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Language, especially in a multilingual or multicultural environment, reflects the close relationship between the cultural and material requirements of the subjects concerned.

The microstructure and mechanical properties of a welded joint from heat resistant steel SA-335 P5 have been studied directly after welding (as-welded), after post-weld open-flame heat treatment (PWOFHT), and after post-weld electric heat treatment (PWEHT). The elemental content of the welded joint and Vickers hardness were determined. Tensile and bending tests were conducted. A positive effect of heat treatment (especially, PWEHT) on the mechanical properties and structure of the welded joint was shown. It was established that after the PWEHT, the welded joint from steel P5 meets the material requirements of the petrochemical industry. The use of as-welded joint from this steel is not recommended.

Until now, the process of adaptation in the education system has been researched by Czech scholars exclusively in connection to the adaptation of children. This empirical study examines the adaptation of parents in relation to the formation of the relationship between them and their child’s school. The theoretical framework of the study is based on literature conceptualizing adaptation, relationships between parents and schools, including the matter of partnership, and different roles of parents in school environments. Fourteen parents were instructed to write diary entries during the first twelve weeks of their eldest child’s attendance at a public kindergarten in the Czech Republic. Analysis of the data shows that the parents’ perspectives are not sufficiently considered in the process of adaptation in kindergarten. Still, the development of the child’s adaptation, as well as the requirements, expectations and support received from the kindergarten, have a fundamental influence on the establishment of the parent’s role in relation to their child’s school. The parent’s role in the course of the adaptation period is characterized by their interest in their child, their limited willingness to address their problems or their doubts regarding the school, minimization of their initiatives, their reliability in fulfilling operational and material requirements and their basic appreciation and acknowledgment of the school and its limitations.

Shaping and marketing a product in tablet form is an easy and economical alternative to product shaping. Products in tablet form now cover almost all fields, so that the demand for tablet tooling of various sizes and variations continues to increase. As an effort to support the effectiveness and proper industrial planning, it is necessary to carry out an analysis of the machine and material requirements to produce tablet tooling which is the aim of this study. To achieve these objectives, the methods used in this study include product design, operation plan analysis, and calculation of material requirements and number of machines. The result shows that the number of machine requirements to manufacture the die and punch of tablet tooling with the demand of 200 unit/day are two units of power hacksaw, five units of lathe machine, and a unit of milling machine. On the other hand, the material requirements needed in one day are 22.24 m (Ø45 mm x 5 bars) and 12.79 m (Ø18 mm x 3 bars).

The type of research used in this research is normative legal research. The position of the copy notary deed, which originally could be used as perfect evidence, becomes imperfect because the copy of the deed doesn’t sound the same as the original deed, so that the copy of the deed doesn’t meet the formal and material requirements of the deed making procedure. This can result in the copy of the deed being declared null and void. The legal implication of an agreement where a copy of the notary deed doesn’t sound the same as the minimum deed, namely: the agreement can also be declared null and void as long as there is an agreement from the parties to cancel it because it results in losses for the parties and contains elements of error and fraud.

Although the search for habitability is a much-vaunted objective in the study of planetary environments, the material requirements for an environment to be habitable can be met with relatively few ingredients. In this hypothesis paper, the minimum material requirements for habitability are first re-evaluated, necessarily based on life "as we know it." From this vantage point, we explore examples of the minimum number of material requirements for habitable conditions to arise in a planetary environment, which we illustrate with "minimum habitability diagrams." These requirements raise the hypothesis that habitable conditions may be common throughout the universe. If the hypothesis was accepted, then the discovery of life would remain an important discovery, but habitable conditions on their own would be an unremarkable feature of the material universe. We discuss how minimum units of habitability provide a parsimonious way to consider the minimum number of geological inferences about a planetary body, and the minimum number of atmospheric components that must be measured, for example in the case of exoplanets, to be able to make assessments of habitability.

[Image: see text] An integrated workflow has been established that enables the synthesis, purification, and subsequent biological testing of compound libraries on a microgram scale. This approach utilizes mass directed preparative HPLC in conjunction with charged aerosol detection (CAD) to generate solutions of investigational compounds at high purity and standardized concentrations, facilitating high fidelity biological testing. This new workflow successfully delivered libraries of histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors that afforded biological data consistent with that obtained from standard scale parallel medicinal chemistry techniques. The advantages of this new approach to library synthesis include greatly reduced material requirements and amenability to high-throughput experimentation.

