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In this article, a bimatrix gamma distributions is introduced. Various mathematical properties of the proposed distribution like marginal distributions, expected values, entropies, and moment generating function are derived. Also, distributions of sum, quotient, and product are investigated. Parameter estimation by the method of maximum likelihood is considered. A simulation study is performed to check the finite sample performance of the maximum likelihood estimators.

Background: Parkinsonchr('39')s disease (PD) is a neuropathologic disorder caused by dopaminergic neurons degeneration in the dense part of the substantia nigra. Objective: The present study, designed to evaluate the effect of hydroalcoholic extract of thyme on malondialdehyde (MDA), thiol, and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) concentration in the PD induced by 6-hydroxydopamine in an animal model. Methods: In this experimental study, 40 male rats, were divided randomly into five groups (n=8) including control and PD group in which PD was induced by 4 µg 6-hydroxydopamine neurotoxin in medial forebrain bundle (MFB). Treatment groups received 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg thyme extract via intragastric administration for 14 days and then, the brains of the rats were extracted to evaluate lipid peroxidation and measure the levels of thiol (-SH) and GPX. Results: The significant increase in MDA concentration in the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, striatum (P< 0.05) and cerebellum (P< 0.001) and a significant reduction in thiol and GPX enzyme (P< 0.001) were reported in rats with PD. Treatment with thyme extract significantly increased thiol and GPX (P< 0.001) and significantly reduced MDA in the hippocampus, striatum (P< 0.001) and cerebral cortex (P< 0.01). Conclusion: Thyme extract showed potent antioxidant activity in an animal model of PD.

Objective: Placenta Accreta Spectrum (PAS) affects approximately one in a thousand deliveries. Very few studies evaluated PAS risk factors based on their location. In this study, we have investigated the effects of placenta location on placental adhesion-related complications, its risk factors, and outcomes. Materials and methods: We performed a retrospective cohort study of pathology-confirmed cases of PAS from patients with peripartum hysterectomy, at a large educational hospital in Qazvin, Iran, from 2009 to 2019. Placenta location was found by ultrasound reports and intraoperative evaluation. We measured demographic features, basic characteristics, maternal and neonatal outcomes based on placental location including anterior, posterior, and lateral in Placenta Accreta Spectrum. Chi-square, t-test, and one-way ANOVA were used to examine the relation of complications, risk factors, and outcomes in PAS. Results: A review of 70 cases showed the distribution of placenta location as follows: 57% anterior, 27% posterior, and 16% lateral. The mean gestational age at delivery was 35 (33-39) weeks. In 78.6% (n=55) of the patients, an association with placenta previa and in 94/2% (n=66) of cases a history of cesarean section was found, however, it was not significantly correlated with placenta location (p=0.082). We found that surgery duration was significantly longer in patients with lateral PAS (155±38, vs 129.35±33.8 and 133.15±31.5 for anterior and posterior placenta respectively, p=0.09). Patients with lateral PAS also bled more than the remaining two groups (2836 ml for lateral PAS vs 2002 and 1847 for anterior and posterior placenta respectively, p=0.022). Moreover, women with a history of uterine surgery were more likely to have posterior PAS compared to those with anterior and lateral PAS (p=0.035). Conclusion: Differences in complications, risk factors, and outcomes of PAS based on placenta location may lead to improved diagnosis and decreased morbidity in women.

Qajar period especially Naseri's time coincided with many changes in the cultural, social, and political themes in the society that effected all aspects of the Iranian's life. One of the impressions was in archaeology contracts that enlightened the past of Iran with the new findings and materials in historical sites. Of course before archaeological excavation; Iranian people had their own attitudes towards their cultural heritage. Archaeological excavations were not their first encounter with the ancient ruins. They interpreted ancient remains with the myths and legends that passed through centuries. They learnt them through oral tradition or from Shahnameh. Another attitude was respecting them because of holy believes. Unfortunately after appearance of antique dealings around the world, local habitants sometimes traded historical materials. People's attitude to historical artifacts influences their behavior to their culture. This study examined this issue that Iranians' attitude to their Cultural Heritage made effect on their national identity.

