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Molecular doping of semiconducting polymers has emerged as a prominent research topic in the field of organic electronics, with new dopant molecules introduced regularly. FeCl3 has gained attention as a p-type dopant due to its low cost, availability, ability to dope high ionization energy copolymers, and its use as a dopant that can be used with anion exchange. Here, we use a combination of UV-vis-NIR spectroscopy, four-probe sheet resistance measurements, and X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy to perform lifetime measurements to assess the stability of the doped polymers over time, which is crucial for evaluating the long-term performance and reliability of the doped films. We used gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GCMS) to prove that FeCl3 can cause radical side reactions that damage the conjugated polymer backbone, leading to the degradation of the electronic properties. The rate of this degradation is orders of magnitude higher when the film is exposed to air. Anion exchange doping can reduce the [FeCl4]− concentration, but does not necessarily improve the doping lifetime because anion exchange electrolytes can serve as coreactants for the degradation reaction. By comparison, doping with (2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-2,5-cyclohexadiene-1,4-diylidene)dimalononitrile (F4TCNQ) as the reactive dopant results in lower initial conductivity, but the lifetime of the doped polymer is almost tripled as compared to that of FeCl3 doped polymer films. These findings highlight that the use of FeCl3 as a molecular dopant requires a cost-benefit analysis between higher initial doping levels and lower film stability.

High electron affinity (EA) molecules p-type dope low ionization energy (IE) polymers, resulting in an equilibrium doping level based on the energetic driving force (IE-EA), reorganization energy, and dopant concentration. Anion exchange doping (AED) is a process whereby the dopant anion is exchanged with a stable ion from an electrolyte. We show that the AED level can be predicted using an isotherm equilibrium model. The exchange of the dopant anion (FeCl3-) for a bis(trifluoromethanesulfonamide) (TFSI-) anion in the polymers poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) (P3HT) and poly[3-(2,2-bithien-5-yl)-2,5-bis(2-hexyldecyl)-2,5-dihydropyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrole-1,4-dione-6,5-diyl] (PDPP-2T) highlights two cases in which the process is nonspontaneous and spontaneous, respectively. For P3HT, FeCl3 provides a high doping level but an unstable counterion, so exchange results in an air stable counterion with a marginal increase in doping. For PDPP-2T, FeCl3 is a weak dopant, but the exchange of FeCl3- for TFSI- is spontaneous, so the doping level increases by >10× with AED.

Furandioate-adipate copolyesters are an emerging class of bio-based biodegradable polymers with great potential to replace fossil-derived terephthalic acid-based copolyesters such as poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT). Furandioate-adipate polyesters have almost exclusively been prepared with conventional primary (1°) alcohol diols, while secondary (2°) alcohol diol monomers have largely been overlooked until now, despite preliminary observations that using methyl-branched diols increases the T g of the resultant polyesters. Little is known of what impact the use of 2° alcohol diols has on other properties such as material strength, hydrophobicity, and rate of enzymatic hydrolysis-all key parameters for performance and end-of-life. To ascertain the effects of using 2° diols on the properties of furandioate-adipate copolyesters, a series of polymers from diethyl adipate (DEA) and 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid diethyl ester (FDEE) using different 1° and 2° alcohol diols was prepared. Longer transesterification times and greater excesses of diol (diol/diester molar ratio of 2:1) were found to be necessary to achieve M ws > 20 kDa using 2° alcohol diols. All copolyesters from 2° diols were entirely amorphous and exhibited higher T gs than their linear equivalents from 1° diols. Compared to linear poly(1,4-butyleneadipate-co-1,4-butylenefurandioate), methyl-branched, poly(2,5-hexamethyleneadipate-co-2,5-hexamethylenefurandioate) (0:7:0.3 furandioate/adipate ratio) displayed both higher modulus (67.8 vs 19.1 MPa) and higher extension at break (89.7 vs 44.5 mm). All other methyl-branched copolyesters displayed lower modulus but retained higher extension at break compared with their linear analogues. Enzymatic hydrolysis studies using Humicola insolens cutinase revealed that copolyesters from 2° alcohol diols have significantly decreased rates of biodegradation than their linear equivalents synthesized using 1° alcohol diols, allowing for fine-tuning of polymer stability. Hydrophobicity, as revealed by water contact angles, was also found to generally increase through the introduction of methyl branching, demonstrating potential for these materials in coatings applications.

