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[EN] This study addresses the in situ mobility of fluoride and aluminum in two different ashfall deposits accumulated during the 2021 eruption of the Tajogaite volcano (La Palma, Canary Islands, Spain), which were exposed to contrasting conditions of ambient humidity and precipitation. We selected one site to the east of the volcanic emission center, located near the top of Cumbre Vieja Ridge and exposed to continuous humidity and rain, and another site to the west of the volcano situated in a lowland and characterized by much drier conditions. The mobility of fluoride and aluminum is markedly different at both sites, with the first sequence suggesting a downwards migration of Al and F, and the second sequence showing no sign of mobility. The migration of aluminum and fluorine results from the dissolution of different fluoride salts (mostly AlF3 and CaF2, as suggested by scanning electron microscopy) followed by vertical transport as ionic complexes (AlF3, AlF2+, AlF4−) during the percolation of rainwater through the ashfall deposits. Geochemical calculations suggest that the mobility of fluorine at neutral to alkaline conditions (pH 7.0–9.0) is likely limited by the solubility of fluorite (CaF2), whereas at slightly acidic conditions (pH < 6.5), the aqueous concentration of aluminum seems to be controlled by the solubility of gibbsite (Al(OH)3). This study demonstrates that aluminum and fluoride can be transported from volcanic ash to the underlying soil or groundwater, which is an environmental concern that should be followed in the future.

The Geosciences for a Sustainable Planet network is an initiative reinforced by the recent integration of the Spanish Geological Survey (IGME) and the Oceanographic Spanish Institute (IEO) within the Spanish Scientific Research Council (CSIC). The network is aimed to provide Geosciences in Spain with a collaborative framework, to maximize synergies and address sustainability and future challenges with a planetary perspective. The network shares the strategic vision for the study and care of planet Earth as the only home available for our future, as embraced by many international organizations (e. g. the European Geosciences Union (EGU), United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), International Union of Geological Sciences (IUGS), and the European Marine Board (EMB)). In Spain, Geosciences have played a fundamental role in properly assessing, managing, and seeking solutions for several natural and anthropogenic crises, e.g. the oil spill after the sinking of the Prestige petroleum vessel, the dumping of toxic mine sludge in Aznalcóllar, the eruption of the Cumbre Vieja volcano in La Palma island, the 2011 earthquake of Lorca, the environmental collapse of the Mar Menor oastal lagoon, or the decline in the groundwaters of Doñana National Park. Geoscientists have engaged as first responders with government agencies in emergency situations. Besides, geosciences is providing essential knowledge for public administration, as well as energy and mineral resources companies, water supply, contamination and waste elimination and reuse, and adaptation to geological and natural hazards. The network will enhance the capacity of the CSIC to respond to both, societal and public administration demands. Geosciences also provide the temporal and spatial scale to place current climate and environmental crises in the appropriate context. The network will implement outreach activities to illustrate the interactions of surface processes and biosphere with climatic fluctuations, atmosphe

[EN] This work constitutes the first geochemical, mineralogical and textural analysis of the early fumarolic deposits that appeared in the Tajogaite Volcano (La Palma island, Spain) one month after the official end of the eruptive process. Fourteen fumaroles grouped into 5 study areas have been characterized following a novel methodology that includes on-site microscopic observations and weak samples preservation for their laboratory characterization. Three main mineralogical zones were identified in the fumaroles: 1) sulphur-sulphate; 2) halides; and 3) salammoniac zone. Zones 1 and 2 are included in the S-gas domain and the predominance of sulphur-sulphate minerals or halides in the mineral deposits is dependent on the gas temperature (halides appear in the high temperature fumaroles). Zone 3 overlaps the (HCl-CO) and (HCl) -gas domains. The thermal analysis of the fumaroles provides the sequence of mineral suites according to the vent temperature. Sylvite-halite-tenorite are revealed as typical minerals of high-temperature fumaroles (>530 °C), whilst Ca, Mg and Na sulphates appear in low-temperature fumaroles (<200 °C). Salammoniac-Mascagnite forms in intermediate ranges (170–350 °C). Finally, three different fumarole types are recognized (punctual, diffuse and associated to fissures), establishing different environmental conditions for mineral precipitation. Differences are based on the gas flux mechanism, the gas-rock interaction intensity, temperature and gas concentrations. All these data will serve as a referenced starting point for later studies focused on fumarole evolution and the degassing process of volcanic systems in oceanic volcanic islands framework.

