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Introduction: Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia affecting the central nervous system, and alteration of several visual structures has been reported. Structural retinal changes are usually accompanied by changes in visual function in this disease. The aim of this study was to analyse the differences in visual function at different stages of the pathology (family history group (FH+), mild cognitive impairment (MCI), mild AD and moderate AD) in comparison with a control group of subjects with no cognitive decline and no family history of AD. Methods: We included 53 controls, 13 subjects with FH+, 23 patients with MCI, 25 patients with mild AD and, 21 patients with moderate AD. All were ophthalmologically healthy. Visual acuity (VA), contrast sensitivity (CS), colour perception, visual integration, and fundus examination were performed. Results: The analysis showed a statistically significant decrease in VA, CS and visual integration score between the MCI, mild AD and moderate AD groups compared to the control group. In the CS higher frequencies and in the colour perception test (total errors number), statistically significant differences were also observed in the MCI, mild AD and moderate AD groups with respect to the FH+ group and also between the control and AD groups. The FH+ group showed no statistically significant difference in visual functions compared to the control group. All the test correlated with the Mini Mental State Examination score and showed good predictive value when memory decline was present, with better values when AD was at a more advanced stage. Conclusion: Alterations in visual function appear in subjects with MCI and evolve when AD is established, being stable in the initial stages of the disease (mild AD and moderate AD). Therefore, visual psychophysical tests are a useful, simple and complementary tool to neuropsychological tests to facilitate diagnosis in the preclinical and early stages of AD., Research Network RETIBRAIN, Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation, Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiviness, NEUROCENTRO. IL-C, Complutense University of Madrid, Depto. de Inmunología, Oftalmología y ORL, Fac. de Óptica y Optometría, TRUE, pub

Glaucoma is a neurodegenerative disease of the retina characterized by the irreversible loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) leading to visual loss. Degeneration of RGCs and loss of their axons, as well as damage and remodeling of the lamina cribrosa are the main events in the pathogenesis of glaucoma. Different molecular pathways are involved in RGC death, which are triggered and exacerbated as a consequence of a number of risk factors such as elevated intraocular pressure (IOP), age, ocular biomechanics, or low ocular perfusion pressure. Increased IOP is one of the most important risk factors associated with this pathology and the only one for which treatment is currently available, nevertheless, on many cases the progression of the disease continues, despite IOP control. Thus, the IOP elevation is not the only trigger of glaucomatous damage, showing the evidence that other factors can induce RGCs death in this pathology, would be involved in the advance of glaucomatous neurodegeneration. The underlying mechanisms driving the neurodegenerative process in glaucoma include ischemia/hypoxia, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress and neuroinflammation. In glaucoma, like as other neurodegenerative disorders, the immune system is involved and immunoregulation is conducted mainly by glial cells, microglia, astrocytes, and Müller cells. The increase in IOP produces the activation of glial cells in the retinal tissue. Chronic activation of glial cells in glaucoma may provoke a proinflammatory state at the retinal level inducing blood retinal barrier disruption and RGCs death. The modulation of the immune response in glaucoma as well as the activation of glial cells constitute an interesting new approach in the treatment of glaucoma., Santander-Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Depto. de Inmunología, Oftalmología y ORL, Fac. de Óptica y Optometría, Instituto de Investigaciones Oftalmológicas Ramón Castroviejo, Fac. de Medicina, TRUE, pub

The present work aims to address the problem of the limits of the interpretation of images. The underlying question is whether or not it is possible to orient ourselves in front of them and, if so, how we can do it. On the one hand, the analysis of this question has as its central theme the conception of art history as a science that manifests a concrete knowledge about images, and on the other hand, the idea that art history must be rethought, since artistic images cannot be comprehended in their entirety through an alleged knowledge, as they also inhabit irrationality, doubt, and even temporal gaps that allow us to conclude that it is pretentious to generate a historical tone that affirms an exact epistemology of art. Thus, this aesthetic problem will be approached through Panofsky's iconology, Heidegger's ontology, and Didi-Huberman's discursive archeology., El presente trabajo desea abordar el problema de los límites de la interpretación de la imagen. La pregunta que está de fondo es si es posible o no orientarnos ante ella y, de ser así, de qué manera podemos hacerlo. Por un lado, el análisis de esta pregunta tiene como tema central la concepción de la historia del arte como un saber concreto sobre las imágenes, y, por otro lado, la idea de que la historia del arte debe ser repensada, pues las imágenes artísticas no pueden ser abarcadas en su totalidad mediante un presunto saber, pues en ellas habitan también la irracionalidad, e incluso, lagunas temporales que permiten concluir que es pretensioso generar un tono histórico que afirme una epistemología exacta del arte. Así pues, este problema estético será abordado a través de la iconología de Panofsky, la ontología de Heidegger, y la arqueología discursiva de la imagen de Didi-Huberman.