There can be a fine line between therapeutic intervention and substance abuse, and this point is clearly exemplified in herbal cannabis and its products. Therapies involving cannabis have been the treatment of last resort for some cases of refractory epilepsy, and this has been among the strongest medical justifications for legalization of marijuana. In order to circumvent the narcotic effects of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), many studies have concentrated on its less intoxicating isomer cannabidiol (CBD). However, CBD, like all natural cannabinoids, is a controlled substance in most countries, and its conversion into THC can be easily performed using common chemicals. We describe here the anticonvulsant properties of 8,9-dihydrocannibidiol (H2CBD), a fully synthetic analogue of CBD that is prepared from inexpensive, non-cannabis derived precursors. H2CBD was found to have effectiveness comparable to CBD both for decreasing the number and reducing the severity of pentylenetetrazole-induced seizures in rats. Finally, H2CBD cannot be converted by any reasonable synthetic route into THC, and thus has the potential to act as a safe, noncontroversial drug for seizure mitigation.

Molecular dopants are increasingly studied to enhance the conductivity of semiconducting polymers. Most available p-type dopants have low solubility in common solvents and moderate electron affinities (EA), which makes solution processing difficult and limits the range of semiconducting polymers that can be doped. Here, we describe the synthesis and characterization of the new molecular dopant TMCN3-CP, which has an EA of ?5.5 eV. We show that high ionization energy alternating copolymers such as PDPP-4T, PDPP-3T, and PDPP-T-TT-T can be p-type doped and achieve high conductivities with TMCN3-CP using sequential solution processing. The main advantage of this new dopant is the ability to chemically tailor the ester groups, which we demonstrate here for sequential solution doping of films. Sequential solution processing allows a greater ability to control the film morphology and is also desirable for scale-up to large-area polymer electronics.

There is a critical need to develop a method to pattern semiconducting polymers for device applications on the sub-micrometer scale. Dopant induced solubility control (DISC) patterning is a recently published method for patterning semiconductor polymers that has demonstrated sub-micron resolution. DISC relies on the sequential addition of molecular dopants (here 2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane (F4TCNQ)) to the conjugated polymer. In doped areas, the conjugated polymer is protected from dissolution while in undoped areas, the polymer dissolves into solution. Here we examine factors that affect the resolution of the developed pattern. Two factors are determined to be critical to pattern resolution, the initial crystallinity of the polymer, here poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT), and the quality of the development solvent. We find that dopants diffuse more readily in highly crystalline films than in amorphous films of P3HT and that dopant diffusion reduces the fidelity of the resulting pattern. We also find that the choice of development solvent affects both the fidelity of the pattern and dopant distribution within the patterned polymer domains. Finally, we show that a dopant that diffuses more slowly than F4TCNQ in the P3HT film can be used to pattern the film with higher fidelity. These results together provide a road map for optimizing additive DISC patterning for any polymer/dopant pair.

Charge transport in conjugated polymer semiconductors has traditionally been thought to be limited to a low-mobility regime by pronounced energetic disorder. Much progress has recently been made in advancing carrier mobilities in field-effect transistors through developing low-disorder conjugated polymers. However, in diodes these polymers have to date not shown much improved mobilities, presumably reflecting the fact that in diodes lower carrier concentrations are available to fill up residual tail states in the density of states. Here, we show that the bulk charge transport in low-disorder polymers is limited by water-induced trap states and that their concentration can be dramatically reduced through incorporating small molecular additives into the polymer film. Upon incorporation of the additives we achieve space-charge limited current characteristics that resemble molecular single crystals such as rubrene with high, trap-free SCLC mobilities up to 0.2 cm2/Vs and a width of the residual tail state distribution comparable to kBT.