[EN] This paper presents the meaning, content, future plan and viability of the geological repository of the IGME, which has been recently created after its incorporation to the CSIC. This area comes from a previous area called “special infrastructures, documentation and dissemination” that included the management and collection of documents and geological samples. The new geological repository area comprises, for now, two large and important collections of samples and documents: those from the exploration of the subsoil in the form of boreholes and cuttings located in the core-repository of Peñarroya (Córdoba), and the MAGNATECA, where the samples from the elaboration of the MAGNA are kept and curated. In addition, it aims to incorporate and integrate, the rest of the collections scattered in different IGME laboratories and offices. The geological repository will make available to the scientific community both samples/data of the largest institution in Earth Sciences of Spain, in the context of the Open Science international strategy.

[EN] The IGME has recently acquired modern analytical infrastructures co-funded by the European Union NextGenerationEU for the Recovery and Resilience Mechanism (Project code C17.I7). These infrastructures allow obtaining a multitude of data at high spatial resolution without destroying the sample in a fast and relatively cheap way. We describe here the hyperspectral reflectance spectrometer and the multisensor platform located in Tres Cantos and Peñarroya core-repository respectively.

[EN] The recovering of exploration and research mining activity in Andalusia in the last years, has implied an increment in the telematic and personal requests from researchers, mining operators, technical offices, consultancies or free professionals that require drilling information of a specific area of Andalucia. Companies such as Pan Global Resources, Valoriza Minería, CRS Ingeniería, Minera Escacena, Cobre Las Cruces S.A.U., Geotrex Gestión Minera for Atalaya Mining, among others, visit the core repository to use both documentation and samples from drill holes for their projects and research. In order to attend these and other requests, the corerepository staff continues to review and enhance the collections present in the infrastructure.

[EN] SERCC was created at the end of 2021 in response to the recent incorporation of the IGME as a National Centre of the Spanish Research Council (CSIC) and the need to converge to CSIC´s research organization, which is structured on Research Groups as basic units. SERCC is composed of 11 persons (6 Staff Scientists – 3 of them recently promoted to Scientific Researchers, 4 Specialized Technicians and 1 Predoctoral Student), and focuses on the imprint of past climate changes on the characteristics and properties of the sedimentary record, accumulated both in marine and continental realms.

Several water masses are involved in the circulation of oceans, their bottom layers impacting on sedimentation through contourites. The majority of palaeoceanographic studies on regional contourites are performed for one water mass despite that their joint study would offer relevant clues to understand past ocean and climate interaction. This works presents for the first time a an analysis about the impact of the Light Intermediate Mediterranean (LMW) and Dense Deep Mediterranean (DMW) bottom currents on the sedimentation in the Alboran Sea (SW Mediterranean) and its paleoceanographic significance in response to climatic oscillations from the last glacial period to the Holocene. To do this, an integration of chronostratigraphical, sedimentological, and compositional data is carried out from contourites formed by those water masses. That integration enable us to define three distinct contourite stratigraphic models. (I) The contourite terrace model, characterized by coarse-grained contourites, which is an archive of the interplay between the high-energy Atlantic Water-LMW interface and glacioeustasy from the Younger Dryas (YD) to the Holocene. (II) The contourite drift models, which are archives of rapid ocean-climate coupled fluctuations since 29.5 kyr. They comprise coarse-grained contourites formed by a relatively fast LMW and fine-grained contourites formed by a relatively weak DMW, except for the Heinrich Stadials HS3 to HS1 and YD when coarse-grained contourites were deposited. (III) The contourite/turbidite mixed model represents another archive of DMW and glacioeustasy interplay from the end of the late Pleistocene to Holocene. That contourite stratigraphy allows us to infer for the first time the relative variability of the LMW versus DMW flow regimes, which records differences and similarities. The similarities indicate that the LMW and DMW fluctuations occur in parallel at millennial and centennial time scales. The differences refer to the overall higher v

Identifying and quantifying global change impacts on biotic and abiotic components of ecosystems is critical to promote an effective adaptation that increases the success of conservation strategies. To achieve this goal, global and regional assessment efforts require certain degree of harmonization on local monitoring programs to establish relevant comparisons at different spatio-temporal scales. Otherwise, the lack of harmonization might hinder the detection and assessment on the effects of human impacts. In this work we have compiled information on freshwater monitoring programs located in areas of intensive research and conservation interest: International Long Term Ecological Research (ILTER) nodes and mountain National Parks. We aimed at evaluating the quality and robustness of these programs to assess the impact of global change, addressing from the worldwide to the European and Spanish national scale. Results highlighted that freshwater monitoring programs lack a common strategy to monitor these ecosystems. Even at the continental and national scales, contrasting strategies and level of detail have been historically applied. Water quality, habitat and biodiversity are more commonly monitored than community structure and ecosystem functioning. Monitoring efforts on the Spanish Mountain National parks indicated differences on the targeted aquatic ecosystems. Rivers and lakes received a higher attention, while mires were rarely considered. Our results provide evidence that greater efforts should be directed towards constructing a coordinated strategy to monitor freshwater ecosystems at national, continental, and global scales. This strategy should involve a shared backbone of biophysical and biogeochemical variables for each habitat type on agreed protocols that are implemented across regions and administrative borders. Achieving this will support a substantial advance on the ecological research to further delineate proper conservation strategies to face the cha