Objective: Estrogen deficit following menopause results in cognitive behaviors impairment. Severity of these impairments in menopause women suffer with cerebral hypo perfusion/ischemia (HI) cause the brain damage and neuronal death. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of pomegranate seed extract (PGSE) on avoidance memories after permanent bilateral common carotid arteries occlusion (2CCAO) in ovariectomized (OVX) rats. Materials and Methods: Adult female Wistar rats were divided randomly into eight groups with 8 rats in each group: 1) Sham-operated for ovaries and 2CCAO (ShO); 2) OVX and sham operated for ischemia (OShI); 3-7) OVX with 2CCAO (OI) received PGSE (100, 200, 400 and 800 mg/2ml/kg or normal saline, orally) for 14 days (OI+E100, 200, 400, 800 or OI+Veh); 8) OShI received most effective dose of PGSE (200 and 400 mg/kg for passive and active avoidance memories respectively). Active and passive avoidance tasks were measured in Y-maze and two-way shuttle box respectively. Data were analyzed with one-way and RM-ANOVA followed by HSD post-hoc test. Results: Sensorimotor impaired in OShI+Veh and OI+Veh (P

This report described an innovative nonsurgical method for management of unsuccessful renal stone expulsion. Our patient was a 43-year-old physician with a history of two distinct episodes of renal stone entrapping in distal ureter and nonresponsive to shock wave lithotripsy, and oral medication recommended to treat by surgery. Fortunately, renal stones were expelled by whole body vibration technique without any surgical procedure.

Serotonin (5-hydroxytriptamine), one of the most important neurotransmitters, is synthesized from amino acid L-tryptophan in some neurons located in the central nervous system and intestine enterochromaffin cells . The role of this neurotransmitter is important and involves control of sexual behaviors, morality, sleep, pain, appetite, aggression, cardiovascular function and regulation of gut function. Serotonin is stored in cells by serotonin transporter; and after release, it binds to its specific receptors so as to perform its function, which is neuronal stimulation. There is a relationship between serotonin concentration changes, serotonin transporter gene alleles, and serotonin receptors and some diseases; consequently, using some drugs which are effective on these factors could be useful in the treatment of these diseases.

This report describes a case of spinal canal stenosis at L4-L5 level andurinary incontinence (UI). An elderly woman was referred to a pain clinicwith persistent pain in low back and both lower limbs specially left leg. She complained of UI since 2 months before in a progressive manner as well. Because of progressive nature of her symptoms, physicians decided to refer her for surgery promptly; however, her cardiologic consult was not satisfactory, and surgery risk was reported significant. Physicians began symptomatic therapy and unexpectedly most of her symptoms were improved even her UI.

Background & Objectives: Diabetes is the most common metabolic disease, associated with hyperglycemia and long-term complications. This study aimed to elucidate the anti-diabetic role of oleuropein (OLE) in a streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic animal model. Materials & Methods: Adult male Wistar rats (200–250 g) were randomly divided into four groups: 1) Control group, 2) STZ group: diabetic rats that received STZ (60 mg/kg), 3) OLE 50 group: diabetic rats treated with oral OLE at 50 mg/kg of body weight daily for 28 days, and 4) OLE 100 group: diabetic rats treated with oral OLE at 100 mg/kg of body weight daily for 28 days. Memory function and biochemical factors such as malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and total thiol activity were evaluated in the rats' cerebral cortex and striatum tissues. Moreover, nuclear transcription factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) pathway activation were determined in cerebral cortex and striatum tissues by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Results: Chronic administration of OLE ameliorated cognitive deficits and attenuated oxidative stress induced by diabetes. Additionally, OLE significantly prevented the activation of the pro-inflammatory marker NF-κB and downregulated Nrf2 expression in STZ-induced diabetic rats. Conclusion: Our results confirm the significant protective role of OLE against STZ-induced diabetes in rats by up-regulating Nrf2 signaling and enhancing antioxidant activity.

