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本研究では，インドネシア・パダン市において60点の単点３成分観測および12地点の微動アレイ観測を実施し，地盤構造の推定を行った．パダン市では2009年スマトラ島沖の地震(Mw7.6)の際，特に沖積平野に位置する市街地で甚大な被害が発生している．本研究による微動探査の結果，微動アレイ観測記録の解析から，Ｓ波速度80～1900m/sの地下構造モデルを推定できた．工学的基盤までの表層地盤のS波速度は80～300ｍ/sであった．H/Vのピークは明瞭な単峰型が多く，ピーク周期は海岸部で長くなる傾向があり，1.5～3.0秒であることがわかった．S波速度構造，H/Vの特徴から軟弱な沖積層がこの地域全域に広く分布していることがわかった．基盤深度については，工学基盤(Vs=500m/s層)までの深さが最深部で100mに達することがわかった．

The combustion processes of both gasoline and diesel engines are becoming similar, as a result of the application of direct fuel injection to the former and the reduction of the compression ratio of the latter. A novel time-scale interaction (TI) combustion model has been developed for simulating combustion phenomena with high accuracy, ranging from premixed charge combustion to diffusion combustion. This model is based on reasonable combustion regimes, taking into account the characteristic time scales of the chemical reactions and turbulence eddy break-up. The accuracy of the TI combustion model was validated by applying it to gasoline and diesel IC engines under a wide range of operating conditions. Comparisons of measured and calculated heat release rate patterns and cylinder pressure histories showed good agreement for both gasoline and diesel IC engines.

Introduction: We describe a case of pulmonary gas embolism caused by portal vein gas (PVG) observed using echocardiography. Echography revealed gas flowing through the hepatic vein, inferior vena cava, right atrium, and right ventricle, as well as pulmonary hypertension. The patient was diagnosed as having pulmonary gas embolism caused by PVG. Objective: We consider PVG routes to pulmonary circulation, diagnosis of gas embolism caused by PVG, and treatment of gas embolism caused by PVG.Methods: We reviewed reports of eight cases of gas embolism caused by PVG and compared these cases to cases of gas embolism without PVG. Results: Mortality of gas embolism caused by PVG was 67%, positive blood culture was observed in six cases, and pulmonary edema was seen in three cases. PVG initially excites microbubble formation, which causes tissue damage in the liver and liver abscess. A large volume of PVG causes portal obstruction. As a result, portal hypertension, a portosystemic shunt or gastrointestinal congestion can occur. PVG can travel to the systemic vein through the liver or portosystemic shunt without anomaly and cause pulmonary gas embolism, followed by arterial embolism. In this environment, sepsis easily occurs. Echocardiography is useful for diagnosis of gas embolism caused by PVG, but the gas can be seen intermittently. The view of pulmonary edema is important for pulmonary gas embolism caused by PVG. Conclusion: It is important to treat the underlying disease, but PVG must be considered and treated as the gas embolism’s source.

The combustion processes of both gasoline and diesel engines are becoming similar, as a result of the application of direct fuel injection to the former and the reduction of the compression ratio of the latter. A novel time-scale interaction (TI) combustion model has been developed for simulating combustion phenomena with high accuracy, ranging from premixed charge combustion to diffusion combustion. This model is based on reasonable combustion modes, taking into account the characteristic time scales of the chemical reactions and turbulence eddy break-up. Comparisons of measured and calculated heat release rate patterns and cylinder pressure histories showed good agreement for various operating conditions. The diesel combustion mechanism was analyzed under several fuel injection timings and engine loads using the TI combustion model.

γ-Methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane (γ-MPS) was grafted to high-density polyethylene, polyamide and silicone rubber substrates by the emulsion polymerization procedure in order to provide these organic polymers with in vitro apatite-forming ability. The contact angles towards distilled water of the γ-MPS-grafted specimens were lower than those of the original organic polymer specimens, indicating that the grafted substrates were more hydrophilic. The in vitro apatite formation in a simulated body fluid (Kokubo solution) was confirmed for several of the γ-MPS-grafted specimens.

A new technique was applied to the swirl nozzles of direct-injection gasoline engines with the aim of predicting their characteristics with higher accuracy. This new technique is based on 3-dimensional Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) using a volume of fluid (VOF) model. A new technique using particle image velocimetry (PIV) was also developed to measure the spray at the exit of the nozzle holes in order to obtain experimental data for validation. This technique made it possible to ascertain the cavity factor, which affects atomization characteristics. The calculated results showed relatively good agreement with the measured results. A conventional method, known as Tanasawa's equation, was also compared with the measured results and shown to be accurate.