The recent sedimentological properties of contouritic features (terrace and drift) developed between the Guadiaro and Baños submarine canyons (NW Alboran Sea) have been characterised using sedimentological (texture, median grain size, sorting, terrigenous UP10 fraction), compositional (sand fraction composition and Zr/Rb ratio), and chronostratigraphic ( 18O and AMS 14C) data. Ten sediment cores retrieved from 319 to 914 m water depth across the margin (from the upper slope to basin environment) sampled a contourite terrace, and plastered, sheeted and elongated separated contourite drifts formed under the influence of intermediate and deep Mediterranean water masses (MWs). Integration of this data reveals that the terrace and Guadiaro-Baños drift deposits have comprised mainly mud, silt, sandy-silt and silty-sand contourite facies for the last 29 kyr. The vertical distribution of these facies allows us to identify mainly bi-gradational sequences composed of a coarsening up and a fining up sub-sequence which are clearly reflected in the Zr/Rb ratio. Correlation of physical and chemical palaeocurrent proxies after core chronostratigraphy reveals comparable millennial and centennial patterns with maximum peaks at Heinrich Events H3, H2, H1, and the Younger Dryas. This implies a concomitant deposition of a uniform layer of coarse-grained sediments on the drifts located on the lower slope and in the basin during those cold periods. The differences in sedimentation rate (SR) and facies among the regional contourite sequences from the upper continental slope to the basin allow us to establish two depositional models: Model 1, on the slope, involves silty contourites with a low SR (< 9 cm/kyr) and the singular presence of glauconite on the upper slope; Model 2, at the base of slope and in the basin, is characterised by muddy contourites with a higher SR (up to 37.4 cm/kyr). These models seem to be controlled mainly by the spatial and temporal dynamics of intermediate and de

El Cañón de Algeciras se localiza en el eje de una bahía en forma de herradura (Bahía de Algeciras),está excavado sobre un sustrato rocoso (Unidades del Flysch del Campo de Gibraltar) y afectado por la dinámica de intercambio de masas de agua en el Estrecho de Gibraltar.Por sus características geomorfológicas y el contexto oceanográfico en el que se encuentra, este cañón es un excelente ejemplo para comprender mejor los procesos sedimentarios mixtos. Esta zona se ha estudiado en base a un mosaico de batimetría multihaz (EM710) y perfiles del subsuelo con sonda paramétrica(TOPASPS18). El cañón discurre a lo largo de 19 km de longitud en dirección NNO-SSE,estando constituido por segmentos menores de dirección NNE-SSO, ENE-WSWy NNO-SSE, su anchura varía de 1,2 a 3,6 km y los flancos tienen desniveles comprendidos entre90y560 m. En las paredes del cañón se han caracterizado elementos morfosedimentarios gravitacionales y contorníticos. Los gravitacionales comprenden deslizamientos y cárcavas en las paredes del cañón, así como un talweg turbidítico; los contorníticos incluyen parches de sedimentos adosados en sus paredes que localmente llegan a extenderse hasta el talweg, así como escarpes y superficies erosivas.La variabilidad espacial de estos elementos indica la coexistencia de procesos gravitacionales y contorníticos en los sectores proximal (cabecera, 60-390 m de profundidad) y medio(390-550 de profundidad), mientras que en el sector distal(550-890 de profundidad)se observa únicamente la acción de procesos gravitacionales. Asimismo, indican una sedimentación contornítica preferencial tanto en el flanco oriental del sector proximal como en el flanco occidental en el sector medio.Estos datos sugieren que el factor de control principal de los procesos mixtos es la interacción entre la propia morfología del cañón y la dinámica de avance y retroceso a lo largo del mismo de las masas de agua Atlántica superficial y la Mediterránea profunda, en función de la marea

