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Objective: To examine retention and compliance to a novel physical therapy (PT) treatment among Veterans with and without executive function deficits (EFD+/EFD−). Design: This study was a preplanned secondary analysis of an ongoing randomized controlled trial. Setting: Outpatient PT at VA Boston Healthcare System. Participants: Seventy-two community-dwelling middle-aged and older Veterans (mean age, 72 years [range 51-91]; 87% male) with gait speed between 0.5 and 1.0 m/second were recruited from primary care practices. Interventions: Eight-week moderate-to-vigorous intensity PT program. Main outcome measure: Veterans’ baseline mobility, retention (dropouts), and treatment compliance and posttreatment exercise compliance to 8-week PT treatment were evaluated based on their baseline EFD status. Results: Of the 72 participants, 22% (n=16) were EFD+. Veterans with EFD+ at baseline had worse mobility performance (Short Physical Performance Battery [SPPB], 7.7 vs 9.5, P.05). In multivariable logistic regression modeling, pain interference, depressive symptoms, mobility, and living alone but not EFD status were associated with dropping out. Among study completers, there was no evidence of significant differences in treatment compliance or posttreatment exercise compliance, measured by the number of attended sessions and the number of posttreatment exercise days by EFD status. Conclusion: EFD+ was associated with poor baseline mobility. Although the dropout rate was higher among Veterans with EFD+, we were unable to conclude whether EFD status impacts retention or compliance due to the small sample size. Further investigation is needed to determine whether EFD status may identify individuals who need additional support during and/or after rehabilitation treatment.