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Background: Thyroid neoplasia is the most common endocrine malignancy worldwide. Fine-needle aspiration biopsy of thyroid nodules has a low sensitivity in distinguishing between benign and malignant lesions. Evaluation of the rate of expression and diagnostic value of immunohistochemical biomarkers in differentiating between benign and malignant thyroid lesions and different types of malignant lesions is the main purpose of this study.Methods: Sixty articles were reviewed in this systematic review and meta-analysis study. The rate of detection of various immunohistochemistry (IHC) biomarkers in several thyroid lesions was examined by meta-analysis. Specificity, sensitivity, positive and negative likelihood ratios, and confidence intervals (95% CI) were calculated for each marker. The accuracy of each test was evaluated by calculating the diagnostic odds ratio (DOR). ROC (receiver operating characteristic) analysis was performed for three markers.Results: Sensitivity and specificity of CK-19, Gal-3, and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) for detection of thyroid malignancies were 81% and 73%, 82% and 81%, and 77% and 83 %, respectively. The combination of these three markers showed the sensitivity of 85%, specificity of 97%, and diagnostic odds ratio of 95.1. Additionally, uPAR, Sialyl Lewis X, MIB-1, and Hector Battifora mesothelial-1. (HBME-1) can effectively differentiate the follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma (FVPTC) from follicular thyroid carcinoma (FTC) as they are significantly more common in FVPTCs (P

Background: The purpose of the current work was to manufacture vitamin A (Vit A) niosome and solid lipid nanoparticle (SLN) using an ultrasonic approach and to evaluate its effect on wound healing. Methods: The nanoparticles were prepared through an ultrasonication technique and characterized by dynamic light scattering (DLS), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Further, the nanoparticles were evaluated for their various parameters such as pH, viscosity, spreadability, stability, in-vitro drug release study, in-vitro cytotoxicity, and in-vivo wound healing. Results: TEM confirmed the spherical nature of the Vit A-niosome and SLN. The Vit A formulations (niosome and SLN) were stable in the accelerated stability test (freeze-thaw cycle). Vit A release from the SLN gel and niosome gel was significantly higher (almost 70 and 80%, respectively) than simple Vit A gel. According to the animal study, the wound healing closure in the Vit A niosomal gel and Vit A SLN gel was greater than the other groups during the 21 days after surgery (P < 0.05) and was close to each other over time and on day 21. Based on histological data, wounds treated with Vit A niosome gel and Vit A-SLN gel had more collagen than the other groups. MDA malondialdehyde (MDA, an end-product of lipid peroxidation) significantly decreased in the Vit A-niosome and Vit A-SLN gel group after 21 days, while glutathione peroxidase (GPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD, an endogenous antioxidant), and hydroxyproline levels demonstrated an increase. Conclusion: The findings of this study revealed that the prepared Vit A nano-formulations could be used as a possible and safe nano-vesicle for Vit A cutaneous delivery thus potentially opening up new prospects for the treatment of wound disorders.

Background: Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) is a member of the cytoplasmic inducible transcription factors and plays an important role in mediating signals from cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors. We and others have found that STAT3 directly regulates pro-fibrotic signaling in the kidney. The STAT3 protein–protein interaction plays an important role in activating its transcriptional activity. It is necessary to identify these interactions to investigate their function in kidney disease. Here, we investigated the protein–protein interaction among three species to find crucial interactions that can be targeted to alleviate kidney disease. Method: In this study, we examined common protein–protein interactions leading to the activation or downregulation of STAT3 among three different species: humans (Homo sapiens), mice (Mus musculus), and rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus). Further, we chose to investigate the P300 and STAT3 interaction and performed studies of the activation of STAT3 using IL-6 and inhibition of the P300 by its specific inhibitor A-485 in pericytes. Next, we performed immunoprecipitation to confirm whether A-485 inhibits the binding of P300 to STAT3. Results: Using the STRING application from ExPASy, we found that six proteins, including PIAS3, JAK1, JAK2, EGFR, SRC, and EP300, showed highly confident interactions with STAT3 in humans, mice, and rabbits. We also found that IL-6 treatment increased the acetylation of STAT3 and increased histone 3 lysine acetylation (H3K27ac). Furthermore, we found that the disruption of STAT3 and P300 interaction by the P300 inhibitor A-485 decreased STAT3 acetylation and H3K27ac. Finally, we confirmed that the P300 inhibitor A-485 inhibited the binding of STAT3 with P300, which inhibited its transcriptional activity by reducing the expression of Ccnd1 (Cyclin D1). Conclusions: Targeting the P300 protein interaction with STAT3 may alleviate STAT3-mediated fibrotic signaling in humans and other species.

This study presents an innovative 2D spatio-temporal model that sheds light on the intricate formation of biofilms, incorporating two essential biomass decay pathways: cell lysis and endogenous respiration. The model encompasses heterotrophic bacteria (HB), anaerobic heterotrophic bacteria (AHB), and autotrophic bacteria (AB), offering a comprehensive understanding of multi-species biofilm development. Through meticulous simulations, we explore the primary mechanisms behind inert biomass formation in biofilms, revealing the key roles played by the lysis of HB, AHB, and AB, as well as the endogenous respiration of HB. Moreover, the simulations reveal how species of higher abundance contribute significantly to inert biomass generation, reshaping our understanding of biofilm dynamics. Crucially, this study highlights the indispensability of considering biofilm inert biomass when modeling the nitrification and denitrification behaviors of a membrane aerated biofilm reactor (MABR). The distribution of oxygen and acetate across biofilm thickness is remarkably different when inert biomass is factored in, underscoring the necessity for a more holistic approach to modeling biofilm behavior. With the introduction of the inert biomass inclusive biofilm model, our simulations explore the interactive effects of key process conditions - bulk concentrations of oxygen ($O_{\infty}$), ammonium nitrogen ($N_{1\infty}$), acetate ($A_{\infty}$), and biofilm thickness - on the nitrification and denitrification performance of MABR. A compelling correlation emerges between higher bulk concentrations of oxygen and ammonium nitrogen and optimal nitrification rates, achieving an impressive range of 0.3 to 1.1 g ammonium/$m^{2}/d. Delving into denitrification, we observe that high $O_{\infty}$, low $N_{1\infty}$, and either high or low $A_{\infty}$ levels impede AHB formation and consequently hinder denitrification. Our findings provide a roadmap for achieving simultaneous nitrification and denitrification, contingent on specific conditions: $10[gm^{-3}] < O_{\infty} < 15[gm^{-3}]$, $12[gm^{-3}] < N_{1\infty} < 20[gm^{-3}]$, $A_{\infty}$ ranging from $3[gm^{-3}]$ to $12[gm^{-3}]$, and a biofilm thickness $> 1.4[mm]$. While our study reveals promising avenues for simultaneous nitrification and denitrification, denitrification rates still lag behind nitrification rates under the same conditions. As a result, we advocate for further investigations to devise strategies that can enhance denitrification in MABR systems. In conclusion, this study advances our knowledge of biofilm dynamics by introducing a comprehensive model and illuminating the key factors driving nitrification and denitrification performance in MABRs. These findings pave the way for improved biofilm engineering and wastewater treatment strategies, opening new horizons for sustainable environmental practices.

