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Multi-function monolithic microwave integrated circuits (MMIC) such as those used in phased array radar systems are typically implemented using processes that incorporate both enhancement and depletion-mode FETs. Although the combination of the two FET types is ideal for integrating digital content on MMICs, these processes have frequency and power density limitation. If an integrated solution could be achieved for depletion-mode only processes, circuits could be realized in the higher frequency bands. In this paper, we present a 12-Bit Serial-to-Parallel Converter using Depletion-Mode only Devices in a 0.5μm pHEMT Technology. Power saving techniques such as such voltage level shifting, power down circuitry, and the use of high value resistors are implemented to reduce power consumption.

This is the second article reporting the results of an experiment designed to assess the consequences of overriding the Brazilian emic color-race classification system in studies of color-race relations. We have already demonstrated that use of the nonsalient term parda, rather than the salient term morena, to denote "mixed" color-race status causes the overnumeration of brancas (whites) and pretas (blacks). Some Brazilianists remain confident that the classification errors do not affect their statistical analyses of social well-being as long as the categories are dichotomized or trichotomized. Therefore, in this article we demonstrate that these nonsalient color-race terms and aggregate categories also cause erroneous observations about socioeconomic status. Brazilianists should reconsider the results of their previous work and concentrate their efforts on the search for a valid and reliable set of color-race categories.

Les donnees de l'histoire de la fertilite des Havasupai (Arizona du Nord-Ouest) montrent que les variables autres que le flux stochastique et la mortalite differentielle affectent le sex ratio. Le sex ratio a la naissance varie avec l'ordre de naissance, avec l'âge maternel, avec la forme de mariage et les relations politiques entre sexes. La variable du comportement qui lie ces facteurs au sex ratio est la frequence coitale. Quand le sex ratio a la naissance est lie a l'ordre de la naissance et a l'âge maternel, le sex ratio de la population refletera ses taux de fertilite et de mortalite en fonction de l'âge et du sexe. Ce processus etant recursif, il generera des oscillations historiques systemiques dans la structure âge/sexe de la population meme quand les taux vitaux seront stables. Huit commentaires et une reponse de l'A. aux critiques emises suivent cette analyse

This essay was delivered as the Distinguished Lecture at the 90th annual meeting of the American Anthropological Association, November 23,1991, in Chicago, Illinois.

The relationship between human and bovine population in India has hitherto been widely regarded as an important example of resource mismanagement under the influence of religious doctrine. It is suggested that insufficient attention has been paid to such positive functioned features of the Hindu cattle complex as traction power and milk, dung, beef and hide production in relationship to the costs of ecologically viable alternatives. In general, the exploitation of cattle resources proceeds in such a way as not to impair the survival and economic well-being of the human population. The relationship between the human and bovine population is symbiotic rather than competitive; more traction animals than are presently available are needed for carrying out essential agricultural tasks. Under existing techno-environmental conditions, a relatively high ratio of cattle to humans is ecologically unavoidable. This does not mean, that with altered techno-environmental conditions, new and more efficient food energy s...

A newly developed method for passively trapping adult Pseudacteon phorid flies, which parasitize workers of Solenopsis saevissima complex fire ants, is described. Adult flies responding to deployed Solenopsis invicta midden were captured when they landed on a Tanglefoot-coated perch, which is part of the trap. This sampling method provided a uniform, repeatable, and verifiable sample that allowed continuous and simultaneous sampling among locations, which can only be accomplished with other techniques by substantially increasing the number of observers. A field test showed the superior operational efficiency and effectiveness of this method relative to other techniques. These traps have been shown effective in various phorid habitats in Texas and Florida. We expect this trap to also be effective in detecting/monitoring phorid flies in other locations.

Brian D Kangas The year 2007 marks the 80th anniversary of the birth of Marvin Harris (1927–2001). Although relations between Harris' cultural materialism and Skinner's radical behaviorism have been promulgated by several in the behavior-analytic community (e.g., Glenn, 1988; Malagodi & Jackson, 1989; Vargas, 1985), Harris himself never published an exclusive and comprehensive work on the relations between the two epistemologies. However, on May 23rd, 1986, he gave an invited address on this topic at the 12th annual conference of the Association for Behavior Analysis in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, entitled Cultural Materialism and Behavior Analysis: Common Problems and Radical Solutions. What follows is the publication of a transcribed audio recording of the invited address that Harris gave to Sigrid Glenn shortly after the conference. The identity of the scribe is unknown, but it has been printed as it was written, with the addendum of embedded references where appropriate. It is offered both as what should prove to be a useful asset for the students of behavior who are interested in the study of cultural contingencies, practices, and epistemologies, and in commemoration of this 80th anniversary.