Background & Objective: Epilepsy is one of the most common neurological disorders in humans, which appears as sudden, episodic, repetitive, and unpredictable seizures, and these patients suffer from memory impairment. Medicinal herbs have long been used to treat epilepsy. In this study, the impact of effective oleuropein on the time of arising of attacks and the rate of attack's incidence of tonic, clonic, tonic-clonic, and total seizure longevity in male rats was investigated. Materials & Methods: Forty rats were randomly divided into four groups of 10. The negative control group (the recipient of normal saline), the positive control group (the recipient of diazepam 1 mg/kg), and the two treatment groups (the recipient of doses of 10 and 20 mg/kg of oleuropein). After 30 min of oleuropein administration, saline, or diazepam, pentylenetetrazole was injected intraperitoneally into rats' bodies at a dose of 85 mg/kg, and 30 min after injection, seizure parameters were evaluated. Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and Tukey's statistical tests. Results: Injection of the oleuropein significantly increased the threshold of seizures in the form of initial delay at the arising of seizure in the positive control group and treatment groups (P< 0.001). Furthermore, it reduces the time of seizures in different phases (P< 0.001). In addition, a dose of 10 mg/kg oleuropein has the highest effect on total seizure longevity. Conclusion: This study showed that oleuropein has an appropriate anti-seizure effect and future studies appear to be necessary for further understanding of the mechanism.

BackgroundIncreasing reports of manic episodes in patients during acute infection with COVID-19 have been documented since the pandemic began, including individuals without a previous personal or family history of bipolar disorder. As infections and autoimmunity have putative roles in bipolar disorder, we aimed to document the clinical presentations, associated stressors, family aggregation patterns, and brain imaging and electroencephalographic correlates with a series of patients with episodes of mania that emerged shortly after COVID-19 infections.MethodsWe obtained all relevant clinical information from 12 patients whose first manic episode started within a month of COVID-19 infection and were treated at Rasool-e-Akram hospital and Iran psychiatric hospital, two tertiary medical centers in Tehran, Iran, in 2021.ResultsPatients had a mean age of 44. The interval between the onset of symptoms of COVID and mania ranged between 0 and 28 days (mean: 16.25, median: 14 days); it was observed to be shorter in patients with a family history of mood disorders but not in those receiving corticosteroids. Alongside a descriptive overview of our sample, we provide detailed narrative descriptions of two of the cases for illustrative purposes and discuss our observations in the context of other cases reported elsewhere and the state-of-the-art regarding infectious diseases, COVID-19, and bipolar disorder as reported in previous literature.ConclusionOur case series documents observational and naturalistic evidence from a dozen of cases of mania in the context of acute COVID-19, which, while limited, calls for analytical research of the phenomenon, and points at a family history of bipolar disorder and the use of corticosteroids as factors for particular focus.

Background: Seizure is due to the abnormal electric activity of neurons in the brain. Because of the side effects of synthetic drugs, plant medicines can be used instead to control seizures. Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the effect of aerobic exercise and α-pinene on pentylenetetrazole-induced seizures in mature male rats. Materials & Methods: A total of 40 Wistar male rats (weight: 200-250 g) were divided into five groups: control (receiving normal saline), positive control (receiving 1 mg/kg diazepam as an antiepileptic drug), aerobic exercise (receiving five sessions of exercise per week, each session for 30 min), α-pinene (receiving 200 mg/kg for 4 weeks), and aerobic exercise plus α-pinene. Thirty minutes after the intervention, 85 mg/kg Pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) was intraperitoneally administered to the rats in all experimental groups, and their seizure-related behaviors were observed and recorded. Results: Combined use of α-pinene and aerobic exercise significantly increased the delay of onset of seizure (P