We present a multidisciplinary study of morphology, stratigraphy, sedimentology, tectonic structure, and physical oceanography to report that the complex geomorphology of the Palomares continental margin and adjacent Algerian abyssal plain (i.e., Gulf of Vera, Western Mediterranean), is the result of the sedimentary response to the Aguilas Arc continental tectonic indentation in the Eurasian–Africa plate collision. The indentation is imprinted on the basement of the margin with elongated metamorphic antiforms that are pierced by igneous bodies, and synforms that accommodate the deformation and create a complex physiography. The basement is partially covered by Upper Miocene deposits sealed by the regional Messinian Erosive Surface characterized by palaeocanyons that carve the modern margin. These deposits and outcropping basement highs are then covered and shaped by Plio-Quaternary contourites formed under the action of the Light Intermediate and Dense Deep Mediterranean bottom currents. Even though bottom currents are responsible for the primary sedimentation that shapes the margin, 97% of this region's seafloor is affected by mass-movements that modified contourite sediments by eroding, deforming, faulting, sliding, and depositing sediments. Mass-movement processes have resulted in the formation of recurrent mass-flow deposits, an enlargement of the submarine canyons and gully incisions, and basin-scale gravitational slides spreading above the Messinian Salinity Crisis salt layer. The Polopo, Aguilas and Gata slides are characterized by an extensional upslope domain that shapes the continental margin, and by a downslope contractional domain that shapes the abyssal plain with diapirs piercing (hemi)pelagites/sheet-like turbidites creating a seafloor dotted by numerous crests. The mass movements were mostly triggered by the interplay of the continental tectonic indentation of the Aguilas Arc with sedimentological factors over time. The indentation, which involves th

This article offers an overview of the main sedimentary systems defining the geomorphology of deep sea environments from low to high latitudes. Mass-transport deposits, turbidite systems, contourites, volcaniclastic aprons, glacial trough mouth systems, carbonate mounds and other bathyal systems, such as pelagites, hemipelagites, mid-ocean channels and polymetallic mineral deposits, are presented with special attention to their morphology, sediments, processes and controlling factors. The integration of the main systems on the continental margins and adjacent abyssal plains in the North Atlantic and westernmost Mediterranean allows to characterize different sedimentation models

Identifying and quantifying global change impacts on biotic and abiotic components of ecosystems is critical to promote an effective adaptation that increases the success of conservation strategies. To achieve this goal, global and regional assessment efforts require certain degree of harmonization on local monitoring programs to establish relevant comparisons at different spatio-temporal scales. Otherwise, the lack of harmonization might hinder the detection and assessment on the effects of human impacts. In this work we have compiled information on freshwater monitoring programs located in areas of intensive research and conservation interest: International Long Term Ecological Research (ILTER) nodes and mountain National Parks. We aimed at evaluating the quality and robustness of these programs to assess the impact of global change, addressing from the worldwide to the European and Spanish national scale. Results highlighted that freshwater monitoring programs lack a common strategy to monitor these ecosystems. Even at the continental and national scales, contrasting strategies and level of detail have been historically applied. Water quality, habitat and biodiversity are more commonly monitored than community structure and ecosystem functioning. Monitoring efforts on the Spanish Mountain National parks indicated differences on the targeted aquatic ecosystems. Rivers and lakes received a higher attention, while mires were rarely considered. Our results provide evidence that greater efforts should be directed towards constructing a coordinated strategy to monitor freshwater ecosystems at national, continental, and global scales. This strategy should involve a shared backbone of biophysical and biogeochemical variables for each habitat type on agreed protocols that are implemented across regions and administrative borders. Achieving this will support a substantial advance on the ecological research to further delineate proper conservation strategies to face the cha

The Holocene morpho-stratigraphic evolution of a compound submarine deltaic system linked with the Antas and Almanzora Rivers on the narrow (< 5 km) shelf along the Palomares margin (southeastern Iberia) has been reconstructed from the integrated analysis of geomorphology, seismo-stratigraphy and sedimentology. The shelf morphology is characterized by a 3–4 km wide deltaic body off the Almanzora River, where seafloor undulations and gullies are present. Larger and more incised gullies, crescent-shaped bedforms and pockmarks are recognizable at or close to the head of shelf-indenting canyons associated with the Almanzora-Garrucha canyon system. The seismo-stratigraphy displays a strong and irregular basal reflector overlain by a sedimentary wedge, showing variable thicknesses (1–25 m) and seismic characteristics along and across the shelf. The main depocenter of this wedge is not located off the Almanzora River mouth (i.e., the main sedimentary input in the study area) but along the southern shelf encompassing the Almanzora and Antas Rivers. Grain-size and sand compositional analyses show that silty sand with high terrigenous content (mostly quartz and mica) is mainly found on the submarine deltaic body. In contrast, sandy silt with variable ratios between terrigenous and biogenic contents is retrieved from the canyon head and associated gullies as well as from the surrounding mid-outer shelf. The evolution of the Antas-Almanzora compound delta has been divided into three evolutionary stages, mainly driven by the interplay between paleo-topography and riverine and marine processes and modulated by sea level changes during the Holocene. The origin of the present-day morphological features is also discussed, again highlighting a complex interaction between sedimentary gravity flows (mainly flash flood-generated hyperpycnal flows), storm-waves and shelf currents, fluid seepage and retrogressive slope failures