Maslahah actions that encourage human goodness or anything beneficial to human beings. This article is in the decision of the Religious Court of Madiun City number 0020/Pdt.G/2017/PA.Mn. The judge only granted the application for permission to have polygamy and rejected the application for separation of joint property; the decision was not granted on the verdict. The method used in this research is a qualitative research method that produces descriptive data analysis. Primary data in the form of the judge's decision of the Religious Court of Madiun City Number 0020/Pdt.G/2017/PA.Mn The secondary source of library materials in the form of books and interviews with judges. The results of this study there are three conclusions, namely 1). That is the decision with case number 0020/Pdt.G/2017/PA.Mn is by the rules of Maslahah Dzaruriyyah because in this matter, to preserve religion, soul, intellect, lineage, and property have been fulfilled. Only one thing has not been fulfilled about the property, so the more significant problem must come first. 2). The maslahah of formal and material written evidence has been met, but in the evidence of common property is not by the law, the judge rejected it, and it is by the maslahah mu'tabaroh supported by syara '. 3). The maslahah in the witness evidence, including the maslahah hajjiyah, is less than maximum, or it is still doubtful that the witness only knows it. Not by the material requirements (Article 171 HIR/308 RBg) to see, hear, and experience for himself. So the judge gave relief to the parties to support the fulfilment of the maintenance of religion, soul, intellect, lineage and property.

هدفت الدراسة إلى التعرف على متطلبات قيادة التغيير التنظيمي بمدارس التعليم المتوسط في محافظة الأحمدي بدولة الکويت، وقد استخدم الباحث في دراسته المنهج الوصفي التحليلي، حيث اعتمدت الدراسة على استمارة الاستبيان التي تم تطبيقها على (96) مبحوث من المدراء والمدراء المساعدون ورؤساء الأقسام بمدارس البنينوالبنات، وقد أظهرت نتائج الدراسة أن أهمية المتطلبات البشرية لقيادة التغيير التنظيمى في عينة الدراسة جاءت مرتفعة من وجهة نظر أفراد عينة الدراسة، وهذا يدل على أن قيادة التغيير التنظيمى تتأثر بشکل مباشر أو غير مباشر بالمتطلبات البشرية، کما أثبتت الدراسة أنه يمکن تحقيق الأهداف التي تسعى إليها مدارس التعليم المتوسط وکذلک المؤسسات التعليمية المختلفة، ويرجع ذلک إلى أن الإهتمام بدراسة المتطلبات البشرية تساعد في تحقيق اقصى استفادة من الموارد المتاحة، وقد أظهرت النتائج أيضا أن أهمية المتطلبات المادية لقيادة التغيير التنظيمى في عينة الدراسة جاءت متوسطة من وجهة نظر أفراد عينة الدراسة، وهذا يدل على أن قيادة التغيير التنظيمى تتأثر بشکل مباشر أو غير مباشر بالمتطلبات المادية داخل عينة الدراسة، وبناء على ذلک يوصي الباحث بضرورة وضع نظام متکامل للحوافز يساهم في إحداث التغيير التنظيمى بالمدارس، کما يجب أن يتسم الهيکل التنظيمي بالمرونة لاستيعاب متطلبات التغيير بالمدرسة يعد أمر ضروري لتحقيق لتغيير التنظيمي بالطريقة المطلوبة، فضلا عن ضرورة وضع خطة للتغيير تتناسب مع إمکانات المدرسة، ويجب أن تتوزع المشارکة المجتمعية بين المدرسة والمجتمع المحلي للعمل على تطوير رؤية المدرسة، بالإضافة إلى ضرورة تشجيع فرق العمل للمساهمة في التغيير. کلمات مفتاحية: القيادة – التغيير التنظيمي. Abstract The study aimed to identify the requirements of leadership of organizational change in middle schools in Ahmadi governorate, Kuwait. The researcher used the descriptive analytical method. The study relied on the questionnaire form that was applied to (96) of directors, assistant directors and heads of departments in boys' and girls’ schools. The results of the study showed that the importance of the human requirements to lead organizational change in the sample study came high from the point of view of the study sample. This shows that the leadership of organizational change is directly or indirectly affected by human requirements. As well, the study proved that the goals sought by middle schools as well as various educational institutions can be achieved, due to the fact that the interest in studying human requirements helps to make the most of the available resources. The results also showed that the importance of the physical requirements to lead organizational change in the study sample was moderate from the point of view of the study sample members. This indicates that the leadership of organizational change is directly or indirectly influenced by the material requirements within the study sample. Accordingly, the researcher recommends the need to develop an integrated system of incentives that contributes to organizational change in schools. As well, the organizational structure must be flexible to accommodate the requirements of change in the school, which is necessary to achieve organizational change in the required method. In addition to the need to develop a plan for change commensurate with the potential of the school, and community participation should be distributed between the school and the community to work to develop the school vision, besides the need to encourage teams to contribute to change. Key words: Leadership – Organizational Change.