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a rapidly progressive neurodegenerative disease that severely impairs the patient’s mobility, as it mainly affects the upper and lower motor neurons in the spinal cord. In addition, alterations have also been demonstrated in different parts of the central nervous system (CNS), such as the brain and brainstem. The retina is a projection to the brain and is considered as a “window” to the CNS. Moreover, it is possible to use the retina as a biomarker in several neurodegenerative diseases, even in the absence of major visual impairment. Classically, it was thought that the eyes were not affected in ALS, with respect to extraocular muscles, whereas the remainder of the muscles of the body were distressed. Nevertheless, retinal changes have recently been found in this pathology and could help in diagnosis, follow-up, and even monitoring therapies in this disease.

Levinas makes a forceful critique of Martin Heidegger´s ontology throughout his work. This criticism can be summarized in the thesis that ontology, or study of being, represents selfishness and freedom that imposes itself and violates the other, and that is why it should be replaced by ethics as the primary philosophy. Taking into consideration this criticism, this short essay wishes to formulate some possible Heidegger´s responses, as the thesis that metaphysical egoism based on the sameness of Dasein and its unfolding from the hermeneutical freedom with which the world inhabits, are inevitable to think any type or relationship with others including the ethical sphere. Thus, the objective of this essay is to rethink Heidegger´s postulates to invite a new thought about this discussion on ontology and ethics., Lévinas realiza a lo largo de toda su obra una crítica contundente a la ontología de Martin Heidegger. Dicha crítica se puede resumir en la tesis de que la ontología, o estudio del ser, representa el egoísmo y la libertad que se impone y violenta al otro, y es por ello que debe ser sustituida por la ética como filosofía primera. A partir de dicha crítica este breve ensayo desea formular algunas posibles respuestas de Heidegger partiendo de la tesis de que el egoísmo metafísico, basado en la mismidad del Dasein, y su despliegue a partir de la libertad hermenéutica con la que habita el mundo, son inevitables para pensar cualquier tipo de relación con los demás incluyendo la esfera ética. Es así que el objetivo de este ensayo es replantear los postulados de Heidegger para invitar de nuevo a pensar esta discusión sobre la ontología y la ética.

Objective: Determine the frequency of self-medication of NSAIDs and anti-inflammatory, antipyretic and features in homes of the San Blas, Cuenca, 2011. Background: The consumption of NSAIDs is a problem that affects the general population, it doesn’t respect ethnic groups, social clubs, age or gender. Self-medication Is given by different socio economic and cultural factors like, economic status, education, access to medical service, ease of acquisition of the drug, The advertising boom, lack of control of legal, need to improve the quality of life, decision to intervene actively in their own health, increased knowledge about the functioning of the body and the drugs that will help restore that function. Methodology: Our research is a quantitative, observational study. Data collection was conducted using a structured form, the same as for validation was subjected to a pilot plan, then tabulate the data using the Microsoft programs Excel and SPSS 15.00. Results: of the people who answer the form 69.6% answered that ingested medication without a prescription and 30.1% didn’t self-medicate. 44.8% self medication at least once a month. The drugs most frequently used are Tempra 129 (45.1%), Neurobion 116 (40.6%), Finalin 116 (40.6%), Apronax 114 (39.9%), Aspirina 113 (39.5%). The most common reason for self medication was headache with52.4%. It is followed by musculoskeletal problems, back pain and muscle pain (38.5% and31.8%) Conclusions: In San Blas homes there are a self medication of 69,6%, The home chief are woman between 21-30 years old, with elemental education and a low salary. The most frequently used were Tempra and Aspirina.

