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Tissue expansion is used by plastic/reconstructive surgeons to grow additional skin/tissue for replacing or repairing lost or damaged soft tissues. Recently, hydrogels have been widely used for tissue expansion applications. Herein, a self-inflating tissue expander blend composition from three different molecular weights (2, 6, and 10 kDa) of poly (ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) hydrogel with tunable mechanical and swelling properties is presented. The in vitro results demonstrate that, of the eight studied compositions, P6 (PEGDA 6 kDa:10 kDa (50:50)) and P8 (PEGDA 6 kDa:10 kDa (35:65)) formulations provide a balance of mechanical property and swelling capability suitable for tissue expansion. Furthermore, these expanders can be compressed up to 60% of their original height and can be loaded and unloaded cyclically at least ten times with no permanent deformation. The in vivo results indicate that these two engineered blend compositions are capable to generate a swelling pressure sufficient to dilate the surrounding tissue while retaining their original shape. The histological analyses reveal the formation of fibrous capsule at the interface between the implant and the subcutaneous tissue with no signs of inflammation. Ultimately, controlling the PEGDA chain length shows potential for the development of self-inflating tissue expanders with tunable mechanical and swelling properties.

Objectives: This randomized controlled clinical trial compared the histological, clinical, and radiographic outcomes of postextraction ridge preservation by allogenic bone grafting with and without injectable platelet‐rich fibrin (I‐PRF). Materials and Methods: Twenty single‐rooted maxillary and mandibular teeth to be extracted and replaced by dental implants were randomly divided into two groups (n = 10). Cone‐beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans were obtained preoperatively to assess bone dimensions and ridge width. The teeth were then extracted, and tooth socket preservation was performed with allograft and collagen type 1 in the control group and allograft, collagen type 1, and I‐PRF in the intervention group. CBCT scans were obtained again 3 months after the first stage of surgery, and the second stage of surgery was performed for implant placement, ridge width measurement, and obtaining a biopsy sample. Radiographic bone width, clinical bone width, and radiographic bone height were measured. A histomorphometric method was applied to quantify residual graft material, new bone formation, and nonmineralized tissues. The data were analyzed with Student's t‐test and Mann–Whitney U test (α = 0.05). Results: The intervention group showed a significantly smaller reduction in radiographic bone width (P = 0.038) and clinical bone width (P = 0.033), reduction in radiographic bone height (P = 0.213) was not significant. A significantly lower percentage of residual graft particles (P = 0.021) and a significantly higher mean percentage of newly formed bone (P = 0.038) than the control group. However, the difference in the percentage of nonmineralized tissue (P = 0.208) was not significant. Conclusion: Despite the optimal outcome of ridge preservation in both groups, the application of allograft plus I‐PRF yielded superior histological, clinical, and radiographic results compared with allograft alone, and this difference was significant in most variables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Ameloblastoma is the second most frequent type of odontogenic tumors. They are thought to be formed by epithelium of ectodermal origin, Histopathologically, ameloblastoma has plexiform, follicular, acanthomatous, desmoplastic, granular cell, and basal cell subtypes. Adenoid ameloblastoma, also called dentinal adenoid ameloblastoma, is a rare odontogenic tumor. About 40 cases have been reported, with the highest incidence in the fourteenth year of life (age range:25-52 years), indicating a small female population and a similar population for ameloblastoma. The differential diagnosis includes odontogenic lesions such as calcifying odontogenic cyst, calcified epithelial odontogenic tumor, ameloblastoma and adenomatoid odontogenic tumor (AOT). Histopathological results show that odontogenic epithelial tumors consist of nests, islands, cords, anastomotic chains and large areas of epithelium, ameloblast-like cells in the periphery, stellate reticulum-like cells in the space and cystic/microcystic patterns, acanthomatous changes and ductal patterns similar to AOT. Case: The aim of this report was to present a unique case of adenoid ameloblastoma affecting the right side of mandible in a 47 y.o woman which had a previous pathology diagnosis of adenoid cystic carcinoma for this lesion in her medical history. Conclusion: Such rare cases of adenoid ameloblastoma can pose challenges in the initial diagnosis and treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives Pleomorphic