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Menstrual disorders and abnormal uterine bleeding are common worries of young women. Complaints comprise menses that are: too painful (dysmenorrhea), prolonged and heavy (menorrhagia, or excessive uterine bleeding), or absent or arise irregularly (amenorrhea or oligoamenorrhea). In providing optimal reproductive care, the medical provider should be capable of distinguishing between normal developmental patterns or symptoms necessitating education and reassurance from pathologic conditions needing early evaluation and management. This article discusses the normal menstrual patterns seen in adolescent females and provides treatment and management approach to primary and secondary dysmenorrhea.

Background: Bariatric surgery is one of the few effective treatments for morbid obesity, yet little information about weight outcomes after surgery in this demographic are available. We determined the effectiveness of bariatric surgery in reducing weight and body mass index (BMI) in adults. Materials and Methods: Adults from 18 to 30 years old who had undertaken gastric bypass or adjustable gastric band surgery between May 2013 and November 2016 and who had complete follow-up data available were included in the present analysis. Mean weight and BMI before and one year after surgery were compared. Results: Among 35 adults, Mean BMI and weight, and z-scores and percentile transformations were all significantly lower after surgery for the entire sample (P < 0.001). Gastric bypass surgery presented significantly better weight loss outcomes for all anthropometric measures versus adjustable gastric band surgery (P < 0.05). No perioperative complications were reported. Two patients who stopped taking supplements as prescribed experienced iron-deficiency anaemia within the year following surgery. Conclusions: Our results show that bariatric surgery can markedly reduce weight among a predominantly adult patients sample, and gastric bypass procedure in particular. These findings indicate that bariatric surgery has the potential to be safe and effective in substantially reducing weight in a group of adults who are at particularly high risk for obesity-related health consequences.

Background: Drug prescription studies provide a pharmacoeconomic basis for making evidence-based health-care decisions. In ophthalmology practice, rational prescribing shows a vital role in decreasing the ocular disease burden. Purpose: The purpose of the study was to inspect the drug consumption pattern in ophthalmology department of King Abdulaziz hospital in KSA. Materials and Methods: A prospective, cross-sectional study was conducted for a period of 3 months. The prescriptions for all consecutive patients attending the ophthalmology outpatient department for the first time (first time encounter) were incorporated and reviewed using a pre-designed form to record information from the ophthalmology outpatient department prescription cards of each patient. Data analysis was carried out using the descriptive statistical methods: frequencies, mean, percentage, and standard deviation. Results: A total of 500 prescriptions were considered with the average number of drugs per prescription being 2.2 (0.8). The most common disorders diagnosed were eyelid diseases (31.6%) followed by foreign body in the eye (23,2%), conjunctivitis (20,8%), glaucoma, conrneal ulcer, squint, and others. Drugs were prescribed in different dosage forms with eye drops being the most common (62.9%) followed by ointment (20.5%), capsule (8.6%), and tablets (8.0%) of all dosage forms. The frequency of drug management and period of treatment was recorded in 94% and 76% of all prescriptions respectively. Drugs were predominantly prescribed in brand name rather than generic name. Conclusion: The current study showed certain lacunae in the prescribing practices of the ophthalmologists of the institute as showed by low generic prescribing, insufficient information about frequency of management and period of treatment in many prescriptions. This can be addressed over appropriate sensitization of clinicians in the art of rational prescribing.