Search

The proximity between Spanish and Portuguese is both an advantage and a drawback for Portuguese-speaking students who are beginning to study Spanish. The similarities between both languages allow learners to advance easily through the initial levels of Spanish, but, at the same time, cause recurrent interference mistakes that are commonly shared. Taking these peculiarities into account, the Cruzando la Raya 2 coursebook was created for university students of Spanish whose mother tongue is Portuguese. This coursebook follows a communicative and contrastive approach by offering explanations, semantic notes or exercises that emphasize the similarities and differences between Spanish and Portuguese in order to promote a more effective learning of the Spanish language.

Resumen basado en el de la publicación Resumen en inglés Se presenta una unidad didáctica destinada a estudiantes portugueses de enfermería que vayan a ejercer en el ámbito sanitario en España. Teniendo en cuenta la proximidad del español y del portugués, así como el flujo constante de profesionales de la salud entre ambos países, se proponen varias actividades que tienen como objetivo dar a conocer de forma sucinta la organización y el funcionamiento del Sistema Nacional de Salud español, así como las diferentes especialidades médicas y de enfermería ofrecidas. Además de varios ejercicios de comprensión escrita y de práctica de vocabulario específico, se presentan actividades de interferencia entre el español y el portugués y actividades de lengua. Todas las actividades propuestas están destinadas al desarrollo de la competencia comunicativa en los estudiantes ESP

Ophiacantha smitti Ljungman, 1872 Reports for the Azores: Ophiacantha smitti Ljungman, 1872 — $ St̂hr & Segonzac 2005: 286. Type locality: Portugal (38°10’N, 9°25’W). See: Ljungman (1872: 621–622); Paterson (1985: 46–47, fig. 20). Occurrence: North Atlantic, from the Bay of Biscay south to off Western Sahara (Paterson 1985, Bartsch 1987), including the Azores (St̂hr & Segonzac 2005) and Madeira (Jesus & Abreu 1998); also off Bermuda (Lyman 1882). Depth: 75– 2,282 m (Jesus & Abreu 1998, Paterson 1985); AZO: 1,550 m (St̂hr & Segonzac 2005). Habitat: soft bottoms, muddy sand (Jesus & Fonseca 1999) to grey ooze (Lyman 1882). Remarks: Ophiacantha smitti, a species known from both sides of the Atlantic, is one of the more recent additions to the deep-water echinoderm fauna from the Azores, identify by St̂hr & Segonzac (2005) in a non-vent area near Lucky Strike (L’Atalante, Victor 1ère cruise, sta PL 33: 37°15’45”N, 32°13’30”W, 1,550 m)., Published as part of Madeira, Patrícia, Kroh, Andreas, Cordeiro, Ricardo, De, António M., Martins, Frias & Ávila, Sérgio P., 2019, The Echinoderm Fauna of the Azores (NE Atlantic Ocean), pp. 1-231 in Zootaxa 4639 (1) on pages 36-37, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4639.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3342161, {"references":["Ljungman, A. V. (1872) F ˆ rteckning ˆ fver uti Vestindien af Dr A. Goes samt under korvetten Josefinas expedition i Atlantiska Oceanen samlade Ophiurider. Ofversigt af Kongliga Vetenskaps-Akademiens F ˆ rhandlingar, 28 (5), 615 - 658. [1871]","St ˆ hr, S. & Segonzac, M. (2005) Deep-sea ophiuroids (Echinodermata) from reducing and non-reducing environments in the North Atlantic Ocean. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 85 (2), 383 - 402. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0025315405011318 h","Paterson, G. L. J. (1985) The deep-sea Ophiuroidea of the North Atlantic Ocean. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Zoology Series, 49 (1), 1 - 162.","Bartsch, I. (1987) Notes on Ophiuroidea (Echinodermata) from the northeastern Atlantic Ocean. I. Ophiacanthidae. Spixiana, 10, 115 - 130.","Jesus, D. & Abreu, A. D. (1998) Contribution to the knowledge of the soft bottom echinoderms of Madeira Island. Boletim do Museu Municipal do Funchal (Historia Natural), 50 (286), 59 - 69., 4 figs.","Lyman, T. (1882) Report on the Ophiuroidea. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H. M. S. Challenger 1873 - 1876, Zoology, 5 (14), 1 - 386.","Jesus, D. C. & Fonseca, L. C. (1999) First records of 13 echinoderm species on the southwest coast of Portugal. Boletin Instituto Espanol de Oceanografia, 15 (1 - 4), 343 - 349."]}

Ophiura (Ophiuroglypha) concreta (Koehler, 1901) Reports for the Azores: Ophioglypha concreta Koehler, 1901 — $ Koehler 1906b: 261; Ophiura concreta (Koehler, 1901) — Mortensen 1927a: 233; Grieg 1932: 32; $ Cherbonnier & Sibuet 1972: 414, 415. Type locality: Cape Verde (14°47’N, 24°31’45”W). See: Koehler (1901: 228–230, figs. 6–8, 1909: 148–149, pl. 25, figs. 3–5, as Ophioglypha concreta); Paterson (1985: 125, fig. 47, as Ophiura irrorata concreta). Occurrence: East Atlantic, from the Bay of Biscay south to Cape Verde, and east to the Azores (Koehler 1906b, 1909, Cherbonnier & Sibuet 1972); reported as well off South African deep waters (Paterson 1985). Depth: 1,885 – 3,120 m (Grieg 1932, Cherbonnier & Sibuet 1972) AZO: 2,845 –2,995 m (Koehler 1906b, Cherbonnier & Sibuet 1972). Habitat: soft substrates (muddy sand; Koehler 1909, Grieg 1932). Remarks: Paterson (1985) found O. concreta to be identical with O. irrorata in almost every aspect, ascribing no specific value to differences in the arrangement or number of arm spines. In view of this, Paterson proposed to demote this species to a subspecies of O. irrorata, restricted to the East Atlantic. Nevertheless, he also noted that the distinct characters of O. concreta were constant over a wide range of sizes and geographical areas. Martynov & Litvinova (2008) disputed the subspecific division of O. irrorata. According to them, several subspecies should not live syntopically as in the case of O. i. irrorata and O. i. concreta, both known from the Bay of Biscay. Another example of co-existence can be found in Grieg (1932), who identified both forms in the material collected by Michael Sars at a station located north of the Azores (sta 88: 45°26’N, 25°45’W, 3,120 m). However, Martynov & Litvinova (2008) were unsure if they represented two separate species or rather a single polymorphic species. In view of this, we have opted for a more conservative approach and maintain the historical species O. concreta separate from O. irrorata. Presently, O. concreta is known with certainty in the Azores only by historical records of Koehler (1906b; Talisman cruise) and Cherbonnier & Sibuet (1972; Noratlante cruise). See below remarks under Ophiura irrorata., Published as part of Madeira, Patrícia, Kroh, Andreas, Cordeiro, Ricardo, De, António M., Martins, Frias & Ávila, Sérgio P., 2019, The Echinoderm Fauna of the Azores (NE Atlantic Ocean), pp. 1-231 in Zootaxa 4639 (1) on page 57, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4639.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3342161, {"references":["Koehler, R. (1901) Note preliminaire sur quelques Ophiures nouvelles provenant des campagnes de la Princesse Alice. Bulletin de la Societe Zoologique de France, 26, 222 - 231.","Koehler, R. (1906 b) Ophiures. Expeditions Scientifiques du Travailleur et du Talisman, 8, 245 - 311.","Mortensen, T. (1927 a) Handbook of the echinoderms of the British Isles. Oxford University Press, viii + 471 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 6841","Grieg, J. A. (1932) Echinodermata. Report of the scientific results of the Michael Sars North Atlantic deep sea expedition 1910, 3 (2), 1 - 47.","Cherbonnier, G. & Sibuet, M. (1972) Resultats scientifiques de la campagne Noratlante: Asterides et Ophiurides. Bulletin du Museum National D'histoire Naturelle, 102 (76), 1333 - 1394.","Paterson, G. L. J. (1985) The deep-sea Ophiuroidea of the North Atlantic Ocean. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Zoology Series, 49 (1), 1 - 162.","Koehler, R. (1909) Echinodermes provenant des campagnes du yacht Princesse-Alice (Asteries, Ophiures, Echinides et Crinoides). Resultats des campagnes scientifiques accomplies sur son yacht par Albert Ier Prince Souverain de Monaco, 34, 1 - 317.","Martynov, A. V. & Litvinova, N. M. (2008) Deep-water Ophiuroidea of the northern Atlantic with descriptions of three new species and taxonomic remarks on certain genera and species. Marine Biology Research, 4, 76 - 11. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 17451000701840066"]}

