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Additional file 1.

Background Several lines of evidence indicate that decompensated cirrhosis is characterized by the presence of systemic inflammation. Hepatorenal syndrome (HRS‐AKI) is a unique type of renal failure that occurs at late stages of cirrhosis. However, confirmation of the presence and significance of such inflammatory response in HRS‐AKI is lacking. Aim and Methods To characterize the systemic inflammatory response, as estimated by measuring a large number of cytokines, in 161 patients hospitalized for an acute decompensation of cirrhosis: 44 patients without acute kidney injury (AKI), 63 patients with hypovolaemia‐induced AKI and 58 patients with HRS‐AKI. Results HRS‐AKI was characterized by an altered cytokine profile compared to the other two groups, particularly IL‐6, IL‐8, TNF‐α, VCAM‐1, fractalkine and MIP‐1α. The inflammatory response was not related to presence of bacterial infection, concomitant acute‐on‐chronic liver failure or severity of renal dysfunction. Patients who responded to terlipressin and albumin had only a decrease in TNF‐α and RANTES after treatment without changes in other cytokines. Interestingly, patients with persistent HRS‐AKI had higher levels of IP‐10 and VCAM‐1 compared to those with resolution of HRS‐AKI. VCAM‐1 was also an independent predictor of 3‐month mortality. A systems biology analysis approach showed that the inflammatory status of HRS‐AKI was similar to that of chronic nonhepatic inflammatory conditions, such as lupus erythematosus or inflammatory bowel disease. Conclusion Hepatorenal syndrome is characterized by a marked systemic inflammatory state, reminiscent of that of nonhepatic inflammatory diseases, that correlates with patient outcomes., See Editorial on Page 1199

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On coasts of tectonically active areas, where old tsunami deposits are in a fragmentary state, the study of paleo-tsunamis provides data for interpreting facies and processes. In order to recognize facies, a study has been carried out on a sector of the SW coast of Spain, where some historical tsunamis are documented, such as that caused by the Lisbon earthquake (November 1, 1755 AD). This study is focused on a sector between the Salado River Mouth and Castilnovo Beach (Conil de la Frontera), where depositional morphologies attributed to this event can still be observed. It includes a comparative analysis with well-preserved deposits found inside an old tuna salting factory, La Chança which, albeit severely damaged, survived the tsunami. The sediments deposited by the 1755 AD tsunami record a mixture of older coastal deposits, including sands and muddy-sands, pebbles, mollusc shells, foraminifers, terrestrial gastropods, root features, and archaeological remains. After the tsunami, a part of the deposits were remobilized and mixed with normal coastal sediments, becaming unrecognizable as tsunamites. Several stratigraphic units have been distinguished, corresponding to different sedimentary stages. The results suggest that some depositional features were caused not by this event, but rather are a consequence of the interaction of other factors. Shelly beds intercalated within the deposits have provided a 14C age older than 1755 AD, which have been interpreted as records of other older events or erosion of older deposits followed by deposition during the tsunami event., En costas de regiones tectónicamente activas, donde depósitos de antiguos tsunamis se encuentran en estado fragmentario, el estudio de paleo-tsunamis proporciona datos para la interpretación de facies y la reconstrucción de los procesos. Con objeto de reconocer las facies y los procesos involucrados, se ha realizado un estudio sedimentológico en un sector de la costa SO de España, donde están documentados varios tsunamis históricos, como el causado por el terremoto de Lisboa del 1 de Noviembre de 1755. El estudio se centra en un sector comprendido entre la desembocadura del río Salado y la Playa de Castilnovo (Conil de la Frontera), donde aún se pueden observar morfologías y depósitos atribuidos a este evento. El estudio incluye el análisis comparativo con los sedimentos depositados en la antigua factoría de salazón de La Chança que, aunque seriamente dañada, sobrevivió al tsunami. Los sedimentos depositados por el tsunami de 1755 se combinaron con depósitos costeros más antiguos, resultando una mezcla de arenas, fango, clastos, conchas de moluscos, foraminíferos, gasterópodos terrestres, raíces y restos arqueológicos de la época. Tras el evento, estos sedimentos fueron redepositados en medios costeros, resultando unos depósitos irreconocibles, aunque algunos han sido interpretados como tsunamitas. Se han diferenciado varias unidades sedimentarias correspondientes a diferentes etapas, incluyendo la acción de este evento. Los resultados sugieren que algunos rasgos deposicionales presentes en los depósitos no fueron totalmente causados por el tsunami de 1755, sino que son una consecuencia de la interacción de varios factores. Además, algunas capas bioclásticas intercaladas en los depósitos han proporcionado una edad 14C mayor de 1.755 dC, lo que ha sido interpretado como el registro de eventos más antiguos.