A zero-dimensional engine cycle simulation has been developed by implementing chemical kinetics as the auto-ignition model into the two-zone combustion chamber model. A mixed chemical reaction mechanism of the primary reference fuels is used. Experimental data have been carefully investigated to obtain correlation between calculated auto-ignition of the end-gas and actual knock intensity. The result shows that a combination of time of auto-ignition occurrence and heat release by auto-ignition can explain knock intensity. This correlation has been applied to the simulation so that it can predict knock occurrence including knock intensity. A number of calculations have been done under various engine parameters including compression ratio, intake temperature, octane rating and equivalence ratio. The results show that fair levels of agreements are obtained between calculated trace knock spark advance sensitivity and experimental trends.

A three-dimensional viscous flow analysis method using a cavitation model was applied to run internal flow calculations for the fuel injector nozzles of direct-injection diesel engines. It is especially notable that this method made it possible to examine and clarify the mechanism producing an asymmetrical spray from the valve covered orifice type nozzle under a small lift condition with an eccentric needle position. The calculated results for cavitation were compared with experimental data obtained by using a transparent model scaled up fivefold, and good qualitative agreement was seen between the two sets of data.

This paper proposes a technique for indexing, clustering and retrieving images based on their edge features. In this technique, images are decomposed into several frequency bands using the Haar wavelet transform. From the one-level decomposition sub-bands an edge image is formed. Next, the higher order autocorrelation function is applied on the edge image to extract the edge features. These higher order autocorrelation features are normalized to generate a compact feature vector, which is invariant to shift, image size and gray level. Then, these feature vectors are clustered by a self-organizing map (SOM) based on their edge feature similarity. The performed experiments show the high precision of this technique in clustering and retrieving images in a large image database environment.

The flow velocity fields of swirl injector sprays for direct-injection gasoline engines were measured by using the PIV method. This method made it possible to measure not only transient and complicated spray droplet velocities but also the surrounding air velocity caused by spray formation and to analyze the mechanism of spray formation. In this study, two nozzles with different spray angles were used to analyze the effects of injection pressure and ambient pressure on spray properties and the results made clear the mechanism of spray formation. It was observed in particular that under a condition of high injection pressure (20 Mpa) with high ambient pressure, spray penetration after the injection period was longer than that obtained under low injection pressure (10 Mpa). This is attributed to both the higher spray velocity and the greater surrounding air velocity.

(ALDE) HOMER, Opera Omnia, cum vita eius ex Herodoto, Dione et Plutarcho. (Graece). Venice, Aldus, 1517, Mense Iunio, in -8, 277ff. -55ff. (n. ch.), -251ff. -1f. (n.ch.), plein parchemin a rabats. Caracteres grecs.‘Cette edition, qui n'est cependent pas exempte de fautes typographiques, contient assez de corrections et de rectifications pour etre consideree comme un nouveau texte. Meilleure et plus rare encore que celle de 1504, qui lui a servi de base, elle est surtout bien plus correct que la troisieme de 1524' (renouard p.80). Salissure sur le premier feuillet. Annotations marginales contemporaines. Divers cachets et inscriptions d'appartenance dont celle de Gerard Empain calligraphiee sur le premier plat de la reliure.’To the above description, announced by the Librairie Ancienne Minet Freres, Bruxelles, in 1994 when the book was put on sale, the following few factual remarks are to be added with special reference to the“annotations marginales contemporaines”. This particular copy of the Aldine Homer is now temporarily under my keeping in Tokyo.

This paper describes the numerical and experimental approaches that were applied to study swirl nozzles that are widely used in direct-injection gasoline engines. As the numerical approach, the fuel and air flow inside a nozzle was first analyzed by using a two-phase flow analysis method employing a volume of fluid (VOF) model. Spray droplet formation was then analyzed with a discrete droplet model (DDM). As the experimental approach, particle image velocimetry (PIV) was used to measure the spray velocity distribution. These approaches were applied to test nozzles having a tapered tip geometry at the nozzle exit. The spray shapes produced by the nozzles were skewed to the tapered side. Additionally, the cone angle of the spray on the skewed side did not change very much even under a condition of high ambient pressure. The analysis results suggest that the skewed spray shapes are influenced mainly by the spray cone angle and circumferential fuel mass distribution at the nozzle exit.

