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En este documento se presenta un estudio sobre el diseño y la construcción de depósitos de ferrocemento para países en vías de desarrollo. Se le da un especial énfasis al hecho de que los depósitos que se plantean están pensados para países en vías de desarrollo, porque la tecnología empleada así como los materiales tendrá una calidad notablemente inferior a la que se podría esperar de países desarrollados. Asimismo, la participación de los usuarios (a través de la supervisión de un técnico) en la construcción del depósito hace que se tienda a simplificar lo máximo posible el montaje de la estructura así como la cantidad de cálculos necesarios. En primer lugar se introduce el concepto de ferrocemento, se analizan sus propiedades, se describen sus componentes (tipo de refuerzo, proporciones de mezcla,…), se detallan algunos elementos empleados para su ejecución (encofrado, herramientas, equipo necesario,…) y se hace un breve repaso, a continuación, a las aplicaciones que hasta la fecha se le han dado al ferrocemento como material de construcción. También se incluyen los resultados correspondientes a unos ensayos realizados en un estudio sobre el diseño de tanques para países en vías de desarrollo (llevados a cabo en otra universidad) y obtenidos a través de Internet. A continuación se plantea una formulación específica para el dimensionamiento de la pared del depósito y se acompaña con algunos ejemplos de aplicación práctica en base a la formulación planteada que recogen capacidades bien diferenciadas: 10, 50 y 150m3. De este modo se recogen los diseños tipo para un depósito pequeño, mediano y grande (considerando el ámbito en el que nos encontramos y el rango en el que se mueven este tipo de estructuras). En éstos se resuelve el diseño de la solera a través de un exhaustivo análisis por Elementos Finitos de diversos modelos de solera, considerando como forma básica el casquete esférico y variando a partir de aquí la curvatura de éste así como la unión con la base de la pared. Al final de cada ejemplo propuesto se muestra un croquis detallado de la estructura, el refuerzo y las cotas correspondientes. Se incluye también un capítulo con ejemplos reales sobre depósitos de ferrocemento (concretamente se comentan la construcción de un depósito de 10m3, uno de 150m3, un depósito enterrado y el montaje de una cubierta para un tanque de ferrocemento) fruto del trabajo de investigación bibliográfica llevado a cabo a lo largo del estudio y que se ha creído conveniente incluir por su alto interés técnico. Los ejemplos además se acompañan de los detalles y mediciones de las obras. En una segunda parte, se generalizan los resultados para un rango de depósitos acotado entre un cierto valor de alturas y radios del depósito. El rango adoptado es bastante amplio, variando el radio desde 50cm hasta 10m, mientras que las alturas consideradas van de 1m hasta 3m. Se abarca, de esta manera cualquier posibilidad de dimensionamiento, por muy remota que sea. El criterio adoptado a la hora de acotar el rango de los resultados ha sido el de proporcionar alturas razonables para facilitar la construcción y diámetros no mayores de los que parece ser que este material llega a resultar más viable que otro como por ejemplo el hormigón (aunque este tema es discutible). Estos resultados se han resumido a modo de tablas organizadas según las variables estudiadas sean variables de dimensionamiento (capacidad, espesores, cuantías de armadura, flecha de solera) o de cuantificación de materiales (peso de acero, volumen de arena, peso de cemento), dando lugar en total a 12 tablas, cuyo método de empleo se describe en el propio capítulo. Además para tener una idea comparativa de los resultados ofrecidos por las tablas se analizan diversos ejemplos comparando las cantidades propuestos por diversos autores y los obtenidos a partir del empleo de las tablas. Cabe destacar que estas tablas no pretenden ser un método estricto, sino más bien orientativo (en fase experimental), en el que se recomienda al menos la presencia de un técnico para valorar los resultados y apreciar los detalles necesarios que lógicamente no se incluyen en las tablas como herramientas, elementos de atado, encofrado, personal necesario, etc.