Microsatellites for space applications are being intensively investigated in recent years. They can be used for diverse imaging and inspection applications in space, are relatively inexpensive and can be developed fast. Another rapidly emerging class of technologies is 3D printing which can be used to prepare nearly all shapes from diverse polymers, metals and other materials. The intersection between both techniques, however, is still small. Here we give an overview of the first approaches to perform 3D printing for microsatellites and similar space applications, of material requirements for such applications as well as properties of typical 3D printing materials, enabling suggestions for future experiments and pointing out challenges which have to be taken into account.

This research examines the strength of land sale and purchase certificates in religious courts and the factors that influence them. The research objective is to find out, explain, analyze and obtain answers about the strength of the land sale and purchase deeds at the Religious Courts and the factors that influence them. This study uses normative/doctrinal legal research methods to find law in concreto cases in the form of determining the legal force of proof of land sale and purchase deeds at the Religious Courts and the factors that influence them. Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that first, the strength of the land sale and purchase deed in the Religious Court has perfect and binding strength if the deed is not denied by the opposing party, denied by the opposing party but strengthened by other evidence or photocopy that has been nazegelen (sufficiently stamped), matched with the original which turned out to be appropriate, then the Chairperson of the Assembly was given the code, date and initial of the Chairperson of the Assembly and other evidence was strengthened, and secondly, the factors that influenced the strength of the land sale and purchase deeds at the Religious Court were the fulfillment of formal and material requirements for the deed of sale and purchase, so that the evidence has perfect and binding strength, in accordance with Article 1875 of the Civil Code / BW and the absence of denial by the opposing party on the deed submitted as evidence, the existence of land denial as ownership rights is caused by because of ignorance of one of the parties who litigated well because it did not pe have not bought the land in question, do not know of its existence or the land has been transferred, and the existence of other evidence and local examination by the Panel of Judges (descente) that supports the truth of the deed.

Publisher Summary Plastics used in medical device applications must meet stringent performance requirements through production, packaging, shipping, end use, and disposal. Many devices and device kits are sterilized before they are shipped for use. During manufacturing and during end use they also come in contact with various chemicals, solvents, bodily fluids, skin, organs, and tissues. The materials used in such devices must be resistant to the sterilization methods, chemicals, and fluids that they encounter, be compatible with bodily fluids, skin, and tissues, and still maintain their safety, effectiveness, and functionality. Requirements for plastics used in medical devices include the following: 1. Material characterization, 2. Sterilization resistance, 3. Chemical and lipid resistance, 4. Extractables and leachables characterization, 5. Biocompatibility and hemocompatiblity, and 6. Shelf life and stability. Many devices need to be packaged and sterilized either before distribution or before use. Examples of such devices are exam and surgical gloves, clean room garments, specimen cups, wound care products, sutures, needles, syringes, catheters, drain bags, IV bags, fluid delivery systems, dialysis equipment, implants, surgical instruments, dental instruments, surgery supplies, and combination products. All materials used in such medical devices, including the plastics used in them, must be capable of being sterilized without loss of performance.

The construction of a lunar base is considered to be a giant step for the deep-space exploration by human beings. The in situ utilization of lunar resource is essential for the realization of this ambitious plan. In this study, the composition, crystal structure, melting, and fiberization behaviors of lunar soil simulant were investigated in an effort to develop a continuous fibre to address the material requirements for building a lunar base. The results showed that the chemical and mineral composition of the lunar soil simulant were similar to those of basalt roes on the Earth, and the material could be completely melted at 1332°C. The crystal structure of the simulant was homogenized and transformed into the amorphous glass state when the melted material was quenched by water. Using a fibre spinning facility, continuous filaments were obtained using the melted lunar soil simulant as the raw material. The obtained fibre showed the tensile strength of more than 1400 MPa, which is comparable with that of a commercial basalt fibre. These results confirmed the feasibility of using lunar soil to prepare a continuous fibre for the construction of a lunar base.