The synthesis of 5‐(halomethyl)furfurals (XMFs, X=F, Cl, Br, I), including 5‐(chloromethyl)furfural (CMF), 5‐(bromomethyl)furfural (BMF), 5‐(iodomethyl)furfural (IMF), and 5‐(fluoromethyl)furfural (FMF), from biomass represents a pivotal advancement in renewable chemistry and engineering. Harnessing waste biomass as a raw material offers a sustainable alternative to fossil‐based resources, mitigating environmental degradation and addressing pressing energy needs. CMF and BMF, characterized by their enhanced stability over the hydroxyl analog, 5‐(hydroxymethyl)furfural (HMF), exhibit promise as renewable building blocks for scale‐up and commercialization. The surge in research interest, particularly from 2010 to 2024, reflects a growing recognition of XMFs′ potential as novel platform chemicals. This review highlights the evolution of XMF synthesis methods, focusing on their transformation from saccharides and lignocellulosic biomass. Mechanistic insights and experimental setups are scrutinized for industrial feasibility and scalability, shedding light on technical challenges and avenues for further research. The analysis underscores the burgeoning significance of XMFs in the transition towards sustainable chemical production, emphasizing the importance of process optimization and mechanistic understanding for commercial deployment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How well does the undergraduate organic chemistry laboratory curriculum prepare students for academic research, or for a bench job in industry? Running experiments that are more representative of research chemistry has the potential to better equip students for working in a research laboratory, while at the same time giving them insight into a typical outcome in a research project. We describe here an experiment that we have launched in the sophomore organic chemistry lab at UC Davis that presents challenges in chromatographic separation, structural assignment by NMR, and mechanistic interpretation. Optional exercises in computational modeling of the NMR data and chromophore analysis by UV- vis/fluorescence measurements are included.

Understanding the nature of dopant dynamics in the solid state is critical for improving the longevity and stability of organic electronic devices and for optimizing the doping-induced solubility control (DISC) patterning method. In this work, we use quasi-elastic neutron scattering (QENS) and fluorescence quenching techniques to develop a comprehensive picture of both the microscopic and macroscopic dynamics of the soluble p-type molecular dopant tetrafluoromethyloxycarbonyltricyanoquinodimethane (F4MCTCNQ) in the conductive polymer poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) (P3HT). Specifically, fast dynamics (ps-ns) of the dopant, such as the methyl and the methoxycarbonyl group rotations, are observed in QENS experiments. From confocal fluorescence microscope experiments, longer-range/slower dopant diffusion (ms-days) is captured. However, in order to fit these data, it is necessary to incorporate a Langmuir isotherm equilibrium between the neutral and ionized dopant molecules. Ionized F4MCTCNQ is strongly favored by the equilibrium, but it diffuses 3 orders of magnitude slower than neutral species. Moreover, the macroscopic diffusion is found to depend mostly on the minority concentration of neutral dopant molecules in the film. Finally, the global diffusion coefficient of the monoester-substituted dopant F4MCTCNQ is shown to be more than an order of magnitude smaller than that of the widely used dopant F4TCNQ.

Although doping is a cornerstone of the inorganic semiconductor industry, most devices using organic semiconductors (OSCs) make use of intrinsic (undoped) materials. Recent work on OSC doping has focused on the use of dopants to modify a material's physical properties, such as solubility, in addition to electronic and optical properties. However, if these effects are to be exploited in device manufacturing, a method for dedoping organic semiconductors is required. Here, we outline two chemical strategies for dedoping OSC films. In the first strategy, we use an electron donor (a tertiary amine) to act as competitive donor. This process is based on a thermodynamic equilibrium between ionization of the donor and OSC and results in only partial dedoping. In the second strategy, we use an electron donor that subsequently reacts with the p-type dopant to create a nondoping product molecule. Primary and secondary amines undergo a rapid addition reaction with the dopant molecule 2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-7,7,8,8,-tetracyanoquinodimethane (F4TCNQ), with primary amines undergoing a further reaction eliminating HCN. Under optimized conditions, films of semiconducting polymer poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) dedoped with 1-propylamine (PA) reach as-cast fluorescence intensities within 5 s of exposure to the amine, eventually reaching 140% of the as-cast values. Field-effect mobilities similarly recover after dedoping. Quantitative fluorescence recovery is possible even in highly fluorescent polymers such as PFB, which are expected to be much more sensitive to residual dopants. Interestingly, treatment of undoped films with PA also yields increased fluorescence intensity and a reduction in conductivity of at least 2 orders of magnitude. These results indicate that the process quantitatively removes not only F4TCNQ but also intrinsic p-type impurities present in as-cast films. The dedoping strategies outlined in this article are generally applicable to other p- and n-type molecular dopants in OSC films.