adenoma is the most common benign salivary gland tumor. Since the studies conducted on the histopathology of pleomorphic adenoma have different results and this tumor can mimic other salivary gland tumors, and due to the high prevalence of this lesion, this study was conducted to investigate the clinical and histopathological differences of pleomorphic adenoma in the major and minor salivary glands. Methods A total of 72 cases with the diagnosis of pleomorphic adenoma were reviewed by the oral and maxillofacial pathologists, and the findings were analyzed using Fisher's Exact and Pearson chi-square tests to compare the frequency distribution of variables between major and minor salivary gland lesions with the first type error of 0.05. Results The most common age group was 41-50 years old, and the gender preference was for women. The clinical symptoms were mostly painless swelling. The most common locations for the major and minor salivary glands were in the parotid and in palate, respectively. The most common histopathological classification was classic; and the most common cells observed in the major and minor salivary glands were squamous and plasmacytoid, respectively. The most common microscopic pattern was solid, the most common stromal subtypes in the major and minor salivary glands were myxoid and hyalinized, respectively; and the most common capsular forms in the major and minor salivary glands were thin and partial, respectively. Keratin pearls were observed in both major and minor salivary gland lesions. Conclusion The findings of this study are consistent with previous studies in many cases. Osteoid and fatty changes in stroma were seen in this study which are remarkable findings. Partial encapsulation is more common in minor salivary glands, which could be associated with recurrence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The present study examined the protective potential of human adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hASCs) modified to overexpress alpha-1 antitrypsin (AAT), in a mouse model of the liver fibrosis. Background: For the treatment of end-stage liver diseases, cell therapy has emerged as a promising noninvasive alternative to liver transplantation. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are being evaluated due to their dual capabilities of promoting liver regeneration and modulating the pathogenic inflammation of the immune system. Methods: Liver fibrosis was induced in mice via the intraperitoneal injection of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4). MSCs were extracted from the human adipose tissue. After stemness confirmation, the cells were transduced with the lentiviruses containing the AAT gene, and then injected into the mice's tail vein. Fourteen days' post-transplantation, mice were sacrificed, and blood and tissue samples were collected for analysis. Important liver enzymes, including alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), albumin, and total bilirubin (TB), were measured. Histological studies were carried out using the hematoxylin and eosin (H&E), as well as Masson's trichrome (MT) staining. Results: Compared to hASCs, treatment with AAT-hASCs resulted in greater reductions in ALT, AST, ALP, and TB, as well as normalized albumin levels. AAT-hASCs promoted enhanced liver regeneration histologically, likely attributable to anti-inflammatory and anti-proteolytic properties of AAT. Conclusion: These findings indicate AAT-engineered hASCs as a promising cell-gene therapy candidate for further study in liver cirrhosis models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: An odontogenic keratocyst (OKC) is a developmental odontogenic cyst with aggressive clinical behavior. This cyst shows a different growth mechanism from the more common dentigerous cyst and now has been renamed as a keratocystic odontogenic tumor (KCOT). Inflammation can assist tumor growth via different mechanisms including dysregulation of the p53 gene. This study aims to assess and compare the expression of tumor suppressor gene p53 in inflamed and non-inflamed types of OKC and dentigerous cyst. Methods: Immunohistochemical expression of p53 was assessed in 14 cases of dental follicle, 34 cases of OKC (including 18 inflamed OKCs), and 31 cases of dentigerous cyst (including 16 inflamed cysts). Results: The mean percentage of p53 positive cells was 0.7% in dental follicles, 5.4% in non-inflamed OKCs, 17.3% in inflamed OKCs, 1.2% in non-inflamed dentigerous cysts, and 2.2% in inflamed dentigerous cysts. The differences between the groups were statistically significant (p < 0.050) except for the difference between inflamed and non-inflamed dentigerous cysts, and between dental follicle and non-inflamed dentigerous cyst. Conclusions: The difference in p53 expression in OKC and dentigerous cyst can explain their different growth mechanism and clinical behavior. Inflammation is responsible for the change in behavior of neoplastic epithelium of OKC via p53 overexpression.