Erroneous— Astropecten irregularis pentacanthus (Delle Chiaje, 1827) Reports for the Azores: non Astropecten pentacanthus (Philippi, 1837) — Simroth 1888: 231 [misidentified A. hermatophilus]; Astropecten irregularis pentacanthus (Delle Chiaje, 1827) — Koehler 1914b: 273, 1924: 196–199 [based on Simroth 1888]; Madsen 1950: 169–170 [based on Ludwig 1897]. Type locality: Mediterranean Sea. See: Tortonese (1965: 132–137). Occurrence: Endemic to the Mediterranean Sea (A.M. Clark & Downey 1992); possibly also present in the East Atlantic (Gorringe Seamount and Madeira; Zulliger & Lessios 2010; Pérès 1964); other subspecies of are also known in the Atlantic from Scandinavia to South Africa (A.M. Clark & Downey 1992). Depth: shallow water to 929 m, particularly abundant between 50 to 400 m (Tortonese 1965). Habitat: soft sediments, on biogenic detritus to sandy silt bottoms, and Zostera and Posidonia prairies (Koukouras et al. 2007). Larval stage: planktotrophic (inferred from A. irregularis irregularis , see McEdward & Miner 2001). Remarks: Simroth (1888) was responsible for the only record of Astropecten pentacanthus known from the Azores. Later, D̂derlein (1917) re-assigned Simroth material to A. hermatophilus, the only Astropecten species known to occur in the Azores with certainty (see remarks under Astropecten hermatophilus)., Published as part of Madeira, Patrícia, Kroh, Andreas, Cordeiro, Ricardo, De, António M., Martins, Frias & Ávila, Sérgio P., 2019, The Echinoderm Fauna of the Azores (NE Atlantic Ocean), pp. 1-231 in Zootaxa 4639 (1) on page 167, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4639.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3342161, {"references":["Delle Chiaje, S. (1827) Memoire sulla storia e notomia degli animali senza vertebre del regno di Napoli. Societa Tipographica, Napoli, 2, 1 - 444.","Philippi, R. A. (1837) Ueber die mit Asterias aurantiaca verwandten und verwechselten Asterien der sicilianischen K ʾ ste. Archiv f ̡ r Naturgeschichte, 3, 193 - 194.","Simroth, H. (1888) Zur kenntnis der Azorenfauna. Archiv f ̡ r Naturgeschichte, Berlin, 54 (1), 179 - 234.","Koehler, R. (1914 b) Echinoderma I: Asteroidea, ophiuroidea et Echnoidea. In: Michaelsen, W. (Ed.), Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Meeresfauna Westafrikas. 1 (2). L. Friederichsen & Co., Hamburg, pp. 127 - 303.","Koehler, R. (1924) Les echinodermes des mers d'Europe. Encyclopedie Scientifique. Tome I. Libraire Octave Doin, Paris, XIII + 361 pp.","Madsen, F. J. (1950) The echinoderms collected by the Atlantide Expedition, 1945 - 46. 1. Asteroidea. Atlantide Reports, 1, 167 - 222.","Ludwig, H. (1897) Die Seesterne des Mittelmeeres. Zoologischen Station zu Neapel, 24, i-viii + 1 - 491.","Tortonese, E. (1965) Fauna D'Italia-Echinodermata. Edizioni Calderini, Bologna, 422 pp.","Clark, A. M. & Downey, M. E. (1992) Starfishes of the Atlantic. Natural History Museum Publications. Chapman & Hall, London, 794 pp.","Zulliger, D. E. & Lessios, H. A. (2010) Phylogenetic relationships in the genus Astropecten Gray (Paxillosida: Astropectinidae) on a global scale: molecular evidence for morphological convergence, species-complexes and possible cryptic speciation. Zootaxa, 2504 (1), 1 - 19. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 2504.1.1","Peres, J. M. (1964) Contribution a l'etude des peuplements benthiques du golfe Ibero-Marocaine. Campagne de la Calypso en mer d'Alboran et dans la Baie Ibero-Marocaine (1958), XX. Annales de l'Institut Oceanographique, 41, 3 - 30.","Koukouras, A., Sinis, A. I., Bobori, D., Kazantzidis, S. & Kitsos, M. - S. (2007) The echinoderm (Deuterostomia) fauna of the Aegean Sea, and comparison with those of the neighbouring seas. Journal of Biological Research, 7, 67 - 92.","McEdward, L. R. & Miner, B. G. (2001) Larval and life-cycle patterns in echinoderms. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 79, 1125 - 1170. https: // doi. org / 10.1139 / z 00 - 218","D ˆ derlein, L. (1917) Die Asteriden der Siboga-Expedition. 1. Die Gattung Astropecten und ihre Stammesgeschichte. Siboga Expedition, 46 a, 1 - 190. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 11319"]}

Psychropotes longicauda Théel, 1882 Reports for the Azores: Psychropotes grimaldii $ Hérouard, 1896: 164, fig. 2, 1902: 25–27, pl. 3, figs. 1–2; Perrier 1902: 276; Mortensen 1927a: 376; Deichmann 1930: 130; García-Diez et al. 2005: 52; Psychropates fucata Perrier, 1900: 119; Psychropotes longicauda Théel, 1882 — $ Hansen 1975: 115–126, figs. 49–54, 118, pl. 7, figs. 4–6, pl. 12, fig. 7; $ Gebruk 2008: 50, 51. Type locality: Pacific (53°55’S, 108°35’E). See: Hansen (1975). Occurrence: cosmopolitan, present in the Atlantic, Pacific, Indian and Southern Oceans (Hansen 1975); from the Rockall Trough (Gage et al. 1985) and SE of the Charlie-Gibbs Fracture Zone (Gebruk 2008) south to southern Africa and Antarctic waters (Hansen 1975), including the Azores (Hérouard 1902). Depth: 2,210 –5,173 m (Hansen 1975); AZO: 2,954 –4,020 m (Hérouard 1902, Gebruk 2008). Habitat: benthopelagic (juveniles only; Miller & Pawson 1990); on muddy sediments (Perrier 1902). Larval stage: direct (Tyler & Billett 1987). Remarks: Psychropotes longicauda is a highly variable species, a fact reflected by its high number of synonyms (Hansen 1975). Historically, two of the junior synonyms were associated with Azorean waters: P. grimaldii by Hérouard (1896) and P. fucata by Perrier (1896b). The first species was known only from the type material collected by Princesse Alice, east of S„o Miguel waters (sta 527: 38°09’N, 23°15’45”W, 4,020 m). Initially, Perrier (1900) listed the Azores as the type area for the second species, but in reality the material of P. fucata was dredged by Talisman between the archipelago and the European continental shores (sta 135, 43°15’N, 21°40’W) (Perrier 1902). Regardless, on the re-examination of P. grimaldii and P. fucata Hansen (1975) remarked that the diagnostic characters found by both Hérouard and Perrier were mere individual differences and thus proposed their synonymy with P. longicauda. Recently, Gebruk (2008) identified P. longicauda from the northern border of the Azorean EEZ (G.O. Sars, MAR–ECO cruise, sta 40/367: 42°55’N, 30°20’W, 2,954 –2,968 m), further substantiating the presence of this species in the archipelago., Published as part of Madeira, Patrícia, Kroh, Andreas, Cordeiro, Ricardo, De, António M., Martins, Frias & Ávila, Sérgio P., 2019, The Echinoderm Fauna of the Azores (NE Atlantic Ocean), pp. 1-231 in Zootaxa 4639 (1) on page 146, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4639.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3342161, {"references":["Theel, H. (1882) Report on the Holothuroidea dredged by H. M. S. Challenger during the years 1873 - 76. Part I. Challenger Reports, Zoology, 4, 1 - 176.","Herouard, E. (1896) Note preliminaire sur les Holothuries provenant des dragages du Yacht Princesse-Alice. [Premiere Note.]. Bulletin de la Societe Zoologique de France, 21, 163 - 168.","Perrier, R. (1902) Holothuries. In: Expeditions Scientifiques du Travailleur et du Talisman pendant les Annees 1880, 1881, 1882, 1883. Ouvrage publie sous les auspices du ministere de l'instruction publique sous la direction de A. Milne-Edwards de 1888 a 1890 et continue par E. Perrier. Vol. 7. Masson et Cie, Editeurs, Paris, pp. 273 - 554.","Mortensen, T. (1927 a) Handbook of the echinoderms of the British Isles. Oxford University Press, viii + 471 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 6841","Deichmann, E. (1930) The Holothurians of the Western Part of the Atlantic Ocean. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zo ˆ logy at Harvard College, 71, 43 - 236.","Garcia-Diez, C., Porteiro, F. M., Meirinho, A., Cardigos, F. & Tempera, F. (2005) Taxonomic review of selected invertebrate groups collected during the Campaigns of the Prince Albert I of Monaco in the Azorean waters. Arquipelago. Life and Marine Sciences, 22 A, 35 - 59.","Perrier, R. (1900) Diagnose des Especes Nouvelles D'Holoturies Draguees par le Travailleur et le Talisman (troisieme et derniere note). Bulletin du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle, 6, 116 - 119. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 12287","Hansen, B. (1975) Systematics and biology of the deep-sea holothurians: Elasipoda. Galathea report: scientific results of the Danish deep-sea expedition round the world 1950 - 1952. Galathea, 13, 1 - 262.","Gebruk, A. V. (2008) Holothurians (Holothuroidea, Echinodermata) of the northern Mid-Atlantic Ridge collected by the G. O. Sars MAR-ECO expedition with descriptions of four new species. In: Gebruk, A. V. (Ed.) Benthic fauna of the northern Mid-Atlantic Ridge: results of the MAR-ECO expedition. Marine Biology Research, 4 (1 - 2), pp. 48 - 60. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 17451000701842898","Gage, J. D., Billett, D. S. M., Jensen, M. & Tyler, P. A. (1985) Echinoderms of the Rockall Trough and adjacent areas. 2. Echinoidea and Holothurioidea. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Zoology, 48 (4), 173 - 214.","Herouard, E. (1902) Holothuries Provenant Des Campagnes De La Princesse-Alice (1892 - 1897). Reisultats des campagnes scientifiques accomplies sur son yacht, Fasc. 21, 1 - 62.","Miller, J. E. & Pawson, D. L. (1990) Swimming sea cucumbers (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea): a survey with analysis of swimming behavior in four bathyal species. Smithsonian Contributions to the Marine Sciences, 35, 1 - 18. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 01960768.35.1","Tyler, P. A. & Billett, D. S. M. (1987) The reproductive ecology of elasipodid holothurians from the N. E. Atlantic. Biological Oceanography, 5 (4), 273 - 296.","Perrier, R. (1896 b) Sur les Elasipodes recueillis par le Travailleur et le Talisman. Comptes Rendus Academie Sciences, Paris, 123, 900 - 903."]}