Abstract Background Over the past few years, mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) have attracted a great deal of scientific attention owing to their promising results in the treatment of incurable diseases. However, there are several concerns about their possible side effects after direct cell transplantation, including host immune response, time-consuming cell culture procedures, and the dependence of cell quality on the donor, which limit the application of MSCs in clinical trials. On the other hand, it is well accepted that the beneficial effects of MSCs are mediated by secretome rather than cell replacement. MSC secretome refers to a variety of bioactive molecules involved in different biological processes, specifically neuro-regeneration. Main body Due to the limited ability of the central nervous system to compensate for neuronal loss and relieve disease progress, mesenchymal stem cell products may be used as a potential cure for central nervous system disorders. In the present study, the therapeutic effects of MSC secretome were reviewed and discussed the possible mechanisms in the three most prevalent central nervous system disorders, namely Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis, and Parkinson's disease. The current work aimed to help discover new medicine for the mentioned complications. Conclusion The use of MSC-derived secretomes in the treatment of the mentioned diseases has encouraging results, so it can be considered as a treatment option for which no treatment has been introduced so far.

Background: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an emerging disease that has affected the world and requires extensive studies. Studies have shown that high procalcitonin (PCT) level is associated with the severity of many diseases, such as bacterial endocarditis, pancreatitis, pyelonephritis, enterocolitis, and even appendicitis. This study aimed to evaluate the serum PCT levels in COVID-19 patients admitted to hospitals in northern Iran. Methods: This cross-sectional descriptive-analytical study was conducted in Boo-Ali Sina and Imam Khomeini hospitals, Mazandaran Province, the north of Iran. A questionnaire consisting of demographic characterization was filled out for every patient. Results of some laboratories and clinical manifestations of the disorder were extracted from their clinical records. Results: A total of 103 COVID-19 patients (53 male and 50 female) were included in the study. Our patients’ mean serum PCT level was 0.18±0.024 ng/mL. Significant relationships existed between patients’ age and serum PCT level (P=0.025) and short-term prognosis (P=0.044). Conclusion: The short-term prognosis of the disease was significantly associated with the serum PCT level, which indicates that increasing the serum PCT levels worsen the short-term prognosis. Therefore, serum PCT level may help determine disease severity and predict the prognosis of the disease in COVID-19 patients.

Iran is the fourth flood-prone country in the world in terms of vulnerability to floods, and Khorasan-Razavi province, in the north-east of Iran, is at a relatively high risk of flooding that suffer from damage caused by floods every year. This province is the first in the number of floods, the third in damage, and the sixth in casualties in the country, therefore, the annual flood causes extensive damage to the villagers, especially in the residential area. The present study examines the physical vulnerability of houses of rural households in Dargaz county in facing floods. The research method is descriptive, analytical, and based on field survey. The housing vulnerability structure is quantified in 6 components of body, content, superstructure, infrastructure, living space, facilities, and equipment using 18 indicators in the Likert spectrum. The reliability of the questionnaire was evaluated using Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.96 and favorable. In this study, out of all the villages affected by floods in the county, 9 villages that were most vulnerable to floods in Dargaz county were selected as samples. In total, these villages have 1514 residential units, of which 225 were selected as samples using Cochran's formula. The results showed that among the examined components, the average vulnerability of the infrastructure or foundation with a number of 2.55 is higher than other components. Although the level of physical vulnerability of houses of rural households in Dargaz county in the face of floods has been evaluated with an average of 2.16 less than the theoretical average and in the low to medium range, the amount of damage caused to 38 surveyed households is over 50%, which is not a low figure. Since it is not possible to completely protect against the flood risk, it is necessary to implement appropriate policies to reduce housing vulnerability when living in a flood-prone area.

Background: Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are one of the most common drug classes leading to toxicity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the demographic characteristics, clinical symptoms, and treatment outcome of patients with SSRI poisoning.Methods: In this retrospective cross-sectional study, demographic, toxicological and clinical data were analyzed from the data of patients poisoned with SSRIs in 2019 in the referral poisoning emergency center of Khorshid Hospital affiliated with Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.Findings: Out of the 6631 poisoned emergency patients, 66 patients (1%) were hospitalized due to SSRI poisonings. The most common poisoning drug was citalopram (39.4%) followed by sertraline (37.9%). The mean age of patients was 25.9 years and most of them were women (90.9%) with intentional poisoning (78.8%). Nausea and vomiting (43.9%) were the most common clinical symptoms. 20 patients (30.3%) had sinus tachycardia, which was mostly related to sertraline (26.7%). Two patients (3%) had seizures with citalopram and only one patient had serotonin toxicity following citalopram ingestion. The mean length of hospital stay was 0.56±1.54. None of the factors investigated was a good predictor for the duration of hospital stay duration.Conclusion: In this study, the most common SSRIs causing poisoning were citalopram, followed by sertraline. All patients were discharged with supportive measures and with complete recovery, but in order to evaluate the effects of poisoning of these drugs, there is a need for studies in longer periods of time and with larger sample size.

Introduction: Since December 2019, people throughout the world has been encountering COVID-19 pandemic different populations, especially health care workers have been facing psychological challenges such as high amount of anxiety. In this study, we assessed impacts of COVID-19 pandemic on first-line health care workers psychological well-being in the north of Iran. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional analytical study was conducted in 4 hot-spot major hospitals of Rasht, during first month of the outbreak in Iran. Physicians and nurses were divided into two categories as low and high risk groups based on their level of exposure to the virus. Standard general health questionnaire (GHQ-28) and defense style questionnaires (DSQ-40) were also used. Results: The mean age of participants was 30.2 ± 6.6. Of total 199 subjects, 73.4% were females and 26.6% were males. 63.23% of participants were nurses and 36.86% were physicians. Base on the mental health questionnaire, 60.8% and 10.55% of participants experienced mild to moderate psychological stress. There were no significant differences between high risk and low risk groups. Females those who had lost a family member due to COVID-19 and nurses with less developed defense mechanisms were found to be associated with psychological morbidity (P

Abstract Objective In this study, the therapeutic effect of quinic acid (QA), which has anti‐inflammatory activity, was investigated on acetic acid‐induced colitis in male Wistar rats. Methods Ulcerative colitis (UC) was induced in rats by acetic acid intrarectally, and the protective effects of QA in 10, 30, 60, and 100 mg/kg doses were investigated. Rats were treated for 5 days and their colon tissues were dissected out at the end. Macroscopic and histopathological examinations were performed in colon tissues. Also, the expression of inflammatory and apoptotic genes, including TLR4, IL‐1β, INOS, IL‐6, TNF‐α, NF‐κB, Caspase‐3, Caspase‐8, Bax, and Bcl‐2, was measured. Biochemistry indices, such as malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitrite oxide (NO) content, in addition to, total antioxidant capacity (TAC), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and enzymes activities were also assessed. Results Colitis increased the levels of MDA and NO, and enhanced the inflammatory and apoptotic gene expressions, while reducing the SOD and CAT enzymes activity, and TAC levels in the colitis rats. Also, results showed that colitis was associated with the infiltration of inflammatory cells, epithelium damage, and edema in colon tissue. QA significantly ameliorated histopathological indices, oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis in colitis rats. Conclusion QA ameliorated UC through the inhibition of two TLR4‐NF‐κB and NF‐κB‐INOS‐NO signaling pathways, which results in the reduction of colitis complications, including oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis and histopathological injuries in rats. Therefore it can be concluded, that QA exerts its therapeutic effects through antiapoptotic, antioxidant, and anti‐inflammatory properties.