Bedform fields from the Piedras River mouth (Huelva, SW Spain) have been studied using side-scan sonar techniques, combined with visual scuba-dives, and direct geometric measuring. The dominant flow regime has been determined from the results in these tidal environments, where erosive processes dominate during ebb, transporting sand as a bedload towards the mouth and central sector of the tidal channel. The process is reversed during tidal floods. During neap tides, larger bedforms maintain their geometry and position, whereas small ripples are re-oriented under different tidal conditions. Sand patches, dunes and ripples are interpreted as sediment bypassing zones. Large forms indicate high energy flow, which can only migrate when flow velocity reaches threshold values for the movement, with net sand transport towards open areas. Depositional features indicate low, moderate, and high-energy conditions. Here, a depositional regime dominated by sediment accommodation is dominant, where sandy sediments are continuously remobilized, transported and re-deposited, even closer to the estuarine mouth. In inner zones finer particles, such as clay and silt, are transported by tides as suspended matter and deposited in protected inner areas. The final results are long narrow tidal flats, which alternate with sandy areas dominated by erosion.

La evolución sedimentaria de la Bahía de Cádiz (SO de España) está asociada al desarrollo de numerosas llanuras mareales, que son muy sensibles a los cambios climáticos y eustáticos. Estos medios han experimentado grandes modificaciones desde el final del Holoceno, que han causado la evolución morfológica de la zona. Sin embargo, algunos efectos de estos cambios no han sido suficientemente estudiados. En este trabajo se aborda la evolución reciente de la llanura mareal de la margen izquierda del Río San Pedro,mediante análisis sedimentario y fotogramétrico. El estudio revela que el borde de la llanura mareal retrocede a velocidad de 0,65m/año, debido a la acción erosiva de la corriente ma-real combinada con pequeñas olas, y favorecido por la presencia de charcos mareales que facilitan la erosión y el desmantelamiento del fango intermareal Sedimentary evolution of the Cadiz Bay (SW Spain) is associated to numerous tidal deposits, which are very sensitive to climatic and eustatic changes. In fact, these have undergone significant changes from Late Holocene to Present-day. Recent climatic and sea-level changes have significantly modified the littoral environments, but the depositional effects of some factors have not yet been sufficiently established. This paper deals with the study of recent evolution of tidal flat from left bank from the Rio San Pedro, by mean of sedimentary and photogrammetric analysis. The study has revealed that the tidal flat is receding at a rate of 0.65m/year, caused by hydrodynamic action of tidal currents and small waves, and favored by presence of abundant tidal pools situated on the tidal flat that have facilitated the ero-sion and dismantling of the tidal mud layer from the marsh edges

La evolución sedimentaria de la Bahía de Cádiz (SO de España) está asociada al desarrollo de numerosas llanuras mareales, que son muy sensibles a los cambios climáticos y eustáticos. Estos medios han experimentado grandes modificaciones desde el final del Holoceno, que han causado la evolución morfológica de la zona. Sin embargo, algunos efectos de estos cambios no han sido suficientemente estudiados. En este trabajo se aborda la evolución reciente de la llanura mareal de la margen izquierda del Río San Pedro,mediante análisis sedimentario y fotogramétrico. El estudio revela que el borde de la llanura mareal retrocede a velocidad de 0,65m/año, debido a la acción erosiva de la corriente ma-real combinada con pequeñas olas, y favorecido por la presencia de charcos mareales que facilitan la erosión y el desmantelamiento del fango intermareal, Sedimentary evolution of the Cadiz Bay (SW Spain) is associated to numerous tidal deposits, which are very sensitive to climatic and eustatic changes. In fact, these have undergone significant changes from Late Holocene to Present-day. Recent climatic and sea-level changes have significantly modified the littoral environments, but the depositional effects of some factors have not yet been sufficiently established. This paper deals with the study of recent evolution of tidal flat from left bank from the Rio San Pedro, by mean of sedimentary and photogrammetric analysis. The study has revealed that the tidal flat is receding at a rate of 0.65m/year, caused by hydrodynamic action of tidal currents and small waves, and favored by presence of abundant tidal pools situated on the tidal flat that have facilitated the ero-sion and dismantling of the tidal mud layer from the marsh edges

Mediante el estudio sedimentológico de los afloramientos Pliocenos de la costa de Cádiz (SO de España), se ha establecido la tendencia deposicional que caracteriza el relleno sedimentario ost-orogénico en el sector sur de la cuenca del Guadalquivir. Las facies indican variaciones importantes del régimen deposicional, alternando períodos estacionales de calma y tormenta con eventos ocasionales de muy alta energía, caracterizados por el depósito de materiales clásticos y bioclásticos de mayor tamaño. De acuerdo con las características sedimentarias y el contenido fósil, varios tipos de litofacies han sido identificadas. Las arenas, areniscas y calcarenitas muestran características que indican un régimen estacional, mientras que las capas bioclásticas y los depósitos de bloques muestran características completamente distintas a los depósitos intra y suprayacentes, habiendo sido clasificados como depósitos de eventos. También se ha discutido el origen de estos depósitos y los mecanismos deposicionales involucrados en su formación. Tanto las litofacies como el marco tectónico y el registro histórico, indican que estos depósitos fueron generados por eventos oceanográficos de muy alta energía, tales como grandes olas generadas por importantes temporales o tsunamis.

