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Background & Aim : complications of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) frequently lead to impaired social life , physical Function and daily activities in these patients and finaly the health-related quality of life (HRQL) of these patients will decrease . The aim of this study was to determine HRQL and its relationship with some demographic variables. Material & Methods: using a cross-sectional descriptive design, 331 COPD patients admitted to hospitals affiliated with Tehran University of Medical Sciences were recruited by constant sampling. Data collection tools included demographic information form and HRQL questionnaire (SF-36). Data was analyzed using SPSS ) v . 16 ( , descriptive statistics and Pearson correlation coefficient, ANOVA and Independent t- test. Results: the findings showed a reduction in HRQL especially in physical health dimension. Significant relationships were found between HRQL and some demographic characteristics such as gender, education level, duration of disease, type of medication and hospitalizations frequency during the past year (P

A comparative cross-sectional study, utilized 1,068 patients (stratified random samples; n=178 per therapy) from 0 to 75+ years of age, belonging to 178 union councils of Karachi, assessing preference among allopathic and herbal therapies in terms of provided utility in common cold, depression and trauma via surveys, assuming no significant relationship between age group, sex and cost of illness with disability-adjusted-life-years. Utilized known costs of illness and prevalence for diseases, calculated the disability-adjusted-life-years and the utility. The differences (allopathic less herbal therapy) in disability-adjusted-life-years; and utility-to-cost-ratio of therapies were: 1,025.18 yrs.; 6.66, 145,869.42 yrs; -1.55 and 82.91 yrs; 24.45 for common cold, depression and trauma, respectively. There were statistically insignificant relationships of age group, sex and cost of illness with disability-adjusted-life-years (P > 0.05). Comparatively, the herbal therapies proved less costly, with fewer disability-adjusted-life-years and hence with more utility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Treatment cost and high prevalence of Poly Cystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS) is a very challenging issue globally. Due to this reason; current study was conducted to determine pharmaco-economy of conventional and non-conventional treatments for the management of PCOS., Methods: Prospective Cross-Sectional study was conducted in the metropolitan city of Karachi from January - December 2019. Primary data of 200 PCOS patients were collected from different hospitals and clinics. An instrument was used to collect data pertaining to the direct and indirect cost associated with the disease management. Collected data was analyzed by the tools for cost analysis and software called Statistical Package of Social Sciences (SPSS) - 22., Results: In Cost Minimization Analysis (CMA); Allopathic treatment [Mean cost/month: PKR:4479.32 ± 350.95 (USD:27.46 ± 2.15)], Herbal treatment [Mean cost/month: PKR:1527.78 ± 78.15 (USD:9.37 ± 0.48)], Combination treatment [Mean cost/month: PKR:2803.09 ± 654.22 (USD:17.18 ± 4.01)], and Homoeopathic treatment [Mean cost/month: PKR:976.95 ± 46.19 (USD:5.99 ± 0.28)]. Incremental cost/month for Allopathic treatment is 358%, Herbal treatment is 56%, Combination treatment is 187%. In Cost Effectiveness Analysis (CEA); Allopathic treatment (Incremental cost-effectiveness ratio/month: 1334.24), Herbal treatment (Incremental cost-effectiveness ratio/month: 936.41), Combination treatment (Incremental cost-effectiveness ratio/month: 1017.09). Due to lowest cost of Homeopathic treatment, cost of Homeopathic treatment was considered as a threshold value. In-direct cost/month of Allopathic treatment is PKR:593.33 ± 24.00 (USD:3.64 ± 0.15), Herbal treatment is PKR:307.84 ± 26.69 (USD:1.89 ± 0.16), Combination treatment is PKR:409.09 ± 45.63 (USD:2.51 ± 0.28) and Homoeopathic treatment is PKR:300.00 ± 26.39 (USD:1.84 ± 0.16)., Conclusion: The most cost-effective is treatment is Homeopathic; Herbal treatment is second most cost-effective option for the treatment of PCOS. Lowest direct and indirect costs and short treatment duration collaboratively lessen the %incremental cost per year and incremental cost effectiveness ratio per year., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