Immunoglobulin A nephropathy is the most common kind of primary glomerulonephritis worldwide and one of the main causes of renal failure. Systemic corticosteroid therapy may protect against renal deterioration in IgA nephropathy; however, it is not often advised for long-term treatment due to possible side effects. Recent studies present promising results of the new targeted-release formulation of budesonide that delivers the drug to the distal ileum to reduce side effects for patients with IgA nephropathy. In this paper, we highlighted the potential benefits of budesonide as a treatment option for IgA nephropathy and the need for additional studies to confirm its effectiveness. The lack of alternative treatments to prevent renal deterioration without other systemic side effects motivated us to gather relevant information to fill this gap. In this brief overview, we have reviewed some of the most recently published studies regarding how budesonide protects against IgA nephropathy. Studies reveal that budesonide might significantly decrease proteinuria, hematuria, and creatinine level while maintaining normal renal function. Though, a limited number of trials have been established to date, and further investigations are needed to confirm the benefit of the new targeted-release budesonide in treating IgA nephropathy.

Abstract Background Cervical cancer is the fourth most common cancer affecting women and is caused by human Papillomavirus (HPV) infections that are sexually transmitted. There are currently commercially available prophylactic vaccines that have been shown to protect vaccinated individuals against HPV infections, however, these vaccines have no therapeutic effects for those who are previously infected with the virus. The current study’s aim was to use immunoinformatics to develop a multi-epitope vaccine with therapeutic potential against cervical cancer. Results In this study, T-cell epitopes from E5 and E7 proteins of HPV16/18 were predicted. These epitopes were evaluated and chosen based on their antigenicity, allergenicity, toxicity, and induction of IFN-γ production (only in helper T lymphocytes). Then, the selected epitopes were sequentially linked by appropriate linkers. In addition, a C-terminal fragment of Mycobacterium tuberculosis heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) was used as an adjuvant for the vaccine construct. The physicochemical parameters of the vaccine construct were acceptable. Furthermore, the vaccine was soluble, highly antigenic, and non-allergenic. The vaccine’s 3D model was predicted, and the structural improvement after refinement was confirmed using the Ramachandran plot and ProSA-web. The vaccine’s B-cell epitopes were predicted. Molecular docking analysis showed that the vaccine's refined 3D model had a strong interaction with the Toll-like receptor 4. The structural stability of the vaccine construct was confirmed by molecular dynamics simulation. Codon adaptation was performed in order to achieve efficient vaccine expression in Escherichia coli strain K12 (E. coli). Subsequently, in silico cloning of the multi-epitope vaccine was conducted into pET-28a ( +) expression vector. Conclusions According to the results of bioinformatics analyses, the multi-epitope vaccine is structurally stable, as well as a non-allergic and non-toxic antigen. However, in vitro and in vivo studies are needed to validate the vaccine’s efficacy and safety. If satisfactory results are obtained from in vitro and in vivo studies, the vaccine designed in this study may be effective as a therapeutic vaccine against cervical cancer.

We extend a previously presented mesoscopic (i.e. colony scale) mathematical model of the reaction of bacterial biofilms to antibiotics. In that earlier model, exposure to antibiotics evokes two responses: inactivation as the antibiotics kill the bacteria, and inducing a quorum sensing based stress response mechanism upon exposure to small sublethal dosages. To this model we add now quorum quenching as an adjuvant to antibiotic therapy. Quorum quenchers are modeled like enzymes that degrade the quorum sensing signal concentration. The resulting model is a quasilinear system of seven reaction-diffusion equations for the dependent variables volume fractions of upregulated (protected), downregulated (unprotected) and inert (inactive) biomass [particulate substances], and for concentrations of a growth promoting nutrient, antibiotics, quorum sensing signal, and quorum quenchers [dissolved substances]. The biomass fractions are subject to two nonlinear diffusion effects: (i) degeneracy, as in the porous medium equation, where biomass vanishes, and (ii) a super-diffusion singularity where as it attains its theoretically possible maximum. We study this model in numerical simulations. Our simulations suggest that for maximum efficacy quorum quenchers should be applied early on before quorum sensing induction in the biofilm can take place, and that an antibiotic strategy that by itself might not be successful can be notably improved upon if paired with quorum quenchers as an adjuvant.

Introduction: Evidence suggests that gestational exposure to Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) results in fetal zinc deficiency and eventually neurodevelopmental abnormalities. In this study, we utilized a rat model of Maternal Immune Activation (MIA) to investigate the possible neuroprotective effects of zinc supplementation during pregnancy on hippocampal astrocytes activation as well as inflammatory cytokines expression in adult offspring. Methods: Pregnant rats received intraperitoneal injections of either LPS (0.5 mg/kg) or saline on Gestational Days (GD) 15 and 16, and orally gavaged with zinc sulfate (30 mg/kg) during pregnancy. Astrocyte density and histological assessment were evaluated in the hippocampus of adult offspring on Postnatal Days (PND) 60 to 62. Also, the mRNA levels of IL-6, TNF-α, IL-1β, NF-κB, and GFAP were measured using qPCR analysis. Results: Prenatal exposure to LPS resulted in upregulated expression levels of IL-6, TNF-α, NF-κB, and GFAP in the hippocampus of adult pups. Moreover, the offspring from the LPS group showed an increased astrocyte density in the CA1 region with no histological alterations in CA1 and CA3 areas. However, maternal zinc supplementation ameliorated the LPS-induced inflammatory alterations. Conclusion: This study supports the premise that zinc supplementation during pregnancy might be an early treatment option to inhibit hippocampal inflammation induced by the maternal immune response to infectious agents.

Abstract Ebola virus (EBOV) is a dangerous zoonotic infectious disease. To date, more than 25 EBOV outbreaks have been documented, the majority of which have occurred in Central Africa. The rVSVG-ZEBOV-GP vaccine (ERVEBO), a live attenuated vaccine, has been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to combat EBOV. Because of the several drawbacks of live attenuated vaccines, multi-epitope vaccines probably appear to be safer than live attenuated vaccines. In this work, we employed immunoinformatics tools to design a multi-epitope vaccine against EBOV. We collected sequences of VP35, VP24, VP30, VP40, GP, and NP proteins from the NCBI database. T-cell and linear B-cell epitopes from target proteins were identified and tested for antigenicity, toxicity, allergenicity, and conservancy. The selected epitopes were then linked together in the vaccine's primary structure using appropriate linkers, and the 50S ribosomal L7/L12 (Locus RL7 MYCTU) sequence was added as an adjuvant to the vaccine construct's N-terminal. The physicochemical, antigenicity, and allergenicity parameters of the vaccine were all found to be satisfactory. The 3D model of the vaccine was predicted, refined, and validated. The vaccine construct had a stable and strong interaction with toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) based on molecular docking and molecular dynamic simulation (MD) analysis. The results of codon optimization and in silico cloning revealed that the proposed vaccine was highly expressed in Escherichia coli (E. coli). The findings of this study are promising; however, experimental validations should be carried out to confirm these findings.