Background: Ischemia causes severe neuronal damage and induces oxidative stress, memory impairment, and reduces pain threshold. Herniarin is a powerful antioxidant. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of herniarin on memory, pain, and oxidative stress in an ischemia model in male rats. Materials & Methods: In this study, 50 male rats were divided into 5 groups of control, sham, ischemic, and two other ischemic groups, which received herniarin at doses of 150 and 300 mg/kg by gavage for 14 days. Behavioral tests were performed by shuttle box, and Y-maze and pain tests were performed by Tail-Flick test. Then, the rats’ brains were extracted to evaluate lipid peroxidation and measure the levels of thiol and Glutathione Peroxidase (GPX) in the hippocampus and striatum tissues. The results were expressed as Mean±SEM and then analyzed using suitable statistical methods of ANOVA and least significant difference post-hoc test in SPSS V. 20. Results: Herniarin significantly increased the avoidance memory, spatial memory, and pain thresholds of ischemic rats at different concentrations (P

Abstract The ongoing civil war in Syria created the world’s largest refugee crisis since World War II. As exile continues for many Syrians, this study aimed to explore what refugees perceive as their major needs and plans for the future in comparison to what service providers believe is needed and should be planned in Jordan. Phenomenological design and inductive reasoning were used in this study to explore refugees’ needs and future plans from the etic view by interviewing key informants and from the emic view by analyzing interviews with refugees. After coding and comparing the key informants’ interviews and refugees’ narratives, six main themes emerged: (1) gap between refugees’ expectations and reality of humanitarian services; (2) rent as a major but neglected challenge; (3) older adults: vulnerable and at the back of the queue for services; (4) mental health of adults as an overlooked need; (5) education: hard to access for extremely poor and adults; and (6) an uncertain and unplanned future. Findings suggest a need for better information sharing strategies about services, targeted programs for urbane refugees and older adults, awareness-raising about importance of the mental health and protracted exile, and long-term planning.

Background and Objectives: Alphapinene as one of the most important Components of essential oils, which has antioxidant and anti-cholinesterase activities. Oxidative stress directly affects the function of the brain and causes memory impairment. In this research, the effect of alphapinene on passive avoidance memory and oxidative stress, was investigated in comparison with donepezil. Methods: In this study, 50 male Wistar rats were divided into 5 groups: control, sham (received alphapinene solvent), groups received 2 and 4mg/kg alphapinene, and group that received donepezil. The drugs were administered intraperitoneally for two weeks. At the end of the treatment, passive avoidance memory in animals, was assessed using the shuttle box test, level of malondialdehyde, total thiol concentration in blood, and hippocampal tissue as oxidative stress indices. One-way ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc tests, were used to determine the difference between the groups. Results: Memory significantly increased in the group receiving donepezil (p

Objectives: Estrogen deficit following menopause results in cognitive behaviors impairment. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of pomegranate seed extract (PGSE) on avoidance memories after permanent bilateral common carotid arteries occlusion (2CCAO) in ovariectomized (OVX) rats. Materials and Methods: Adult female Wistar rats were divided randomly into eight groups with 8 rats in each group: 1) Shamoperated for ovaries and 2CCAO (ShO); 2) OVX and sham operated for ischemia (OShI); 3-7) OVX with 2CCAO (OI) received PGSE (100, 200, 400 and 800 mg/2ml/kg or normal saline, orally) for 14 days (OI+E100, 200, 400, 800 or OI+Veh); 8) OShI received most effective dose of PGSE (200 and 400 mg/kg for passive and active avoidance memories respectively). Active and passive avoidance tasks were measured in Y-maze and two-way shuttle box respectively. Data were analyzed with oneway and RM-ANOVA followed by HSD post-hoc test. Results: Sensorimotor impaired in OShI+Veh and OI+Veh (P<0.001 vs. ShO). PGSE improved it significantly in dose dependently manner (P<0.001 vs. OI+Veh). Both types of memories were significantly impaired in OVX rats before and after 2CCAO (P<0.001). PGSE treatment significantly improved memories in OI groups (P<0.05, P<0.01 and P<0.001) compared with OI+Veh. No toxicity was observed with PGSE consumption (800 mg/kg, 2 weeks, orally). Conclusion: PGSE exhibits therapeutic potential for avoidance memories, which is most likely related at least in part to its phytoestrogenic and also antioxidative actions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: Parkinson disease is caused by destruction of dopamine-producing nerve cells. Given the antioxidant properties of Ferulago angulata, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of the extract of this plant on motor and memory disorders in animal model of Parkinson's disease. Methods: In this experimental study, 40 male Wistar rats (200-250g), were divided into 5 groups: 1-control; 2-Parkinson, and 3-Parkinson groups receiving chavill extract (doses, 100, 200, and 400mg/kg) by gavage for 14 days. To create animal model of Parkinson disease, the rats received 6-hydroxydopamine neurotoxin into the left medial forebrain bundle (MFB) of the brain. One day after the last gavage, motor and memory tests were performed in the rats. One-way ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc test were used to determine the difference between the groups. Results: Fourteen days after lesion formation in the MFB, following apomorphine injection in the right direction, the rats had a rate of more than 10 rounds per minute with rotation of 360 degrees. In the motor test of the Parkinson's group, maintaining balance on the rotarod (p