RESUMEN: El presente articulo analiza la limitacion coercitiva del ejercicio de libre transito en Mexico que esgrimieran los Gobernadores de Michoacan, Jalisco y Yucatan mediante decretos o discurso punitivo sobre el tipo penal de peligro de contagio como medida para garantizar el resguardo domiciliario de su poblacion en el marco de la pandemia Covid-19. Con base en lo anterior, se abordan aspectos esenciales de las directrices de intervencion sanitaria establecidas por el Consejo de Salubridad General (CSG) en Mexico, al tiempo que se examinan los postulados normativos de restriccion o suspension de derechos humanos consagrados en la Constitucion Federal y los tratados internacionales, particularmente del ejercicio de libre transito, en aras de determinar los requisitos formales y materiales que deben acreditarse, asi como los sujetos legitimados para proclamarlas. Palabras clave: Covid-19, libre transito, limitacion coercitiva, estado de excepcion, estado de sitio. ABSTRACT: This article analyzes the coercive limitation of the exercise of free transit in Mexico used by the Governors of Michoacan, Jalisco and Yucatan through decrees or punitive discourse on the fellony of contagion danger as a measure to guarantee the home issolation of their population at the framework of the Covid-19 pandemic. Based on the above, essential aspects of the health intervention guidelines established by the General Health Council (GHC) in Mexico are addressed, while examining the regulatory postulates of restriction or suspension of human rights enshrined in the Federal Constitution and international treaties, particularly the exercise of free transit, in order to determine the formal and material requirements that must be accredited, as well as the legal entities to proclaim them. Keywords: Covid-19, free transit, coercive limitation, state of emergency, state of siege.

هدف البحث إلى التعرف على متطلبات تطويرالدراسات العليا التربوية بکلية التربية - جامعة المنصورة فى ضوء بعض المتغيرات المعاصرة. وتحقيقا لهدف البحث استخدمت الباحثة المنهج الوصفي، واعتمدت على الاستبانة طبقت على عينة قوامها (109) من أعضاء هيئة التدريس ومعاونيهم بکلية التربية جامعة المنصورة . وتوصل البحث إلى العديد من النتائج منها :تمثلت أبرز المتطلبات التنظيمية لتطوير الدراساتالعليا التربوية في ضوء بعض المتغيرات المعاصرة فيما يلي: وضع معايير علمية دقيقة لقبول الطلاب المتميزين ببرامج الدراسات العليا, وتعديل لائحة الدراسات العليا بما يتناسب مع التطورات الحاصلة في النظم الجامعية العالمية، وتمثلت أبرز المتطلبات التعليمية فيما يلي: تقديم برامج تعليمية مشترکة مع الجامعات المتميزة بالخارج, واستبدال طرق التعلم والتعليم التقليدية بالطرق الحديثة التى تنمى مهارات التفکير العليا للطلاب، کما تمثلت أبرز المتطلبات البشرية في: تشجيع أعضاء هيئة التدريس علي نشر الأبحاث في مجلات علمية عالمية، وتمکين أعضاء هيئة التدريس من استخدام التکنولوجيا فى العملية التعليمية، وتمثلت أبرز المتطلبات المادية في : بناء قواعد بيانات شاملة ومتکاملة عن برامج الدراسات العليا التربوية فى الجامعات العربية والعالمية, وتزويد المکتبة بالمراجع والمصادر العلمية الحديثة التى تغطي کافة مجالات البحث العلمي. وأوصت الدراسة بالعديد من التوصيات، منها: ضرورة التطوير المستمر لبرامج الدراسات العليا، واستحداث برامج جديدة ومتميزة وفق متطلبات سوق العمل المحلية والعربية. Abstract: The aim of the research is to identify the Educational postgraduate developments requirements in education faculty-Mansoura university in the light of some contemporary variables. To achieve this goal, the researcher used the descriptive method, and the research relied on the questionnaire. The research reached many results, including: The most prominent regulatory requirements for the development of Educational postgraduate in the light of some contemporary variables are presented in: Setting accurate scientific standards for the admission of distinguished students in graduate programs, and Modification the list of graduate studies in the light of developments in international university systems. The most prominent educational requirements were as follows: Providing joint educational programs with distinguished universities abroad, and replacing traditional methods of learning and teaching with modern methods that develop higher-order thinking skills for students, The most prominent human requirements were: Encouraging faculty members to publish research in international scientific journals, and enabling faculty members to use technology in the educational process. The most important material requirements were: Building comprehensive and integrated databases on educational graduate programs in Arab and international universities, and providing the library with references and modern scientific sources covering all areas of scientific research. The study recommended the necessity of continuous development of postgraduate programs ,and creating new and distinguished programs according to the requirements of local and Arab labor market

Summary Operation of underwater vehicles and autonomous systems is currently limited by the lack of long-lasting power sources. These systems could potentially be powered using underwater solar cells, but the material requirements to achieve their full potential are not well understood. Using detailed-balance calculations, we show that underwater solar cells can exhibit efficiencies from ∼ 55% in shallow waters to more than 65% in deep waters, while maintaining a power density >5 mW cm−2. We show that the optimum band gap of the solar cell shifts by ∼ 0.6 eV between shallow and deep waters and plateaus at ∼ 2.1 eV at intermediate depths, independent of geographical location. This wide range in optimum band-gap energies opens the potential for a library of wide-band-gap semiconductors to be used for high-efficiency underwater solar cells. Our results provide a roadmap for proper choice of underwater solar cell materials, given the conditions at points of use.

