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Biochar, as a carbon-rich substance produced from the thermal decomposition of organic biomass, is promising for sustainable environmental management. The production and consumption of this substance can directly and indirectly lead to the reduction of carbon emissions and, as a result, in neutralizing the effects of global warming and climate change can actively participate. The biochar route can be even more powerful than the bioenergy route in terms of carbon reduction targets. In line with these facts, this review tries to study biochar, its production by slow thermal decomposition biochar, and its diverse applications to reduce climate change and ecosystem stability. Also, the applications of biochar such as carbon sequestration, soil strengthening, and reducing pollutants are technically and environmentally discussed. Biochar's adaptability is consistent with sustainable development goals, making it a valuable tool for tackling global challenges such as climate change, soil degradation, and pollution control. Through the process of pyrolyzing residues and producing biochar, it is possible to avoid cumulative emissions of 66–130 billion metric tons of CO2 equivalent over a century. Approximately 50 % of these avoided emissions result from the long-term carbon sequestration capabilities of biochar. Additionally, 30 % of the reductions come from substituting fossil fuels with pyrolysis-derived energy, while the remaining 20 % arise from the prevention of methane and nitrous oxide emissions. Reflecting its growing significance, the biochar industry, valued at approximately USD 541.8 million in 2023, is poised for remarkable growth. Projected to expand at an impressive annual rate of 13.9 % from 2024 to 2030.

The central issue of this paper is to explain the place of pleasure and happiness and their relationship in the thought of Ibn Sina and Epicurus, and to conduct a comparative study of these concepts. For this purpose, using a descriptive-analytical method and library sources, we will examine the Epicurean approach to pleasure and happiness, with a focus on superior pleasure, the four-part cure, and the various dimensions of their hedonism and sensualism. In fact, Epicureans consider the primary goals of moral theory to be describing the nature of happiness and outlining the methods to achieve it. In the case of Ibn Sina, we will explore superior pleasure and types of happiness in his philosophy, drawing on his teleology and focusing on the concept of perception. Ibn Sina connects happiness to specific types of pleasure. Finally, since Epicurus and Ibn Sina present unique concepts of pleasure and happiness based on different worldviews, we will conduct a comparative analysis focusing on virtue-oriented approaches and perception, because both philosophers emphasize the central role of ethics and virtue in the pursuit of happiness. Based on the aforementioned points, this paper compares the views of Epicureans and Ibn Sina on pleasure and happiness.

The present study aimed to assess the adsorption of Lomustin on the single-walled Boron Nitride nanotube which has been examined using Density Functional Theory (DFT), agent in a solvent phase (water) at the B3LYP/6-31G (d) theoretical level. Initially, the structures of Lomustin, Boron Nitride nanotube, and Lomustin complexes with Boron Nitride nanotubes were designed in Gauss View in three different conformers and were optimized geometrically, on which IR and frontier molecular orbital computations were carried out. Adsorption energy values, Gibbs free energy changes (ΔGad), adsorption enthalpy changes (ΔHad), and equilibrium thermodynamic constants were estimated. The results showed that adsorption process was spontaneous, exothermic and non-equilibrium. The values of specific heat capacity and adsorption enthalpy indicate that this nanostructure can be used to build new thermal sensors to measure Lomustin. The results of molecule orbitals estimations showed that energy gap, after drug absorption on the nanotube surface, decreased significantly and the values of chemical hardness and dipole moment were studied after the interaction of drug with adsorbent and the results showed that drug solubility and reactivity, after adsorption on Boron Nitride nanotubes, increased significantly. According to the obtained results for adsorption of Lomustin, this nanostructure can be used as a sensing material in building new electrochemical sensors to measure this drug.