Ophiothrix luetkeni Thomson, 1873 Reports for the Azores: Ophiothrix luetkeni Thomson, 1873 —? $ Lyman 1879: 54, 1882: 218, 286; Bell 1892: 133; $ Koehler 1909: 201–202, pl. 29, figs. 8–10; Koehler 1924: 254–257; Mortensen 1927a: 176–177, fig. 99; Pereira 1997: 332; García-Diez et al. 2005: 48; Micael & Costa 2010: 322; Micael et al. 2012: 3. Type locality: SW Ireland. See: Thomson (1873: 100); Koehler (1921b: 71–72, fig. 46); Mortensen (1927a). Occurrence: Northeast Atlantic from the British Islands to Cape Verde (Mortensen 1927a), including the Azores Archipelago and Josephine Seamount (Koehler 1909). Depth: 130–838 (?932) m (Thomson 1873, Koehler 1909); AZO:?54–165 (?823) m (Lyman 1882, Koehler 1909). Habitat: soft bottom (rarely on hard substrates), sand, gravel and shelly substrates (Koehler 1909, 1921b). Remarks: the first report of O. luetkeni in the Azores was by Lyman (1879), though he remarked that the specimen was too young and left the identification tentative. The depth of 823 m (H.M.S. Challenger, sta 75: 38°37’N, 28°30’W) reported by Lyman seems a result of mislabelling. We believe that the station’s depth might be much shallower, 92–165 m (see remarks under Astropecten hermatophilus Sladen, 1883). In contrast, Koehler (1909) recorded this species in the Azores at 54 m, a surprisingly shallow depth since this species generally tends to occur below 100 m (see Koehler 1921b). In spite of the small size of Princesse Alice individuals (DD: 5–8 mm), it is hard to believe that Koehler (1909), who was familiar with the morphological variability of both O. fragilis and O. luetkeni, could have misidentified the specimens. Thus, we believe that a possible mislabelling occurred in the depth values of the stations., Published as part of Madeira, Patrícia, Kroh, Andreas, Cordeiro, Ricardo, De, António M., Martins, Frias & Ávila, Sérgio P., 2019, The Echinoderm Fauna of the Azores (NE Atlantic Ocean), pp. 1-231 in Zootaxa 4639 (1) on page 31, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4639.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3342161, {"references":["Thomson, W. (1873) The depths of the sea. Macmillan, London, 527 pp.","Lyman, T. (1879) Ophiuridae and Astrophytidae of the \" Challenger \" expedition. Part II. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zo ˆ logy at Harvard College, 6 (2), 17 - 83.","Lyman, T. (1882) Report on the Ophiuroidea. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H. M. S. Challenger 1873 - 1876, Zoology, 5 (14), 1 - 386.","Bell, F. J. (1892) Catalogue of the British echinoderms in the British Museum (Natural History). Trustees of the British Museum, London, xvii + 202 pp.","Koehler, R. (1909) Echinodermes provenant des campagnes du yacht Princesse-Alice (Asteries, Ophiures, Echinides et Crinoides). Resultats des campagnes scientifiques accomplies sur son yacht par Albert Ier Prince Souverain de Monaco, 34, 1 - 317.","Koehler, R. (1924) Les echinodermes des mers d'Europe. Encyclopedie Scientifique. Tome I. Libraire Octave Doin, Paris, XIII + 361 pp.","Mortensen, T. (1927 a) Handbook of the echinoderms of the British Isles. Oxford University Press, viii + 471 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 6841","Pereira, M. (1997) Checklist of the littoral echinoderms of the Azores. Acoreana, 8 (3), 331 - 337.","Garcia-Diez, C., Porteiro, F. M., Meirinho, A., Cardigos, F. & Tempera, F. (2005) Taxonomic review of selected invertebrate groups collected during the Campaigns of the Prince Albert I of Monaco in the Azorean waters. Arquipelago. Life and Marine Sciences, 22 A, 35 - 59.","Micael, J. & Costa A. C. (2010) Echinodermata. In: Borges, P. A. V., Costa, A., Cunha, R., Gabriel, R., Goncalves, V., Martins, A. F., Melo, I., Parente, M., Raposeiro, P., Rodrigues, P., Santos, R. S., Silva, L., Vieira, P. & Vieira, V. (Eds.), A list of the terrestrial and marine biota from the Azores. Principia, Oeiras, pp. 321 - 323.","Micael, J., Alves, M. J., Jones, M. B. & Costa, A. C. (2012) Diversity of shallow-water asteroids (Echinodermata) in the Azorean Archipelago. Marine Biodiversity Records, 5, e 49. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 1755267211000534","Koehler, R. (1921 b) Echinodermes. Faune de France. 1. Librairie de la Faculte des Sciences, Paris, 216 pp.","Sladen, W. P. (1883) The Asteroidea of H. M. S. Challenger Expedition. Part II, Astropectinidae. Journal of the Linnean Society, Zoology, 17, 214 - 269. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1883. tb 02022. x"]}

Aceste bellidifera Thomson, 1877 Reports for the Azores: Aceste bellidifera Thomson, 1877 — $ Koehler 1909: 246–247; Mortensen 1927a: 321; García-Diez et al. 2005: 51; Mironov 2006: 115, 2014: 127. Type locality: off Gomera Island, Canaries. See: Thomson (1877: 349–351, figs. 95–96); Mortensen (1950: 332–333, figs. 224, 225). Occurrence: Atlantic, in the west recorded from the USA (c. 37°N) and the Caribbean to southern America, and Tristan da Cunha (Agassiz 1881, Serafy & Fell 1985, Mironov 2014); in the east recorded from the Iberian Basin (Mironov 2014), Morocco (Mortensen 1927b), Josephine Seamount (Mironov 2006), the Azores (Koehler 1909) and Canaries (Thomson 1877). Depth: 550– 5,400 m (Serafy & Fell 1985, Mironov 2014); AZO: 1,360 m (Koehler 1909). Habitat: buried on soft substrates, mud to sandy mud and shells (Agassiz 1881, Pawson & Pawson 2013). Remarks: the record of Aceste bellidifera in the Azores is based on a single small specimen (= 14 mm TL) identified by Koehler (1909) among the material collected by Princesse Alice (sta 703: 39°21’20”N, 31°05’45”W, 1,360 m)., Published as part of Madeira, Patrícia, Kroh, Andreas, Cordeiro, Ricardo, De, António M., Martins, Frias & Ávila, Sérgio P., 2019, The Echinoderm Fauna of the Azores (NE Atlantic Ocean), pp. 1-231 in Zootaxa 4639 (1) on page 130, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4639.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3342161, {"references":["Thomson, W. (1877) The voyage of the \" Challenger \": the Atlantic. Vol. 1. Macmillan, London, 424 pp.","Koehler, R. (1909) Echinodermes provenant des campagnes du yacht Princesse-Alice (Asteries, Ophiures, Echinides et Crinoides). Resultats des campagnes scientifiques accomplies sur son yacht par Albert Ier Prince Souverain de Monaco, 34, 1 - 317.","Mortensen, T. (1927 a) Handbook of the echinoderms of the British Isles. Oxford University Press, viii + 471 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 6841","Garcia-Diez, C., Porteiro, F. M., Meirinho, A., Cardigos, F. & Tempera, F. (2005) Taxonomic review of selected invertebrate groups collected during the Campaigns of the Prince Albert I of Monaco in the Azorean waters. Arquipelago. Life and Marine Sciences, 22 A, 35 - 59.","Mironov, A. N. (2006) Echinoids from seamounts of the north-eastern Atlantic, onshore / offshore gradients in species distribution. In: Mironov, A. N., Gebruk, A. V. & Southward, A. J. (Eds.), Biogeography of the North Atlantic Seamounts. KMK Scientific Press, Russian Academy of Sciences, P. P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, Moscow, pp. 96 - 133.","Mironov, A. N. (2014) Deep-sea fauna of European seas: An annotated species check-list of benthic invertebrates living deeper than 2000 m in the seas bordering Europe. Echinoidea. Invertebrate Zoology, 11 (1), 120 - 129. https: // doi. org / 10.15298 / invertzool. 11.1.12","Mortensen, T. (1950) A Monograph of the Echinoidea. Vol. 1. Spatangoida I. Protosternata, Meridosternata, Amphisternata I. Palaeopneustidae, Palaeostomatidae, Aeropsidae, Toxasteridae, Micrasteridae, Hemiasteridae. C. A. Reitzel, Copenhagen, 432 pp.","Agassiz, A. (1881) Report on the Echinoidea dredged by H. M. S. Challenger 1873 - 76. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H. M. S. Challenger, Zoology, 3, 1 - 321.","Serafy, D. K. & Fell, F. J. (1985) Marine Flora and Fauna of the Northeastern United States. Echinodermata: Echinoidea. NOAA Technical Report NMFS, 33, 1 - 27.","Mortensen, T. (1927 b) Sur les echinides recueillis par l'expedition du \" Travailleur \" et du \" Talisman. \" Archives du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle, 2 (6), 21 - 34.","Pawson, D. L. & Pawson, D. J. (2013) Bathyal sea urchins of the Bahamas, with notes on covering behavior in deep sea echinoids (Echinodermata: Echinoidea). Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography, 92, 207 - 213. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. dsr 2.2013.01.023"]}

Dytaster mollis (Perrier, 1885c) Reports for the Azores: Crenaster mollis Perrier, 1885 c— $ Perrier 1894: 310–312, pl. 18, fig. 3; Dytaster (Crenaster) mollis Perrier, 1885 c—Mortensen 1927a: 55; Dytaster mollis (Perrier, 1885c) — $ A.H. Clark 1949: 372–373; $ A.M. Clark & Downey 1992: 55, pl. 16, figs. E–F; Dilman 2014: 26. Type locality: Azores (38°38’00”N, 25°05’46”W). See: Perrier (1894); A.M. Clark & Downey (1992). Occurrence: known only from the Azores. Depth: 2,560–2,995 m (AZO). Habitat: soft mud. Remarks: Dytaster mollis is known only from a few specimens, all less than 45 mm in length, collected by Talisman and Atlantis in the Azorean deep waters. A.M. Clark & Downey (1992) believed that this species might represent juveniles of another Dytaster species., Published as part of Madeira, Patrícia, Kroh, Andreas, Cordeiro, Ricardo, De, António M., Martins, Frias & Ávila, Sérgio P., 2019, The Echinoderm Fauna of the Azores (NE Atlantic Ocean), pp. 1-231 in Zootaxa 4639 (1) on page 77, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4639.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3342161, {"references":["Perrier, M. E. (1885 c) Premiere note preliminaire des les Echinodermes, recueillis durant les campagnes de dragages sous-marines du Travailleur et du Talisman. Annales des Sciences Naturelles, Zoologie, 22 (8), 1 - 72.","Perrier, M. E. (1885 a) Les Encrines vivantes. Revue Scientifique, Revue Rose, Paris, 35, 690 - 693.","Perrier, M. E. (1894) Stellerides. Expeditions Scientifiques du Travailleur et du Talisman. Masson, Paris, 431 pp.","Clark, A. H. (1949) Echinoderms from the mid-Atlantic dredged by lhe Atlantis in the summer of 1948. Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences, 39, 371 - 377.","Clark, A. M. & Downey, M. E. (1992) Starfishes of the Atlantic. Natural History Museum Publications. Chapman & Hall, London, 794 pp.","Dilman A. B. (2014) Deep-sea fauna of European seas: An annotated species check-list of benthic invertebrates living deeper than 2000 m in the seas bordering Europe. Asteroidea. Invertebrate Zoology, 11 (1), 25 - 42. https: // doi. org / 10.15298 / invertzool. 11.1.05"]}