African Americans continue to perform significantly lower on high-stakes measures of educational achievement than do other ethnic groups. Osborn (1997) attributes this low performance by African Americans to their disidentification with the academic discourse. Ickes and Layden (1976), Metalsky, Abramson, and Peterson (1982), Finn (1989), and Belgrave, Johnson, and Carey (1992) relate the poor performance of African Americans to the manner in which they internalize/externalize negative and positive outcomes and the longevity of such outcomes being internalized, which they term locus of control. This study explores the variables of self-esteem, locus of control, test anxiety, reading ability, testing behaviors and the performance of African American males on high-stakes tests of educational achievement. Simultaneously, the study provides a reflection on the challenges faced by a practitioner when he studies an issue of critical concern in his own community. Ed. D.

The Idea of Race in Latin America, 1870-1940. Richard Graham (editor), with chapters by Thomas E. Skidmore, Aline Helg, and Alan Knight. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1990. 135 pp. $15.95 (cloth), $7.95 (paper). ISBN 0-292-73856-0, ISBN 0-292-73857-9.

Prediction of behavior from a perfect knowledge of native actors' rules of behavior is theoretically impractical for three reasons: etic outputs require etic inputs; for every rule there is an alternative rule; authorities never go unchallenged.

In 1958-59 and in 1977-78, we undertook holistic ethnographic studies of a village in northern India. Profound technoenvironmental change occurred in the 18-year period between the two studies. Wit...

This paper examines the ecological explanation offered by Marvin Harris for the origin of pig prohibition in Islam, using the case to evaluate the functional-ecological paradigm and its treatment of cultural origins. Five majorpoints are addressed. First, a survey of the biological literature reveals that functional-ecological theory and evolutionary theory are distinct, but related. While functional ecology explains how systems work, evolutionary theory is necessary to explain why systems exist as they are, how they have come to be, and what they may become in the future. Logical, mathematical, and practical evidence suggests that the distinction between functional ecology and evolution should also be recognized in cultural theory. Second, ecological "explanation" is sometimes based upon superficial, careless, or simply erroneous research. This criticism applies to Harris's discussion of the Islamic pig prohibition. Third, serious logical problems exist in ecological accounts of origin, presence, and cha...