The objective of our study is to assess change in QTc interval with Regadenoson administration during myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI). We conducted a retrospective, observational analysis of 1497 consecutive patients who underwent pharmacological radionuclide MPI. On multivariate logistic regression analyses, there was no statistical significance of QTc prolongation when adjusted for ischemia/fixed perfusion defect on MPI and QT prolonging medications being taken prior to stress testing. However, a positive stress ECG after Regadenoson injection had a statistical significance (p value 0.0004). Regadenoson is a safe drug for use in MPI with little, if any, side effects of major clinical significance.

A study was carried out to evaluate the effect of dietary xylanase supplementation and feed form on the bone mineralisation and tibia breaking strength, serum enzyme activities, plasma minerals concentration, and heat stress biomarkers of broilers fed wheat-based diet under high ambient temperature (33 °C for 10 h, from 07.00 to 17.00 h, and 22 °C from 17.00 to 07.00 h). Two hundred and forty 1-d-old Ross 308 male broilers were allocated in six experimental treatments, each of which was replicated five times with eight broilers per replicate. A 2 × 3 factorial design was used in the study, and the main factors were composed of xylanase (with or without 300 mg/kg) and feed form (mash, crumbles, and pellets). Broilers fed crumbles or pellets had higher tibia breaking strength, plasma P concentration, and serum ALP activity than broilers fed mash. The tibia ash, Ca, and P contents in ash were greater (p

Shielding radiation from both x-rays and gamma-rays is important for personnel in medical fields e.g. interventional radiology, nuclear power stations, and other inspection facilities where radiation is involved. Lead is known for its effective shielding property against these high energy radiations, however heaviness and toxicity are its main drawback. In this study effectiveness of non-lead polymeric composite materials, which include high-atomic-number / or known barrier elements to absorb photons from the radiations was evaluated. High density polyethylene as matrix and powders of spherical W and lamellar MoS2 and B4C as particulate fillers with different loadings were melt mixed in an internal mixer, followed by compression molding in to sheet form. The goodness of dispersion was manifested via SEM and EDX images. Radiation attenuation capability of these compounds was examined with direct diagnostic x-ray exposure and compared with that of Pb. Dynamic rheology measurements were carried out to evaluate viscoelastic properties of the molten composite materials, necessary in shaping process operations. The mechanical and thermal properties were further investigated from the product performance point of view. Results demonstrated that the flexible composite sheet made with 45% (wt) tungsten provided comparable x-ray absorption to non-flexible lead sheet but much lighter in weight. Significant difference was observed between flow characteristics and yield strength of composite materials of highly loaded spherical metallic particles and lamellar particles of metallic compounds. The melt viscoelastic behavior of former was similar to that of neat matrix melt.

In the 1- (4-fluorophenyl) -2,3-dihydro-1 H-naphto- [1 and 2-e] [1 and 3] oxazine-3-n, there are 4 rings, respectively, rings from the side attached to the halogen They are named C, B, A, and D. Calculations and studies show that the amount of aromatics in the halogen-ring A in all cases has the highest number. In the B loop, the predicted aromatism level is zero, and in the ring C and D, relative to the A loop, the aromaticity increase is as follows: A > D> C In the next stage of the study, with the replacement of the halogen ring A from F to I, the following process was observed.In ring A, when halogens were changed, the increase in aromaticity in halogenated compounds was as follows: F> Cl> Br> I

Background People living with HIV (PHIV) are at an increased risk for sudden cardiac death, and implantable cardioverter‐defibrillators (ICDs) prevent SCD. There are no data on the incidence, predictors, and effects of ICD therapies among PHIV. Methods and Results We compared ICD discharge rates between 59 PHIV and 267 uninfected controls. For PHIV, we tested the association of traditional cardiovascular risk factors and HIV‐specific parameters with an ICD discharge and then tested whether an ICD discharge among PHIV was associated with cardiovascular mortality or an admission for heart failure. The indication for ICD insertion was similar among groups. Compared with controls, PHIV with an ICD were more likely to have coronary artery disease and to use cocaine. In follow‐up, PHIV had a higher ICD discharge rate (39% versus 20%; P=0.001; median follow‐up period, 19 months). Among PHIV, cocaine use, coronary artery disease, QRS duration, and higher New York Heart Association class were associated with an ICD discharge. An ICD discharge had a prognostic effect, with a subsequent 1.7‐fold increase in heart failure admission and a 2‐fold increase in cardiovascular mortality, an effect consistent across racial/ethnic and sex categories. Conclusions ICD discharge rates are higher among PHIV compared with uninfected controls. Among PHIV, cocaine use and New York Heart Association class are associated with increased ICD discharge, and an ICD discharge is associated with a subsequent increase in admission for heart failure and cardiovascular mortality.