Salenocidaris hastigera (Agassiz, 1879) Reports for the Azores: Salenia hastigera Agassiz, 1879 — $ Koehler 1895a: 224, 1898: 9, 1921a: 3; Nobre 1938: 109–110; p.p. Salenia hastigera Agassiz, 1879 — $ Koehler 1895b: 228, 1909: 219–220; non Salenia profundi (Duncan, 1877) — Mortensen 1927a: 289; non Salenocidaris profundi (Duncan, 1877) — Mortensen 1935: 354–357, pl. 85, figs. 1, 2, 29, 30, 35, 36, pl. 86, figs. 1, 2; Salenocidaris hastigera (Agassiz 1879) — $ Sibuet 1972: 122–123; $ Mironov 2014: 122; non Salenocidaris profundi profundi (Duncan, 1877) — García-Diez et al. 2005: 50 [based on Mortensen 1927a]. Type locality: Pacific (Banda Sea). See: Agassiz (1879: 198–199, as Salenia hastigera). Occurrence: cosmopolitan, in the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Oceans; in the Atlantic confirmed from the Azores and Atlantis Seamount (Mironov 2014). Depth: 370– 2,605 m (Mironov 2014); AZO: 793– 2,440 m (Koehler 1909). Remarks: historically, S. hastigera was confused with two closely resembling species, S. varispina Agassiz, 1869 and S. profundi (Duncan, 1877). Following Agassiz’s (1879, 1881) descriptions, Koehler (1895a, 1895b, 1898, 1909, 1921a) recorded this species from the Azores. Later, Mortensen (1927a, b, 1935, 1940b) considered all the records of this species in the Atlantic as misidentifications of S. profundi, retaining the name S. hastigera to the form from the Indo-Malayan region. Sibuet (1972) ignored Mortensen’s decision and place the identification of a small specimen collected by the bathyscaphe Archimède in the Azores (1,730 m depth) under the later species. More recently, Mironov (2006, 2014) confirmed the presence of this species in the Azorean waters, at a maximum depth of 2,440 m. The true geographical distribution and depth range in the Atlantic of S. hastigera is still pending on a future review (Mironov 2006, 2014). Regardless, if all reports for the archipelago are returned back to the original determination of S. hastigera by Koehler (1895a, 1895b, 1898, 1909) it leaves no record of S. profundi in the archipelago. Additionally, Mortensen (1935) assumed that among the material of S. hastigera reported by Koehler there were specimens belonging to S. varispina, and the re-examination of a specimen from Princesse Alice collected within the Azorean waters (sta 578: 38°26’N, 26°30’45”W, 1,732 m) confirmed his suspicions (see below)., Published as part of Madeira, Patrícia, Kroh, Andreas, Cordeiro, Ricardo, De, António M., Martins, Frias & Ávila, Sérgio P., 2019, The Echinoderm Fauna of the Azores (NE Atlantic Ocean), pp. 1-231 in Zootaxa 4639 (1) on page 103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4639.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3342161, {"references":["Agassiz, A. (1879) Preliminary Report on the Echini of the Exploring Expedition of H. M. S. Challenger, Sir C. Wyville Thomson Chief of Civilian Staff. Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 14, 190 - 212. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 25138537","Koehler, R. (1895 a) Note preliminaire sur les echinides recueillis pendant les campagnes de l'Hirondelle. Bulletin de la Societe Zoologique de France, 20, 223 - 227.","Koehler, R. (1898) Echinides et Ophiures provenant des campagnes du yacht Hirondelle (Golfe de Gascogne, Acores, Terre- Neuve). Resultats des campagnes scientifiques accomplies sur son yacht par Albert Ier Prince Souverain de Monaco, 12, 1 - 78.","Koehler, R. (1921 a) Echinodermes (Asteries, Ophiures, Echinides et Crinoides) des dernieres campagnes de la Princesse-Alice et de l' Hirondelle II. Bulletin de l'Institut Oceanographique de Monaco, 396, 1 - 8.","Nobre, A. (1938) Equinodermes de Portugal. 3 rd Edition. Companhia Editora do Minho, Barcelos, 215 pp.","Koehler, R. (1895 b) Note preliminaire sur les echinides des premieres campagnes de la Princesse Alice. Bulletin de la Societe Zoologique de France, 20, 227 - 233.","Koehler, R. (1909) Echinodermes provenant des campagnes du yacht Princesse-Alice (Asteries, Ophiures, Echinides et Crinoides). Resultats des campagnes scientifiques accomplies sur son yacht par Albert Ier Prince Souverain de Monaco, 34, 1 - 317.","Duncan, P. M. (1877) On the Saleniidae. Observations on the morphology of Recent Saleniae and description of a new species. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 20, 245 - 257. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222937708682232","Mortensen, T. (1927 a) Handbook of the echinoderms of the British Isles. Oxford University Press, viii + 471 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 6841","Mortensen, T. (1935) A Monograph of the Echinoidea. II. Bothriocidaroida, Melonechinoida, Lepidocentroida, and Stirodonta. C. A. Reitzel & Oxford University Press, Copenhagen & London, 647 pp.","Sibuet, M. (1972) Echinodermes recoltes lors de la mission du Bathyscaphe Archimede aux Acores en 1969. Publications du Centre national pour l'exploitation des oceians. Reisultats des campagnes aI la mer, 3, 121 - 123.","Mironov, A. N. (2014) Deep-sea fauna of European seas: An annotated species check-list of benthic invertebrates living deeper than 2000 m in the seas bordering Europe. Echinoidea. Invertebrate Zoology, 11 (1), 120 - 129. https: // doi. org / 10.15298 / invertzool. 11.1.12","Garcia-Diez, C., Porteiro, F. M., Meirinho, A., Cardigos, F. & Tempera, F. (2005) Taxonomic review of selected invertebrate groups collected during the Campaigns of the Prince Albert I of Monaco in the Azorean waters. Arquipelago. Life and Marine Sciences, 22 A, 35 - 59.","Agassiz, A. (1869) Preliminary report on the echini and star-fishes dredged in deep water between Cuba and the Florida Reef, by L. F. de Pourtales, Assist. U. S. Coast Survey. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zo ˆ logy at Harvard College, 1 (9), 253 - 308.","Agassiz, A. (1881) Report on the Echinoidea dredged by H. M. S. Challenger 1873 - 76. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H. M. S. Challenger, Zoology, 3, 1 - 321.","Mortensen, T. (1940 b) Contributions to the Biology of the Philippine Archipelago and adjacent regions. Report on the Echinoidea collected by the United States fisheries streamer \" Albatross \" during the Philippine Expedition, 1907 - 1910. Part II. The Echinothuriidae, Saleniidae, Arbaciidae, Aspidodiadematidae, Micropygidae, Diadematidae, Pedinidae, Temnopleuridae, Toxopneustidae, and Echinometridae. Bulletin of the Smithsonian Institution, U. S. National Museum, 100 (14.1), 1 - 52.","Mironov, A. N. (2006) Echinoids from seamounts of the north-eastern Atlantic, onshore / offshore gradients in species distribution. In: Mironov, A. N., Gebruk, A. V. & Southward, A. J. (Eds.), Biogeography of the North Atlantic Seamounts. KMK Scientific Press, Russian Academy of Sciences, P. P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, Moscow, pp. 96 - 133."]}

Henricia oculata ? (Pennant, 1777) Reports for the Azores: Cribrella oculata (Linck) Forbes—? $ Perrier 1896a: 39; Cribrella oculata, (Linck, 1733) — Koehler 1909: 102–103; non Henricia sanguinolenta (M̹ller, 1776)— Koehler 1921b: 31, fig. 23, 1924: 126–127; Mortensen 1927a: 118–121; Nobre 1938: 39–40, fig. 14; Henricia oculata (Pennant, 1777) — García-Diez et al. 2005: 47; Micael & Costa 2010: 322; Micael et al. 2012: 5–6. Type locality: Anglesey, N. Wales (British Isles). See: Madsen (1987: 254–257, figs. 3c, 44–45); A.M. Clark & Downey (1992: 393–394, figs. 60q, r, pl. 93, fig. E, pl. 95, figs. F–G). Occurrence: Northeast Atlantic, known with certainty from the Shetland Islands south to Portugal (Madsen 1987); possibly extending west to Nova Scotia and New England north of Cape Cod (A.M. Clark & Downey 1992) and to the Azores (Perrier 1896a). Depth: 0–? 180 m (A.M. Clark & Downey 1992);? AZO: 1,266 –1,557 m (Perrier 1896a). Habitat: hard substrates to shell gravel, found as well in sublittoral habitats with considerable hydrodynamics, from kelp forests, tidal streams and on vertical cliffs (Picton 1993). Larval stage: lecithotrophic (Brun 1978). Remarks: the highly polymorphic nature of Henricia (= Cribrella) species makes this genus as whole particularly difficult with a problematic historical synonymy (Madsen 1987; A.M. Clark & Downey 1992; Sneli 1999). For example, the species names Henricia oculata (Pennant, 1777) and H. sanguinolenta (M̹ller, 1776) are intermingled and considered synonymous by the time the great oceanographic expeditions reached the Azores Archipelago. In the report of the asteroids collected by Hirondelle, Perrier (1896a) identified material under the name ‘ Cribrella oculata (Linck) Forbes’ collected at four stations, the first located east of Newfoundland at about 155 m and the remaining three within the Azorean waters between 1,266 –1,557 m. Koehler (1909) in his report on the echinoderms collected by Princesse Alice also listed the name ‘ Cribrella oculata, (Linck) ’ for specimens from the British Isles and Scandinavia. However, Koehler added also the name ‘ Cribrella sanguinolenta (M̹ller)’, remarking that these species were synonymous with C. oculata being the oldest. Later, however, the majority of the authors (e.g., Koehler 1921b; Mortensen 1927a; Nobre 1938) adopted the name H. sanguinolenta, as Linck’s name did not follow the binominal rules (Madsen 1987). It was only in the late 1970’s that Pennant’s Henricia oculata was again accepted as a distinct species (Madsen 1987). As a consequence, the true geographical and bathymetric range of H. oculata is still uncertain. The name as presented by Perrier is generally accepted under the synonymy of this species (e.g., Madsen 1987; A.M. Clark & Downey 1992). On the other hand, the Azorean material was retrieved from depths that appear far too deep for H. oculata or even for H. sanguinolenta, both known from waters no deeper than 200 m. The matter is still pending., Published as part of Madeira, Patrícia, Kroh, Andreas, Cordeiro, Ricardo, De, António M., Martins, Frias & Ávila, Sérgio P., 2019, The Echinoderm Fauna of the Azores (NE Atlantic Ocean), pp. 1-231 in Zootaxa 4639 (1) on page 86, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4639.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3342161, {"references":["Pennant, T. (1777) British Zoology, vol. IV. Crustacea. Mollusca. Testacea. Benj. White, London, 154 pp.","Perrier, M. E. (1896 a) Contribution a l'etude des stellerides de l'Atlantique Nord (Golfe de Gascogne, Acores, Terre-Neuve). Resultats Des Campagnes Scientifiques Accomplies Par Le Prince Albert I, Monaco, 11, 1 - 571.","Linck J. H. (1733) De stellis marinis liber singularis. Apud Iacobum Schusterium, Lipsiae, 107 pp.","Koehler, R. (1909) Echinodermes provenant des campagnes du yacht Princesse-Alice (Asteries, Ophiures, Echinides et Crinoides). Resultats des campagnes scientifiques accomplies sur son yacht par Albert Ier Prince Souverain de Monaco, 34, 1 - 317.","Koehler, R. (1921 b) Echinodermes. Faune de France. 1. Librairie de la Faculte des Sciences, Paris, 216 pp.","Mortensen, T. (1927 a) Handbook of the echinoderms of the British Isles. Oxford University Press, viii + 471 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 6841","Nobre, A. (1938) Equinodermes de Portugal. 3 rd Edition. Companhia Editora do Minho, Barcelos, 215 pp.","Garcia-Diez, C., Porteiro, F. M., Meirinho, A., Cardigos, F. & Tempera, F. (2005) Taxonomic review of selected invertebrate groups collected during the Campaigns of the Prince Albert I of Monaco in the Azorean waters. Arquipelago. Life and Marine Sciences, 22 A, 35 - 59.","Micael, J. & Costa A. C. (2010) Echinodermata. In: Borges, P. A. V., Costa, A., Cunha, R., Gabriel, R., Goncalves, V., Martins, A. F., Melo, I., Parente, M., Raposeiro, P., Rodrigues, P., Santos, R. S., Silva, L., Vieira, P. & Vieira, V. (Eds.), A list of the terrestrial and marine biota from the Azores. Principia, Oeiras, pp. 321 - 323.","Micael, J., Alves, M. J., Jones, M. B. & Costa, A. C. (2012) Diversity of shallow-water asteroids (Echinodermata) in the Azorean Archipelago. Marine Biodiversity Records, 5, e 49. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 1755267211000534","Madsen, F. J. (1987) The Henricia sanguinolenta complex (Echinodermata, Asteroidea) of the Norwegian Sea and adjacent waters. A re-evaluation, with notes on related species. Steenstrupia, 13 (5), 201 - 268.","Clark, A. M. & Downey, M. E. (1992) Starfishes of the Atlantic. Natural History Museum Publications. Chapman & Hall, London, 794 pp.","Picton, B. (1993) A field guide to the shallow-water echinoderms of the British Isles. IMMEL Publishing Lda, London, 96 pp.","Brun, S. (1978) Ecology and taxonomic position of Henricia oculata Pennant. Thalassia Jugoslavica, 12 (1), 51 - 66.","Sneli, J. - A. (1999) Echinodermata, Asteroidea in the Faroe region. Frodskaparrit, 47, 229 - 259."]}