[EN]The core repository of the IGME in Peñarroya - Pueblonuevo (Córdoba) houses an important collection of cores and subsoil samples of Spain. One of the least known features of the repository, is the extensive documentary archive coming from companies whose main activity was the exploration of geological resources. Although the activity of these companies has finished, these files constitute an essential source of knowledge to know the history, evolution, social data, statistics, gender data and other activities of these sectors during the late nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The documentation is mainly technical and administrative, with a large number of maps, cartographies, plans and graphic documents of historical and scientific interest, which, together with the funds from other Spanish institutions, constitute a valuable source for the study of the history of the mining company business of Spain. The most important collections are: the Peñarroya Metallurgical Mining Society (SMMP) with 346 ML of documentation from the years 1850-1992; the National Uranium Company S.A. (ENUSA) with 158.4 ML, with documents from the years 1918-2004; the Agrarian transformation Company, SA (TRAGSA), with 151.2 ML and with a period from 1918-2004 and the National Company of mining research (ENADIMSA) with 81 ML of documents from 1943 to 1997. In addition, the repository curates other documents from the library of the IGME in Madrid and those related to the core collection of the repository., [ES]La litoteca de sondeos de Peñarroya – Pueblonuevo (Córdoba) alberga una importante colección de sondeos y muestras del subsuelo de toda España. Uno de los aspectos menos conocidos de la misma, es el extenso archivo documental procedente de empresas cuya actividad fue la exploración de los recursos geológicos. Aunque la actividad de estas empresas ha cesado, estos archivos cerrados constituyen una fuente de conocimiento esencial para conocer la historia, evolución, datos sociales, estadísticas, datos de género y actividades varias de estos sectores durante finales del siglo XIX y XX. La documentación es de carácter fundamentalmente técnico y administrativo, con gran cantidad de mapas, cartografías, planos y documentos gráficos de interés histórico y científico, que junto con fondos de otras instituciones españolas, constituyen una valiosa fuente para el estudio de la historia empresarial y social de la minería española. Los fondos más importantes son el de La Sociedad Minero Metalúrgica de Peñarroya (SMMP) con 346 ML de documentación de los años 1850 a 1992; la Empresa Nacional del Uranio S.A. (ENUSA) con 158.4 ML, con documentos de los años 1918 a 2004; la Empresa de Transformación Agraria, S.A (TRAGSA), con 151.2 ML de los años 1918 a 2004 y la Empresa Nacional de Investigaciones Mineras (ENADIMSA) con 81 ML de documentos desde 1943 a 1997.

Here we present an environmental magnetic study of atmospheric deposition collected by a multi-site network in Spain that covers fourteen locations representative of urban, industrial, agricultural, and natural environments across southwestern Europe. We have combined magnetic methods with scanning electron microscopy and geochemical data to characterize the magnetic mineral assemblages of particulate matter across different types of sites and phenomenological scenarios, and to unravel their environmental significance in terms of the most important anthropogenic and natural components of atmospheric deposition. Our results enable identification of two magnetite/maghemite components of anthropogenic origin, derived mostly from vehicular traffic, plus a hematite component associated with a baseline supply of north African dust, in all the studied sites regardless of their type. The ubiquitous presence of anthropogenic magnetite/maghemite particles in pristine natural envi-ronments, albeit in lower concentrations, point to their arrival from neighbouring urban areas through atmo-spheric mixing processes. Samples including particulate matter deposited during distinctively intense periods of north African dust supply are characterized by a fourth component, represented also by coarser-grained he-matite, that is likely derived from a different source area within the Sahara Desert. The concomitant increase observed in these cases in the amounts of magnetite/maghemite particles suggests strongly that part of the magnetite/maghemite load attributed to anthropogenic sources for the rest of the phenomenological scenarios is aeolian in origin. This seems to explain the overall moderate correlation observed between magnetite/maghe-mite contents and proxies for vehicular traffic, and demonstrates the need for caution when interpreting envi-ronmental magnetic proxies for magnetite/maghemite abundances in terms of anthropogenic loads. This is especially the case in southern Europea