BackgroundThe diagnostic value of the Athens QRS score to detect obstructive coronary artery disease CAD in patients with otherwise normal exercise stress test remains unclear. Methods and ResultsWe analyzed 458 patients who underwent exercise stress test with or without myocardial perfusion imaging within 2 months of coronary angiography from 2008 to 2011. Patients (n=173) with abnormal stress test based on ST segment criteria were excluded. The Athens QRS score ≤5 was defined as abnormal. In our study cohort, 285 patients met the inclusion criteria and were divided into 2 groups: low Athens QRS score (LQRS, n=56), with QRS score ≤5 and normal Athens QRS score normal Athens QRS score, n=229), with QRS score >5. The presence of single‐vessel and multivessel obstructive CAD was higher in LQRS than in normal Athens QRS score patients (47% versus 7.5% and 30% versus 3.8%, respectively, all P

Due to the importance of the principle of oversight in the context of public law, the protection of collective trust in representatives, and the principle of equality of all citizens before the law, it can be stated that oversight of the behavior of members of parliament is a given necessity. Just as oversight of the behavior of other officials in the system is important, the methods of monitoring the conduct of representatives are crucial and play a key role in the effectiveness of the oversight institution. Therefore, lawmakers should pay special attention to this and fulfill this important responsibility by analyzing and introducing these methods. The paper presented here aims to answer the question of what the methods of oversight over the behavior of members of parliament are in the United States, the United Kingdom, France, and Iran. In this context, these countries employ techniques such as regular and random declarations of interests, restrictions on representatives regarding receiving benefits outside of parliament, and non-financial oversight methods, such as public complaints about violations of rules related to representatives' conduct and managing representatives' interactions with lobbyists, while also considering the dignity and status of the representatives. In our country, legislative bodies should utilize these methods, taking into account the available legal culture, and ultimately be able to present an appropriate model of oversight.

Abstract Spraying Bentonite NanoClay as an innovative idea satisfied an urgent need for conservation of historical brick constructions. This research explores the application of Nanotechnology as a Nano-Geotechnics (NaG) and Nano Ground Improvement (NGI) techniques for fortifying the mortar between bricks in historical buildings against some environmental erosive factors. Bentonite Nanoparticles were selected because of their compatibility with mortar. They were applied via Nano Spray to mitigate holes and cracks caused by erosion. Various percentages of bentonite NanoClay (2–10%) Spray and the number of times to spray on the mortar were evaluated. Validation through field emission scanning electron microscopy imaging (FESEM/SEM), X-Ray differaction and Fluorescence analyses (XRD/XRF), Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET), porosity tests, water absorption time measurement, and weathering tests confirmed the efficacy and long-term stability of this method. The result indicated that double spraying of a 2% NanoClay solution proved most effective in reducing porosity, declining water absorption, and enhancing resistance to freezing and rain.