Erroneous— Ophiophrixus spinosus (Storm, 1881) Reports for the Azores: Ophiophrixus spinosus (Storm, 1881) — Paterson 1985: 21–22, fig. 12: 169. Type locality: Norway. See: Mortensen (1927a: 171–172, figs. 96–97); Paterson (1985). Occurrence: Northeast Atlantic, from the Denmark Strait and off SE of Iceland to off NW African waters (Koehler 1906b, Mortensen 1933a). Depth: 40– 1,383 m (Harvey et al. 1988). Habitat: soft bottoms, sand, mud to ooze (Farran 1913). Larval stage: viviparous (Kasyanov et al. 1998). Remarks: Koehler (1906b) reported Ophiophrixus spinosus (as Ophiobyrsa hystricis) from off the coast of Morocco (Talisman, sta 20, 1883: 33°43’N, 9°01’46″W, 1,105 m), a species previously known from Icelandic and Scandinavian waters. Mortensen (1927a) referred to this record as between Madeira and NW Africa, which later changed to ‘off Madeira’ (Mortensen 1933a). Paterson (1985) placed the southern limit of this species not in Morocco or Madeira, but in the Azores, which is clearly a mistake, that was repeated in subsequent literature., Published as part of Madeira, Patrícia, Kroh, Andreas, Cordeiro, Ricardo, De, António M., Martins, Frias & Ávila, Sérgio P., 2019, The Echinoderm Fauna of the Azores (NE Atlantic Ocean), pp. 1-231 in Zootaxa 4639 (1) on page 165, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4639.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3342161, {"references":["Storm, V. (1881) Bidrag til Kundskab om Throndhjemsfjordens Fauna III. Kongelige Norske videnskabers selskabs skrifter, 1881, 73 - 96.","Paterson, G. L. J. (1985) The deep-sea Ophiuroidea of the North Atlantic Ocean. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Zoology Series, 49 (1), 1 - 162.","Mortensen, T. (1927 a) Handbook of the echinoderms of the British Isles. Oxford University Press, viii + 471 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 6841","Koehler, R. (1906 b) Ophiures. Expeditions Scientifiques du Travailleur et du Talisman, 8, 245 - 311.","Mortensen, T. (1933 a) Ophiuroidea. The Danish Ingolf Expedition, 4 b (8), 1 - 121.","Harvey, R., Gage, J. D., Billett, D. S. M., Clark, A. M. & Paterson, G. L. J. (1988) Echinoderms of the Rockall Trough and adjacent areas. 3. Additional records. Bulletin British Museum Natural History, Zoology, 54, 153 - 198.","Farran, G. P. (1913) The deep-water Asteroidea, Ophiuroidea and Echinoidea of the West Coast of Ireland. Department of Agriculture and technical instruction for Ireland, fisheries branch, scientific investigations, 6, 1 - 66. [1912]","Kasyanov, V. L., Kryuchkova, G. A., Kulikova, V. A. & Medvedeva, L. A. (1998) Larvae of marine bivalves and echinoderms. Smithsonian Institution Libraries, Washington D. C., 288 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.1029 / JC 094 iC 05 p 06159"]}

Deima validum validum Théel, 1879 Reports for the Azores: Deima validum Théel, 1879 — $ Gebruk 2008: 50, 51. Type locality: Pacific (36°10’N, 178°00’E). See: Hansen (1975: 16–23, figs. 1, 109, pl. 9, fig. 1, pl. 13, figs. 1–2); Rogacheva et al. (2013: 595, fig. 18E). Occurrence: cosmopolitan, in the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Oceans; in the Caribbean deep waters to off Rio de Janeiro (Brazil; Hansen 1975), eastwards from south of the Charlie Gibbs Fracture Zone (Mid-Atlantic Ridge; Rogacheva et al. 2013) and the Rockall Trough (Tyler et al. 1985a) to southern African deep waters (19°13’S; Bohn 2006); the subspecies D. validum pacificum Ludwig, 1894 is restricted to the East Pacific (Hansen 1975). Depth: 724– 5,424 m (Rogacheva et al. 2013); AZO: 2,954 –2,968 m (Gebruk 2008). Habitat: epibenthic deposit-feeder on soft sediments, from clay to Globigerina ooze (Hanse 1975, Rogacheva et al. 2013). Larval stage: possibly direct (non-brooding) or lecithotrophic (Tyler et al. 1985a). Remarks: historically, the cosmopolitan Deima validum validum was reported from waters between the Azores and the Iberian continental shores (e.g., Hérouard 1902, as Deima atlanticum). Only recently Gebruk (2008) reported this species within the archipelago’s waters, among material collected at the Azorean EEZ’s northern border (G.O. Sars, MAR–ECO cruise, sta 40/367: 42°55’N, 30°20’W, 2,954 –2,968 m)., Published as part of Madeira, Patrícia, Kroh, Andreas, Cordeiro, Ricardo, De, António M., Martins, Frias & Ávila, Sérgio P., 2019, The Echinoderm Fauna of the Azores (NE Atlantic Ocean), pp. 1-231 in Zootaxa 4639 (1) on page 158, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4639.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3342161, {"references":["Theel, H. (1879) Preliminary report on the Holothuridae of the Exploring voyage of H. M. S. Challenger. Bihang till Kungliga Svenska Vetenskaps Akademien Handlingar, 5 (19), 1 - 24.","Gebruk, A. V. (2008) Holothurians (Holothuroidea, Echinodermata) of the northern Mid-Atlantic Ridge collected by the G. O. Sars MAR-ECO expedition with descriptions of four new species. In: Gebruk, A. V. (Ed.) Benthic fauna of the northern Mid-Atlantic Ridge: results of the MAR-ECO expedition. Marine Biology Research, 4 (1 - 2), pp. 48 - 60. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 17451000701842898","Hansen, B. (1975) Systematics and biology of the deep-sea holothurians: Elasipoda. Galathea report: scientific results of the Danish deep-sea expedition round the world 1950 - 1952. Galathea, 13, 1 - 262.","Rogacheva, A., Gebruk, A. & Alt, C. H. S. (2013) Holothuroidea of the Charlie Gibbs Fracture Zone area, northern Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Marine Biology Research, 9 (5 - 6), 587 - 623.","Tyler, P. A., Muirhead, A., Gage, J. D. & Billett, D. S. M. (1985 a) Gametogenic strategies in deep-sea echinoids and holothurians from the NE Atlantic. In: Keegan, B. F. & O'Connor, B. D. S. (Eds.), Proceedings of the 5 th International Echinoderm Conference, Galway, September 1984. Balkema, Amsterdam, pp. 135 - 140.","Bohn, J. M. (2006) Crinoidea and Holothuroidea (Echinodermata) of the abyssal Angola Basin-Results of the DIVA- 1 expedition of FS \" Meteor \" (Cruise M 48 / 1). Zootaxa, 1276 (1), 1 - 31. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 1276.1.1","Ludwig, H. (1894) Reports on an exploration off the west coasts of Mexico, Central and South America, and off the Galapagos Islands, in charge of Alexander Agassiz, by the U. S. Fish Commission Steamer Albatross, during 1891, Lieut. Commander Z. L. Tanner, U. S. N., commanding, xii. The Holothurioidea. Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zo ˆ logy at Harvard College, 17 (3), 1 - 183.","Herouard, E. (1902) Holothuries Provenant Des Campagnes De La Princesse-Alice (1892 - 1897). Reisultats des campagnes scientifiques accomplies sur son yacht, Fasc. 21, 1 - 62."]}