A multizone model for postsurgical corneal topography is presented and applied to a comparative analysis of the outcome of standard and customized myopic LASIK. The different zones are segmented automatically by a clustering algorithm. The algorithm uses a set of three local descriptors, which correspond to normalized physical magnitudes computed for each point of the corneal topography map: Gauss curvature, root-mean-square RMS fit error to an ellipsoid surface model, and distance to the center of the topographic map. Both presurgical and post-LASIK corneal topographies of 31 eyes were analyzed using monozone and multizone models. The patients were classified into three groups according to the different LASIK treatments applied: Allegretto, Zyoptix, and PlanoScan. For post-LASIK corneas, the multizone model provided a lower fit error, an average of 1.2±0.4 micra versus 2.4±0.7 micra monozone. The comparative analysis of the three different LASIK treatments showed no improvement of custom over standard treatments. The outcomes of Zyoptix and PlanoScan were basically equivalent and consistent with previous findings: The higher-order aberration HOA increased by a factor of two. The increase in HOA was higher, by a factor of three, after the Allegretto treatment. The mutizone model shows a higherfidelity representation and permits a deeper understanding of the postsurgical cornea.

Generally, the analysis of corneal topography involves fitting the raw data to a parametric geometric model that includes a regular basis surface, plus some sort of polynomial expansion to adjust the more irregular residual component. So far, these parametric models have been used in their canonical form, ignoring that the observation (keratometric) coordinates system is different from corneal axes of symmetry.

Purpose. The purpose of this study is to develop and analyze a method to obtain optical schematic models of individual eyes. Each model should be able to reproduce the measured monochromatic wave aberration with high fidelity. Methods. First, we choose a generic eye model as the input guess and then apply a two-stage customization procedure. Stage 1 consists of replacing, in the initial generic model, those anatomic and optical parameters with experimental data measured on the eye under analysis. The set of experimental data was that provided by a standard clinical preoperative examination, namely lens topography, ultrasound biometry, and total wave aberration. Then, the second stage is to find the unknown lens structure that would reproduce the measured wave aberration through optical optimization. Two totally different initial eye models have been compared; one considers a simpler constant refractive index for the lens, whereas the second model has a gradient-index (GRIN) lens. Results. This automatic customization method has been applied to 19 eyes with different degrees of spherical ametropia (from +0.4 D to -8 D). Two models have been obtained for each eye (constant and gradient index lens). The results were highly satisfactory, with 100% convergence, and with average RMS prediction errors approximately A/100. This is one order of magnitude lower than typical measurement errors. The models with a constant refractive index lens tended to overestimate surface curvatures, whereas for the GRIN model, lens surfaces were too flat. Conclusions. The proposed method is highly efficient and robust giving a high-fidelity reproduction of the wavefront in all cases attempted so far. Limitations found in reproducing the geometry of the lens seem to be associated with the use of inaccurate models of its refractive index.

Sign. : A-G8, H4, Notas a pie de pág. y Reclamos

https://patrimoniodigital.ucm.es/r/thumbnail/617520, https://patrimoniodigital.ucm.es/r/item/5319105380

El núcleo del problema entre Heidegger y Lévinas está en el concepto de metafísica. ¿Qué es lo que realmente significa la trascendencia del hombre? ¿Será la temporalidad del Dasein que lo lleva a ser pastor del ser, o es, por lo contrario, la substitución de la subjetividad en cuanto ser-por-el-otro? En otras palabras, ¿será la metafísica una ontología o una ética? En esta investigación no se desea indagar si en la filosofía de Martín Heidegger hay o no hay una ética, pues comparte con Gadamer la afirmación de que esta cuestión es un desiderátum y un extremo atrevimiento en la medida en que Heidegger rechazó en diferentes situaciones este problema. Esta investigación tampoco tiene como objetivo presentar a Lévinas como superación de la ontología heideggeriana. Por lo contrario, esta investigación tiene como intención explorar en forma de diálogo las críticas realizadas por parte de Lévinas al pensamiento de Heidegger de la década del veinte (en especial Ser y tiempo), para mostrar a partir de allí tanto sus vacíos en relación con la vulnerabilidad y hospitalidad con el otro, como también sus posibles respuestas a varias de sus críticas, pues consideramos que Heidegger propone un pensamiento fundamental sobre el Dasein que necesita ser considerado de nuevo porque ha sido tergiversado o se ha asumido de manera parcial e incompleta.

Aguilar Piñal. Bib. S.XVIII, Sign.: A-G⁸, H⁴, Texto con notas a pie de página