Here, graphene oxide was synthesized and reduced by lemon extract (source of vitamin C) in an aqueous solution under different pH (3 and 10). The lemon extract was prepared using a solvent-free method. The proposed mechanisms for the reduction of GO may be due to the nucleophilic attack of oxygen anion of ascorbic acid to the epoxy or hydroxyl groups of GO sheets. Based on Raman spectra, with increasing the solution pH, the repair of the graphitic sp2 domain of the RGOs decreased. Reduced graphene oxide was successfully used to synthesize Fe3O4/RGO nanocomposite and remove Pb ions from aqueous media. The obtained Fe3O4/RGO nanocomposite was characterized by XRD, FTIR, SEM, and BET analysis. Based on these characterization techniques, reduced graphene oxide is distinguishably coated by Fe3O4 nanoparticles. The effect of different parameters: contact time (1-60 min), initial lead concentration (25-200 mg/L), adsorbent dosage (0.01-0.07 g), and the solution’s initial pH (1-8) on the removal of lead ions was studied using batch-scale tests. The maximum lead ion removal was achieved up to 90 % for Pb ions, respectively at optimum operating conditions viz. pH 5, Pb initial concentration 100 mg/L, Fe3O4/RGO dose 0.05 g, and contact time 30 min. Obtained results showed that the maximum adsorption capacity of Fe3O4/RGO for lead ion was 107.52 mg/g within 60 min of contact time. The adsorption behavior can be well described with the Langmuir isotherm and the pseudo-second-order models, indicating that the adsorption process was a monolayer and chemisorption adsorption.

Background and purpose: Laryngeal cancers are associated with high rates of mortality and disability. No effective screening test is proven for this disease, so, the best way seems to be controlling the disease by identifying and eliminating individual predisposing factors. The aim of this study was to pave the way for a better understanding of the risk factors and factors affecting the type and prognosis of laryngeal lesions. Materials and methods: A cross-sectional study was performed using the records of patients who had a biopsy in Sari Bu Ali Hospital, between 2009 and 2019. Demographic and clinical information such as age, gender, clinical diagnosis, pathological diagnosis, location of recurrence, recurrent cases, and type of benign tumors were collected. Results: We studied 423 patients, including 331 (78.3%) males and 92 (21.7%) females, 254 (60%) lived in cities and 169 (40%) patients lived in rural areas. History of narcotics consumption, alcohol, and smoking were seen in 189 (44.6%), 136 (32%), and 312 (74%). respectively. In patients with malignancies, the mean age at onset of disease decreased during the years of study, but in patients with benign lesions the average age of incidence of lesions has increased significantly (P

سابقه و هدف: سلامت معنوی شاخه‌ای از سلامت است که می‌توان آن را جامع تمام ابعاد سلامت در نظر گرفت؛ به‌طوری که با رسیدن به کمال سلامت معنوی، دیگر ابعاد سلامت نیز مسیر رشد و کمال را طی خواهد کرد. سلامت معنوی حالتی از داشتن و برخوردارشدن از حس پذیرش، اتصال به قدرتی برتر و طی مسیر در جهت خواست آن قدرت و یکپارچگی در کل وجود بر مبنای مسیر تعیین‌شده از سوی قدرت برتر (خداوند) است. در این پژوهش به بررسی و بازشناسی مؤلفه‌های اثرگذار سلامت معنوی بر سلامت انسان پرداخته شد تا مسیر هموارتری فرا روی پژوهش‌های بعدی پژوهشگران قرار گیرد. روش کار: روش پژوهش حاضر توصيفي-كتابخانه‌اي است. در گردآوري مطالب کلیدواژه‌های سلامت معنوی، معنویت، سلامت معنوی-سلامت انسان و معنویت-سلامت انسان و معادل انگلیسی آنها در بازۀ زماني سال‌هاي 2010 تا 2020 با جست‌وجو در پایگاه‌های گوگل اسكولار، نورمگز، اس.آی.دی، اسکپوس، پاب‌مد و مگيران بررسی شد. در اين بازه بيش از 150 مستند بررسی شد و داده‌های مرتبط با سؤال‌های پژوهشی که بیشتر در مقالات با موضوع ارتباط‌سنجی و اثربخشی ابعاد مختلف سلامت معنوی در ارتباط با زندگی انسان بود، بررسی شد. مؤلفان مقاله تضاد منافعی گزارش نکرده‌اند. یافته‌ها: پس از بررسی اسناد منتخب، یافته‌های حاصل از مستندات نشان داده است که بیشتر تحقیقات در حیطۀ تأثیر یا رابطۀ سلامت معنوی با سلامت عمومی، سلامت ‌روان، پیشرفت بیماری، کیفیت زندگی و بهبود عملکرد اجتماعی انجام گرفته بود. نتیجه‌گیری: بر اساس یافته‌های پژوهش می‌توان گفت که ارتقای سلامت معنوی در افراد در سلامت عمومی، بهبود روند بیماری‌ها و سلامت روان می‌تواند مؤثر واقع شود. همچنین لازم است برای سنجش سلامت معنوی ابزار متناسب با فرهنگ و گروه‌های مختلف سنی ساخته شود و در آیندۀ نزدیک به یکی از دامنه‌های علمی پرکاربرد تبدیل گردد.

Abstract Molluscum contagiosum (MC) is a skin infection caused by a virus of the DNA poxvirus family that has already been reported by Fingolimod. We report two cases. MC can resist standard therapy and discontinuation of the fingolimod may be the only way to treat it.

This paper aims to identify, describe and analyze the effective factors in creating visual order in Jiroft soapstone works based on documentary studies and with the aim of identifying different types of painted works. Accordingly, the authors try to answer the question with documentary studies and descriptive-analytical method in order to answer the question: Artist or craftsman of Halilrood archaeological site, heir or founder of which artistic experience? Since the designs performed on these works are ultimately designed and executed in beauty, balance, fit and balance, it can be assumed that their creators, in addition to being aware of the artistic application of lines and designs, also have little knowledge of visual knowledge and basics in the field. Findings show that engineering and visual understanding of elements at the level of objects, in the direction of structural interaction of their line and role, and achieving unity in works of art has been one of the most important goals of their construction. The artist / craftsman of Halilrood has a relatively clear knowledge of his work as a work of art and has tried to create a relationship between design and background, perspective, diversity and statism by repeating figures and elements.

Introduction: Eradication of Pseudomonas aeruginosa has become increasingly difficult due to its remarkable capacity to resist antibiotics. Bacteriophages have been suggested as an alternative treatment for bacterial infections. Methods: In-situ gel-forming eye drop containing phage against P. aeruginosa keratoconjunctivitis was prepared. The Cystoviridae phage was formulated as in-situ gel-forming formulation which is a solution formulation but turns into gel when it contacts the eye. Therapeutic effectiveness of the in-situ gel forming formulation was evaluated by histological examination on day 12 post-infection. Results: The viscosity of selected formulation increased when it was instilled into the eye. The histological results showed edema, abscesses, and destruction of the stromal structure of cornea in groups where no in-situ gel-forming formulation was used. In the group where in-situ gel forming formulation was used, re-epithelialization and normal corneal structure were observed. Conclusion: In-situ gel-forming ophthalmic formulation containing phage can be effective in the treatment of P. aeruginosa keratoconjunctivitis.

Background: Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA) is the second cause of death and disability in the world. Heart failure can co-occur with CVA and increases the risk of death and disability in patients. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of heart failure in patients with ischemic stroke. Materials & Methods: In this cross-sectional study, the information of patients with ischemic stroke was collected in 2016 from their files. They were referred to the Emergency Department of Poursina Hospital. Statistical analysis of data was performed by using descriptive statistical methods. Estimation of mean and frequency was done by SPSS v. 22. Results: A total of 291 patients were recruited in the study. Also, 157 patients (54%) were male, and 134 (46%) were female. The Mean±SD age of patients was 61.68 (12.98) years. Systolic heart failure prevalence was 59.8%, and diastolic heart failure was 65.7%. Conclusion: Based on the findings, more than half of the patients with ischemic stroke also develop heart failure. Therefore, it is recommended that the patient be evaluated and treated for heart failure when faced with ischemic stroke.