Ophioctenella acies Tyler et al., 1995 Reports for the Azores: Ophioctenella acies Tyler et al. 1995 — $ St̂hr & Segonzac 2005: 395–396, figs. 2, 7. Type locality: Mid-Atlantic Ridge. See: Tyler et al. (1995); St̂hr & Segonzac (2005); Desbruyères et al. (2006: 483, figs. 1–3). Occurrence: Atlantic, along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge from Lucky Strike (SW Azores, c. 37°17’N, 32°16’W) south to Snake Pit (23°22’N, 44°56’W), westwards from Blake Plateau and Florida Escarpment to south of Barbados. Depth: 1,626 –3,650 m (Desbruyères et al. 2006), though it seems to reach higher densities at depths greater than 3,000 m (St̂hr & Segonzac 2005); AZO: 1,626 –1,727 m (St̂hr & Segonzac 2005). Habitat: restricted to chemosynthetic areas, found at hydrothermal vents and methane cold seeps, usually in association with deep-sea mytilid beds (St̂hr & Segonzac 2005). Larval stage: probable planktotrophic (St̂hr & Segonzac 2005). Remarks: Ophioctenella acies appears to be the only echinoderm species restricted to active vent sites known to occur in the Azores. In one of the few echinoderm studies from deep-sea reducing environments in the North Atlantic, St̂hr & Segonzac (2005) identify several animals of O. acies from Lucky Strike, but found this species conspicuously absent from hydrothermal vents of Menez Gwen., Published as part of Madeira, Patrícia, Kroh, Andreas, Cordeiro, Ricardo, De, António M., Martins, Frias & Ávila, Sérgio P., 2019, The Echinoderm Fauna of the Azores (NE Atlantic Ocean), pp. 1-231 in Zootaxa 4639 (1) on page 52, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4639.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3342161, {"references":["Tyler, P. A., Paterson, G. J. L., Sibuet, M., Guille, A., Murtons, B. J. & Segonzac, M. (1995) A new genus of ophiuroid (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea) from hydrothermal mounds along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 75, 977 - 986. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0025315400038303","St ˆ hr, S. & Segonzac, M. (2005) Deep-sea ophiuroids (Echinodermata) from reducing and non-reducing environments in the North Atlantic Ocean. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 85 (2), 383 - 402. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0025315405011318 h","Desbruyeres, D. l., Segonzac, M. & Bright, M. (2006) Handbook of Deep-Sea Hydrothermal Vent Fauna. Second Edition. Denisia, 18, 1 - 544."]}

Ophiocten centobi Paterson et al., 1982 Reports for the Azores: Ophiocten centobi Paterson et al., 1982 — $ St̂hr & Segonzac 2005: 286, 394–395. Type locality: Bay of Biscay (47°44’N, 08°21’W). See: Paterson et al. (1982: 119–121, figs. 6–7); St̂hr & Segonzac (2005). Occurrence: known only from the Bay of Biscay (Paterson et al. 1982) and in the vicinity of the deep-water hydrothermal systems on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge south of the Azores, such as Lucky Strike and Rainbow (St̂hr & Segonzac 2005). Depth: 1,680–2,837 m (AZO; St̂hr & Segonzac 2005). Habitat: coral and gravel detritic substrates (non-vent environments); also among mytilid bivalves, pteropod shells and Cynachira sponges (St̂hr & Segonzac 2005). Remarks: Ophiocten centobi was only known from the type material from the Bay of Biscay until St̂hr & Segonzac (2005) reported it from the vicinity of deep-sea hydrothermal vent fields in the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, south of the Azores., Published as part of Madeira, Patrícia, Kroh, Andreas, Cordeiro, Ricardo, De, António M., Martins, Frias & Ávila, Sérgio P., 2019, The Echinoderm Fauna of the Azores (NE Atlantic Ocean), pp. 1-231 in Zootaxa 4639 (1) on page 51, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4639.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3342161, {"references":["Paterson, G. L. J., Tyler, P. A. & Gage, J. D. (1982) The taxonomy and zoogeography of the genus Ophiocten (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea) in the North Atlantic Ocean. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Zoology, 43 (3), 109 - 128.","St ˆ hr, S. & Segonzac, M. (2005) Deep-sea ophiuroids (Echinodermata) from reducing and non-reducing environments in the North Atlantic Ocean. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 85 (2), 383 - 402. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0025315405011318 h"]}

Erroneous— Holothuria (Holothuria) dakarensis Panning, 1939 Reports for the Azores: non Holothuria dakarensis Panning, 1939 — Rowe 1969: 153, 154 [misidentified]; Holothuria (Holothuria) dakarensis Panning, 1939 — Pérez-Ruzafa et al. 1992b: 154–155, 1999: 57, 2002: 287–288 [based on Rowe 1969]. Type locality: Dakar (Senegal). See: Cherbonnier (1950); Borrero-Pérez et al. (2009); Pawson et al. (2010: 37–38, fig. 30); Prata et al. (2014). Occurrence: Atlantic, in the west from off Georgia south to the Gulf of Mexico (Pawson et al. 2010) and Rio Grande do Norte (Brazil; Prata et al. 2014) and in the east from Dakar (Senegal) and Cape Verde to Angola (Cherbonnier 1950, 1965, Borrero-Pérez et al. 2009). Depth: 1–54 m (Borrero-Pérez et al. 2009, Prata et al. 2014). Habitat: under rocks on sand or mud (Borrero-Pérez et al. (2009). Larval stage: probably planktotrophic (inferred from the genus; see McEdward & Miner 2001). Remarks: in a review of the family Holothuriidae, Rowe (1969) listed the Azores under the geographical distribution of Holothuria dakarensis, a statement repeated by subsequent works. Pawson & Shirley (1977) believed that Rowe based his statement on material from Faial Island, deposited in the collection of the British Natural History Museum. On re-examination, the authors concluded the specimens belonged either to H. mammata or H. tubulosa rather than H. dakarensis. Furthermore, Borrero-Pérez et al. (2009) showed that H. dakarensis was historically confused with H. mammata, restricting the geographical range of H. dakarensis in the East Atlantic to southern latitudes of the African coasts, from Senegal and Cape Verde to Angola., Published as part of Madeira, Patrícia, Kroh, Andreas, Cordeiro, Ricardo, De, António M., Martins, Frias & Ávila, Sérgio P., 2019, The Echinoderm Fauna of the Azores (NE Atlantic Ocean), pp. 1-231 in Zootaxa 4639 (1) on page 175, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4639.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3342161, {"references":["Panning, A. (1939) Holothurien von den Kanaren und von Dakar. Videnskabelige Meddelelser Dansk Naturhistorik Forening, KObenhavn, 103, 523 - 546.","Rowe, F. W. E. (1969) A review of the family Holothuriidae (Holothurioidea: Aspidochirotida). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History). Zoology, 18 (4), 119 - 170. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 18419","Perez-Ruzafa, A., Marcos, C. & Bacallado, J. J. (1992 b) Holoturias (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea) de las Islas Canarias: I. Consideraciones Generales y Orden Aspidochirotida. Revista de la Academia Canaria de Ciencias, 4 (3 - 4), 139 - 162.","Perez-Ruzafa, A., Entrambasaguas, L. & Bacallado, J. J. (1999) Fauna de equinodermos (Echinodermata) de los fondos rocosos infralitorales del archipielago de Cabo Verde. Revista de la Academia Canaria de Ciencias, 11 (3 - 4), 43 - 62.","Perez-Ruzafa, A., Entrambasaguas, L., Espejo, C., Marcos, C. & Bacallado, J. J. (2002) Fauna de equinodermos (Echinodermata) de los fondos rocosos infralitorales del archipielago de Salvajes (Oceano Atlantico). Revista de la Academia Canaria de Ciencias, 14 (3 - 4), 277 - 296.","Cherbonnier, G. (1950) Note sur Holothuria dakarensis Panning. Bulletin Museum National Histoire Naturelle, Paris, Serie 2, 22 (1), 102 - 108.","Borrero-Perez, G. H., Perez-Ruzafa, A., Marcos, C. & Gonzalez-Wang ʾ emert, M. (2009) The taxonomic status of some Atlanto- Mediterranean species in the subgenus Holothuria (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Holothuriidae) based on molecular evidence. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 157, 51 - 69. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.2009.00529. x","Pawson, D. L., Pawson, D. J. & King, R. A. (2010) A taxonomic guide to the Echinodermata of the South Atlantic Bight, USA: 1. Sea cucumbers (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea). Zootaxa, 2449 (1), 1 - 48. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 2449.1.1","Prata J., Dias, T. L. P. & Christoffersen, M. L. (2014) Occurrence of Holothuria (Holothuria) dakarensis (Holothuroidea: Echinodermata) in the south-western Atlantic, with notes on distribution and ecology. Marine Biodiversity Records, 7, 1 - 6. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 1755267214000049","Cherbonnier, G. (1965) Holothurides. Expedition oceanographique belge dans les eaux cotieres africaines de l'Atlantique Sud (1948 - 1949): resultats scientifiques, Brussels, 3 (2), 1 - 23.","McEdward, L. R. & Miner, B. G. (2001) Larval and life-cycle patterns in echinoderms. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 79, 1125 - 1170. https: // doi. org / 10.1139 / z 00 - 218","Pawson, D. L. & Shirley, T. C. (1977) Occurrence of the subgenus Holothuria (Holothuria) in the Gulf of Mexico (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea). Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 90 (4), 915 - 920."]}