CURRENT ANTHROPOLOGY Volume 28, Number 2., April 1987 CI 1987 by The Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research, all righlS reserved 0011-3204/8712802-0003$1.75 Ph.D., 19591 and, after teaching for two years at the University of New Mexico, returned to join its faculty in 1961. He was Visiting Fellow at Cambridge University in 1970-71. His research inter­ ests are historical demography, social Structure, cognitive an­ thropology, the ethnography of Europe (especially the Balkansl, and quantitative analysis. He has published Power in lea: The So· cial History of a Peruvian Valley (BostOn: Little, Brown, 1969); Ritual Relations and Allernalive Social Structures in the Balkans {Englewood CWfs: Prentice·Hall, 1968}; with K. Wachter and P. Laslett, Statistical Studies of Historical Social Structure (New York: Academic Press, 1978h with S. R. Johansson and C. Gins­ berg, 'r'fhe Value of Children during Industrialization 1I0UIna] of Family History 8:346-66); and Short·term Demographic Fluctua­ tions in the Croatian Military Border of Austria (European lour· nal of Demography 1:265-90). NANCY HOWELL is Post-doctoral Research Fellow in the Program in Organizations and Aging, Department of Sociology, Stanford University. She was born in 1938 and received her B.A from Bran­ deis University in 1963 and her Ph.D. from Harvard University in 1968. She has taught at Princeton University (1969-72) and the University of Toronto 11972.-85). She is a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science and did this work while a fellow at the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences, Stanford, Calif. Her research intereSts are demographic anthropology and occupational health and safety in anthropology. Her first book was Search for an Abortionist (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1969), and she is the author of Village Compo­ sition of a Paleodemographic Life Table: The Libben Site (Ameri­ can lournal of Physical Anthropology 59:2.63-69), TowaId a Uniformitarian Theory of Human Paleodemography (Journal of Human Evolution S:25-4ol, and Demography of the Dobe !Kung lNew York: Academic Press, 1979). The present paper was submitted in final form 8 VII 86. Research in Population and Culture: An Evolutionary Framework 1 by E. A. Hammel and N aney Howell Theories on the relationship between population and social evolu· tion, such as those of Malthus, Marx, and Boserup, have disap­ pointed analysts who wish to use such theories as a basis for infer' ence in unrecorded history, largely because of the unrealistic specificity of the hypotheses and the lack of adequate data in cate· gories that help to clarify the application of theory to human pop­ ulation history. We propose that it is time to reformulate such a theory, drawing upon a new level of sophistication in an­ thropological demography that pennits more complexity in the theory itself about alternative outcomes of stressful points in pop­ ulation history and the testing of hypotheses in more realistic contexts of continentwide examinations of populations influenc­ ing each other by their expansions and contractions. We antici· pate finding that population fission is a particularly interesting alternative response to population pressure when we are dealing with relatively sparse populations and that the place of the given population, in the core or on the periphery of population growth centers, is crucial in influencing the alternatives used. E. A. HAMMEL is Professor of Anthropology and Demography at the University of California, Berkeley (Berkeley, Calif. 9472.0, U.S.A.}. Born in 1930, he was educated at Berkeley lA.B., 1951; 1. Portions of thiS paper were delivered as the keynote section of a symposium on anthropological demography at the annual meet· ings of the American Anthropological Association, Washington, D.C., December 6,1985. We acknowledge the contributions of the participants in that symposium, especially Jane Buikstra, Mark Co· hen, Henry Harpending, Penn Handwerker, Ann Millard, Robert Netting, Lucille Newman, Patricia Reining,. Susan Scrimshaw, and G_ William Skinner, both in the fonn of their own papers and discussions and in the comments they made, both prior to the meeting and at the meeting, on our remarks. Similarly, we thank George Collier, William Durham, James Spuhler, and Aram Yen­ goyan, with whom we consulted at an earlier stage in the arrange· ment of the symposium. A version of this paper was also presented at the Stanford·Berkeley Colloquium in Population, San Francisco, December 10, 1985, and to seminar participants at Berkeley in the spring. We appreciate the advice and comments of participants, especially of Paul David, Ronald D. Lee, Nicholas Townsend, and Kenneth Wachter. Our interest in this topic and especially in evo­ lutionary economics from a demographic perspective owes much to the inspiration, encouragement, and critical assessments of Lee and Wachter, with whom we continue to differ on some points. Four observations motivate us to make the following proposals on the place of population theories in an­ thropology. First, we see the fundamental demographic events of birth, marriage, migration, and death as im· bued by all human societies with intense emotional and moral significance. These events are central to the drama of human life, and all cultures treat them as im­ portant and interesting, worthy of elaboration and cere­ monial notice. Second, we are encouraged by the increases in techni­ cal quality of the demographic studies in anthropology that have been appearing in the past few years (Howell 1986aj. This higher-quality analysis and discussion, largely free from the ambiguities and errors that charac­ terized demographic anthropology in the past, give us optimism aboUl the expected yield from theoretical work in this area. Third, we see the subject matter of demography as cutting across and unifying the subdisciplines of an· thropology as few other topics do. A focus on demo­ graphic phenomena provides a common ground for ob­ servation, discussion, and intellectual integration across the subfields. The simplicity of demographic concepts, the possibility of unambiguous counting procedures, and the consequent ability to test hypotheses provide opportunities for new research and new collaboration between physical and biological anthropologists, archae­ ologists, and social and cultural anthropologists inter­ ested in a range of questions. r4 1

Despite religious sanctions against the slaughter of cattle, bovine age, sex, and species ratios in all India and Kerala are systematically adjusted to demographic, technological, economic, and environmental conditions. While it is not denied that the apotheosis of cattle has influenced the management of India's bovine stocks, religious beliefs cannot account for the most important regional and local variations in the utilization of these animals.