Introduction: Digital clubbing (hypertrophic osteoarthropathy) as the initial presentation of lymphoma is rarely reported, particularly in children. In this study, we report a patient with intrathoracic Hodgkin Disease (HD) and digital clubbing as the first presentation, and we will review the literature regarding the same condition. Case Presentation: A 10-year-old boy presented with a 2-month history of cough, mild dyspnea, and night sweats, with prominent digital clubbing. A chest x-ray and a computed tomography scan of the chest showed multiple mediastinal masses. A mediastinal lymph node biopsy was done. Pathologic examination was indicative of nodular sclerosis HD. Conclusions: In patients with digital clubbing, intrathoracic malignancies should be considered a differential diagnosis and must be ruled out by precise examination and paraclinical help.

Abstract Cervical cancer, caused by human papillomavirus (HPV), is the fourth most common type of cancer among women worldwide. While HPV prophylactic vaccines are available, they have no therapeutic effects and do not clear up existing infections. This study aims to design a therapeutic vaccine against cervical cancer using reverse vaccinology. In this study, the E6 and E7 oncoproteins from HPV16 were chosen as the target antigens for epitope prediction. Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) and helper T lymphocytes (HTL) epitopes were predicted, and the best epitopes were selected based on antigenicity, allergenicity, and toxicity. The final vaccine construct was composed of the selected epitopes, along with the appropriate adjuvant and linkers. The multi-epitope vaccine was evaluated in terms of physicochemical properties, antigenicity, and allergenicity. The tertiary structure of the vaccine construct was predicted. Furthermore, several analyses were also carried out, including molecular docking, molecular dynamics (MD) simulation, and in silico cloning of the vaccine construct. The results showed that the final proposed vaccine could be considered an effective therapeutic vaccine for HPV; however, in vitro and in vivo experiments are required to validate the efficacy of this vaccine candidate.

Introduction: Hand hygiene is a significant strategy in preventing and controlling infections with a great impact on nosocomial infections and preventing microbial resistance. Objectives: The main goal of this study was to investigate the performance of medical interns in handwashing in the educational and medical centers of Guilan University of Medical Sciences. Patients and Methods: This is a cross-sectional study, which was conducted in 2020 in Rasht city. The study population consisted of all medical interns. The handwashing was observed in medical interns after obtaining their permission and separately at a suitable time and place. They were given a grade based on a poster approved by the Ministry of Health of Iran. Results: A total number of 147 medical interns were enrolled in this study. We also found out that the mean score of study population in handwashing steps was 7.11± 1.97. The lowest rate of correct performance was for 5th (tying the fingertips and washing them) (32%), 8th (washing around the wrist) (49.7%) and 7th (washing the palm lines with the fingertips) (53.1%) steps. The performance score of female interns had a higher average than male interns (7.4 versus 6.8) (P=0.028). Conclusion: Considering the importance of handwashing in preventing the transmission of diseases, especially in the COVID-19 pandemic and the repeated recommendations to wash hands properly as a simple and accessible way to prevent further transmission of the virus, the review of the awareness and practice of medical interns about the handwashing seems to be critical.

Objective: In this study, the impact of arbutin was examined in a gentamicin (GM)-induced nephrotoxicity model. Materials and Methods: Forty adult male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to five groups including control group; GM group, and three groups of GM+arbutin (25, 50 and 75 mg/kg). One day after the last injection of GM, creatinine, urea, carbonyl, thiobarbituric acid-reacting substance (TBARs), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and 8-hydroxyguanosine levels were assessed in serum samples. Left and right kidneys were used for biochemical assays and histological evaluation, respectively. Results: Our data showed that the FRAP level (p

Introduction: Breast cancer is the most common cancer and the leading cause of death due to cancer among women. This study was performed with aim to compare the effect of 8 weeks of aerobic exercise and pomegranate juice supplementation on serum levels of estrogen, progesterone and P53 protein in women with breast cancer. Methods: This quasi-experimental study was performed as pretest and posttest in 2019 on 40 women with breast cancer in Qom province. The subjects were randomly divided into four groups: control, pomegranate juice, aerobic exercise, and aerobic exercise + pomegranate juice consumption (n=10 in each group). The groups of aerobic exercise and aerobic exercise + pomegranate juice consumption performed aerobic exercise for 8 weeks and 3 sessions each week. Also, the groups of pomegranate juice consumption consumed 100 cc of pomegranate juice on the day of the training session fasting. 4 cc blood samples were taken from the participants 48 hours before and after the implementation of the protocol to evaluate the research variables. Data were analyzed by SPSS statistical software (version 20) and independent t-test and one-way analysis of variance. p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The results showed that 8 weeks of aerobic exercise significantly decreased serum levels of estrogen, progesterone (p

One of the most common nutritional deficiencies worldwide is iron deficiency. Fatigue, pallor, vertigo, dyspnea, cold intolerance, lethargy, palpitation, headache, and the pallor of the mucous membranes or nail beds are the most frequent symptoms and signs of iron deficiency. Thrombocytosis is commonly observed in iron deficiency anemia; it seems that erythropoietin plays the main role in this respect. Furthermore, thrombocytopenia and even leukopenia have been reported in iron deficiency; however, pancytopenia is a very rare condition. In this report, we presented two unusual cases of pancytopenia due to severe iron deficiency that improved after treatment with oral iron supplements. Iron deficiency anemia, if sufficiently severe, may be associated with reduced platelet and leukocyte counts. Accordingly, this condition should be considered as a differential diagnosis in all patients with pancytopenia.

Background & Objectives: Galectin-8 has relationships with cell growth and metastasis of some cancers. Due to controversy in the clinical significance of this protein in the cancer process, we investigated its roles in the development of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Methods: This study was performed on 93 samples of patients with Squamous Cell Carcinoma or dysplasia of the head and neck, who underwent biopsy or surgery from 2015 till 2017 in Boo-Ali SINA hospital of Sari, Iran. The relevant paraffin embedded tissue blocks were obtained from archive of pathology and evaluated for galectin-8 by immunohistochemistry. The association between expression of galactin-8 and age, sex, location and stage of disease were assessed. To compare expression rate between the groups, Mc-Nemar, Chi-square and Fisher's exact tests were used. The P-value Results: Strong cytoplasmic and nuclear galactin-8 staining was observed in 97.6% cases of normal tissues while 77% of dysplastic lesions and 69% of the cancers revealed negative immunoreactivity. The intensity of expression in dysplastic and malignant tissues was significantly reduced compared with normal tissues (p =0.0001). The expression of galectin-8 did not correlate with stage (p =0.303), lymph node involvement (p =0.326), tumor grade (p =0.769), distant metastasis (p =0.748), and age (p =0.574). Conclusion: We observed that the expression of galectin-8 in dysplastic and malignant squamous epithelium significantly reduced compared with the normal counterpart of them in the head and neck. It may contribute to malignant transformation of head and neck squamous cells.