We have analyzed potential harmful trace elements (PHTE; Pb, Hg, Zn, As and Cu) on sediment cores retrieved from lake Marboré (LM) (2612 m a.s.l, 42°41′N; 0° 2′E). PHTE variability allowed us to reconstruct the timing and magnitude of trace metal pollutants fluxes over the last 3000 years in the Central Pyrenees. A statistical treatment of the dataset (PCA) enabled us to discern the depositional processes of PHTE, that reach the lake via direct atmospheric deposition. Indeed, the location of LM above the atmospheric boundary layer makes this lake an exceptional site to record the long-range transport of atmospheric pollutants in the free troposphere. Air masses back-trajectories analyses enabled us to understand the transport pathways of atmospheric pollutants while lead isotopic analyses contributed to evaluate the source areas of metal pollution in SW Europe during the Late Holocene. PHTE variability, shows a clear agreement with the main exploitation phases of metal resources in Southern Europe during the Pre-Industrial Period. We observed an abrupt lead enrichment from 20 to 375 yrs CE mostly associated to silver and lead mining and smelting practices in Southern Iberia during the Roman Empire. This geochemical data suggests that regional atmospheric metal pollution during the Roman times rivalled the Industrial Period. PHTE also increased during the High and Late Middle Ages (10–15 centuries) associated to a reactivation of mining and metallurgy activities in high altitude Pyrenean mining sites during climate amelioration phases. Atmospheric mercury deposition in the Lake Marboré record mostly reflects global emissions, particularly from Almadén mines (central Spain) and slightly fluctuates during the last three millennia with a significant increase during the last five centuries. Our findings reveal a strong mining-related pollution legacy in alpine lakes and watersheds that needs to be considered in management plans for mountain ecosystems as global warming a

This article presents the results of atmospheric deposition from a 15-sites network which cover remote, agricultural, urban and industrial areas in the Iberian Peninsula and the Balearic Islands, with the aim of exploring geographical, climatic and natural vs anthropogenic gradients. Annual average fluxes of global deposition, discriminating insoluble (3,5–20,7 g m year) and soluble-inorganic (7,1–45,5 g m year) aerosols are discussed, seasonal patterns are regarded, and an attempt to estimate the impact of the main sources is presented. The wide range of atmospheric deposition fluxes (DF) regarding soluble (DF) and insoluble (DF) has been investigated taking into consideration the contribution from nearby to long-distance sources, such as African dust, or regional-to-nearby ones, which include agricultural dust in the Ebro Valley, industrial emissions at different parts, urban dust at all cities, or saline dust resuspension from a dissicated lake bed. DF is made up of marine aerosols, prevailing in coastal areas, with few exceptions in the Ebro Valley; nitrogen-species, homogeneously distributed across the network, with few exceptions due to agricultural sources; mineral dust, enhanced in the Ebro Valley owing to regional and agricultural emissions; and phospathe, displaying comparable values to other studies in general, but three hotspots at regional background environments have been identified. DF particles followed the aridity pattern, especially where anthropogenic emissions take place. Our estimates indicate that the regional dust to DF in the Ebro Valley represented 23–30%, overpassing 50% at intensive agricultural areas. Similarly, urban-metropolitan contributions accounted for 37–45% at the four cities, and 55% at the industrial one. African dust deposition was enhanced in the Central Pyrenees (75–80%) as a result of the magnification of atmospheric washout processes, and in south-eastern Iberia (69%) owing to the higher frequency of dust outbreaks.

Clay dehydration at great depth generates fluids and overpressures in organic-rich sediments that can release isotopically light boron from mature organic matter, producing 10B-rich fluids. The B can be incorporated into the tetrahedral sites of authigenic illite during the illitization of smectite. Therefore, the crystal-chemical and geochemical characterization of illite, smectite or interlayered illite–smectite clay minerals can be an indicator of depth (temperature) and reactions with the basin fluids. The aim of this study was to determine the detailed clay mineralogy, B-content and isotopic composition in illite–smectite rich samples of mud volcanoes from the Gulf of Cádiz, in order to evaluate interactions of hydrocarbon-rich fluids with clays. Molecular modeling of the illite structure was performed, using electron density functional theory (DFT) methods to examine the phenomenon of B incorporation into illite at the atomic level. We found that it is energetically preferable for B to reside in the tetrahedral sites replacing Si atoms than in the interlayer of expandable clays. The B abundances in this study are high and consistent with previous results of B data on interstitial fluids, suggesting that hydrocarbon-related fluids approaching temperatures of methane generation (150 °C) are the likely source of B-rich illite in the studied samples.

