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Climate change is altering nutrient cycling within the Arctic Ocean, having knock-on effects to Arctic ecosystems. Primary production in the Arctic is principally nitrogen-limited, particularly in the western Pacific-dominated regions where denitrification exacerbates nitrogen loss. The nutrient status of the eastern Eurasian Arctic remains under debate. In the Barents Sea, primary production has increased by 88% since 1998. To support this rapid increase in productivity, either the standing stock of nutrients has been depleted, or the external nutrient supply has increased. Atlantic water inflow, enhanced mixing, benthic nitrogen cycling, and land–ocean interaction have the potential to alter the nutrient supply through addition, dilution or removal. Here we use new datasets from the Changing Arctic Ocean program alongside historical datasets to assess how nitrate and phosphate concentrations may be changing in response to these processes. We highlight how nutrient dynamics may continue to change, why this is important for regional and international policy-making and suggest relevant research priorities for the future. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13280-021-01673-0.

During Expedition 323 of the Integrated Ocean Drilling Program to the Bering Sea (July 5-September 4, 2009), three sites were drilled along the Bering Sea northeastern continental margin [U1343 down to 745 meters below sea floor (mbsf), U1344 (745 mbsf), U1345 (150 mbsf)]. Diagenetic carbonates are present at all sites within the clayey, diatom-rich oozes of the Bering Sea, where pore waters are also characterized by extremely high methane concentrations. We here present mineralogical, elemental and isotopic data obtained from the authigenic carbonate-rich intercalations within the clay-rich Pleistocene sediments deposited along the Bering Sea continental margin. The mineralogy of the authigenic carbonates is generally represented by composite mixtures of very small crystals of magnesian calcite, dolomite, and iron-rich carbonates, with the latter phases occurring below 260 mbsf at Site U1343, below 200 mbsf at Site U1344, and below 130 mbsf at Site U1345. Element geochemistry shows that Ca, Mg, Fe, Ba, Mn, Sr and U are enriched in the carbonate-rich intercalations relative to the background sediments due to their incorporation into the carbonates and into other authigenic phases (e.g., barite and pyrite). The oxygen and carbon isotopic compositions of the authigenic carbonate minerals show that they were sequentially precipitated from pore waters at different temperatures (i.e., different burial depths) and with different isotopic compositions of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC). The authigenic Mg calcite precipitated early during diagenesis and shallow burial from a C-13-depleted DIC pool, whereas dolomite and Fe-rich carbonates formed during later diagenesis and deeper burial from a C-13-enriched DIC pool. These authigenic carbonate occurrences are interpreted as resulting from microbial sulfate reduction combined with anaerobic oxidation of methane, and methanogenesis that was intimately linked to the alteration of silicates, especially iron-rich clay minerals.