In patients with cerebral ischemia, both during hospitalization and in the community, the prevalence of major depression is evident. Since the depression has a negative impact on recovery, its timely diagnosis and treatment is essential. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of the oral administration of Chevilan extract (Ferulago angulata hydroalcoholic extract; 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg) on brain oxidative stress indices and depression after permanent bilateral common carotid artery occlusion or ischemia/hypoperfusion in male adult rats. A number of 35 rats were divided into a control group, an ischemic group and ischemic groups receiving doses of 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg of Chevilan extracts for 14 days by gavage. To make animal models of permanent cerebral hypo perfusion/ischemia, right common carotid artery was ligatured first and the left one ligatured with an interval of one week. To evaluate depression, immobility in the forced swimming time of each rat was measured and then the rat’s brain tissues were extracted to separate hippocampus and measure malondialdehyde. The results showed that ischemia/hypoperfusion increased brain oxidants such as lipid per oxidation (LPO) and immobility. Also, ischemic rats treated with all three doses of the Chevilan show significant reduction in the concentration of MDA hippocampus and in immobility time at a dose of 100 mg/kg and 200 / 400mg, respectively. Increased swimming time was observed in all three groups of extract recipients. It was found that Chevilan extract with antioxidant effect can reduce the side effects of ischemia such as depression.

Background: In recent years, the potential effects of nanoscale materials on the central nervous system have become even more noticeable. The cerebellum is one of the areas of the brain with high absorption of zinc. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of zinc oxide nanoparticles (NPs) on oxidative stress indices in rat cerebellum in the presence and absence of vitamin C. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, male Wistar rats (250-200g) were divided into the following groups (n=7): a normal saline group (control), three groups that received different doses of zinc oxide NPs (1.25, 2.5 and 5 mg/kg), three groups that received different doses of vitamin ¬C (30, 60 and 120 mg/kg) and three groups that received 1.25, 2.5 and 5 mg/kg of zinc oxide NPs combined with 30 mg/kg of vitamin¬ C. Half an hour after receiving the medication, the rats were anesthetized and then their cerebellum was removed and the malondialdehyde (MDA) and thiol groups of the cerebellum region were measured. Results: The MDA level decreased significantly in the groups received 5mg/kg of zinc oxide NPs, in the groups received different doses of vitamin¬ C, and in the groups received different doses of zinc oxide NPs combined with 30 mg/kg vitamin¬ C compared with the saline group. Total thiol concentration did not change significantly in the different study groups compared to the control group. Conclusion: Zinc oxide NPs alone or in combination with vitamin C has a reduced effect on oxidative stress in the rat cerebellum.