ConnectinGEO (Coordinating an Observation Network of Networks EnCompassing saTellite and IN-situ to fill the Gaps in European Observations" is an H2020 Coordination and Support Action with the primary goal of linking existing Earth Observation networks with science and technology (S&T) communities, the industry sector, the Group on Earth Observations (GEO), and Copernicus. The project will end in February 2017. Essential Variables (EVs) are defined by ConnectinGEO as "a minimal set of variables that determine the system's state and developments, are crucial for predicting system developments, and allow us to define metrics that measure the trajectory of the system". . Specific application-dependent characteristics, such as spatial and temporal resolution of observations and data quality thresholds, are not generally included in the EV definition. This definition and the present status of EV developments in different societal benefit areas was elaborated at the ConnectinGEO workshop "Towards a sustainability process for GEOSS Essential Variables (EVs)," which was held in Bari on June 11-12, 2015 (http://www.gstss.org/2015_Bari/). Presentations and reports contributed by a wide range of communities provided important inputs from different sectors for assessing the status of the EV development. In most thematic areas, the development of sets of EVs is a community process leading to an agreement on what is essential for the goals of the community. While there are many differences across the communities in the details of the criteria, methodologies and processes used to develop sets of EVs, there is also a considerable common core across the communities, particularly those with a more advanced discussion. In particular, there is some level of overlap in different topics (e.g., Climate and Water), and there is a potential to develop an integrated set of EVs common to several thematic areas as well as specific ones that satisfy only one community. The thematic areas with a more mature development of EV lists are Climate (ECV), Ocean (EOV) and Biodiversity (EBV). Water is also developing a set of EVs in GEOSS. Agriculture is working with a common set of variables that can be considered essential to them such as Crop Area, Crop Type, Crop Condition, etc.. More work is required for an agreement on other sets of EVs for Disasters, Health and Ecosystems. Being cross-domain topics, these areas can make use of existing sets of EVs (such as ECVs, EOVs and EBVs) complemented by socioeconomic variables that can help to characterize services (e.g., ecosystem services) to human societies. Renewable energy also makes use of the ECVs but there is a need for additional ones: solar surface irradiance and wind at different heights are good candidates to explore. ConnectinGEO will link with Climate, Ocean and Biodiversity communities and support Water, Agriculture, Renewable Energy, Health, Disasters and Ecosystems to make progress in the EV development by stimulating the debate in their respective international forums (mainly in GEOSS). The final objective is to foster EV extraction from the integrated use of in-situ and satellite Earth Observation data.

ConnectinGEO (Coordinating an Observation Network of Networks EnCompassing saTellite and IN-situ to fill the Gaps in European Observations" is an H2020 Coordination and Support Action with the primary goal of linking existing Earth Observation networks with science and technology (S&T) communities, the industry sector, the Group on Earth Observations (GEO), and Copernicus. The project will end in February 2017. ConnectinGEO will initiate a European Network of Earth Observation Networks (ENEON) that will encompass space-based, airborne and in-situ observations networks. ENEON will be composed of project partners representing thematic observation networks along with the GEOSS Science and Technology Stakeholder Network, GEO Communities of Practices, Copernicus services, Sentinel missions and in-situ support data representatives, representatives of the European space-based, airborne and in-situ observations networks. This communication presents the complex panorama of Earth Observations Networks in Europe. The list of networks is classified by discipline, variables, geospatial scope, etc. We also capture the membership and relations with other networks and umbrella organizations like GEO. The result is a complex interrelation between networks that can not be clearly expressed in a flat list. Technically the networks can be represented as nodes with relations between them as lines connecting the nodes in a graph. We have chosen RDF as a language and an AllegroGraph 3.3 triple store that is visualized in several ways using for example Gruff 5.7. Our final aim is to identify gaps in the EO Networks and justify the need for a more structured coordination between them.

The oceans play a key role in global issues such as climate change, food security, and human health. Given their vast dimensions and internal complexity, efficient monitoring and predicting of the planet’s ocean must be a collaborative effort of both regional and global scale. A first and foremost requirement for such collaborative ocean observing is the need to follow well-defined and reproducible methods across activities: from strategies for structuring observing systems, sensor deployment and usage, and the generation of data and information products, to ethical and governance aspects when executing ocean observing. To meet the urgent, planet-wide challenges we face, methods across all aspects of ocean observing should be broadly adopted by the ocean community and, where appropriate, should evolve into “Ocean Best Practices.” While many groups have created best practices, they are scattered across the Web or buried in local repositories and many have yet to be digitized. To reduce this fragmentation, we introduce a new open access, permanent, digital repository of best practices documentation (oceanbestpractices.org) that is part of the Ocean Best Practices System (OBPS). The new OBPS provides an opportunity space for the centralized and coordinated improvement of ocean observing methods. The OBPS repository employs user-friendly software to significantly improve discovery and access to methods. The software includes advanced semantic technologies for search capabilities to enhance repository operations. In addition to the repository, the OBPS also includes a peer reviewed journal research topic, a forum for community discussion and a training activity for use of best practices. Together, these components serve to realize a core objective of the OBPS, which is to enable the ocean community to create superior methods for every activity in ocean observing from research to operations to applications that are agreed upon and broadly adopted across communities. Using selected ocean observing examples, we show how the OBPS supports this objective. This paper lays out a future vision of ocean best practices and how OBPS will contribute to improving ocean observing in the decade to come.