Introduction: According to a 2016 census, there are 62,284 small populated and unpopulated villages located throughout Iran. Such a number as well as the presence of water, soil, and agricultural production capacities in these areas doubles the need for paying attention to green ethics. Consequently, to confront environmental crises across rural areas which are more exposed to the natural environment, it is necessary to focus on a number of important ethical principles regarding the environment including conservation of natural resources, renewal of consumed resources, reduction of pollutants and wastes, development of recycling programs, optimal management of waste disposal, adherence to both national and global environmental standards, and enhancement of environment conservation indices. It appears that the significance of the culture of using natural resources and environmental facilities and coexistence with the environment is overlooked by the current generation. Additionally, the lack of education on environmental issues has desensitized the current generation against the subject while worsening the ecological unsustainability of various geographical spaces such as rural areas. Meanwhile, in the past, rural environments used to be relatively sustainable in ecological terms, and the level of environmental sensitivity used to be higher among rural residents. The lived experiences of the author in rural areas suggest that the past behavior of rural residents, particularly in the border-adjacent, dry and deprived Khaaf County in Khorasan Razavi Province, has been intertwined with environmental sensitivities; an aspect that has lost its importance as a result of changes in villagers’ values. A few instances of this situation are the prevalence of using disposable dishes in ceremonies instead of reusable copper plates, willingness to use ready-made foods (such as tomato paste and jam) already prepared at homes, releasing dangerous detergents in farming fields, and refusing to use indigenous materials and opting for non-native construction materials. Accordingly, the main research question was posed as ‘To what extent do the rural households living in the study area adhere to green ethics?’ Methodology: The method used for the study is descriptive-analytical with applied purposes. Data collection was carried out through a combination of field and library studies. The indices and variables of the study were edited with respect to the theoretical foundations, literature reviews, and exploratory studies (interviews with local experts, rural managers and members of Islamic councils). In this research, on the basis of Likert scale., ‘green ethics’ was quantified using 39 indices divided by three dimensions of ‘human-centeredness’ with seven indices, ‘ecosystem-centeredness’ with 12 indices, and ‘God-centeredness’ with 19 indices. Cronbach’s Alpha was also used to confirm the reliability of the study’s numerous questions. Since the obtained coefficients for 38 indices were above 0.81, the reliability of the questionnaire was confirmed. Considering the fact that the data distribution was approved as normal, the one-sample t-test was used in SPSS to compare the mean value of the respondents’ assessment with the average value (Likert scale). In this study, 16 villages with the populations of over 20 households were randomly selected. Then, Cochran’s formula was used to select 235 families as the sample population followed by a random selection of the sample members in each village. Results and Discussion: Given the significance level in the one-sample t-test, the mean value was significantly higher than the theoretical median in the three dimensions of green ethics and the construct (P-value = 0.000). Accordingly, the God-centered, human-centered, and ecosystem-centered aspects obtained the mean values of 4.06, 3.24, and 3.74 respectively, which were assessed to be in the range of medium to high. Taking into account the religious background of the residents in the region, who are mostly Sunni Muslims, and the substantial role of religion there, the God-centered aspect was found to be a higher average value than the other dimensions, with the lowest mean value belonging to the human-centered aspect. Overall, the mean value of the green ethics construct was above average (3.68). Furthermore, a significant positive correlation of average intensity was found between green ethics and its dimensions; improvement of the God-centered, human-centered, and nature-centered dimensions would increase green ethics value by 0.73, 0.65 and 0.75 respectively (P-value = 0/000). Conclusion: Through emphasis on dos and don’ts, green ethics is an expression of how humans behave in the environment. In addition, behavioral theories also emphasize that human behavior is influenced by values, beliefs and insights. In other words, values, ethics and individual beliefs severely affect one’s decisions and actions. Such an approach calls for attention to ethical norms as one of the determinants of human interactions with nature. In this regard, certain recommendations may be made as follows: - Considering how human-centeredness is an effective dimension to explain changes in green ethics and how such an aspect is internalized within the family, the family occupies the first position as the most effective social group in green ethics. Therefore, it deserves special attention from environment conservation programs. - A review of educational methods and systems is essential as well. Governments and policymakers can be the trustees to introduce changes and new methods in development. The compilation of a set of environmental behaviors as a guide for human-nature interactions and instructing it to the public and students is recommended. Meanwhile, the role of media (national TV, publications, etc.) to increase public awareness and sensitivity should not be overlooked. - Considering the necessity of the God-centered dimension in green ethics, religious preachers should enlighten the public on conserving and supporting the environment. Religious teachings can serve to enhance the adherence to ethical principles in this area as a mandatory affair in life.

Background: Dermatophyte is a group of keratinophilic fungi that cause various skin lesions depending on the affected area. Dermatophytosis is usually diagnosed by clinical manifestation and confirmed by direct microscopy or fungal culture. There might be diagnostic difficulty with the presence of atypical dermatophytosis. Atypical dermatophytosis presents with clinical appearances ranging from eczematous, psoriasiform, pustular lesions, and others, that interferes with early diagnosis and disturbs patient’s life quality. Genital dermatophytosis is an uncommon presentation of cutaneous fungal infection; moreover, its manifestation without the involvement of the inguinal area, and simulating wart is a rare sign. In this study, we introduce a rare case of dermatophytosis with a wart-like appearance that was restricted to the skin of the genitalia. Case Presentation: A 24-years-old woman was referred to the academic dermatology clinic of Boo- Ali SINA Hospital in Sari, Iran, in November 2019 with a 9-month complaint of verrucous and pruritic plaque in the genital area that previously misdiagnosed as wart with no response to treatment. The dermatologist requested a review of the previous pathology documents for diagnosing dermatophytosis. The pathologists reexamined the relevant paraffin-embedded skin tissue block of the patient. By Periodic acid-Schiff staining, some fungal elements had been found in the horny layers of the epidermis, so dermatophytosis was confirmed. Based on this diagnosis, terbinafine was prescribed and the patient responded well to this treatment after four weeks. Conclusion: Although the occurrence of genital dermatophytosis with the verrucous appearance and without involvement of groin is a rare finding, it should be considered in the differential diagnosis. In each case suspected of genital dermatophytosis, direct examination or fungal culture for definite diagnosis and prevention of delay in the appropriate treatment is required.

Abstract Mucormycosis is a rare, invasive, quickly progressing fungal infection that generally affects patients who are immunocompromised. If left untreated, the disease is characterized by progressive necrosis and is often fatal. We present two cases of post‐COVID‐19 mucormycosis with a history of several years of uncontrolled diabetic mellitus.

Background: Intravenous (IV) recombinant tissue Plasminogen Activator (rtPA) (IV-rtPA) is the only FDA-approved pharmacological therapy for treatment in acute ischemic stroke and the administration of IV-rtPA is crucially time-dependent. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate symptom-to-needle time and factors associated with the prehospital delay in patients with acute ischemic stroke referred to Poursina Hospital, a referral hospital in the north of Iran. Materials & Methods: In this cross-sectional study, all patients with acute stroke referred to Poursina Hospital from June to December 2016 were evaluated. The study data were extracted from the patients’ records. SPSS v. 21 was used to analyze the obtained data. The independent samples t-test and the Chi-square test were used to explore the appropriate relation of variables. Results: A total of 322 patients were included. Their mean age was 74.4 years and 55.6% were male. According to findings, only 74 patients (22.98%) were transferred to the hospital via Emergency Medical Service (EMS), most of them (64.86%) arrived at the right time. There is a significant relationship between EMS transfer use and arriving at the hospital at the right time. Overall, 13.9% of patients received IV rtPA, and 75.5% of the patients received rtPA in less than 60 minutes. Among the patients arrived in the golden time, the average times to treatment were as follows: onset-to-door (OTD), 105 min; door-to-admission, 3 min; admission-to-doctor, 7 min; doctor-to-Computed Tomography (CT), 15 min; CT-to-treatment, 26 min; symptom to needle time, 152 min; and door-to-needle time (DNT), 49 min. Conclusion: According to this study, although the two-third of eligible patients were transferred to the hospital at the right time, the rate of using EMS for patient transportation is low.