Introduction: Considering the importance of the quality of education in universities on the growth and development programs of the country, this study aimed to explain the opinions of students, professors, and educational managers regarding the factors affecting improving education quality at Hamadan University of Medical Sciences. Method: This qualitative study used conventional content analysis to understand the experiences of students, professors, and managers at Hamadan University of Medical Sciences. Participants were selected through purposeful sampling with diversity in considering faculty, educational group, level, age, and gender. The interviews in person included in-depth interviews with 20 students, 8 professors, and 3 educational managers. The responses were analyzed using the Graneheim and Lundman model. Results: The factors affecting the improvement of education quality from the students’ perspective were determined in four main contexts: the professor’s teaching method in class, modern teaching techniques, appropriate interactions between professor and student, and the availability of educational infrastructures. The effective factors from the educational managers’ perspective were identified in two prominent contexts: the professor’s teaching in class and appropriate interactions between professor and student. The effective factors from the professors’ perspective were identified in four main contexts: professors’ motivation, empowering professors, professors’ and students’ characteristics. Conclusion: Improving the quality of education depends on appropriate interactions between professors and students, professors’ teaching methods, modern teaching techniques, and educational infrastructures. Also, the motivation and empowerment of professors and the characteristics of professors and students play a significant role in this field. Therefore, to improve the quality of education, educational managers must pay attention to these factors.

Abstract Aims Heart failure (HF) is a major public health challenge. Malnutrition has a significant effect on HF prognosis. Understanding the impact of social and clinical factors on the risk of malnutrition is necessary because it may aid in improving the health status of HF patients. Methods and results Three hundred twenty patients with HF who were hospitalized in a heart centre in Shiraz, Iran, from March to November 2022 were studied. Two validated questionnaires were used to evaluate malnutrition and social support: (1) Mini‐Nutritional Assessment Short Form and (2) Medical Outcomes Study Social Support Survey. The participants were then divided into three groups: those with normal nutritional status (scores 12–14), those at risk of malnutrition (scores 7–11), and those who were malnourished (scores 0–6). The potential correlates of malnutrition (including socio‐demographic, clinical, comorbidities, and laboratory factors) were included in the study. Then, ordinal logistic regression was used to investigate the correlates of malnutrition. The mean age of the participants was 64.2 ± 11.2 years, and more than half were male and married. Normal nutritional status was seen in 110 (34.4%) participants, 151 (47.2%) were at risk of malnutrition, and 58 (18.1%) were malnourished. The mean social support score of the participants was 61.65 ± 12.91. According to the adjusted odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) obtained from multivariate analysis, increased risk of malnutrition was associated with having a lower social support score [0.95 (0.93–0.97), P‐value ≤ 0.001], lower body mass index [0.91 (0.86–0.97), P‐value = 0.004], higher New York Heart Association classification [1.26 (1.02–1.56), P‐value = 0.03], longer duration of disease [1.006 (1.001–1.01), P‐value = 0.006], and lower serum albumin level [0.25 (0.08–0.75), P‐value = 0.01]. Conclusions Besides the clinical conditions affecting the risk of malnutrition in patients with HF, social support may play an important role. Including this factor in HF guidelines and developing educational programmes may help improve HF patients' health.

Introduction: Artificial intelligence (AI), particularly ChatGPT developed by OpenAI, has shown the potential to improve diagnostic accuracy and efficiency in emergency department (ED) triage. This study aims to evaluate the diagnostic performance and safety of ChatGPT in prioritizing patients based on urgency in ED settings. Methods: A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted following PRISMA guidelines. Comprehensive literature searches were performed in Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, and Embase. Studies evaluating ChatGPT's diagnostic performance in ED triage were included. Quality assessment was conducted using the QUADAS-2 tool. Pooled accuracy estimates were calculated using a random-effects model, and heterogeneity was assessed with the I² statistic. Results: Fourteen studies with a total of 1,412 patients or scenarios were included. ChatGPT 4.0 demonstrated a pooled accuracy of 0.86 (95% CI: 0.64-0.98) with substantial heterogeneity (I² = 93%). ChatGPT 3.5 showed a pooled accuracy of 0.63 (95% CI: 0.43-0.81) with significant heterogeneity (I² = 84%). Funnel plots indicated potential publication bias, particularly for ChatGPT 3.5. Quality assessments revealed varying levels of risk of bias and applicability concerns. Conclusion: ChatGPT, especially version 4.0, shows promise in improving ED triage accuracy. However, significant variability and potential biases highlight the need for further evaluation and enhancement.

