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Objectives: The goal when treating patients with end-stage renal disease is to increase patient survival and to provide a better quality of life, both of which can be achieved by kidney transplant. Identifying problems associated with kidney transplant is an essential step toward improved graft function. Here, we evaluated posttransplant erythrocytosis, a frequent complication among kidney transplant recipients., Materials and Methods: In this single-center retro-spective study, we identified 1850 kidney transplant recipients who were transplanted at the Mansoura Urology and Nephrology Center (Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt) from 1990 and 2013. From these patients, we identified 174 transplant recipients with posttransplant erythrocytosis and another 174 recipients without posttransplant erythrocytosis (control group). All recipients were evaluated retrospectively regarding incidence and risk factors for posttransplant erythrocytosis occurrence, graft function and survival, and patient survival., Results: Both patient groups were comparable regarding age and sex (mean age of 32 years and higher percentage of male recipients in both groups). Degree of HLA class I and class II matching was not significantly different between groups. There were also no significant differences in immunosuppression protocols, although most patients were on steroid and cyclosporine therapy. Prevalence of acute and chronic rejection episodes was comparable between groups. Graft function was better in the posttransplant erythrocytosis group than in the control group, and higher patient survival was noted in patients with posttransplant erythrocytosis (P < .001)., Conclusions: Posttransplant erythrocytosis was correlated with good graft function. In our study patients, those with posttransplant erythrocytosis had better graft and patient survival. more...