Objectives Salivary gland tumors account for 3%-4% of all head and neck cancers, with mucoepidermoid carcinoma (MEC) being the most common type of salivary gland malignancy observed in adults. Intraosseous MEC, which originates in the jaws, is exceedingly rare. It is predominantly found in the posterior part of mandible and typically affects individuals aged 30-50, with a slight female predilection. Case: A 50-year-old female patient presented with a chief complaint of mild swelling on the left side of palate. The patient did not report any difficulties in swallowing, chewing, or breathing. There was no history of pain, discharge, or bleeding associated with the swelling. During the physical examination, the patient appeared to be in good health. Intra-oral examination revealed a well-circumscribed, pale pink, oval, smooth, sessile, non-tender, and non-mobile nodule measuring 1.0 * 0.6 cm2 in size. Radiographic findings showed an expansile radiolucent lesion with thinning and perforation of the buccal and palatal cortices, as well as an elevation in the maxillary sinus floor. Conclusion A rare case of central MEC (CMEC) in the maxilla was presented in this article. The clinical presentation of CMEC in the maxilla can pose challenges in the initial diagnosis, as it may resemble benign lesions, as observed in this case. Therefore, caution is advised in diagnosing CMEC, regardless of the lesion's location, in order to establish a timely and accurate diagnosis and initiate appropriate treatment, even if the clinical features do not strongly indicate malignancy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of the orifice-level passive ultrasonic activation (OL-PUA) technique in removing debris from the mesial root canals of mandibular molars, besides comparing it with other approaches, including manual dynamic agitation (MDA), EndoActivator, and laser-activated irrigation (LAI). Methods: Ninety mesial roots of mandibular molars were prepared up to 25.06 using the Race rotary system, filled with 3% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), and then they were randomly assigned to 5 groups (n = 15) based on the activation protocol: MDA, EndoActivator, OL-PUA, LAI (using a diode laser), and needle irrigation (no activation). Moreover, one group served as the negative control using normal saline as the final irrigant. The roots were decalcified and sectioned into coronal, middle, and apical cross-sections. After histological staining, the remaining debris was assessed with an optical microscope and measured in the canals and isthmuses using histomorphometric analysis. Statistical analyses were performed by using oneway ANOVA and Tukey's HSD post hoc test (P = 0.05). Results: Although less residual debris was observed after OL-PUA/LAI than using the EndoActivator/MDA methods, no significant difference was found between the four activation techniques at any root third (P > 0.05). The OL-PUA/LAI group harbored significantly less remaining debris than the needle-irrigated samples at all root thirds (P < 0.05). Debris accumulation increased from the coronal to the apical root thirds. Conclusion: No statistical difference was detected between the four activation techniques in terms of debris-removal performance, and none of them resulted in completely debris-free canals. Orifice-level PUA proved to be a promising approach with significant efficacy in removing debris compared to control groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: This study explored the synergistic effects of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) and adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) on cranial bone regeneration in rats, addressing the limitations of autogenous grafts and advancing bone tissue engineering with innovative photobiomodulation (PBM) applications. Methods: Sixty Wistar rats were allocated to 5 separate groups randomly; (1) natural bovine bone mineral (NBBM); (2) NBBM + LLLT; (3) NBBM + allogenic ADSCs; (4) NBBM + allogenic ADSCs + LLLT; (5) Only defects. 8-mm calvarial defects were made in each rat in the surgical procedure. A diode laser was applied with the following parameters (continuous mode, power of 100mW, wavelength of 808nm, and 4 J/cm2 energy density) immediately after the procedure and every other day. Bone samples were obtained and assessed histomorphometrically and histologically after staining with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E). Results: Different volumes of bony material were observed in two weeks; 2.94% ± 1.00 in group 1, 5.1% ± 1.92 in group 2, 7.11% ± 2.82 in group 3, 7.34% ± 2.31 in group 4, and 2.01% ± 0.83 in group 5 (P < 0.05). On the other hand, foreign body residuals were up by 23% in the groups with scaffolding by the end of 2 weeks. Four weeks of observation led to 6.74 % ± 1.95, 13.24% ± 1.98, 15.76% ± 1.19, 15.92% ± 3.4, and 3.11% ± 1.00 bone formation in groups 1 to 5, respectively (P < 0.05). Generally, the difference between groups 2-4 was not statistically significant based on different types of bone and the extent of inflammation. Conclusion: Bearing in mind the limitations of our research, it was demonstrated that ADSCs in combination with PBM have