Background and Objective: Laboratory-based education is one of the basic pillars of change in the management of teaching and learning of students of basic medical sciences. In this study, we designed a workshop with a new approach to teach Real time –PCR technique to postgraduate students of basic medical sciences and to evaluate the practical skills learned in the workshop, we used the standard OSPE assessment. Methods: In this study, 18 graduate students of Babol university of medical sciences were included and they were divided into two groups of intervention and control. Pre-test was performed in both groups. The intervention group was provided with an electronic content (including theoretical and practical outlines of the workshop) before participating in the workshop. At the end of the workshop and before the OSPE assessment, a post-test was taken from all participants. On the third day of the workshop, the performance of students in practical and laboratory skills of Real time-PCR technique was evaluated using OSPE examination. Findings: Pre-test and post-test scores of the intervention group in both cognitive and skill domains were higher than the control group. High satisfaction of students in each of OSPE stations in both groups indicates their acceptance of this approach. Conclusion: Using the OSPE examination in practical and laboratory courses is a good way to both assess and learn skills.

Agriculture is recognized as a key economic sector for almost all developing nations including Iran. Nowadays, world economy has been highly integrated as economic performance of a given country is more susceptible to policies taken by other countries than four decades ago. So, investigating the possible impacts of this new worldwide phenomenon (globalization) would be a vital issue. This paper is an empirical examination of the association between globalization and energy productivity in the Iran's agriculture context by using time series econometrics techniques including causality and cointegration tests for the period 1967-2018. Main results confirm existence of a unidirectional causality from globalization to agricultural energy productivity. Other findings revealed that every one percent increase in globalization index is expected to lead in 0.75 percent rise in agricultural energy productivity in the long-run. The error correction coefficient is estimated at -0.25 implying that the effect of every shock imposed on the long-run equation would be vanished in just four years.

Problem definition: Raqqa pottery is a group of pottery belonging to the Ayyubid period in northern Syria. The examination of pottery discovered from this region indicates the creation of a mixed style in the adornments that is generally influenced by the local pottery called “ancient local pottery”. The bird motif, as one of the main ones in the Islamic art, accounts for a considerable part of the painted pottery of Raqqa in the 12th century during the reign of Ayyubids, which conform to the ideas of the Syrian artist more than other available motifs. This pattern is observed in three general forms, including a black shade on a turquoise background in combination with stylized plant motifs, volumetric and decorated on the gold-plated and enamel pottery, and individually with a basic and simple design type in the lakabi technique. Choosing the bird and human-bird motifs, the present article attempts to study the characteristics of these motifs in Raqqa glazed wares as a manifestation of the culture and art of the Ayyubid period. Objective: The present study aims to know and recognize the culture and art of the Ayyubid period, as part of the Islamic culture Research method: This research has been conducted on a descriptive-analytical basis. The data were analyzed on a case-by-case basis and the information were collected through the library and the Internet. Results: Pottery artists have used three types of special looks in displaying the bird motif which include paying attention to the nature and its representation, symbolic look and combination of elements and beings with each other along with special presentation techniques, all of which have given a special meaning to Raqqa wares.

Introduction: Fazio-Londe disease is a genetic rare disorder manifesting by acute respiratory distress. This article is a case report of Fazio-Londe syndrome, its comparison with other case reports in the literature, and its patient-centered nursing care. Case presentation: In this study, we reported a case with Fazio-Londe syndrome with respiratory distress, bulbar palsy, muscle weakness, and other symptoms. Management and outcome: The patient was treated with oral riboflavin (100 mg/day), ribavirin (200 mg/day), and intramuscular Vit-B12 (1000 mg/day). She was managed using a patient-centered nursing care model. Discussion: Health care providers should be aware of the new and constant symptoms of this rare disease. A patient-centered nursing care model is suggested to manage the disease.

Most theorists of architecture believe that culture is one of the factors influencing home design. The spatial configuration of a house in an area can support or disrupt the culture of the inhabitants. Hence, the shape of the house in indigenous architecture is an expression of understanding the content of human life. The necessity of this research is explained based on the dimensions of family and social life. The houses of the Zandieh and Qajar dynasties of Shiraz, which are mostly located in the Sang-e Siah neighborhood, form the statistical population of this research which is of a diverse kind. The aim of this study is to read the spatial organization of the native houses of the old texture of Shiraz accomplished by Space Syntax and the graphical analytical analysis (SPSS) software. Based on the logical arguments gained from the little information obtained from the graphs output of the Ucl Depth Map software, the strengths and weaknesses of the native houses were examined. By analyzing the attained information, a suitable model was extracted in terms of socio-cultural concepts involving the ancient elements. According to the results of the research, by combining the model obtained from this research with modern residential replicas, an innovative prototype can be presented for the imminent houses of the historical cities of Iran. Research objectives 1. Investigating the organization of the native houses of the old texture of Shiraz city 2. Explaining a suitable model for contemporary housing based on the ancient analysis of the models of Zandieh and Qajar period houses in Shiraz. Research question 1. How has culture (residential and social) affected the formation of the Space Organization of Shiraz Houses (Zandieh and Qajar)? 2. What is the role of architects and planners in the present age in perpetuating the socio-cultural values of indigenous environments? To what extent are design software involved in this area?

Introduction: The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of pectin supplementation and 14 weeks of endurance training on the serum atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) levels and lipid profile of obese pregnant mice. Methods: This experimental study was conducted on 40 female laboratory mice (mean weight: 30+5 g), which were purchased from Tehran Pasteur Institute, Iran and received a high-fat diet with canola oil. The animals were randomly divided into four groups of 10, including control, pectin intake, endurance training, and pectin intake with endurance training. Training was performed for11 weeks (five sessions per week) with the intensity of 30-65% MEA on the treadmill. After becoming pregnant, the exercise groups were trained on a treadmill for three weeks five days per week with the intensity of 20-60% MEA).In the pectin groups, 400 milligrams of pectin per every kilogram of the body weight was injected gavage during days 2-19 of pregnancy. Data analysis was performed using the Kolmogorov- Smirnov test, analysis of covariance (ANCOVA), and least significant difference (LSD) test. Results: Maternal blood sampling was performed on day 19 of pregnancy to measure serum ANP, total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), LDL/high-density lipoprotein (HDL) ratio, reduced carbohydrate (RC), and HDL levels. The ANP levels decreased in the pectin group, while it increased in the exercise and exercise with pectin groups (P=0.056); however, the difference was not considered significant. Moreover, the serum levels of TC (P=0.012), TG (P=0.029), LDL (P=0.049), LDL/HDL (P=0.011), and RC (P=0.043) Significantly decreased in all the experimental groups (P=0.05), while the HDL levels significantly increased in these groups. Conclusion: According to the results, pectin consumption and exercise could effectively decrease serum TC, TG, LDL, LDL/HDL ratio, and RC and increase HDL.

Inflammatory Myofibroblastic Tumor (IMT) is an uncommon benign neoplasm with unknown etiology that rarely affect parotid gland. Clinical and pathologic diagnosis of this neoplasm is difficult and is occasionally misdiagnosed as malignant. This reports presents the case of a 42 year old woman with IMT in the right parotid gland. Using fine needle aspiration cytology, pleomorphic adenoma and mucoepidermoid carcinoma were suggested as differential diagnosis and right parotidectomy was performed. Histopathologic examination along with immunohistochemical analysis confirmed an IMT. During microscopic examination of parotid mass, especially in presence of myxoid background along with inflammatory cells infiltration, inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor should also be considered.