This research is a quantitative descriptive study that aims to analyze the level of need for teaching materials in the form of Student Worksheets (LKM) in vector analysis courses. The method used refers to the analyze stage of the ADDIE development model. The results showed 83% of teaching materials were text books and sources of information from the internet, 80% of students were happy and enthusiastic in learning vector concepts. However, 83% of respondents experienced difficulties in learning vector concepts because the material was classified as abstract and problem solving problems in vector concepts needed high reasoning. Analysis of teaching material requirements shows that there is a need for Student Worksheets (MFIs) based on Problem Based Learning (PBL) to teach vector concepts so that the concepts are easily understood. Keywords: Needs Analysis, Vector Analysis, Student Worksheets

With rapid advancements in the understanding of human physiology, biomedical systems—in particular physical products deployed into medical service—have obtained increasing efficacy and complexity. Therefore, methods used to manufacture such devices have had to be adapted to allow for unconventional geometries, unique material requirements, and fast rates of development and production. Rapid Manufacturing (RM) allows for such characteristics to be implemented in the production process itself by replacing corresponding conventional manufacturing techniques, while also enabling customization of products to allow patient specificity—a crucial characteristic for the successful deployment of numerous types of biomedical devices. RM employs various modern manufacturing techniques, primarily Additive Manufacturing (AM), in conjunction with several allied technologies that complement the necessities and limitations of the novel production methods. With the objective to aid appropriate selection and definition of RM processes, this chapter discusses the application of RM processes to the production of biomedical products, the various constituent manufacturing and allied technologies that enable the same; lists instances of industrial and medical employment of prevalent rapid techniques and also summarizes the implications and challenges.

This paper compiles selected predictive analytical and numerical tools which can be used to model and understand the mechanisms of importance at different stages during and immediately after extrusion-based 3D printing of cementitious materials. The proposed toolbox covers different aspects of the process including mixing, material transportation, layer deposition, mechanical behavior of the fresh printed structure, and its early curing. Specifically, the paper provides basic analytical methods that should be helpful for an initial, first-order analysis of a given printing process. These methods deliver, in turn, a first estimation of some material requirements and process parameters. Limitations of these analytical methods are also discussed. Furthermore, the paper presents a review of advanced numerical tools that can be used to simulate the steps in the printing process accurately. It is shown that these tools can serve to describe complex behaviors, help in designing process parameters, or optimizing the rheological response, even though further developments are still needed to capture fully the attendant physical mechanisms.

Microplate-based formulation screening is a powerful approach to identify stabilizing excipients for therapeutic proteins while reducing material requirements. However, this approach is sometimes not representative of studies conducted in relevant container closures. The present study aimed to identify critical parameters for a microplate-based orbital shaking method to screen biotherapeutic formulations by agitation-induced aggregation. For this purpose, an in-depth methodological study was conducted using different shakers, microplates, and plate seals. Aggregation was monitored by size exclusion chromatography, turbidity, and backgrounded membrane imaging. Both shaker quality and liquid-seal contact had substantial impacts on aggregation during shaking and resulted in non-uniform sample treatment when parameters were not suitably selected. The well volume to fill volume ratio (Vwell/Vfill) was identified as an useful parameter for achieving comparable aggregation levels between different microplate formats. An optimized method (2400 rpm [ac 95 m/s2], Vfill 60-100 µL [Vwell/Vfill 6-3.6], 24 h, RT, heat-sealed) allowed for uniform sample treatment independent of surface tension and good agreement with vial shaking results. This study provides valuable guidance for miniaturization of shaking stress studies in biopharmaceutical drug development, facilitating method transfer and comparability between laboratories.

An insight in reliability of MEMS packaging and the reliability of MEMS has been presented in this chapter. Since there is a common misconception that silicon MEMS devices and ICs are similar because they use the same microfabrication techniques, principal differences between silicon-based MEMS and ICs have been outlined. Materials selection for MEMS packaging has been considered as well as MEMS package reliability. As far as MEMS generic elements are concerned, a number of common failure modes have been presented. Reliability of MEMS devices requires better understanding of mechanisms that cause failure in MEMS devices. Production of reliable MEMS device requires sophisticated design considerations and better control of microfabrication processes that are used in production and packaging of a MEMS device. Reliable MEMS package should isolate non-sensing areas from sensing ones what is of extreme importance in harsh, corrosive or mechanically demanding environments. Also, it must not prevent mechanical action of moving parts of the structure or disable transfer of fluids from one region to another. Coupling of energy, motion or momentum from one region to another should be allowed. Finally, reliable MEMS package should prevent transfer of heat, mechanical strain, outgassing, pressure, moisture, etc. Reliability of MEMS generic elements is also of utmost importance. Knowledge of physics of degradation and failure mechanisms in the microdomain is still very limited. Another important issue is the need for credible testing techniques to be used during fabrication, assembly and packaging as well as during operation of the device. Device with self-testing capability will insure the reliability of the device during service.