Nucleation and crystal growth mechanism of apatite formation on porous silica gel derived by a sol-gel procedure was investigated by the use of several simulated body fluids (SBF's) that had different concentrations of Ca(II), P(V), and OH- but had the same degree of supersaturation for hydroxyapatite. Induction time of apatite crystallization in SBF's was evaluated by thin film X-ray diffractometry. The effect of each ion on the induction time increased in the order: Ca(II)-rich SBF

肝門部胆管癌に対する根治的切除の際, 閉塞性黄疸肝に対して肝切除を併施することが多く, 術後の合併症, 特に肝不全は早期予後を規定する重要な合併症である. 術後肝不全の発症要因の検討に加え, 近年最重要されている術前胆管炎に関しての検討と考察を行った. 対象は1987年から1998年までの肝切除を併施した肝門部胆管癌28例とした. 術後肝不全の発症要因は, 肝切除量の過大 (p=0.01) と術前胆管炎 (p

Previously it has been found that the MUC2 gene for intestinal type secretory mucin is highly expressed in intraductal papillary mucinous tumors (IPMT), which are characterized by non-invasive growth and a favorable outcome. In contrast, MUC2 mRNA is rarely expressed in invasive ductal carcinomas (IDC), which have poor outcomes. The gastric type secretory mucin, MUC5AC, is strongly expressed in the surface mucous cells of gastric mucosa. As both MUC2 and MUC5AC mucins share the characteristics of forming highly viscous gels, it is expected that not only MUC2 mucin expression but also MUC5AC mucin expression may be associated with a favorable prognosis in patients with pancreatic tumors. MUC5AC mucin gene expression was examined in 24 cases of IPMT and 38 cases of IDC by in situ hybridization using a digoxigenin-labeled oligonucleotide. The results were compared with MUC2 mucin gene expression. Neither MUC5AC mRNA nor MUC2 mRNA was detected in normal pancreatic tissues. MUC5AC mRNA was expressed in 20 of 24 cases of IPMT (83%) and in five of 38 cases of IDC (13%). In contrast, MUC2 mRNA was expressed in 14 of 24 cases of IPMT (58%) and in none of the 38 cases of IDC (0%). The expression rates of MUC5AC mRNA and MUC2 mRNA in IPMT were significantly higher than those in IDC (P < 0.001, respectively). Intraductal papillary mucinous tumors are characterized by three histological types: (i) villous dark cell type; (ii) papillary clear cell type; and (iii) compact cell type. The villous dark cell type generally expressed both MUC5AC+ and MUC2+ genes. Alternatively, the papillary clear cell type and the compact cell type usually showed MUC5AC+ and MUC2− expression. Patients with MUC5AC mRNA expression had a significantly better survival prognosis than those with no MUC5AC mRNA expression (P < 0.005). In conclusion, MUC5AC gene expression occurs in a majority of IPMT cases, even in those with no MUC2 production. MUC5AC expression can be correlated with tumors that demonstrate an expansive growth pattern and lower levels of invasion and metastasis.

胆管癌において各種癌関連糖鎖抗原 (MUC1, MUC2, STn, SLx, SLa) の免疫染色を施行し, 肝側切除断端における発現と組織学的診断との比較, さらに再発形式との関連性を検討した. 対象は術後24か月以上経過観察しえた肝門部・上部胆管癌切除例の31例である. 癌部は非癌部と比較してMUC1, STn, SLxの発現陽性率が有意に高かった. 肝側切除断端におけるMUC1陽性12例中, 4例 (hm0: 2例, hm2: 2例) に吻合部再発を認めたが, 対象症例中, hm2の症例も含め肝側断端MUC1陰性例には吻合部再発は認めなかった. STn, SLx では肝側断端での発現と再発形式に関連性は認められなかった. 肝側切除断端におけるMUC1発現の有無は, 悪性度の高い細胞の残存の可能性を検索する上で有用と思われた.

Passenger car torque converters have been designed with an increasingly lower profile in recent years for the purpose of achieving weight savings and a more compact size. However, flatter designs have tended to result in reduced hydrodynamic performance. The major cause of this performance deterioration is the pump, where relatively higher loss occurs at the core and suction surfaces. In this study, the internal flow characteristics of four torque converters having pump impeller passages with different contraction ratios were investigated numerically using a CFD code. The results show that there existed an optimum contraction ratio of the pump meridional passage in terms of efficiency. The four torque converters were then manufactured and tested in order to evaluate the change in their overall performance relative to the contraction ratio. The measured overall efficiency and visualized flow patterns tended to coincide well with the computation results.