Electrolysis of biomass-derived carbonyl compounds is an alternative to condensation chemistry for supplying products with chain length >C6 for biofuels and renewable materials production. Kolbe coupling of biomass-derived levulinic acid is used to obtain 2,7-octanedione, a new platform molecule only two low process-intensity steps removed from raw biomass. Hydrogenation to 2,7-octanediol provides a chiral secondary diol largely unknown to polymer chemistry, whereas intramolecular aldol condensation followed by hydrogenation yields branched cycloalkanes suitable for use as high-octane, cellulosic gasoline. Analogous electrolysis of an itaconic acid-derived methylsuccinic monoester yields a chiral 2,5-dimethyladipic acid diester, another underutilized monomer owing to lack of availability.

The crystal structures of the title compounds, C19H19NO and C31H34N2O, were determined as part of an experiment in an undergraduate teaching laboratory that demonstrates the relationship between mol-ecular structure and function. 1',3',3'-Tri-methyl-spiro-[chromene-2,2'-indoline] is both a photoswitch and thermochromic mol-ecule. Students synthesized it and a bis-indoline adduct and compared the crystallographically determined structures to computed gas-phase models.

5-(Chloromethyl)furfural (CMF) is rapidly being established as a renewable platform chemical of great promise. The effects of mass transfer, reaction temperature, Hansen solvent parameters, solvent fraction, and initial glucose concentrations on yields of CMF, 5-(hydroxymethyl)furfural (HMF), 2-(hydroxyacetyl)furan (HAF), levulinic acid (LA), and humic matter were investigated in a two-phase system of 6M HCl and an organic solvent. The ability of the solvent to extract HMF from the aqueous phase is found to be critical to achieving high CMF yields. Effective solvents must possess at least a small degree of Hansen hydrogen bonding capacity, and a high polarity is beneficial. Yields of CMF and HAF decrease with increasing glucose concentration but the yield of HMF is largely unaffected. The maximum productivity of CMF is achieved at a glucose loading of ca. 1.5M across all solvent fractions tested.

Doping polymeric semiconductors often drastically reduces the solubility of the polymer, leading to difficulties in processing doped films. Here, we compare optical, electrical, and morphological properties of P3HT films doped with F4TCNQ, both from mixed solutions and using sequential solution processing with orthogonal solvents. We demonstrate that sequential doping occurs rapidly (

To overcome the poor solubility of the widely used p-type dopant 2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane (F4TCNQ), we have synthesized a series of structure-modified, organic p-type dopants to include alkyl ester groups designed to enable solubility and miscibility control. UV-vis-NIR and cyclic voltammetry measurements show increased solubility of mono- and diester substituted dopants with only modest changes to acceptor strength. Using absorption spectroscopy, photoluminescence, and in-plane conductivity measurements, we demonstrate that the new dopants can successfully p-type dope poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) (P3HT). Monoester substituted dopants are characterized by only slightly reduced electron affinity relative to F4TCNQ, but greater doping effectiveness due to increased miscibility with P3HT. Diester substituted dopants undergo a dimerization reaction before assuming their doped states, which may help anchor dopants into position post deposition, thus decreasing the negative effect of dopant drift and diffusion. We conclude that increased dopant solubility/miscibility increases the overall effectiveness of doping in solution-cast polymer films and that ester modification is a practical approach to achieving solubility/miscibility control in TCNQ-type dopants (Figure Presented).

In a recent paper entitled "Efficient One-Pot Synthesis of 5-Chloromethyl-furfural (CMF) from Carbohydrates in Mild Biphasic Systems," published in Molecules [1], Gao and coworkers describe the use of a biphasic aq. HCl-H3PO4/CHCl3 reagent for the preparation of CMF from various feedstocks. The maximum yield (46.8%) was obtained from fructose by reaction at 45 °C for 20 h. While sucrose gave a similar yield, the same reaction with glucose and cellulose gave 7.3% and 7.8% yields, respectively. Remarkably, the same process applied to Kraft pulp and powdered wood samples gave between 16.0% and 31.4% CMF, based on sugar content. Looking to the Experimental section for insight into this unusual outcome, the statement, "the procedure of treating lignocellulose sample (Table 6) was almost the same as the carbohydrate, except adding the selected simple 1.0 mg each trial " [sic] appears, which is difficult to interpret.