Abyssocucumis abyssorum (Théel, 1886a) Reports for the Azores: Cucumaria abyssorum Théel, 1886 a— $ Marenzeller 1892: 64, 1893: 14; Ludwig 1894: 122–127, pl. 9, figs. 28, 29, pl. 13, figs. 1–5; Perrier 1902: 275; Mortensen 1927a: 396; Deichmann 1930: 139; Grieg 1932: 11, fig. 9; $ Cherbonnier 1941: 93–103, figs. 1, 3; Abyssocucumis abyssorum (Théel, 1886) — García-Diez et al. 2005: 51. Type locality: off Crozet Island (46°16’S, 48°27’E). See: Théel (1886a: 66–67 pl. 4, fig. 6, pl. 16, fig. 6); Heding (1942: 33–35, figs. 34–36); Massin & Hendrickx (2011: 418). Occurrence: cosmopolitan, known from all oceans except in the Arctic (Hansen 1975); in the Atlantic from the Davis Strait (Heding 1942) eastwards from south of Iceland (Deichmann 1930) and the Rockall Trough (Gage et al. 1985) to the Azores (Marenzeller 1892). Depth: 869– 4,810 m (Gage et al. 1985); AZO: 2,870 m (Marenzeller 1892). Habitat: soft substrates (muddy sand to ooze; Théel 1886a, Marenzeller 1892). Remarks: the presence of this species in Azores is based on a single dredge by Hirondelle (sta 248: 41°40’41”N, 26°44’9”W) (Marenzeller 1892, 1893). Though this abyssal holothurian was never re-collected again in the archipelago, more recently A. abyssorum was repeatedly retrieved from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge just north of the Azorean waters (Gebruk 2008; Rogacheva et al. 2013)., Published as part of Madeira, Patrícia, Kroh, Andreas, Cordeiro, Ricardo, De, António M., Martins, Frias & Ávila, Sérgio P., 2019, The Echinoderm Fauna of the Azores (NE Atlantic Ocean), pp. 1-231 in Zootaxa 4639 (1) on page 136, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4639.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3342161, {"references":["Theel, H. (1886 a) Report on the Holothuroidea dredged by H. M. S. Challenger during the years 1873 - 76. Part II. Challenger Reports, Zoology, 14 (39), 1 - 290.","Marenzeller, E. von (1892) Note preliminaire sur les Holothuries provenant des campagnes du yacht l'Hirondelle. Bulletin Societe Zoologique France, 17, 64 - 66.","Marenzeller, E. von (1893) Contribution a l'etude des Holothuries de l'Atlantique N'ord (Golfe de Gascogne, Iles Acores). Resultats Campagnes Scientifiques du Prince de Monaco, 6, 1 - 32. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 11304","Ludwig, H. (1894) Reports on an exploration off the west coasts of Mexico, Central and South America, and off the Galapagos Islands, in charge of Alexander Agassiz, by the U. S. Fish Commission Steamer Albatross, during 1891, Lieut. Commander Z. L. Tanner, U. S. N., commanding, xii. The Holothurioidea. Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zo ˆ logy at Harvard College, 17 (3), 1 - 183.","Perrier, R. (1902) Holothuries. In: Expeditions Scientifiques du Travailleur et du Talisman pendant les Annees 1880, 1881, 1882, 1883. Ouvrage publie sous les auspices du ministere de l'instruction publique sous la direction de A. Milne-Edwards de 1888 a 1890 et continue par E. Perrier. Vol. 7. Masson et Cie, Editeurs, Paris, pp. 273 - 554.","Mortensen, T. (1927 a) Handbook of the echinoderms of the British Isles. Oxford University Press, viii + 471 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 6841","Deichmann, E. (1930) The Holothurians of the Western Part of the Atlantic Ocean. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zo ˆ logy at Harvard College, 71, 43 - 236.","Grieg, J. A. (1932) Echinodermata. Report of the scientific results of the Michael Sars North Atlantic deep sea expedition 1910, 3 (2), 1 - 47.","Cherbonnier, G. (1941) Etude anatomique et biogeographique sur deux cucumaria abyssaux, C. abyssorum Theel et C. albatrossi n. sp. Bulletin Museum National Histoire Naturelle, Paris, Serie 2 ª, 13, 93 - 103.","Garcia-Diez, C., Porteiro, F. M., Meirinho, A., Cardigos, F. & Tempera, F. (2005) Taxonomic review of selected invertebrate groups collected during the Campaigns of the Prince Albert I of Monaco in the Azorean waters. Arquipelago. Life and Marine Sciences, 22 A, 35 - 59.","Heding, S. G. (1942) Holothurioidea, Part 2: Aspidochirota, Elasipoda, Dendrochirota. In: The Danish Ingolf Expedition. 4 (13). Hagerup, Copenhagen, pp. 1 - 39.","Massin, C. & Hendrickx, M. E. (2011) Deep-water Holothuroidea (Echinodermata) collected during the TALUD cruises off the Pacific coast of Mexico, with the description of two new species. Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad, 82, 413 - 443.","Hansen, B. (1975) Systematics and biology of the deep-sea holothurians: Elasipoda. Galathea report: scientific results of the Danish deep-sea expedition round the world 1950 - 1952. Galathea, 13, 1 - 262.","Gage, J. D., Billett, D. S. M., Jensen, M. & Tyler, P. A. (1985) Echinoderms of the Rockall Trough and adjacent areas. 2. Echinoidea and Holothurioidea. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Zoology, 48 (4), 173 - 214.","Gebruk, A. V. (2008) Holothurians (Holothuroidea, Echinodermata) of the northern Mid-Atlantic Ridge collected by the G. O. Sars MAR-ECO expedition with descriptions of four new species. In: Gebruk, A. V. (Ed.) Benthic fauna of the northern Mid-Atlantic Ridge: results of the MAR-ECO expedition. Marine Biology Research, 4 (1 - 2), pp. 48 - 60. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 17451000701842898","Rogacheva, A., Gebruk, A. & Alt, C. H. S. (2013) Holothuroidea of the Charlie Gibbs Fracture Zone area, northern Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Marine Biology Research, 9 (5 - 6), 587 - 623."]}

Ophiacantha simulans Koehler, 1895c Reports for the Azores: non Ophiacantha composita Koehler, 1897 a— $ Koehler 1909: 185 [misidentification]; García-Diez et al. 2005: 49 [based on Koehler 1909]; Ophiacantha simulans Koehler, 1895 c—Gage et al. 1983: 291; Paterson 1985: 39–40, fig. 17; Martynov & Litvinova 2008: 96, fig. 11B; Smirnov et al. 2014: 196. Type locality: Bay of Biscay. See: Koehler (1895c: 465–467; fig. 7; 1896c: 82–84); Mortensen (1933a: 26–29, figs. 11, 12, pl. 3, figs. 5–6); Paterson (1985). Occurrence: North Atlantic, from off North Carolina eastwards to Iceland in the North (Gage et al. 1983), southwards to off Morocco (Bartsch 1987) including the archipelagos of the Azores and Canaries (Koehler 1909). Depth: 1,480–3,018 m (Mortensen 1933a); AZO: 1,919–3,018 m (Koehler 1909). Habitat: soft substrates, mud to muddy sand and corals (Koehler 1909). Remarks: Koehler (1906b, 1909) reported small animals collected by the Talisman, Travailleur and Princesse Alice in the Bay of Biscay, Canaries and the Azores, which he believed to be Ophiacantha composita, a species he described for the Indian Ocean. Mortensen (1933a) disagreed with Koehler stating that the NE Atlantic animals were O. simulans. Paterson (1985) re-examined the material from the Talisman and Travailleur collected in the Bay of Biscay and agreed with Mortensen, assigning Koehler’s Ophiacantha composita specimens from the Atlantic to O. simulans., Published as part of Madeira, Patrícia, Kroh, Andreas, Cordeiro, Ricardo, De, António M., Martins, Frias & Ávila, Sérgio P., 2019, The Echinoderm Fauna of the Azores (NE Atlantic Ocean), pp. 1-231 in Zootaxa 4639 (1) on page 36, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4639.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3342161, {"references":["Koehler, R. (1895 c) Dragages profonds executes a bord du Caudan dans le Golfe de Gascogne. Rapport preliminaire sur le Echinodermes. Revue biologique du Nord de la France, 7, 439 - 496.","Koehler, R. (1897 a) Echinodermes recueillis par \" l'Investigator \" dans l'Ocean Indien. I. Les Ophiures de mer profonde. Annales Sciences Naturelles Zoologie et Paleontologie, 4, 273 - 372.","Koehler, R. (1909) Echinodermes provenant des campagnes du yacht Princesse-Alice (Asteries, Ophiures, Echinides et Crinoides). Resultats des campagnes scientifiques accomplies sur son yacht par Albert Ier Prince Souverain de Monaco, 34, 1 - 317.","Garcia-Diez, C., Porteiro, F. M., Meirinho, A., Cardigos, F. & Tempera, F. (2005) Taxonomic review of selected invertebrate groups collected during the Campaigns of the Prince Albert I of Monaco in the Azorean waters. Arquipelago. Life and Marine Sciences, 22 A, 35 - 59.","Koehler, R. (1895 a) Note preliminaire sur les echinides recueillis pendant les campagnes de l'Hirondelle. Bulletin de la Societe Zoologique de France, 20, 223 - 227.","Paterson, G. L. J. (1985) The deep-sea Ophiuroidea of the North Atlantic Ocean. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Zoology Series, 49 (1), 1 - 162.","Martynov, A. V. & Litvinova, N. M. (2008) Deep-water Ophiuroidea of the northern Atlantic with descriptions of three new species and taxonomic remarks on certain genera and species. Marine Biology Research, 4, 76 - 11. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 17451000701840066","Smirnov, I. S., Piepenburg, D., Ahearn, C. & Juterzenka, K. V. (2014) Deep-sea fauna of European seas: An annotated species check-list of benthic invertebrates living deeper than 2000 m in the seas bordering Europe. Ophiuroidea. Invertebrate Zoology, 11 (1), 192 - 209. https: // doi. org / 10.15298 / invertzool. 11.1.18","Mortensen, T. (1933 a) Ophiuroidea. The Danish Ingolf Expedition, 4 b (8), 1 - 121.","Gage, J. D., Billett, D. S. M., Jensen, M. & Tyler, P. A. (1983) Echinoderms of the Rockall Trough and adjacent areas. I. Crinoidea, Asteroidea and Ophiuroidea. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Zoology, 45, 263 - 308. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 28002","Bartsch, I. (1987) Notes on Ophiuroidea (Echinodermata) from the northeastern Atlantic Ocean. I. Ophiacanthidae. Spixiana, 10, 115 - 130.","Koehler, R. (1906 b) Ophiures. Expeditions Scientifiques du Travailleur et du Talisman, 8, 245 - 311."]}

