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The purpose of this study was to evaluate the knowledge regarding tooth avulsion and dental first aid response among Croatian students of the Faculty of Education. A cross-sectional study was conducted among students. Participants (N = 235) were female with an average age of 21.9 &plusmn, 2.7 years. The questionnaire contained 10 close-ended questions with two to eleven possible answers. Every participant chose one correct answer. Statistical significance was determined using a Chi-square test. Majority of participants had never received any kind of information on management of a knocked-out tooth. Questions in the nature of tooth injuries, a knocked-out tooth, tooth replantation and whether the knocked-out tooth should be placed back were answered confirmatively by 40.43%, 83.40%, 57.02% and 62.55% of participants, respectively. The questionnaire showed that 18.78% of participants were aware that replantation should be performed within 30 min. The appropriate cleaning and transport medium was chosen by 40.85% and 35.31% of participants, respectively. A nearby dentist would be visited by 66.38% of students. Only 8.08% of participants provided a correct answer to all of the knowledge-based questions. The &ldquo, I do not know&rdquo, answer was chosen by 18.30% of participants whenever it was offered. This indicates that the majority (89.78%) were not aware of the fact that the procedure they chose would be inappropriate. The current study confirmed that future primary school teachers have a lack of knowledge for immediate response to tooth avulsion, leaving small chances for a successful prognosis of tooth replantation.

Background: Following tooth extraction, the alveolar ridge undergoes dimensional changes. Various biomaterials are used to reduce alveolar ridge volume loss following tooth extraction by stimulating new bone formation. Maxresorb® inject (Botiss Biomaterials GmbH, Germany) is a biphasic material composed of a water‐based gel with 60% HA and 40% β‐TCP. BioOss® (Geistlich Pharma AG, Switzerland) is a porous bone mineral matrix which is produced by removing all organic components from bovine bone. Aim/Hypothesis: This study aimed to examine the regenerative potential of biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP) (Maxresorb® inject), by assessing histological results of bone biopsy collected from healing sockets and comparing them to inorganic bovine bone (BioOss®), after a healing period of 6 months. Materials and Methods: The study is designed as a randomized controlled, two ‐ phase study. In the first phase, 30 patients that qualified for participation in the research were divided randomly into 2 groups of 15 individuals. The bone substitute materials were implanted in extraction sockets after teeth removal. The first group underwent tooth extractions and socket augmentation with Maxresorb® inject. In the other group socket preservation was performed using BioOss®. In both groups, the sockets were covered by native collagen membrane. After 6 months of healing, biopsy was harvested prior to implant placement for histological analysis. Histological sections were examined under the light microscope. Results: Preliminary results ‐ The preliminary histological analysis revealed remaining BCP particles in intimate contact with the newly formed bone in the case of Maxresorb® inject. Histological specimens of BioOss® observed under light microscope also showed incorporation of the hydroxyapatite particles into the newly mineralized bone. In both materials, there were no histological signs of tissue inflammation. Furthermore, both materials exhibited easy handling and patients had no complications during healing period. Conclusions and Clinical Implications: Although a small number of patients were treated, along with the preliminary nature of this study, histological findings indicate osteoconductive properties of both materials included in this study. However, additional research is required to obtain histological and clinical features of Maxresorb® inject and BioOss® regarding their osteoconductive properties.

Background : Human bone has excellent regenerative potential. Bone remodeling is a continuous, balanced process, which includes activities of bone resorption and new bone formation. A wide variety of bone substitutes have been developed in order to avoid complications related to the use of autogenous bone, one of them being biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP). Maxresorb® inject (Botiss Biomaterials GmbH) is BCP in an injectable form composed of hydroxyapatite and beta- tricalcium phosphate in a ratio of 60 40. Aim/Hypothesis : The primary aim of this study was to histologically evaluate the potential for bone regeneration of Maxresorb® inject. The secondary aim was to clinically assess the handling of the Maxresorb® inject and the occurrence of complications during the healing period. Material and Methods : This study is designed as a prospective single- arm clinical trial and consists of two stages. In the first stage of the study, a total of 20 extraction sockets in 20 patients were augmented with Maxresorb® inject and covered by a resorbable membrane (Collprotect®, Botiss Biomaterials GmbH). Monitoring of the wound healing was done at day 1, 5 and 10 postoperatively. Following 6 months of healing, in the second stage, a re- entry procedure at the site of the pre- existing defect was performed in order to collect bone biopsies for histological analysis and for dental implant placement. Thus far, 5 biopsies were available for histological analysis. Biopsies were prepared according to routine methods, sectioned with a microtome and stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Finally, the specimens were examined under the light microscope. Results : Preliminary results- The preliminary histological findings of the biopsy specimen showed bony integration of the BCP granules into newly formed bone within the peripheral regions of the implant preparation sites. The granules were fully incorporated into bone tissue, and there were no histological signs of tissue inflammation. Procedure- wise, Maxresorb® inject showed easy handling and excellent filling of the extraction sockets. Wound healing was uneventful and without complications. Conclusion and Clinical Implications : In the present study, the regenerated bone was evaluated by descriptive histological examination. Maxresorb® inject showed osteoconductive potential for bone regeneration. In addition, due to its viscosity, Maxresorb® inject had excellent handling properties and filling of the bone defect, therefore simplifying the surgical procedure and positively influencing patients’ subjective experience. However, further research is needed to complete histological and clinical pieces of evidence of osteoconductive properties of Maxresorb® inject.

Background Shape and volume of the alveolar bone are determined by the shape and position of the roots. Resorption is the inevitable physiological process following tooth extraction. In the aftermath, bone volume is reduced and the morphology of the ridge has changed. To prevent resorption and maintain alveolar ridge macro and microarchitecture socket preservation technique is used. Empty alveolar is augmented with substitute material to prevent excess resorption. Aim/Hypothesis The aim of this study is to evaluate histological and histomorphometrical findings of two different xenografts after socket preservation in patients with indications for delayed implant placement. Material and Methods The study is designed as two phased controlled, randomized study. In the first phase, 40 patients that qualified for participation in the research were divided into two groups. The first group underwent tooth extractions and socket augmentation with cerabone®(Botiss Biomaterials GmbH). Sockets were covered with a resorbable collagen membrane (Jason membrane®, Botiss Biomaterials GmbH). The other group had a socket preservation technique done using BioOss® (Geistlich Biomaterials Vertriebsgesellschaft mbH) and the defects were also covered using Jason membrane®. In the second phase, after the healing period of six months and prior to implant placement, bone biopsies were harvested using trephine burrs. Samples were fixed in 4% formaldehyde, dehydrated with alcohol and put in paraffine. Staining was done using toluidine blue and analyzed under the light microscope. Results Both materials excelled in terms of clinical handling and lack of postoperative complications. So far the analysis of both materials showed incorporation of the xenograft particles into newly formed bone without inflammatory reaction. Conclusion and Clinical Implications Keeping in mind the limitations of this study as well as the preliminary nature of this presentation, it can be concluded that both materials showed excellent characteristics when used as substitutes in socket preservation technique.