The aim of study was to find effective treatment option which reduces the risk of complications among patients of polycystic-ovarian-syndrome. A cross-sectional study was conducted from January-2019 to December-2019. Data was collected from 200 patients that have visited hospitals and clinics located in Karachi. A questionnaire was used in the survey. Collected data was analyzed with SPSS-22. Hormonal-imbalance (p=0.0001), polycystic-ovaries (p=0.008), irregular-menstruation (p=0.0001), obesity (p=0.0001), diabetes (p=0.0001) and infertility (p=0.014) significantly treated by allopathic-medications. Hormonal-imbalance (p=0.025), polycystic-ovaries (p=0.0001), irregular-menstruation (p=0.0001), obesity (p=0.046), diabetes (p=0.001), acne (p=0.046), anxiety (p=0.014), depression (p=0.014) and eating disorder (p=0.046) significantly treated by homeopathic-medications. Polycystic-ovaries (p=0.0001), irregular-menstruation (p=0.0001), obesity (p=0.014), diabetes (p=0.0001) and acne (p=0.014) significantly treated by herbal-medications. Allopathic treatment was found effective in reducing risk of complication associated with PCOS; hormonal-imbalance (59%), hirsutism (42%), obesity (89%), diabetes (90%), hypertension (17%), infertility (60%) and anxiety (75%). Risk reduction of complications by Homeopathic treatment; polycystic-ovaries (54%), irregular menstruation (91%) and depression (43%). Combination treatment was found effective in reducing the risk of acne (43%) and eating disorder (100%). Allopathic treatment is effective in reducing the majority of risks of complications and the complications of polycystic-ovaries-syndrome can be significantly controlled with the homeopathic mode of treatment.

In this study, fertility enhancing effect of ethanol extract of aerial parts of Fagonia arabica was evaluated. 24 female and 12 male virgin Wistar rats (Average wt 150-250g) were selected. Dose was given daily for 23 days in 4 groups of animal. After 23 days, they were cohabitated for mating. Then dosing was continued for further 5 days. On 5th day of mating, sperm counting was done by observing vaginal smear under the microscope which showed fertility enhancement in male. Female were kept separately until delivery. The number of pubs born provided female fertility enhancement as compared to control. Average sperm count in 1 cm2 were counted in group A, B, C and control as 14.000±1.732, 12.000±1.000, 23.333±1.528 and 11.000±1.000 respectively. Number of pubs were counted in Group A, B, C and D as 8.667±2.082, 7.333±1.528, 7.333±1.528 10.000±2.000 and 5.333±0.577 respectively and fertility index was calculated for Group A, B and C as 62.516%, 37.502% and 87.512% respectively. Result showed that the orally administered dose of Fagonia arabica possess highly significant fertility enhancing activity in male and female rats after observing improvement in the sperm count and number of pubs as compared to control.

Analgesic, anti-inflammatory and diuretic activities of the methanol extract of two varieties of Cicer arietinum viz black or Desi and white or Kabuli were tested in the doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg. For analgesic effect of the extracts, acetic acid induced writhing, tail immersion and hot plate tests were employed in mice. The anti-inflammatory activity was carried out by carrageenan induced inflammation in rats, whereas the diuretic action was determined using metabolic cages for rats. Animals were divided into six groups (n=7): (1) Control (2) Standard (3) MECAB 200 (4) MECAB 400 (5) MECAW 200 (6) MECAW 400. All extracts and standard drugs were administered orally. Acute oral toxicity of the extracts was also checked in mice up to 2000mg/kg dose, which showed a favorable safety. Significant analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects were observed. The results of diuretic activity were significant at 12th and 24th hrs. Therefore, it is concluded that the methanol extracts of the seeds of Cicer arietinum have analgesic, anti-inflammatory and diuretic potential.