Los lagos de alta montaña de Saliencia (El Valle, La Cueva, Calabazosa y Cerveriz), en el Parque Natural de Somiedo (Asturias), han sufrido una notable presión antrópica en tiempos recientes (minería metálica, pastoreo de ganado vacuno, actividades de represamiento y trabajos de canalización). Este trabajo presenta los resultados y principales conclusiones de un reciente estudio realizado en estos lagos, sobre los cuales no existía información previa. En base a perfiles de temperatura, conductividad, pH y ORP, así como de concentración de oxígeno disuelto, clorofila-a, carbono orgánico, nutrientes y metales disueltos, se discute el impacto de la presión antrópica sobre estos lagos. En el periodo de estudio (Julio a Septiembre, 2014-2016), estos lagos presentaron una marcada estratificación térmica y química con notables gradientes verticales como resultado de diversos procesos físicos y biogeoquímicos. Todos los lagos mostraron un buen estado ambiental sin aparente contaminación por metales. Sin embargo, este conjunto de lagos no es homogéneo en cuanto a la disponibilidad de nutrientes, productividad primaria, o déficit de oxígeno hipolimnético, existiendo un espectro de condiciones tróficas que van desde oligotróficas (El Valle) a eutróficas (Calabazosa). Esta tendencia parece estar provocada principalmente por la variabilidad del contenido en fósforo (p.ej., 10 µg/L P en El Valle frente a 35 µg/L P en Calabazosa), aunque los procesos erosivos en la cuenca también podrían estar contribuyendo a incrementar el consumo de oxígeno mediante el aporte de materia orgánica alóctona. Las zonas con mayor presencia de ganado (ej., El Valle) parecen presentar contenidos más altos en nitratos, aunque no puede establecerse una relación directa entre ganado y eutrofización

Geological sequences have been used as the main basis for musical pieces both as inspiration for musicians and as raw materials (geochemical data, stratigraphic logs, cycles and frequencies) for compositions produced by computer programs. Telling our stories of Quaternary changes with music presents an opportunity to reach a wider audience and to integrate art and science. Here we present an example of how to compose music from Quaternary lake sequences and illustrate in a new way the main changes in the Pyrenean landscapes since deglaciation. The creation of this music was undertaken within the framework of the REPLIM project, an INTERREG- POCTEFA – project aimed to create a network of climate change observatories on lakes and wetlands in the Pyrenees. Based on the sediment sequence from Marboré Lake (42°41′44.27″N, 0° 2′24.07″E, 2612 m a.s.l), we have selected lithological, compositional and pollen data (Leunda et al, 2017; Oliva et al., 2018) to represent the main changes in the lake and the region during the last 15000 years. To transform the geological data into musical notes, we have used a similar approach than in previous experiences (Simon et al, 2015) but in this case, notes were assigned to compositional range intervals and the tempos were defined using sediment accumulation rates. Different melodies and instruments were assigned at each data set: TOC and Br/Ti as lake bioproductivity, selected pollen data for vegetation dynamics in the valleys, Si/Ti as sediment influx and Pb/Ti as anthropogenic impact. An electronic version of the Marbore Symphony was created by computer software based on the raw data. The music group O’Carolan (http://www.ocarolanfolk.com) transformed the electronic version into a six minutes long acoustic version. The Symphony premiered in the town of Bielsa on December 14th, 2018. The Marboré music project has served to increase citizenship awareness about climate change in the Pyrenees and provided a new tool to better communicate p

Los lagos de alta montaña de Saliencia (El Valle, La Cueva, Calabazosa y Cerveriz), en el Parque Natural de Somiedo (Asturias), han sufrido una notable presión antrópica en tiempos recientes (minería metálica, pastoreo de ganado vacuno, actividades de represamiento y trabajos de canalización). Este trabajo presenta los resultados y principales conclusiones de un reciente estudio realizado en estos lagos, sobre los cuales no existía información previa. En base a perfiles de temperatura, conductividad, pH y ORP, así como de concentración de oxígeno disuelto, clorofila-a, carbono orgánico, nutrientes y metales disueltos, se discute el impacto de la presión antrópica sobre estos lagos. En el periodo de estudio (Julio a Septiembre, 2014-2016), estos lagos presentaron una marcada estratificación térmica y química con notables gradientes verticales como resultado de diversos procesos físicos y biogeoquímicos. Todos los lagos mostraron un buen estado ambiental sin aparente contaminación por metales. Sin embargo, este conjunto de lagos no es homogéneo en cuanto a la disponibilidad de nutrientes, productividad primaria, o déficit de oxígeno hipolimnético, existiendo un espectro de condiciones tróficas que van desde oligotróficas (El Valle) a eutróficas (Calabazosa). Esta tendencia parece estar provocada principalmente por la variabilidad del contenido en fósforo (p.ej., 10 µg/L P en El Valle frente a 35 µg/L P en Calabazosa), aunque los procesos erosivos en la cuenca también podrían estar contribuyendo a incrementar el consumo de oxígeno mediante el aporte de materia orgánica alóctona. Las zonas con mayor presencia de ganado (ej., El Valle) parecen presentar contenidos más altos en nitratos, aunque no puede establecerse una relación directa entre ganado y eutrofización