Introduction: Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) are one of the main occupational health problems worldwide. Among different careers, the farming profession is highly prone to MSDs. A variety of factors to prevent MSDs can be named such as preventive behaviors. To determine the factors in health-related behaviors, protection motivation theory (PMT) is widely accepted as a framework. Therefore, the present study is an attempt to determine the MSD preventive factors using PMT in farmers in rural areas of Tuyserkan County. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study among 285 farmers living in Tuyserkan County in 2021. The farmers were selected through cluster random sampling from 54 health houses affiliated with the health center of the county. In the next stage, the participants were selected through simple random sampling. Data gathering was done online using a questionnaire of the constructs of PMT and a Nordic questionnaire. The collected data were analyzed in SPSS 24 using linear and binary regression tests. Results: The mean work experience of the farmers was 22.11 years, and the activity in 81.8% of the participants was in standing and sitting positions. In addition, 55.4% of the participants had at least one of the MSD symptoms and the most common symptoms were back pain (67%) and pain in the knee area (35.5%). The majority of farmers did not observe MSD alleviation behaviors. The variables perceived susceptibility, fear, self-efficacy, and behavior had protective effects against MSDs in the farmers; while, monthly income, age, work hours per day, and type of activity had intensifying effects on MSDs. Conclusions: Farming is recognized as a risky job for health and several evidences show a relationship between failure to perform preventive behaviors and the prevalence of MSDs. Given the paucity of studies using health education theories and models to examine the factors in MSDs, the present study employed the PMT framework to examine MSD factors in farmers.

Abstract Background Vaccination is a primary prevention approach to preventing disease by disconnecting the transmission chain. The current study utilized a BASNEF model framework to identify factors influencing subsequent doses of COVID-19 vaccination among older adults. Methods This cross-sectional study was performed in the west of Iran in May 2022. The participants were selected via multi-stage sampling. Finally, 1120 participants contributed to the present study. The questionnaire consisted of three sections: a) Socio-demographic characteristics, b) cognitive impairments tests, and c) Questionnaire about the subsequent dose of COVID-19 vaccine uptake based on the BASNEF model. Data were analyzed using the software IBM AMOS-20 and SPSS-23 via one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and independent sample T-tests were used, too. The significance level of statistical tests was regarded as less than 0.05. Results The presented results of analyzing 50% of the variance of vaccination intention as the dependent variable (R square = 0.497) and 10% of the behavior variance as the dependent variable (R square = 0.104) can be explained based on the BASNEF model. The enabling factors (β = 0.636, p

Background: Falling is a significant cause of occupational injuries and fatalities among farmers, and falling from trees is one of the most common causes of injury resulting in a high number of visits to health centers. Despite this, there is limited evidence on the factors associated with falling from walnut trees. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the factors that contribute to falling from walnut trees from the perspective of farmers and farmworkers.Methods: This qualitative study was conducted using conventional content analysis. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with 20 farmers and farmworkers who had experienced falling from walnut trees as recorded in the National Accidents Record Program from September to October 2017 in Tuyserkan county, Iran. Participants were selected through purposive sampling. Moreover, data rigor was ensured through participant and external checks. All interviews were recorded and analyzed using content analysis methods.Results: Data analysis led to the extraction of six themes, including psychological factors, physical factors, behavioral and habitual factors, economic factors, factors related to walnut trees, and atmospheric agents, along with 18 subthemes for behavioral, human, and environmental factors.Conclusion: The findings of this study suggest that with appropriate interventions and training, farmers and farmworkers can be guided and assisted so as to prevent the occurrence of falling from walnut trees. In addition to educational interventions, health promotion measures such as providing safety equipment and insurance coverage can be essential in reducing injuries.