Oxatriquinanes are tricyclic oxonium ions which are known to possess remarkable solvolytic stability compared to simple alkyl oxonium salts. Their rigid, hemispherical structure presents an oxygen at the apex of three fused five-membered rings. While trivalent oxygen species like these have been well described in the literature, the ability of oxygen to enter into a fourth covalent bonding relationship has been visited in theory and suggested by the outcome of certain reactions conducted in superacidic media, but has never been established by the characterization of a stable, persistent R(3)OH(2+) or R(4)O(2+) ion. In this study, the nucleophilicity of the oxatriquinane oxygen was evaluated first by a series of protonation studies using the Brønsted superacid H(CHB(11)Cl(11)) both in the solid state and in liquid HCl solution. The interaction of the oxatriquinane oxygen with a bridging carbocation was also examined. A strong case could be made for the occurrence of hydrogen bonding between H(CHB(11)Cl(11)) and oxatriquinane using IR spectroscopy. Under the most forcing protonation conditions, the oxatriquinane ring is cleaved to give a bridged, dicationic, protonated tetrahydrofuran-carbenium ion.

Cannabidiol (CBD) use has grown exponentially more popular in the last two decades, particularly among older adults (>55 yr), though very little is known about the effects of CBD use during age-associated metabolic dysfunction. In addition, synthetic analogues of CBD have generated great interest because they can offer a chemically pure product, which is free of plant-associated contaminants. To assess the effects of a synthetic analogue of CBD (H4CBD) on advanced metabolic dysfunction, a cohort of 41-wk-old Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty (OLETF) rats were administered 200 mg H4CBD/kg by oral gavage for 4 wk. Animals were fed ad libitum and monitored alongside vehicle-treated OLETF and Long-Evans Tokushima Otsuka (LETO) rats, the lean-strain controls. An oral glucose-tolerance test (oGTT) was performed after 4 wk of treatment. When compared with vehicletreated, OLETF rats, H4CBD decreased body mass (BM) by 15%, which was attributed to a significant loss in abdominal fat. H4CBD reduced glucose response (AUCglucose) by 29% (P < 0.001) and insulin resistance index (IRI) by 25% (P < 0.05) compared with OLETF rats. However, H4CBD did not statically reduce fasting blood glucose or plasma insulin, despite compensatory increases in skeletal muscle native insulin receptor (IR) protein expression (54%; P < 0.05). H4CBD reduced circulating adiponectin (40%; P < 0.05) and leptin (47%; P < 0.05) and increased ghrelin (75%; P < 0.01) compared with OLETF. Taken together, a chronic, high dose of H4CBD may improve glucose response, independent of static changes in insulin signaling, and these effects are likely a benefit of the profound loss of visceral adiposity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conjugated polymers can be chemically tailored for a variety of electronic device applications. Sequential solution doping with high electron affinity (EA) molecular dopants is the processing technique that has produced molecularly doped polymeric films with the highest conductivity. In spite of numerous studies quantifying the conductivity of molecularly doped polymers as a function of processing conditions, there have been a limited number of studies that quantitatively compare a sweep of polaron densities in different polymer and dopant pairs. The consequence is that the relationship between conductivity, mobility, and charge density is poorly understood, prohibiting meaningful quantitative comparisons between different polymers and dopants. Here we demonstrate a practical method to quantify the polaron density using the material density, molecular volumes, and optical measurements. Importantly, this method enables quantitative comparisons between multiple polymer and dopant combinations as we demonstrate using poly-3-hexylthiophene (P3HT) and a set of diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP) co-polymers doped with a series of ultra-high EA cyano- and ester-substituted cyclopropane-1,2,3-triylidene-based dopants. The Langmuir isotherm is used to fit the solution concentration dependence of the film polaron mole fraction, which enables characterization of the sequential doping process using a single equilibrium constant. The polaron mole fraction saturates with respect to the energetic driving force for doping, indicating that simply increasing the EA of the dopant is not an effective strategy for obtaining 100% ionization of the polymer monomers. We show quantitative consistency between this thermodynamic model and a simulated density of states (DOS) model using Gaussian energy distributions. This DOS model predicts the experimental saturated doping level for every polymer/dopant pair within uncertainty. This data and model demonstrate conclusively that the polaron density has a larger effect on increasing both conductivity and charge mobility than changes in the polymer chemistry or structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cannabidiol (CBD) has proven clinical benefits in the treatment of seizures, inflammation, and pain. The recent legalization of CBD in many countries has caused increased interest in the drug as an over-the-counter treatment for athletes looking to improve recovery. However, no data on the effects of CBD on the adaptive response to exercise in muscle are available. To address this gap, we eccentrically loaded the tibialis anterior muscle of 14 rats, injected them with a vehicle (n = 7) or 100 mg/kg CBD (n = 7), and measured markers of injury, inflammation, anabolic signaling, and autophagy 18 hr later. Pro-inflammatory signaling through nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB) (Ser536) increased with loading in both groups; however, the effect was significantly greater (36%) in the vehicle group (p <.05). Simultaneously, anabolic signaling through ribosomal protein S6 kinase beta-1 (S6K1) (Thr389) increased after eccentric contractions in both groups with no difference between vehicle and CBD (p =.66). The ribosomal protein S6 phosphorylation (240/244) increased with stimulation (p <.001) and tended to be higher in the CBD group (p =.09). The ubiquitin-binding protein p62 levels were not modulated by stimulation (p =.6), but they were 46% greater in the CBD compared with the vehicle group (p =.01). Although liver weight did not differ between the groups (p =.99) and levels of proteins associated with stress were similar, we did observe serious side effects in one animal. In conclusion, an acute dose of CBD decreased pro-inflammatory signaling in the tibialis anterior without blunting the anabolic response to exercise in rats. Future research should determine whether these effects translate to improved recovery without altering adaptation in humans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Cover Feature depicts the conversion of second‐generation biomass into 5‐(halomethyl)furfurals (XMFs), highlighting sustainable pathways to replace fossil resources and address environmental challenges. It symbolizes a greener world through circular chemistry, showcasing innovation in using renewable resources for a cleaner chemical industry. More information can be found in the Review by G.‐J. M. Gruter and co‐workers...By Jorge Bueno Morón; Federica Arbore; Gerard P. M. van Klink; Mark Mascal and Gert‐Jan M. GruterReported by Author; Author; Author; Author; Author [Extracted from the article]