Introduction: Ischemia in rat brain causes severe neuronal damage and causes anxiety disorders. Ferulago angulata extracts contain phenolic compounds with powerful antioxidant activity. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the protective effect of F. angulata (Chevilan) extract on locomotor activity and anxiety in ischemia model in rats. Methods: In this experimental study, 50 male Wistar rats weighing 200 to 250 g were randomly divided into 5 groups including intact (control), ischemic hypoperfusion without extract and three groups of ischemic hypo-perfusion, for 14 days, received 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg Chevilan extracts by gavage method daily. For ischemia common bilateral carotid arteries were isolated, blocked in two parts and cut from the middle section. Locomotor activity and anxiety were evaluated during an open field testing. Results: The ischemic group showed a significant increase in anxiety and decrease in motor activity in the open field test. Administration of 100, 200 or 400 mg/kg doses of the extract significantly reduced the number of raising hands, especially at the dose of 200 (P < 0.05), and all three doses reduced the number of defecations (P < 0.001). Consumption of 400 mg/kg dose of the F. angulata extracts showed a significant increase in the number of movements in the central house in the open field and between houses margins (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Ferulago angulata extract reduces anxiety in animal models of ischemia, which is probably due to some phenolic compounds and its antioxidant activity.

Introduction: Ischemia-associated depression and anxiety may occur due to brain damage caused by oxidative stress. A number of reports indicated that treatment with herbal plant extracts with antioxidant properties could lead to a significant reduction in Ischemic complications. The aim of this study was to evaluate the behaviors of ischemic rats through animal models of anxiety and exploratory behavior (open field) to determine the efficiency of pomegranate seed extract (PGSE) as antioxidant. Methods: In this study, 21 male Wistar rats (250 ± 20 g) were randomly divided into 3 groups with 7 in each: 1) Control; 2) Ischemic; 3) Ischemic plus PGSE (14 days). In order to create ischemia/hypoperfusion, carotid arteries were ligatured and cut bilaterally. Then, plus maze and open-field tests were used for the measurement. Results: Ischemic rats showed a significant increase in anxiety or decrease approach and reduction locomotor activity compared to control group. Fourteen days administration of PGSE significantly improved the immobilization and ischemia-induced anxiety. Conclusion: PGSE exhibits therapeutic potential for anxiety and depression, which is most likely related, at least in part, to its antioxidant and free radical scavenging actions.

Introduction: Zinc oxide is an inorganic compound with the formula ZnO. Oxide is widely used in various applications, especially in pharmaceutical applications, as well as technical and cosmetic products. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of zinc oxide nano-particles (ZnO NPs) on the motor coordination of male rats in the presence and absence of vitamin C as an antioxidant. Methods: In this experimental study, 80 male Wistar rats with a weight range of 200-250 g were used. The rats were randomly divided into ten 8-memebr groups control group (saline receivers) and rats which received zinc nano-oxide with doses 1.25, 2.5 and 5 mg/kg, rats receiving vitamin C with doses 30, 60 and 120 mg/kg and rats which received both zinc nano-oxide with doses 1.25, 2.5 and 5 mg/kg and vitamin C with a dose of 30 mg/kg.while different groups received the above doses intraperitoneally (i.p) the rate of motor coordination was measured in the first day of study using rotarod machine. Motor coordination was considered as the duration a rat could stay on the rotarod. Results: According to the results, dose dependent ZnO NPs with doses 1.25, 2.5 and 5 mg/kg and the simultaneous prescription of different doses of ZnO NPs and a neutral amount of vitamin C decrease this rotarod duration. Conclusion: ZnO NPs disturb motor coordination. Probably, this is not due to the oxidative feature of zinc because vitamin C could not improve this effect. It seems that this effect is applied by another mechanism such as changing the activities of neurochemical system contributing to motor coordination.

Introduction: Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive and irreversible neuropsychiatric disorder of the brain with a deadly outcome and unknown etiology in which the concentration and function of some brain transmitters, particularly acetylcholine, reduce in AD in the cerebral cortex, e.g., the hippocampus. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of aquatic extract of Centella asiatica (CeA) leaf on hematological parameters in NBM (Nucleus Basalis of Mynert)- lesioned rats induced by Ibotenic acid (IA). Methods: Thirty-two male Wistar rats (20- 24 months old; weighing 330±30 g) were selected and randomly divided into four equal groups (n=12) including 1. Control group (which were intact rats), 2. L group (NBM- lesioned rats), 3. CeA group and 4. L+CeA group. NBM was bilaterally lesioned. Seven days after stereotaxic surgery, the total number of white blood cells (WBCs), the total number of red blood cells (RBCs), hemoglobin level (Hb), and hematocrit level (Hct) were assessed. For statistical analysis of data Mann Whitney U- test (p≤0.05) was used. Results: IA treatment induced a significant decrease of WBCs, followed by significant decrease in RBCs, Hb and Hct compared with control group (p≤0.05). Also, the lesion of the NBM after oral administration of Centella asiatica extract had no effect on the above blood parameters and even all of the parameters in two groups of CeA and CeA+L compared with the control group showed a non-significant increase (p≥0.05). Conclusion: It appears that some blood parameters decrease in rat model of Alzheimer's disease. Also, this research shows the important role of the cholinergic neurons of central nervous system in the regulation of erythropoiesis, also Centella asiatica extract can stimulate hematopoiesis.