Abstract We developed here the efficient photocatalysts for the removal of high concentrations of tetracycline under visible light by immobilizing the AWO (A = Ag, Bi, Na) nanocrystals on the surface of siligraphene (g-SiC) nanosheets. The g-SiC/AWO composites was synthesized by magnesiothermic synthesis of g-SiC and sonochemical immobilization of tungstates. These new heterojunctions of g-SiC/tungstates show superior photocatalytic activities in the degradation of high concentrations of tetracycline and 97, 98, and 94% of tetracycline were removed by using low amounts of g-SiC/Ag2WO4, g-SiC/Bi2WO6, and g-SiC/Na2WO4 catalysts, respectively. Based on band structures, the band gaps reduce and the photocatalytic activities were extremely enhanced due to the shortening of electron transfer distance through the Z-scheme mechanism. Also, the graphenic structure of g-SiC is another parameter that was effective in improving photocatalytic performance by increasing the electron transfer and decreasing the rate of electron–hole recombination. Furthermore, the π back-bonding of g-SiC with metal atoms increases the electron–hole separation to enhance the photocatalytic activity. Interestingly, g-SiC composites (g-SiC/AWO) showed much higher photocatalytic properties compared to graphene composites (gr/AWO) and can remove the tetracycline even at dark by producing the oxygenated radicals via adsorption of oxygen on the positive charge of Si atoms in siligraphene structure.

ObjectivePesticide poisoning is the main cause of adverse effects and mortality worldwide. Protective measures can reduce the intensity of the effects of pesticides on the health of farmers. Numerous cross-sectional studies have been conducted on the determinants of performing protective measures to reduce exposure to pesticides, but there is no systematic study that comprehensively examines the impact of these factors. Therefore, the aim of this study is to identify existing studies on the determinants of effective protective measures to reduce exposure to pesticides among farmers.MethodsIn this systematic review, studies were obtained from PubMed, Web of Science and Scopus databases using a search strategy that covered articles from the first years of database design to April 20, 2023. The inclusion and exclusion criteria were based on the PICOs criteria. The study included cross-sectional studies that measured the implementation of protective measures using objective or valid subjective tools. The data were extracted and analyzed based on several criteria and ecological levels. The Ecological Model of Health Behavior was used to classify the determinants that affect the performance of protective behaviors. The National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (NHLBI) has developed a quality assessment tool for studies.ResultsA total of 39 studies were ultimately selected for inclusion in this analysis. Many of these studies were conducted in developing countries. The most important factors that have an impact on protective measures include a variety of socio-demographic characteristics (age, gender, level of education, income, farming experience, experience of using pesticides), individual level (knowledge, attitude, risk perception, intention), interpersonal level (subjective norms), organizational level (education), and public policy level (government attention, health costs, governmental extension services). The quality of most studies was fair.ConclusionsResearch indicates that several factors influence the use of personal protective equipment and safe behaviors when handling pesticides. These include farmers' education level, knowledge, and attitudes towards safety measures. Environmental factors such as access to information, extension services, training programs, and media coverage can also help minimize exposure to pesticides.

Introduction: Due to the lack of information about the causes of academic failure of university students, as well as the lack of knowledge of effective interventions to prevent and reduce this problem, this qualitative study aims to explain the causes and effective interventions in academic failure from the perspective of conditional students at Hamadan University of Medical Sciences. Methods: This research was a qualitative study using descriptive phenomenology approach. The study population was conditional students who were selected through purposive sampling. Interviews with people were conducted in-person and in-depth according to their wishes. The time of each interview was 45 to 60 minutes. The information obtained from the interview was analyzed using the 7-step method of Kleiser. To increase the trust and scientific credibility of the results, Lincoln and Goba methods were used. Results: Data analysis led to the extraction of 6 classes as effective causes of academic failure, which included academic problems, physical and mental problems, looking to the future, financial problems, us ing technology, and family and social problems. Data analysis led to 4-story extraction as an effective intervention on academic failure, including academic intervention, reduction of physical and mental problems, family and social problems, and other interventions. Conclusion: It is useful to use interventions in the process of reducing academic dropout in students. Interventions such as proper nutrition, reducing the use of virtual space, the presence of a consultant and helping students in time management and planning, multi-stage evaluation according to the courses can be effective.