As entertainment tools, computer games are important phenomena in the world, which are considered as a popular medium, an effective educational solution and a considerable economy resource. In this paper, Multi-Layer perceptron (MLP) neural network was used to detect human behavior pattern in rock, paper, scissors game. The similarity of artificial neural networks (ANNs) to the human brain is the main motivation of this study. MATLAB software was used to implement the network code. These codes consisted of two phases: 1) training the ANN to learn the human behavioral pattern considering forty games. 2) real play against a human by doing ten games. After the implementation of the network, its effectiveness in detecting human behavioral patterns was investigated. The network was tested on 40 people (20 women and 20 men). Each player played with the target network in three stages. The results of this study showed that the win percentage of computers with MLP neural network was 57.5% for men and 60.8% for women. While the percentage of the computer without neural networks and with random selections in 60 games was 52.5% for men and 42.5% for women

Numerous studies have implicated oxidative stress in the development of complications of diabetes. During hyperglycemia, production of oxidant agents such as reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species increases. This process, along with a decrease in the activity of antioxidant enzymes, induces oxidative stress in the body. This redox imbalance causes damage to vital biomolecules such as proteins, lipids and DNA and results in the generation of harmful products for the body. Mechanisms associated with the creation of oxidative stress conditions and subsequently complications of diabetes are explained through several pathways such as flux through the polyol pathway, intracellular production of advanced glycation end products precursors, protein kinase-C activation, and increased activities of the hexosamine pathway. On the other hand, the study of polymorphism in the antioxidant enzymes genes indicates that some of the gene polymorphisms reduce the antioxidant power of the enzymes. This article aims to review various studies to demonstrate the effect of oxidative stress on the pathogenesis of diabetes and the positive role of antioxidants on diabetic complications.

AbstractThe growing population on the one hand, and consequently the increase and change in the pattern of consumption, has caused a double burden on the environment. It seems that a great deal of environmental problems are rooted in human behavior that can be solved by knowing its consumption behavior and correcting it. The present study examines the responsiveness of rural households' behavioral responses to the environment and the individual factors affecting it. The research method is descriptive-analytical and the sample size is 235 households in 16 villages of Khaf frontier city. In this study, the ecological behavior of consumption was divided into three dimensions of environmental knowledge with 14 indicators, environmental value with 15 indicators and environmental perception with 17 indicators by field studies. The results showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between the number of years of studying rural households and adherence to green behavior in the field of consumption with a severity of 0.22. Although there is a positive and significant relationship between green behavior and its dimensions, the relationship between green behavior and environmental knowledge is very strong with intensity of 0.917 (Sig. = 0. 00). Also, "the perceived environmental benefits Consumer "with 3.5, " consumer environmental knowledge "with 3.32 and" consumer environmental value "with 3.22 higher than the theoretical average (Sig. = 0. 00). in total, the adherence of rural households to" Green consumption "with 3.33, although more than average (Sig. = 0. 00), but far to the desired threshold. Obviously, behavioral changes will not be accepted by themselves and require the preconditions that are more important in the context of research findings, the strengthening of "environmental knowledge.

Acoustic droplet vaporization (ADV) is a new approach to generate vapor bubbles that have potentially broad medical applications. ADV-generated bubbles can be used as contrast agents in acoustic imaging, as drug carriers to deliver drugs to particular targets, and also in embolotherapy, thermal therapy, and histotripsy. However, despite much progress, ADV dynamics have still not been well understood and properly modeled. In this paper, we present a theoretical study of ultrasound-induced evaporation of a droplet encapsulated by a shell. The main emphasis of this theoretical study is on a proper description of the supercritical state occurring after bubble collapse. For this purpose, an isentropic equation of state for a van der Waals gas is used to describe the bubble behavior in the supercritical state. Sensitivity of the vaporization process is investigated for different acoustic and geometrical parameters and mechanical properties of the shell. Results show that the value of the minimum pressure required for direct vaporization (without any oscillatory behavior) depends on shell elasticity and initial size of the droplet, especially at high frequencies (greater than 2[MHz]). Moreover, it has been shown that applying an acoustic wave with proper phase such that thermal equilibrium of the bubble temperature with the surrounding liquid is attained, results in direct vaporization at lower acoustic pressure.

Understanding the transmission pathways of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) will aid in developing effective therapies directed at the virus’s life cycle or its side effects. While severe respiratory distress is the most common symptom of a coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) infection, the virus is also known to cause damage to almost every major organ and system in the body. However, it is not obvious whether pathological changes in extra-respiratory organs are caused by direct infection, indirect, or combination of these effects. In this narrative review, we first elaborate on the characteristics of SARS-CoV-2, followed by the mechanisms of this virus on various organs such as brain, eye, and olfactory nerve and different systems such as the endocrine and gastrointestinal systems.

BACKGROUND: Happiness and life satisfaction are positive indicators of mental health that should be considered by higher education and health officials. The aim of this study was to investigate the status of happiness and life satisfaction in students of Mazandaran University of Science and Technology during the outbreak of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). MATERIALS AND METHODS: This research is practical in terms of purpose and descriptive survey in terms of nature. The statistical population of this research was 2500 people. A total of 333 samples were selected by stratified random sampling. Data collection was performed using the standard Oxford Happiness Questionnaire and data analysis was performed by Friedman test, mean, and ranking. RESULTS: All dimensions of happiness of students of Mazandaran University of Science and Technology at the time of the outbreak of COVID-19 were in a relatively favorable situation. The dimensions of happiness were positive mood (3.57), positive energy (3.56), satisfaction (3.02), self-esteem (2.80), and life satisfaction (2.04). There was a significant difference between the dimensions of happiness and the variables of family income status (students with better financial status had a higher average), field of study (civil engineering students had a higher average), and gender (women had a higher average). No significant difference was found among the variables of marriage, educational level, semester, or rank in terms of several family children, with the dimensions of happiness. CONCLUSION: Examining the dimensions of students' happiness during the COVID-19 crisis will help the officials of the higher education system, in addition to planning to maintain the personal health and safety of students and curriculum appropriate to the time of crisis, and implement appropriate programs to maintain and promote the mental health and happiness of students.

Epilepsy is a life-threatening neurological disease that affects approximately 70 million people worldwide. Although the vast majority of patients may be successfully managed with currently used antiseizure medication (ASM), the search for alternative therapies is still necessary due to pharmacoresistance in about 30% of patients with epilepsy. Here, we review the effects of ASMs on stem cell treatment when they could be, as expected, co-administered. Indeed, it has been reported that ASMs produce significant effects on the differentiation and determination of stem cell fate. In addition, we discuss more recent findings on mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in pre-clinical and clinical investigations. In this regard, their ability to differentiate into various cell types, reach damaged tissues and produce and release biologically active molecules with immunomodulatory/anti-inflammatory and regenerative properties make them a high-potential therapeutic tool to address neuroinflammation in different neurological disorders, including epilepsy. Overall, the characteristics of MSCs to be genetically engineered, in order to replace dysfunctional elements with the aim of restoring normal tissue functioning, suggested that these cells could be good candidates for the treatment of epilepsy refractory to ASMs. Further research is required to understand the potential of stem cell treatment in epileptic patients and its interaction with ASMs.