and late pregnancy, including tryptophan, histidine, urea cycle, arginine, and proline metabolism. We confirmed 47 metabolites associated with cotinine levels, preterm birth, and shorter gestational age, including glutamate, serine, choline, and taurine, which are closely involved in endogenous inflammation, vascular reactivity, and lipid peroxidation processes. The metabolic perturbations associated with cotinine levels were related to inflammation, oxidative stress, placental vascularization, and insulin action, which could contribute to shorter gestations. The findings will support the further understanding of potential internal responses in association with tobacco smoke exposures, especially among African American women who are disproportionately exposed to high tobacco smoke and experience higher rates of adverse birth outcomes.

Study background Journals are key learning mechanisms for nursing organizations. Analysis of publications provides opportunities to explore influences, priorities, and perspectives of nurses over time. Purpose To identify historical trends in maternal–infant health and nursing practice. Methods Historical bibliometric and content analysis of articles in The Canadian Nurse, 1905–2015. Six hundred sixty-eight lead publications in the journal were identified. Data were extracted on authorship, writing style, geographical distribution, and language, and content themes were determined. Results Five hundred twenty-five publications were written by nurses, and 272 came from the Ontario and Quebec. Nine key content areas were identified, including changing families, women’s bodies, prenatal care, birth care, postpartum care, when things go wrong, and keeping babies healthy. The number of maternal–infant publications in this national journal has been decreasing since the emergence of specialty journals. Conclusion Advances in perinatal nursing practice over the past 115 years in Canada reflect emerging scientific developments and evolving social values. These articles traced the medicalization and reclamation of pregnancy and childbirth, the shifting role of nurses in relation to other health and social care providers, and the impact of determinants of health on the well-being of mothers, infants, and families.

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between coping strategies, religious attitude, and optimism of mothers of children with cancer.The sample was 97 mothers of children with cancer. To collect data, the Coping Strategy Questionnaire, Religious Attitude Scale, and Life Orientation were used.There were positive correlations between the total score of Coping Strategy Questionnaire and emotional scores of Religious Attitude Scale ( r = 0.170, p = .04). The correlation relationship between mothers' coping, religious tendencies, and optimism tendencies was not significant ( p.05). There were also positive correlations between Coping Strategy Questionnaire Social Support Seeking subscale and the total scores of Religious Attitude Scale ( r = 0.189, p = .03) and Life Orientation Test ( r = 0.183, p = .03).Mothers with a higher religious attitude had bettter social support and were more optimistic. These results will contribute to understanding the influence of religion in different cultures.

Parents with ADHD may be at increased risk to engage in physical child abuse and, in turn, influence the developing child abuse risk of their children. The present study investigated the connection between maternal ADHD symptoms and their emerging adult child’s physical abuse risk, considering potential paths via maternal child abuse risk, maternal parenting style, and the child’s ADHD symptoms. The sample included 794 emerging adults and 146 of their mothers. Emerging adults and their mothers both reported on the ADHD symptoms of the mother, the ADHD symptoms of the emerging adult child, and the mothers’ parenting style. Each also independently reported on their own physical child abuse risk. Models indicate maternal ADHD predicted emerging adult children’s abuse risk directly and indirectly through the children’s ADHD symptoms but only weakly through parenting style and not through mothers’ child abuse risk. Child abuse risk appears related to ADHD symptoms in both generations, representing an area to address clinically to reduce the intergenerational patterns of child abuse risk.

Mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) is the main mode of HIV-1 acquisition among young children worldwide. The goals of this study were to estimate the proportion of HIV MTCT and to identify factors associated with transmission. We reviewed data for HIV-infected pregnant women that had been reported to the National Information on Reportable Diseases System (SINAN) in Espírito Santo state, Brazil, between January 2007 and December 2012. HIV cases in children were followed until age 18 months. The proportion of women who transmitted HIV to their babies was 14% (95% CI, 11%–17%). In a multivariate logistic regression model, pregnant women who had lower than primary school education (OR=2.74; 95% CI, 1.31–5.71), had 2 or more pregnancies during the study period (OR=2.28; 95% CI, 1.07–4.84), had emergency cesarean delivery (OR=4.32; 95% CI, 1.57–11.9), and did not receive antiretroviral therapy during prenatal care (OR=2.41; 95% CI, 1.09–5.31) had higher odds of HIV MTCT. Effort should be made to encourage health care workers and pregnant women to use services for the prevention of MTCT.

Maternal child-centrism is widely regarded in Western societies as the ideal of being a good mother. However, it has recently been criticized for the toll it takes on mothers. This study examines the widespread maternal practice of child-centrism. It is the first, to our knowledge, to examine predictors of the tendency towards child-centrism. Nowadays, with the social unwritten imperative to prioritize children's needs regardless of maternal standpoint, this study aims to focus and shed light on mothers and to explore which maternal characteristics predict maternal child-centrism. Self-reported questionnaires were completed by 320 Jewish-Israeli mothers, dealing with maternal child-centrism, maternal characteristics (i.e. attachment style, anxiety, defensiveness, and negative and positive affect), and socio-demographic context. The results of the Hierarchical Regression analysis revealed that stress-related maternal characteristics of anxiety and defensiveness predicted maternal child-centrism. These findings may imply that child-centrism serves as a mechanism for overcoming distress faced by mothers struggling with current Western societal norms. Its relationship to the feminist conceptualization of the Myth of Motherhood is discussed.

Background: To promote child development, parenting stress, and maternal–child interactions among mothers of various nationalities must be understood. The purpose of this study was to investigate maternal–child interactions according to the mother’s nationality among married immigrant mothers from the Philippines, Vietnam, and Korea. Method: This study employed a descriptive, cross-sectional design. Inclusion criteria were mothers who had children of preschool age. Results: A total of 348 mothers were interviewed: 142 Korean mothers, 84 immigrant mothers from the Philippines, and 122 immigrant mothers from Vietnam. Parenting stress ( p < .001) and maternal–child interactions ( p = .023) differed according to the mother’s nationality. Conclusions: By delineating the nurturing characteristics of each country, the results of this study can help immigrant mothers develop maternal–child relationships that aid culturally congruent adjustment to their new culture. Implications for practice: The characteristics of maternal–child interactions according to the mother’s nationality may inform parent education in multicultural societies.

This study evaluated nursing students' knowledge and beliefs of current American Academy of Pediatrics recommendations on Infant Safe Sleep (ISS). A questionnaire was distributed to accredited nursing programs. Responses were compared to evaluate student knowledge of safe sleep recommendations prior to and after pediatric/maternal child education. We reported that nursing students in associate's degree programs have significant gaps in their knowledge regarding ISS even after receiving training. In addition, associate's degree nursing students were less likely to agree with ISS guidelines and felt that their personal experiences as a parent or a caregiver were most helpful in learning about ISS. Curricula need to reflect the most recent evidence-based information on ISS so that students are adequately prepared to enter the workforce.