The present work analyzes the bed mobility in the outer area of the estuary of Piedras River by observing the changes of morphology, dimensions and orientation of bedforms by means of the use of technical of Side-Scan Sonar. This coastal system is a small and narrow estuary, with a reduced fluvial input that develops a wide littoral spit in its mouth in whose apex a wide ebb-tidal delta is developed. On the back area of the deltas flood and ebb tidal currents develop a variety of sandy bedforms. The comparison of flood and ebb forms allows analyze the hydrodynamic regime and the sand mobility due to the action of the main currents

The present work analyzes the bed mobility in the outer area of the estuary of Piedras River by observing the changes of morphology, dimensions and orientation of bedforms by means of the use of technical of Side-Scan Sonar. This coastal system is a small and narrow estuary, with a reduced fluvial input that develops a wide littoral spit in its mouth in whose apex a wide ebb-tidal delta is developed. On the back area of the deltas flood and ebb tidal currents develop a variety of sandy bedforms. The comparison of flood and ebb forms allows analyze the hydrodynamic regime and the sand mobility due to the action of the main currents

The estuary of the Piedras River is a small and narrow estuary, with a reduced fluvial input and a wide spit in its mouth in whose apex expands a wide system of ebb-tidal deltas. The present work characterizes the dimensions, orientation and sediment grain size in the bedforms distributed on the different subenvironments of these tidal deltas. The study was done by means of direct measurements carried out during tides of different range. On the other hand, measurements of the tidal currents in the interface water-bottom have been carried out to associate the studied forms with the currents that generated them

The Holocene sedimentary evolution in the continental margin of Cadiz Gulf is affected by different factors, which control the nature and distribution of the deposits. The physiography of coast and sea bottom linked to a hydrodynamic regime controlled by storms and tidal current system control the short term deposition. The aim of this paper is to study the sedimentary record in terms of facies and facies sequences, so as determine the sedimentary conditions of Cadiz Bay and their evolution during the Holocene. Drilling data were used to know the nature and distribution of the nonconsolidated recent sedimentary deposits. Thickness distribution shows significant variations related with the infilling of palaeochannels incised during the Late Pleistocene lowstand. The sedimentary record presents a succession of facies, having recognized 10 main sets of lithofacies, organized in sequences. According to the sedimentary record and to the prevalent dynamic process, the area has been divided in four different sectors. The first and second ones are respectively characterized by sequences of gravels (generated by storm relaxation currents) to muddy sand (deposited by tidal currents). The third sector is a rocky shoal with a thin gravel cover. A fourth sector is a zone partially protected from waves, due to the presence of the rocky shoal, and its sedimentary infill is constituted by sand and mud generated by the tidal currents, including some gravelly storm layers. The general decrease of energy shown by the sedimentary record is interpreted as a result of the decrease of tidal prism of the bay and the deviation of the main outlet currents to the southwest caused by the infilling

The Holocene sedimentary evolution in the continental margin of Cadiz Gulf is affected by different factors, which control the nature and distribution of the deposits. The physiography of coast and sea bottom linked to a hydrodynamic regime controlled by storms and tidal current system control the short term deposition. The aim of this paper is to study the sedimentary record in terms of facies and facies sequences, so as determine the sedimentary conditions of Cadiz Bay and their evolution during the Holocene. Drilling data were used to know the nature and distribution of the nonconsolidated recent sedimentary deposits. Thickness distribution shows significant variations related with the infilling of palaeochannels incised during the Late Pleistocene lowstand. The sedimentary record presents a succession of facies, having recognized 10 main sets of lithofacies, organized in sequences. According to the sedimentary record and to the prevalent dynamic process, the area has been divided in four different sectors. The first and second ones are respectively characterized by sequences of gravels (generated by storm relaxation currents) to muddy sand (deposited by tidal currents). The third sector is a rocky shoal with a thin gravel cover. A fourth sector is a zone partially protected from waves, due to the presence of the rocky shoal, and its sedimentary infill is constituted by sand and mud generated by the tidal currents, including some gravelly storm layers. The general decrease of energy shown by the sedimentary record is interpreted as a result of the decrease of tidal prism of the bay and the deviation of the main outlet currents to the southwest caused by the infilling