This study evaluated the performance of TiO2–ZnO/biochar as activator of persulfate (PS) for degradation of furfural. After the successful synthesis of the catalyst, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) methods were used to investigate the properties of TiO2–ZnO/biochar. The findings of this research suggests that under optimal conditions (pH = 3, catalyst dosage = 1 g/L, persulfate concentration = 1.2 mM, and furfural concentration = 10 mg/L), the PS/Catalysts/UV system can remove 96 % of furfural within 15 min. Under ideal conditions, the experimental results fit well with the first-order kinetic model (R2 > 0.95), and the rate constant (Kobs) was derived as 0.195 min−1. The quenching experiments provided further insights that confirmed the participation of SO4°− and OH° radicals in the degradation process. Nevertheless, the evidence strongly supports the idea that SO4°− plays a more prominent and dominant role as the primary radical species responsible for furfural degradation. Based on the obtained results, it can be concluded that the PS/Catalysts/UV system has an appropriate ability to remove furfural from aqueous solutions, which suggests promising perspectives for its practical application in pollutant treatment scenarios.

Numerous observational studies have described that placenta previa can increase the risk of breech presentation. To date, no meta-analysis has been conducted to determine the association between placenta previa and increased risk of breech presentation. Therefore, we have done a meta-analysis based on epidemiologic evidence of the association between placenta previa and the risk of breech presentation. A literature search was done in key databases PubMed, Web of Science, Science Direct and Scopus to April 2020. The heterogeneity was evaluated by Q-test and I2 statistic. The publication bias was measured using the Begg's and Egger's tests. The results were presented by odds ratio (OR) estimate with its 95% confidence intervals (CI) using a random-effects model. The literature review involved 466 articles until April 2020 with 1,972,511 participants. There was a significant relation between placenta previa and the risk of breech presentation based on adjusted studies (OR = 1.93; 95% CI: 1.09, 2.76). To our knowledge, this was the first study that indicated placenta previa is a risk factor for breech presentation. Other studies are needed to identify which mothers with a history of placenta previa are at increased risk of breech presentation.

Psychiatric adverse effects of cannabis are mainly due to psychotic symptoms. In addition, it's one of the most used drugs by patients with severe mental disorders. Cannabis dependence must therefore be treated concurrently with the mental disorder it often coexists with. Cannabis dependence is treated with motivational strategies and cognitive-behavioral techniques. These techniques have proven superior to the techniques used in control groups, despite low adherence to treatment and frequent relapses. Data from clinical trials are scarce for pharmacological interventions. Other useful drugs have been investigated for mental and addictive disorders, often with negative results; on the other hand, there are drugs that specifically act on cannabinoids. The most successful trials have been conducted with cannabinoid antagonists, phytocannabinoid extracts, nabilone and, mainly, dronabinol. Few clinical trials exist regarding the treatment of comorbid mental disorders. A typical antipsychotics for mania, and anticonvulsants for maintenance treatment of bipolar disorder are recommended by observational studies and published case reports in these patients. In animal experiments, the cannabinoid system is suggested as a possible therapeutic target for treating depression and anxiety symptoms in patients with this dual condition. To treat psychosis and dependence, both approaches must be employed. In this population, cognitive-behavioral therapy and motivational strategies have proved effective. Despite little research on cannabis consumption, clinical cases indicate that cannabis abstinence is an important factor in the progression of psychosis and that most clinicians choose atypical antipsychotics for the management of these conditions.