Introduction: Parkinson's disease is a prevalent neuropathological disorder. Oxidative stress is regarded as the main factor of this disease which causes death of neurons. Considering the protective antioxidative property of strawberry, the aim of the present study was to investigate effects of strawberry extract (SE) on motor and cognitive disorders, and lipid peroxidation in animal model of Parkinson. Methods: 40 male wistar rats were divided into five groups: control, Parkinson and three treatment groups. To Parkinson, the rats received 6-OHDA toxin with dose of 8 μg in 2 μl of normal saline solution with 0.01% of ascorbic acid inside medial forebrain bundle (MFB) on the left side of the brain. The treatment groups received strawberry (Fragaria ananassa) hydroalcoholic extract with doses of 10, 25, and 50 mg/kg for 14 days. Then passive avoidance memory and movement tests were conducted on the rats one day after the last gavage. Then the brain was isolated to extract the brain tissue and malondialdehyde (MDA) test was conducted as a marker of lipid peroxidation. Results were presented as mean ± SD, one-way analysis of variance, and Tukey's post-hoc test. Results: Parkinson's disease induced significantly increased brain MDA (P

Objective: Oxidative stress is the result of an imbalance between free radical production and antioxidant defenses of the body. The use of antioxidants can have preventive effects in diabetes. The present study aims to show the effects of Biarum Bovei extracts on lipid profile, lipid peroxidation in streptozocin induced diabetic male rats. Materials and Methods: Animals were randomly assigned to the control group, diabetic with streptozotocin (STZ 60 mg/kg) and 5 diabetic groups rats which have received hydro-alcoholic extract Biarum Bovei (50, 100, 200, 400, 800 mg/kg) via gavages for two weeks. Blood glucose, serum lipid profile and malondialdehyde (MDA) in brain tissue were measured at the end of experiment. Results: The results indicate that blood glucose in diabetic group increased significantly (P

Background: Parkinsonchr('39')s disease is one of the prevalent degenerative diseases of the neural system. Oxidative stress, which has been recognized as the most important factor of Parkinsonchr('39')s disease, plays a main role in the death of neurons in this disease. Antioxidants have a proved role in the prevention of oxidative stress. Objective: Considering the presence of evidence regarding antioxidant property of Ferulago angulata, effect of oral administration of hydroalcoholic extract of this plant was investigated on parameters of the oxidative damage caused by Parkinsonchr('39')s disease in adult rats. Methods: In this research, 40 Wistar rats with the average weight of 200 to 250 g were randomly assigned to 5 groups, each with 8 rats. Also, to develop Parkinsonchr('39')s disease animal model, 2 µl of 6-hydroxydopamine drug was injected into medial forebrain bundle on the left side of the animals and the treatment groups received Ferulago angulata extract with doses of 400, 200, and 100 mg/kg for 2 weeks as gavage. Then, the brain of the animals was isolated and parameters of Malondialdehyde and Thiol were measured. Results: Results showed that Parkinsonchr('39')s disease induced significantly increased brain peroxidation lipid, which is one of the factors of oxidative stress, and reduced Thiol level (p