promising effects on bone tissue regeneration in sizeable bony defects. Furthermore, this study also showed that PBM usage improved the newly regenerated bone quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The central granular cell odontogenic tumor (CGCOT) is a rare, benign, slowly growing, odontogenic neoplasm. CGCOT was not considered as a distinct entity in the WHO classification reported on 2017. This study reports a rare case of CGCOT involving the right side of maxillary anterior region of a 39-year-old white woman. In addition, to better delineate the clinical, radiographic, histopathologic and immunohistochemical characteristics of CGCOT, a literature review of all published cases (in PubMed/ Google Scholar/ MEDLINE/Scopus) of CGCOT is provided. CGCOT is a very uncommon tumor, with only 51 reported cases in the literature. The present case is interesting regarding to its rarity for being in the maxillary anterior region, which has not been previously reported in Asia. The immunohistochemical findings of the current case and other cases in the literature review, verified the mesenchymal origin of granular cells and odontogenic nature of the epithelium islands, which can be a possible promise for placing this lesion in the future WHO odontogenic tumor classification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Arteriovenous malformation of head and neck is a rare vascular anomaly but when present, it is persistent and progressive in nature. It can also represent a lethal benign disease due to massive hemorrhage. There are several indications for treatment including age, location, extension and type of vascular malformation. Endovascular therapy can effectively cure most lesions with limited tissue involvement. Surgery can be used in selected cases in combination with embolization. Here, we present a rare case of arteriovenous malformation of mandible with floating tooth appearance in an 11-year-old boy patient. Given the spectrum of imaging presentations seen and the crossover with other lesions, microscopic histopathological examination is the gold standard for diagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adenomatoid odontogenic tumor (AOT) is a benign slow-growing, asymptomatic epithelial odontogenic neoplasm. This lesion has been known for its varied clinical and histoarchitectural patterns. Most AOTs occur intra-osseously in the anterior maxilla associated with the unerupted tooth. Clinically, AOT is sometimes misdiagnosed as an odontogenic cyst. Although enucleation and curettage for AOT is the most common treatment modality, accurate histopathological diagnosis is essential to avoid unnecessary extensive surgery. Here, we present a rare challenging case of an extrafollicular cystic adenomatoid odontogenic tumor occurring in the body of the mandible in a 23-year-old female patient, which was diagnosed clinically and radiographically as glandular odontogenic cyst. The diagnosis of adenomatoid odontogenic tumor was confirmed through histopathological examination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The central granular cell odontogenic tumor (CGCOT) is a rare, benign, slowly growing, odontogenic neoplasm. CGCOT was not considered as a distinct entity in the WHO classification reported on 2017. This study reports a rare case of CGCOT involving the right side of maxillary anterior region of a 39-year-old white woman. In addition, to better delineate the clinical, radiographic, histopathologic and immunohistochemical characteristics of CGCOT, a literature review of all published cases (in PubMed/ Google Scholar/ MEDLINE/Scopus) of CGCOT is provided. CGCOT is a very uncommon tumor, with only 51 reported cases in the literature. The present case is interesting regarding to its rarity for being in the maxillary anterior region, which has not been previously reported in Asia. The immunohistochemical findings of the current case and other cases in the literature review, verified the mesenchymal origin of granular cells and odontogenic nature of the epithelium islands, which can be a possible promise for placing this lesion in the future WHO odontogenic tumor classification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Introduction Dentin dysplasia is a rare hereditary disturbance of dentin formation characterized by defective dentin development with clinically normal appearing crowns, severe hypermobility of teeth and spontaneous dental abscesses or cysts. Radiographic analysis shows obliteration of all pulp chambers, short, blunted and malformed or absent roots and peri-apical radiolucencies of non carious teeth. Case presentation We present a case of dentin dysplasia type I in a 12-year-old Iranian boy, and the clinical, radiographic and histopathologic findings of this condition and treatment are described. Conclusions There are still many inconclusive issues in the diagnosis and management of patients with dentin dysplasia. The diagnostic features of this rare disturbance will remain incompletely defined until additional cases have been described. Early diagnosis of the condition and initiation of effective regular dental treatments may help these patients to prevent or delay loss of dentition.