Además de la conocida aplicación de propiedades magnéticas de cortezas y hojas de árboles como proxies ambientales y/o de contaminación en ambientes antrópicos (Kletetschka et al., 2003, Maher et al, 2013 y Vezzola et al., 2017 y referencias citadas), es sabido que los árboles en medios naturales poco alterados también contienen partículas ferromagnéticas (Krs et al, 1994). Estos autores aplicaron técnicas paleomagnéticas convencionales (demagnetizaciones TH y AF, curvas IRM, etc.) en troncos de árboles vivos y fósiles y demostraron la presencia de minerales de baja coercitividad, con temperaturas de desbloqueo normalmente (pero no sólo) intermedias (300°C) y registros arqueomagnéticos dudosos (y viscosos magnéticamente), pero sin aportar datos relevantes sobre el origen de las partículas ferromagnéticas en el interior de los árboles. Por otra parte, algún trabajo posterior (Kletetschka et al., 2007 y Kletetschka 2011) ha sugerido algunas propiedades magnéticas como proxies climáticos en árboles sanos, no afectados por eventos traumáticos, de gran longevidad (sequoias). A día de hoy, muchas preguntas sobre el origen de la magnetización, los mecanismos de bloqueo y su estabilidad siguen sin resolverse.

The Almanzora-Alías-Garrucha canyon system is located in the Palomares continental margin (SW Mediterranean Sea). The canyon head is constituted by several tributaries such as Almanzora, Garrucha, Cabrera and Alías canyons from N to S. The Garrucha canyon is deeply incised in a narrow continental shelf (less than 5 km wide). Its head is very complex with a dense network of gullies and tributaries that reach almost the shore at 7-20 meters water depth (mwd). In contrast, the Almanzora canyon is less incised and its head is located at 65-90 mwd on the outer prodelta of the Almanzora river. The aim of this work is to study the interaction processes of the Almanzora prodelta with the canyon head, in particular with the Almanzora and some tributaries of Garrucha canyon. For this goal, high resolution multibeam bathymetry adquired in the ESPACE project and surface sediments, recently obtained in the framework of FAUCES project, have been used.The Almanzora prodelta is 3500 m wide and 4000 m long with E-NE direction. The morphological analysis shows different scale bedforms that develop an undulation field which affect almost the whole área of the prodelta. A dense network of radial erosive channels (up to 140 m wide) can be also observed with some of them clearly connected with the gullies that feed the canyon heads of Almanzora and Garrucha tributaries. Associated to these channels and gullies there are several pockmarks on the westernmost distal part of the prodelta. Grain-size analysis of samples distributed along and across the prodelta and the upper courses of gullies shows that sediment texture ranges from silty sand to sandy silt and silt, with less than 11% of clay. Visual analysis of the coarser fraction of sediment evidenced the presence of quartz and micas with heavy minerals (e.g. goethite, hematite) and a variable percentage of bioclasts. Principal Component Analysis determined two main factors that explain the 97% of the total variance and allow establishing

The Garrucha and Almanzora are the northern tributaries of the submarine canyon system called Almanzora-Alías-Garrucha located in the Palomares continental margin (Southwestern Mediterranean Sea). The tributary system is deeply incised in the continental shelf that is 5 km wide and extends down to 100¿120 mwd, where the transition towards the upper continental slope starts.Multiple multibeam echosounder datasets were used to characterize this study area. 50 m resolution bathymetry data belonging to the Spanish General Secretariat of Fisheries (SGP) was merged with data recorded in the framework of the FAUCES project in order to produce high-resolution maps (10 to 2 m grid size resolution). The higher resolution data was recently collected onboard the vessel Sarmiento de Gamboa using an Atlas Hydrosweep DS and Kongsberg-Simrad EM2040 operated from the AUV AsterX. Accurate seafloor video imaging was recorded by an ARGUS ROV system. The Garrucha tributary erodes completely the continental shelf: its shallowest part reaches the infralittoral at 7-20 mwd. The Almanzora tributary is narrower and less incising: its head is located at 65¿90 m and affects the outer prodelta of the Almanzora River. In both cases a dense network of dendritic gullies along their flanks can be observed. After the convergence of the tributaries at 1100 mwd, the submarine canyon becomes wider and shows a meandering pattern. The ROV surveyed 7 nautical miles along the canyon axis at depths between 1100 and 1653 m. The images reveal a changing environment within this shelf-slope system. The ROV system recorded a great variability of depositional and erosive features such as sedimentary instabilities (isolated blocks, topples and falls) and bedforms. All these observations suggest that the tributary system funnel sediments from the coastline and shelf down to the deep sedimentary system, and also that the canyon system can act as a sediment source/reservoir in two ways: 1) sediment eroded from the ca