Introduction & Objective: The use of modern microextraction techniques for determination and evaluation of pollutants is progressively increasing nowadays. Needle trap microextraction (NTME) technique has privileges compared to the other techniques for sampling occupa-tional and environmental pollutants from air. In this study the application of NTD technique packed with polydimethylsiloxane as sorbent for determination of two organohalogen com-pounds (carbon tetrachloride and trichloroethylene) was investigated. Material & Methods: In this experimental study NTDs were prepared with the same length of proposed sorbent and used after calibration of sampling pump. The parameters related to performance of NTD and proposed sorbent including temperature and relative humidity, sampling storage time and breakthrough volume were investigated. In analytical performances, the capability of NTD on time and temperature of desorption also carryover of analytes were assessed. Finally, the results for NTD microextraction e were compared to the NIOSH 1003 method. Results: Results have shown that, temperature and relative humidity had effects on the per-formance of NTD and it's sorbent, and NTD contained PDMS showed better performance in the lower temperature and relative humidity at the range of assessment. The performance of NTD and it's sorbent for storage of sampled analytes was more than 95% of analytes mass after 4 days of sampling. The proposed technique also showed a good performance for de-sorption parameters and desorption temperature and time was 290°C and 4 minutes, respectively. After desorption, the carryover was also investigated and measured as 4 min. Relative standard division (RSD) for repeatability of method for NTD from different concentration levels of 1-250 µgL-1 were 4.1-7.5%. Conclusions: The NTD technique as an active sampling method with high enrichment factor showed a good performance for sampling and analysis of volatile organohalogen compounds in air. The low cost and rapid determination of compounds makes NTD a proper technique for indoor and outdoor monitoring of air pollution.

Objective(s): Cerebral hypoperfusion/ischemia (CHI) is a neurological disease where impaired hippocampus electrical activity and cognition caused by a serial pathophysiological events. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of chronic oral administration of grape seed extract (GSE) on passive avoidance memory and long-term potentiation (LTP) after permanent bilateral common carotid arteries occlusion (2CCAO) in male adult rats. Materials and Methods: Thirty-two adult male Wistar rats were randomly divided into: 1) Sham+Veh, 2) Isch+Veh, 3) Sham+GSE, 4) Isch+GSE. In order to make 2CCAO as an animal model of CHI, carotid arteries were ligatured and then cut bilaterally. To evaluation of passive avoidance memory, step-down latency (STL) was measured and LTP was recorded from hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG) after high frequency stimulation (HFS) in all rats. Results: We found that memory was significantly impaired in rats after CHI (P

In this paper we describe the application of a needle trap microextraction device packed with graphene nanoplatelets for the sampling and analysis of perchloroethylene in dry cleaning. The study was carried out in two phases. First the parameters for the sampling and analysis of perchloroethylene by NTD were evaluated and optimized in the laboratory. Then the sampler was used to determine the levels of perchloroethylene in a dry-cleaning shop. In the laboratory phase of the study the performance of the NTD packed with the proposed sorbent was examined in a variety of sampling conditions to evaluate the technique. The technique was also compared with NTDs packed with PDMS as well as SPME with Carboxen/PDMS-coated fibers. Both the NTDs and SPME performed better at lower sampling temperatures and relative humidity levels. The post-sampling storage times for a 95% recovery of the analyte were 5, 5 and 3 days for NTD-graphene, NTD-PDMS and SPME-CAR/PDMS respectively. The optimum desorption time was 3 min for NTDs packed with either graphene or PDMS and 1 min for SPME-CAR/PDMS. The limits of detection for the GC/MS detection system were 0.023 and 0.25 ng mL(-1) for NTDs packed with graphene and PDMS and 0.014 ng mL(-1) for SPME coated with CAR/PDMS. In the second stage of the study the evaluated technique was applied to the sampling and analysis of perchloroethylene in dry cleaning. In this environment the performance of the NTD-graphene as a field sampler for PCE was similar to that of the SPME-CA/PDMS, and better than the NIOSH 1003 method which had greater measurement variations. The results show that a NTD packed with carbonic graphene nanoplatelets and used as an active exhaustive sampling technique is effective for determination of VOC and HVOC occupational/environmental pollutants in air., (Copyright © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)