The relationship between economic growth and environmental impact has become a recurrent subject of research in recent years. Currently, results that indicate that the accumulation of economic growth leads to a reduction in environmental impact coexist with others that do not show any evidence in this respect. This paper aims to analyse this relationship using Material Flow Analysis through the two most frequent methods: territorial or production and consumption. For this purpose, data from China, the United Kingdom and the USA from 1990–2017 are used. The results show that the method used influences the conclusions, mainly due to differences in the accounting of physical trade flows. The production method, in which physical trade flows coincide with monetary trade flows, tends to underestimate the material consumption of rich, importing countries, while overestimating that of exporting countries. Policies based on this method have limited capacity to reduce global environmental impacts. The consumption method allows the environmental impact to be allocated to each country in a way that is more in line with its true material requirements.

This study aims to analyze whether the notary in making deeds must always fulfill the wishes of the client, then analyze the role of the notary in making will deeds based on the provisions of the applicable laws and regulations in Indonesia, and the legal consequences of wills made by notaries who contrary to the prevailing legal system (study of Notary deed No. 12 dated 27 October 1984 on Will). This is an empirical juridical research. The results of the research explain that there is no obligation for the notary to fulfill every wish of the client without first ensuring that the formal and material requirements can be fulfilled by the client, then the role of the notary in making a will before a notary refers to the provisions of Article 1 paragraph (1) of UUJN, and the legal consequence of an authentic will deed made by a Notary who commits an act against the law for his negligence in the deed creation loses the deed's authenticity and becomes a deed under-hand and the authentic deed can be canceled if the arguing party can prove it in court proceedings .

Cellular structures are made up of an interconnected network of plates, struts, or small unit cells and acquire many unique benefits such as, high strength-to-weight ratio, excellent energy absorption, and minimizing material requirements. When compared with the complicated conventional processes, additive manufacturing (AM) technology is capable of fabricating geometries in almost all types of shapes, even with the small cellular structures inside, by adding material layer-by-layer directly from the digital data file. All major industries have been exploiting the benefits of cellular structures due to their prevalence over a wide range of research fields. To date, there are a few state-of-the-art reviews compiled focusing on a specific area of lattice structures, but many aspects still need to be reviewed. Therefore, this paper aims to provide a comprehensive review of the various lattice morphologies, design, and the AM of the cellular structures. Furthermore, the superior properties of the additively fabricated structure, as well as the applications and challenges, are presented. The conducted review has identified the significant limitations and gaps in the existing literature and has highlighted the areas that need further research in the design, optimization, characteristics, and applications, and the AM of the cellular structures. This review would provide a more precise understanding and the state-of-the-art of AM with the cellular structures for engineers and researchers in both academia and industrial applications.

We propose SRAMs and DRAM with independent read–write paths employing phase transition material (PTM) in the read port to enable a more compact design compared to standardmultiport cells. Our technique employs 1) the orders of magnitude difference in the resistances of the insulating and metallic phases of the PTM and 2) regulated phase transitions to design a 7T single-ended SRAM, an 8T differential SRAM, and a 2T DRAM. Compared to previously proposed 8T SRAM, our 7T design achieves 9.1% less cell area and our 8T design achieves differential read without area penalty. We extensively analyze the material requirements for PTM to enable the proposed cell operation. We show that the read performance of the proposed 7T cell is only 5% worse than previously proposed standard 8T, while the proposed 8T design shows a 38% improvement. Similarly, our 2TDRAM cell achieves 20% less cell area than 3T DRAM, with less than 6% read time penalty. The benefits for all the designs come at no write overheads.