Background: Whether long-term survival and type of recurrence in periampullary cancer are influenced by the type of surgical procedure or not is still obscure. The purpose of this review was to analyze the results at a single institution. Methods: Between 1982 and 1996, 113 consecutive patients with either distal bile duct or ampullary cancers underwent either pylorus-preserving pancreaticoduodenectomy (PPPD) or the Whipple procedure. The median follow-up was 30 months (range 12 to 150). Patient records were reviewed to determine type of recurrence and survival. Results: In distal bile duct or ampullary cancers, comparison of actuarial survival curves between PPPD and the Whipple operation revealed no significant differences. Even in node-positive patients, the 5-year survival rates did not differ significantly between those undergoing PPPD or the Whipple operation. Tumor recurrence was not correlated with the operative method, although among types of tumor recurrence, the rate of blood-borne metastasis was higher in distal bile duct or ampullary cancers. Conclusions: PPPD is an acceptable alternative to the Whipple procedure in the treatment of periampullary cancer. Long-term survival and type of recurrence were not influenced by these types of surgical procedures.

The expression of MUC-1 mucin (membrane-associated mucin) and MUC-2 mucin (secretory mucin) were immunohistochemically examined in 46 invasive ductal carcinomas (IDC) and 16 intraductal papillary mucinous tumors (IPMT) of the pancreas. Intraductal papillary mucinous tumors usually reveal expansive growth. However, of the 16 IPMT examined in the present study, three showed an invasive growth pattern, which was similar to 'mucinous carcinoma', around the non-invasive growth areas. Of 46 IDC, MUC-1 mucin detected by monoclonal antibodies, DF3 and MY.1E12, was expressed in 44 cases (96%) and in 45 cases (98%), respectively, whereas MUC-2 mucin detected by polyclonal antibody, anti-MRP, was not expressed in any of the cases (0%). In contrast, in the non-invasive growth areas of the 16 IPMT, MUC-1 mucin detected by DF3 and MY.1E12 was expressed in four cases (25%) and in six cases (38%), respectively, whereas MUC-2 mucin detected by anti-MRP was expressed in 13 cases (81%). The invasive growth areas of the three IPMT showed positive expression of MUC-1 mucins detected by DF3 and MY.1E12, although the non-invasive growth areas showed negative expression of MUC-1 mucins, except for their focal positive expression in one of the three cases. These findings indicate that the invasive growth areas of IPMT acquire a characteristic of MUC-1 mucin expression that is usually seen in IDC.

A laser Doppler velocimeter (LDV) was used to investigate complex three-dimensional unsteady flow fields in a three-element automotive torque converter. The refractive-index matching method, which allows matching of the refractive index of the structural material to that of the working fluid, was successfully applied to flow measurement in cross sections in the pump and turbine impellers. Preliminary experiments were conducted to determine the temperature of the working fluid and the density of the tracer particles. Data were acquired synchronously with impeller rotation, making it possible to obtain the circumferential variation of the flow velocity. The results show that reverse flow in the circulatory velocity was observed in some cross sections in the pump. It was also shown that the secondary flow on the measured plane varied considerably from one cross section to another. The accumulation of low energy fluid by the secondary flow well explains the flow separation and reverse flow behavior.

Passenger car torque converters have been designed with an increasingly flatter profile in recent years for the purpose of achieving a weight saving and more compact size. However, a flatter design has tended to result in reduced hydrodynamic performance and the basic mechanism involved is still not fully understood. In this study, four torque converters with different flatness ratios were manufactured and tested in order to evaluate the effect of the flatness ratio on overall performance. The internal flow characteristics of the torque converters were numerically investigated using a CFD code. It was found that performance deteriorated when the flatness was less than about 0.2. The main cause of this performance deterioration can be attributed to nonuniformity of the velocity fields of the pump. Such nonuniformity occurs not only from the inlet to the exit, but also from the shell to the core in the flow passage.

A virtual engine has been developed that has the potential to contribute significantly to reducing the development lead time and development costs of automotive engines.

The purpose of this study is to examine the process of ‘coaching (administration)’. For that purpose, this study brought in the concept of the management process (VanderZwaag, H. J.) and the administrative process (Hodgkinson, C.), and examined the process model of ‘coaching (administration)’.As the result of this study, the process of ‘coaching (administration)’ was characterized as follows1. The process model of ‘coaching (administration)’ consists of philosophy, planning, organizing, managing, and valuating.2. At the stage of philosophy and planning, the policy of ‘coaching (administration)’ is made.3. At the stage of organizing and managing, the policy of ‘coaching (admninistration)’ is implemented, and the process of ‘coaching (administration)’ goes on toward the purpose effectively.4. The last stage of process (valuating) feeds back to the stage of philosophy.5. The stage of philosophy has the possibility for changing the direction of process through the consideration of value.