Waste newspaper is pulped with acid and its cellulose is hydrolyzed. The resulting glucose syrup is fermented with yeast and distilled to give ethanol. The experiment highlights the potential of applied chemistry to confront problems of economic importance, that is, the effective utilization of biomass to reduce dependence on non-renewable petroleum. In the course of this laboratory exercise students are introduced to carbohydrate chemistry and the use of fermentation in organic synthesis. They also gain practical experience in microdistillation, vacuum filtration, and thin-layer chromatography. It is most appropriate for students of the advanced organic chemistry laboratory. (Contains 1 scheme.)

Molecular doping of conjugated polymers causes bleaching of the neutral absorbance and results in new polaron absorbance transitions in the mid and near infrared. Here, the concentration dependent changes in the spectra for a series of molecularly doped diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP) co‐polymers with a series of ultra‐high electron affinity cyanotrimethylenecyclopropane‐based dopants is analyzed. With these strong dopants the polaron mole fraction (Θ) reaches saturation. Analysis of the full spectrum enables separation of neutral and polaron signals and quantification of the polaron mole fraction using a simple noninteracting site model. The peak ratios for both neutral and polaron peaks change systematically with increasing polaron mole fraction for all measured polymers. Analysis of the spectral changes indicates that the polaron mole fraction can be quantified to within 5%. While the total change in the absorbance spectrum with increasing polaron mole fraction is linear, the lowest energy polaron peak (P1) grows nonlinearly, which indicates increased polarization/delocalization. Molecular doping of polymers that form either H‐ or J‐aggregates shows systematically different spectral changes in the vibronic peak ratios of the neutral spectra and provides insights into the polymer configuration at undoped sites in the film. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research has been conducted on dodecahedrane. The study of energy profiles, activation barriers and inclusion coordinate for H (super)+, Be (super)+, Be (super)2+, Mg (super)2+, He (super)+ and Li (super)+ into dodecahedrane is presented.