With the increasing public awareness of the human relations system with the surrounding environment, communities are beginning to shift towards better sources and methods to help improve the environment. One of the methods that began to be utilized is the application of green roof construction. There are many benefits for installing a green roof whether it is in a home or office building. The study was conducted on applicable green roof construction, the benefits of installing a green roof and a process run for a green roof installation with a construction approach applicable to urban housing buildings in Jakarta and on cost analysis on material requirements and installation. And in its efforts to reduce rainwater runoff. Green roof as one in the management of rainwater in urban areas. From the result of the research resulted the calculation on survey location percentage of runoff decrease 26%. While in the test object / mock-up there is a reduction of 95% runoff volume. It can be concluded that the use of a green roof / roof garden can reduce the runoff volume produced by rainwater, resulting in reduced surface runoff automatically reduced. This will also reduce the drainage-drainage burden of the city in accommodating water. The Roof Garden plays a role in the management of rainwater management to cope with puddles up to the danger of flooding

Although recent research on intrinsic bioactivities of carbon dots is expanding, it is focused on basic aspects, which creates the need for broadening our knowledge about carbon dots to expand their uses in biomedical sciences and facilitate their application in clinical practice. Jiaosanxian is a charcoal traditional Chinese medicine with a pronounced effect on promoting appetite and digestion that is widely used as dyspepsia therapy in China. To study the underlying mechanism and the material requirements, we investigated carbon dots which was generated in the charcoal processing. In this study, we developed Jiaosanxian-derived carbon dots (JSX-CDs) with an average diameter of 4.4-6.4 nm. No further modifications or external surface passivation agents were required because Jiaosanxian naturally contains carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen. We found that carbon dots derived from different charcoal traditional Chinese medicines had both similarities and differences in their structural features, physicochemical properties, and bioactivities. Due to an abundance of surface groups, JSX-CDs showed a distinct solubility and bioactivity. In this study, we established a modified hyperglycemia model in mice to evaluate the hypoglycemic activity of JSX-CDs. We found that JSX-CDs were effective in regulating blood sugar and appeared to be very safe, indicating its potential use as a hypoglycemic agent. Our results do not only provide guidance for further research on intrinsic bioactivities of CDs but also give new insights into their potential biomedical and healthcare applications.

Transitioning to High Assay Low Enriched Uranium-fueled reactors will alter the material requirements of the current nuclear fuel cycle, in terms of the mass of enriched uranium and Separative Work Unit capacity. This work simulates multiple fuel cycle scenarios using Cyclus to compare how the type of the advanced reactor deployed and the energy growth demand affect the material requirements of the transition to High Assay Low Enriched Uranium-fueled reactors. Fuel cycle scenarios considered include the current fleet of Light Water Reactors in the U.S. as well as a no-growth and a 1% growth transition to either the Ultra Safe Nuclear Corporation Micro Modular Reactor or the X-energy Xe-100 reactor from the current fleet of U.S. Light Water Reactors. This work explored parameters of interest including the number of advanced reactors deployed, the mass of enriched uranium sent to the reactors, and the Separative Work Unit capacity required to enrich natural uranium for the reactors. Deploying Micro Modular Reactors requires a higher average mass and Separative Work Unit capacity than deploying Xe-100 reactors, and a lower enriched uranium mass and a higher Separative Work Unity capacity than required to fuel Light Water Reactors before the transition. Fueling Xe-100 reactors requires less enriched uranium and Separative Work Unit capacity than fueling Light Water Reactors before the transition.

Chemistry - a European journal 27(64), 15889-15897 (2021). doi:10.1002/chem.202102938, Published by Wiley-VCH, Weinheim

We analyse how the global material stocks and flows related to the electricity sector may develop towards 2050. We focus on three electricity sub-systems, being generation, transmission and storage and present a model covering both bulk and critical materials such as steel, aluminium and neodymium. Results are based on the second Shared Socio-Economic Pathway scenario, with additional climate policy assumptions based on the IMAGE integrated assessment framework, in combination with dynamic stock modelling and an elaborate review of material intensities. Results show a rapid growth in the demand for most materials in the electricity sector, as a consequence of increased electricity demand and a shift towards renewable electricity technologies, which have higher material intensities and drive the expansion of transmission infrastructure and electricity storage capacity. Under climate policy assumptions, the annual demand for most materials is expected to grow further towards 2050. For neodymium, the annual demand grows by a factor 4.4. Global demand for steel and aluminium in the electricity sector grows by a factor 2 in the baseline or 2.6 in the 2-degree climate policy scenario. We show that the combination of rapid growth of capital stocks and long lifetimes of technologies leads to a mismatch between annual demand and the availability of secondary materials within the electricity sector. This may limit the sector to accomplish circular material flows, especially under climate policy assumptions. We also highlight the potential for electric vehicles to curb some of the material demand related to electricity storage through adoption of vehicle-to-grid services.