cast doubt on the findings of Divale and Harris' 1976 article were drawn from raw data made available to Hirschfeld upon his request. All the raw data used by Divale and Harris were made available. However, Hirschfeld et a!. chose to ignore the bulk of this information in order to concentrate on a small part of it, the part that deals with South American societies. On an ad hoc basis, Hirschfeld et a!. select parts of this small portion, criticize Divale and Harris' use of the familiar I test, and perform a series of complex statistical analyses employing a test widi which most social scientists are un­familiar. Nowhere do they come to grips with the theory relating male supremacy

Contrary to Marvin Harris's hypothesis, desiccation and population increase in India following 1000 B.C. are highly unlikely to have been the origin of the Hindu ban on cow slaughter and beef eating. In many places in present-day India,"wild" and stray cattle are serious problem to farmers. The sacred-cow concept contributes to a significant waste of beef and inefficiency in cattle breeding. Homes for old cows are basically religious institutions that divert funds from other needs of the nation. Indian cattle to compete with man for food, and most experts believe that there are significant numbers of surplus cows in terms of available feed and bullock-replacement needs. Such surplus cows make economic contributions, but religious belief, expressed in social and political action, cannot be over-looked as a factor contributing to their survival. As John Bennett has noted, the technoenvironmental model used by Harris seems unsuited to use for India. Especially deficient is Harris's ignoring of religion as a ...

Cultural materialism shares with other scientific strategies an epistemology which seeks to restrict fields of inquiry to events, entities, and relationships that are knowable by means of explicit, logico-empirical, inductive-deductive, quantifiable public procedures or "operations" subject to replication by inde­ pendent observers. This restriction necessarily remains an ideal aim rather than a rigidly perfected condition, for it is recognized that total operationalization would cripple the ability to state principles, relate theories, organize empirical tests. It is a far cry, however, from the recognition that unoperationalized, vernacular, and metaphysical terms are necessary for the conduct of scientific inquiry to Feyerabend-like invitations (13,14) to throw off all operational re­ straints, The plain fact of the matter is that many social scientists literally do not know what they are talking about and cannot communicate with each other because they cannot ground any significant portion of their discourse in a coherent set of describable observational practices. Under such circumstances, it is sheer obscurantism to promote the further expansion of unoperationalized terms.

A demographic analysis of 561 local band and village populations fro m 112 societies found that male-supremacy social patterns were overwhelmingly predominant and that this male supremacy complex leads to both overt and covert female infanticide. Patrilocal or virilocal residence patterns were found in 48% compared with 22% matrilocal or uxorilocal and 19% bilocal. Polygyny was found in 84.8% compared with .6% for polyandry and 14.6% for monogamy. This practice may actually provide a defense for female children because they are needed to supply multiple wives. Brideprice is found in 57% while no corresponding groomprice is found in any society. Demographic analysis of 160 band and village populations censused prior to modern contact and while they still practiced warfare showed average sex ratio in age group 14 and und er of 128 boys to 100 girls indicating postpartum selection. Many cultures with markedly skewed ratios deny they practice any infanticide at all indicating such covert selection as clandestine aggression and various forms of malign and/or benign neglect. It is hypothesized that the perpetuation of warfare in band and village society and its interaction with selective female infanticide is a response to the need to regulate population growth in the absence of effective or less costly alternatives. In these same societies after tribal warfare had been suppressed for 26 years or more male: female ratios approached a more b iological normal. A hypothesis following this is that any sudden shift from high-protein low-calorie diets to low-protein high-calorie diets among less developed peoples may produce a spurt of population growth followed by an increase in female infanticide and intensification of warfare. This hypothesis has yet to be tested.

Good to Eat (Harris, 1985, 1987c) attempts to show that an integrated set of theories of human food preferences and avoidances can be constructed using a parsimonious set of cultural materialist principles. Since foodways are among the least understood of sociocultural phenomena, it is as a rare compliment that Vayda has found some of explanations "quite plausible," even if they have not been supported with "clear cut evidence" and even if basic theoretical principles and methods according to him are all wrong. Explanations in the social sciences, including Vayda's, seldom achieve a degree of truth greater than plausibility. At any rate, Good to Eat is nothing more than an atttempt to present plausible theories.