Objective: Since the 1960s, there has been contradictory evidence regarding the association between periodontal pathology and the status of the pulp. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the histopathological changes of pulp tissue with severe periodontal disease, including vertical bone loss involving the major apical foramen, and compared them with the histological pulpal status of teeth with healthy periodontium. Methods: This case-controlled study included 35 intact teeth with severe periodontitis of hopeless prognosis (test group) and 35 teeth without periodontitis extracted for orthodontic reasons (control group). For each tooth, periodontal and endodontic parameters such as probing depth and pulpal vitality were recorded, and the pulp tissue was evaluated histologically. The data were analysed with a significance level of 0.05. Results: Vital pulp was observed in all specimens of both groups (P=1). Pulpal inflammation in the apical portion was observed in 81.71% of the severe periodontitis group, whereas all teeth in the control group demonstrated no signs of pulpal inflammation. Dystrophic calcification and pulp stones were observed in 7.5% of the periodontitis group and 5.7% of the healthy group (P>0.05). Pulp fibrosis was observed in 22.8% of the periodontitis group and 2.8% of the control group (P=0.012). Pulpal necrosis was not noted in either group. In the periodontitis group, internal resorption was present in 22.8% of cases (P=0.005) and external resorption was present in 80% of cases (P<0.001). In the control group, no internal or external resorption was observed in any of the specimens. No differences were noted in the study patients with regard to sex or age. Conclusion: Periodontal disease does not significantly affect pulp vitality and pulpal calcifications. However internal and/or external resorption was significantly different between the two groups as well as apical inflammation and pulp fibrosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives Direct pulp capping may result in formation of a dentinal bridge and preservation of pulp vitality. This randomized controlled clinical trial sought to histologically assess and compare pulp tissue following pulp capping with propolis and calcium hydroxide. Methods In A cavity was prepared at the center of the occlusal surface of 10 third molars scheduled for extraction by using a cylindrical bur. The pulp chamber was exposed with a round bur. Samples were randomly divided into two groups (5 teeth in each group). The first group underwent direct pulp capping with propolis and the second group with calcium hydroxide. Auto-polymerizing glass ionomer was then applied to seal the cavity. The teeth were extracted after 45 days, and histologically evaluated. The obtained data were analyzed using the Fisher’s exact test. Results The quality (P=0.048) and quantity (P=0.008) of dentinal bridge were significantly different between the two groups. Propolis resulted in formation of a continuous dentinal bridge with irregular tubular dentin; whereas, calcium hydroxide resulted in formation of osteodentin (low quality dentin). Conclusion Propolis induced the formation of tubular dentin with higher quality compared with calcium hydroxide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives Neurofibroma (solitary or multiple) is a benign neurogenic jaw tumor with peripheral nerve origin. It is commonly found in the skin and the head and neck region but its occurrence in the oral cavity is rare. Case: This report presents a case of huge solitary neurofibroma in the maxillary vestibular mucosa in a 60-year-old male without any medical or family history of neurofibromatosis type 1. The diagnosis was made based on histopathological findings and IHC staining for the S-100 protein. No recurrence was noted at the 6-month follow-up after surgical excision of the lesion. Conclusion We reported a case of neurofibroma, which is a relatively rare benign tumor of the oral cavity, in the buccal mucosa in an elderly man based on histopathological and immunohistochemical findings. The propensity of neurofibromas to progress to neurofibromatosis or the primary disease undergoing malignant transformation (6-29%) has been reported in the literature. Therefore, a close follow-up of patients presenting initially only with neurofibroma is necessary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The use of opioids such as morphine has anti-pain effects along with some side effects on body organs. Opioids such as morphine can be transferred from mother to child through the placenta and or breastfeeding. This study aimed to assess the effect of morphine on mineral content and histological changes of incisor teeth of rats born to morphine-addicted mothers. Methods: In this experimental animal study, 24 pregnant rats were randomly divided into 6 groups of control, morphine, zinc, vitamin D, morphine plus zinc, and morphine plus vitamin D. After completion of the breastfeeding period, two babies were randomly selected among the newborns of each mother rat. Mineral content was analyzed using the Rontec device. The obtained data were analyzed by Newman-Keuls multiple comparisons test in Prism 5. Results: Results showed a significant reduction in fluorine content in the experimental groups compared with the control group (P<0.05). The magnesium content in the experimental groups was significantly higher than that in the control group (P<0.05). Microscopic assessment of the slides showed a significantly less enamel maturation in the experimental groups compared with the control group (P<0.05). Conclusion: Morphine use by mothers decreased the fluorine content of tooth structure and retarded the maturity of the enamel of infants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives Ameloblastoma is an odontogenic neoplasm with locally aggressive behavior. Fas and FasL play important roles in apoptotic pathways. The aim of this study was to determine the possible role of expression of apoptotic pathways (Fas and FasL) in human ameloblastoma and the relationship of apoptosis with the clinical biological characteristics of ameloblastoma. Methods In this descriptive retrospective study, we investigated the anti-Fas and anti-FasL antibody expression in 11 dental follicles and 56 ameloblastoma specimens (35 conventional, 15 unicystic and 6 ameloblastic carcinoma samples) by immunohistochemical (IHC) staining and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The percentage of positive cells was calculated by using the Mann-Whitney U test and Kruskal-Wallis test. Results The rate of expression of markers was significantly lower in dental follicles than all subtypes of ameloblastoma (P=0.01 for Fas, and P=0.0001 for FasL). The FasL proportional score was significantly higher in conventional ameloblastoma than in unicystic ameloblastoma and ameloblastic carcinoma (P=0.003). There was no significant relationship between the type of ameloblastoma and expression of Fas. Conclusion This study shows that the process of apoptosis in ameloblastomais a sign of behavioral change in odontogenic epithelial cells especially in conventional ameloblastoma and that the apoptotic factors may not play an effective role in the malignancy of ameloblastoma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]