One of the major challenges facing 3D printing for construction is the technological suitability, ‘printability’, of the materials used. These cement-based materials differ from those used in other sectors, which has a series of conditioning factors that are the object of the present analysis. This article first reviews the definition of the term ‘printability’ and its constituent stages. Those stages condition the requirements to be met by cement-based materials, whether designed for other uses or developed ad hoc, and therefore the tests applicable to determine their aptitude for use in additive manufacturing for construction. That is followed by a review of the standardised tests presently in place for mortars and concretes that can be used to verify a material’s compliance with such requirements. The paper concludes with a recommendation on the advisability of developing a standard test or suite of tests to ascertain printability., Uno de los retos más importantes de la impresión 3D en la construcción es la tecnología de los materiales utilizados, estos materiales en base cemento se diferencian de los utilizados en otros sectores, lo cual tiene una serie de condicionantes que se analizan y desarrollan en el siguiente trabajo. Este artículo revisa en primer lugar la definición del término imprimibilidad y de cuáles son las fases que debe incluir. Estas fases a su vez condicionarán los requisitos que estos materiales en base cemento deben tener, así como que ensayos o pruebas se pueden realizar a un determinado material, bien que haya sido formulado para otros usos o bien que haya sido desarrollado ad hoc, con el objetivo de ver si es apto para su uso en fabricación aditiva en construcción. Por último, se presenta una revisión de los ensayos que actualmente existen y permiten comprobar el cumplimiento de los mencionados requisitos, ensayos que ya se encuentran normalizados tanto en morteros como en hormigones. Planteando si debería existir bien un ensayo o grupo de ensayos normalizados que permitirán conocer previamente si un material es imprimible.

This paper aims to provide a systematical review of the available printing strategies, sustainable cementitious materials and characterization methods for extrusion-based 3D concrete printing (3DCP). The printing strategies, consisting of printing setup, process, and material requirements, were summarized initially. In the material aspect, the high ordinary Portland cement (OPC) content in most printable mixtures is a major issue that impedes the sustainability of 3DCP. This can be resolved by partially substituting OPC with supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs). In this review, the effect of different SCMs on fresh-state behaviors and 3D printing of cementitious materials was comprehensively discussed. Finally, a series of test methods for quantitively characterizing fresh properties, 3D printability and interlayer behaviors were summarized and reviewed.

Super-resolution imaging (SRI) is of great significance to break the Abbe's diffraction limit, enabling visualization and dynamic monitoring with ultra-high resolution in both material science and biology. Fluorophores play an important role in SRI. Among them, aggregation-induced emission (AIE) luminogens (AIEgens) are one of the most promising imaging agents for SRI. They are easy to be synthesized and possess high tailoring ability, high brightness in aggregated states, large Stokes' shift, good photo-stability, and also excellent biocompatibility. Based on this consideration, the recent progress on AIEgens for SRI is summarized here. The working principles of AIEgens and several SRI techniques are also introduced to illustrate the material requirements. The new achievements in AIEgens research for SRI, including their chemical structures, optical properties, and applications, are highlighted in detail. The goal is to provide the readers with an overview of the recent advances in AIEgens for SRI. It is also anticipated that a deep understanding of the relationship between the AIEgens' properties and their imaging performance can be obtained. This review also aims to provide a set of guidelines to develop new AIEgens for fluorescence imaging to achieve superior resolution, thus resulting a better understanding of their mechanism in both biology and material science.

A cross-wavelength invisibility concept is proposed, inspired by a natural predator-prey relationship., As a superior self-protection strategy, invisibility has been a topic of long-standing interest in both academia and industry, because of its potential for intriguing applications that have only appeared thus far in science fiction. However, due to the strong dispersion of passive materials, achieving cross-wavelength invisibility remains an open challenge. Inspired by the natural ecological relationship between transparent midwater oceanic animals and the cross-wavelength detection strategy of their predators, we propose a cross-wavelength invisibility concept that integrates various invisibility tactics, where a Boolean metamaterial design procedure is presented to balance divergent material requirements over cross-scale wavelengths. As proof of concept, we experimentally demonstrate longwave cloaking and shortwave transparency simultaneously through a nanoimprinting technique. Our work extends the concept of stealth techniques from individual invisibility tactics targeting a single-wavelength spectrum to an integrated invisibility tactic targeting a cross-wavelength applications and may pave the way for development of cross-wavelength integrated metadevices.

The slurry seal uses a slurry seal paver to spread the emulsified asphalt, coarse and fine aggregates, fillers, water, and additives according to the design ratio into a thin layer technology that is spread on the original road surface. It has construction Fast, low cost, wide use, low energy consumption and so on. The micro-surfacing is an upgraded version of the slurry seal technology. The two technologies are similar, but the equipment and material requirements at the micro-surfacing are higher than the slurry seal, and its performance is also better than the slurry seal. This chapter mainly introduces the materials, design, construction, quality inspection and acceptance of the slurry seal and micro-surfacing.