Ophiactis plana ? Lyman, 1869 Reports for the Azores: non Ophiactis profundi Ltken & Mortensen, 1829—? $ Koehler 1909: 173 [misidentification]; Mortensen 1927a: 199, 200 [based on Koehler 1909]; García-Diez et al. 2005: 48 [based on Koehler 1909]; ̹ Ophiactis plana Lyman, 1869 — H.L. Clark 1918: 301–302 [based on Koehler 1909]. Type locality: off Carysfort Reef, Florida. See: Lyman (1869: 330–331); A.M. Clark (1974: 464–465); St̂hr & Segonzac (2004: 16). Occurrence: Atlantic, in the west from North Carolina to the Caribbean waters and the Gulf of Mexico (H.L. Clark 1915); in the east from Namibia to South Africa (Alva & Vadon 1989), including the archipelagos of the?Azores and?Madeira (Jesus & Abreu 1998). Depth: 18–412 m (H.L. Clark 1918, A.M. Clark 1974);? AZO: 650–914 m (Koehler 1909). Habitat: soft sediments, also on sponges and on corals (Lyman in Koehler 1914 b, Alva & Vadon 1989). Larval stage: unknown; also reproduces asexually through fission (Alva & Vadon 1989). Remarks: Koehler (1909) reported Ophiactis profundi from the Azores based on two specimens collected by Princesse Alice (sta 2214: 39°26’10”N, 31°21’30”W, 650–914 m), a deep-water species believed to be restricted to the Pacific (St̂hr & Segonzac 2004). Later Koehler (1922) commented that the material collected by Princesse Alice in the Atlantic was either O. profundi or ‘a form extremely close to it’ (see as well L̹tken & Mortensen 1899). H.L. Clark (1918) synonymised O. profundi with O. plana based on a comparison of the type material of both species, and included Princesse Alice records from the Azores under the geographical distribution of O. plana. Mortensen (1924, 1936) agreed that O. plana and O. profundi could be conspecific, but stated further studies were necessary. The matter is still unresolved pending future revision (see St̂hr & Segonzac 2004). In spite of the great depths at which Princesse Alice specimens were collected we believe they most probably belong to the Atlantic form O. plana. The same can be assumed for the Madeira record by Jesus & Abreu (1998)., Published as part of Madeira, Patrícia, Kroh, Andreas, Cordeiro, Ricardo, De, António M., Martins, Frias & Ávila, Sérgio P., 2019, The Echinoderm Fauna of the Azores (NE Atlantic Ocean), pp. 1-231 in Zootaxa 4639 (1) on page 24, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4639.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3342161, {"references":["Lyman, T. (1869) Preliminary report on the Ophiuridae and Astrophytidae dredged in deep water between Cuba and the Florida Reef, by L. F. de Pourtales. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zo ˆ logy at Harvard College, 1 (10), 309 - 354.","Koehler, R. (1909) Echinodermes provenant des campagnes du yacht Princesse-Alice (Asteries, Ophiures, Echinides et Crinoides). Resultats des campagnes scientifiques accomplies sur son yacht par Albert Ier Prince Souverain de Monaco, 34, 1 - 317.","Mortensen, T. (1927 a) Handbook of the echinoderms of the British Isles. Oxford University Press, viii + 471 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 6841","Garcia-Diez, C., Porteiro, F. M., Meirinho, A., Cardigos, F. & Tempera, F. (2005) Taxonomic review of selected invertebrate groups collected during the Campaigns of the Prince Albert I of Monaco in the Azorean waters. Arquipelago. Life and Marine Sciences, 22 A, 35 - 59.","Clark, H. L. (1918) Brittle stars, New and Old. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zo ˆ logy at Harvard College, 62, 265 - 338.","Clark, A. M. (1974) Notes on some echinoderms from Southern Africa. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Zoology, 26 (6), 421 - 487, pls. 1 - 3. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 209","Clark, H. L. (1915) Catalogue of recent ophiurans. Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zo ˆ logy at Harvard College, 25 (4), 165 - 376.","Alva, V. & Vadon, C. (1989) Ophiuroids from the western coast of Africa (Namibia and Guinea-Bissau). Scientia Marina, 53, 827 - 845.","Jesus, D. & Abreu, A. D. (1998) Contribution to the knowledge of the soft bottom echinoderms of Madeira Island. Boletim do Museu Municipal do Funchal (Historia Natural), 50 (286), 59 - 69., 4 figs.","Koehler, R. (1914 b) Echinoderma I: Asteroidea, ophiuroidea et Echnoidea. In: Michaelsen, W. (Ed.), Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Meeresfauna Westafrikas. 1 (2). L. Friederichsen & Co., Hamburg, pp. 127 - 303.","Klein, B. & Siedler, G. (1989) On the origin of the Azores Current. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 94 (C 5), 6159 - 6168.","Koehler, R. (1922) Ophiurans of the Philippine Seas and adjacent waters. Smithsonian Institution United States National Museum Bulletin, 100 (5), 1 - 486.","L ʾ tken, C. F. & Mortensen, T. (1899) Reports on an exploration off the west coasts of Mexico, Central and Southern America and off the Galapagos Islands. XXV. The Ophiuridae. Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zo ˆ logy at Harvard College, 23 (2), 97 - 208.","Mortensen, T. (1924) Echinoderms of New Zealand and the Auckland-Campbell Islands. II. Ophiuroidea. In: Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra Dansk naturhistorisk Forening i KObenhavn. Vol. 77. C. A. Reitzel, Copenhagen, pp. 91 - 177.","Mortensen, T. (1936) Echinoidea and Ophiuroidea. Discovery Reports, 12, 199 - 348. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 8051"]}

Benthodytes janthina Marenzeller, 1892 Reports for the Azores: Benthodytes janthina $ Marenzeller, 1892: 66, 1893: 10–11, pl. 1, fig. 3, pl. 2, fig. 4; Perrier 1902: 275; Mortensen 1927a: 373; García-Diez et al. 2005: 52. Type locality: North of the Azores (41°40’41”N, 26°44’09”W). See: Marenzeller (1893). Occurrence: known only from the type specimen collected in the northern waters of the Azores. Depth: 2,870 m (AZO; Marenzeller 1893). Habitat: soft bottoms (clayish sand; Marenzeller 1893). Remarks: Marenzeller (1892, 1893) described Benthodytes janthina, based on a single specimen collected by Hirondelle, roughly 160 miles north of Terceira Island. The specimen lacked complete information on important diagnostic characters, such as the ossicles that were broken and partially dissolved. Nevertheless, B. janthina was later recorded from several localities in the NE Atlantic, from Greenland (Heding 1942) to Cape Verde (Hérouard 1923). Hérouard (1902) attempted to complete Marenzeller’s initial description based on individuals collected by Princesse Alice, which included material dredge within Azorean waters (sta 673: 37°51’00”N, 26°53’45”W, 2,252 m). Hansen (1975) reviewed these reports and concluded that they resulted from confusion with other Benthodytes species, such as B. typica. As a result, B. janthina was again reduced to the type specimen. Furthermore, Hansen (1975) commented that due to the poor preservation state of the holotype it was not possible to review the species’ status and its affinities. On studying deep-sea material from the Porcupine Abyssal Plain (SW Ireland), Billett (1988) believed that both B. janthina and B. lingua Perrier, 1896b were junior synonyms of the Indo-Pacific B. sordida Théel, 1882, dismissing many of the diagnostic characters as individual variation or a result of the preservation process (e.g., shrinkage and retraction, loss of colour, absence of ossicles). Recently, Rogacheva et al. (2009) considered B. sordida to be conspecific with Indo-Pacific B. abyssicola Théel, 1882, and dismissed the Atlantic records as misidentifications. The matter whether Azorean B. janthina is conspecific with other Atlantic Benthodytes species (B. lingua ?) or indeed B. abyssicola, is still pending on future revisions of the genus., Published as part of Madeira, Patrícia, Kroh, Andreas, Cordeiro, Ricardo, De, António M., Martins, Frias & Ávila, Sérgio P., 2019, The Echinoderm Fauna of the Azores (NE Atlantic Ocean), pp. 1-231 in Zootaxa 4639 (1) on page 142, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4639.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3342161, {"references":["Marenzeller, E. von (1892) Note preliminaire sur les Holothuries provenant des campagnes du yacht l'Hirondelle. Bulletin Societe Zoologique France, 17, 64 - 66.","Marenzeller, E. von (1893) Contribution a l'etude des Holothuries de l'Atlantique N'ord (Golfe de Gascogne, Iles Acores). Resultats Campagnes Scientifiques du Prince de Monaco, 6, 1 - 32. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 11304","Perrier, R. (1902) Holothuries. In: Expeditions Scientifiques du Travailleur et du Talisman pendant les Annees 1880, 1881, 1882, 1883. Ouvrage publie sous les auspices du ministere de l'instruction publique sous la direction de A. Milne-Edwards de 1888 a 1890 et continue par E. Perrier. Vol. 7. Masson et Cie, Editeurs, Paris, pp. 273 - 554.","Mortensen, T. (1927 a) Handbook of the echinoderms of the British Isles. Oxford University Press, viii + 471 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 6841","Garcia-Diez, C., Porteiro, F. M., Meirinho, A., Cardigos, F. & Tempera, F. (2005) Taxonomic review of selected invertebrate groups collected during the Campaigns of the Prince Albert I of Monaco in the Azorean waters. Arquipelago. Life and Marine Sciences, 22 A, 35 - 59.","Heding, S. G. (1942) Holothurioidea, Part 2: Aspidochirota, Elasipoda, Dendrochirota. In: The Danish Ingolf Expedition. 4 (13). Hagerup, Copenhagen, pp. 1 - 39.","Herouard, E. (1923) Holothuries provenant des campagnes des yachts Princesse-Alice et Hirondelle ii. (1898 - 1915). Resultats Campagnes Scientifiques Prince de Monaco, 66, 1 - 161.","Herouard, E. (1902) Holothuries Provenant Des Campagnes De La Princesse-Alice (1892 - 1897). Reisultats des campagnes scientifiques accomplies sur son yacht, Fasc. 21, 1 - 62.","Hansen, B. (1975) Systematics and biology of the deep-sea holothurians: Elasipoda. Galathea report: scientific results of the Danish deep-sea expedition round the world 1950 - 1952. Galathea, 13, 1 - 262.","Billett, D. S. M. (1988) The ecology of deep-sea holothurians. PhD thesis (unpublished), University of Southampton, Southampton, xi + 398 pp.","Perrier, R. (1896 b) Sur les Elasipodes recueillis par le Travailleur et le Talisman. Comptes Rendus Academie Sciences, Paris, 123, 900 - 903.","Theel, H. (1882) Report on the Holothuroidea dredged by H. M. S. Challenger during the years 1873 - 76. Part I. Challenger Reports, Zoology, 4, 1 - 176.","Rogacheva, A., Cross, I. A. & Billett, D. S. M. (2009) Psychropotid holothurians (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Elasipodida) collected at abyssal depths from around the Crozet Plateau in the southern Indian Ocean. Zootaxa, 2096, 460 - 478."]}

Erroneous— Pteraster alveolatus Perrier, 1894 Reports for the Azores: Pteraster alveolatus Perrier, 1894: 183–184, pl. 13, fig. 1; Mortensen 1927a: 102; Cherbonnier & Sibuet 1972: 380; A.M. Clark & Downey 1992: 327, figs. 51a–e; Dilman 2014: 36. Type locality: between the Azores and European continental shores (42°19’N, 21°15’46”W). See: A.M. Clark & Downey (1992). Occurrence: known only from the type locality (Clark & Downey 1992). Depth: 4,060 m (Perrier 1894). Habitat: soft sediments (ooze; Perrier 1894). Remarks: Perrier (1894) described Pteraster alveolatus based on a specimen collected by Talisman NE of the Azores. At the time, Perrier attributed this species to the Azores fauna, disregarding the true location of the station, a mistake repeated in subsequent literature., Published as part of Madeira, Patrícia, Kroh, Andreas, Cordeiro, Ricardo, De, António M., Martins, Frias & Ávila, Sérgio P., 2019, The Echinoderm Fauna of the Azores (NE Atlantic Ocean), pp. 1-231 in Zootaxa 4639 (1) on page 170, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4639.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3342161, {"references":["Perrier, M. E. (1894) Stellerides. Expeditions Scientifiques du Travailleur et du Talisman. Masson, Paris, 431 pp.","Mortensen, T. (1927 a) Handbook of the echinoderms of the British Isles. Oxford University Press, viii + 471 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 6841","Cherbonnier, G. & Sibuet, M. (1972) Resultats scientifiques de la campagne Noratlante: Asterides et Ophiurides. Bulletin du Museum National D'histoire Naturelle, 102 (76), 1333 - 1394.","Clark, A. M. & Downey, M. E. (1992) Starfishes of the Atlantic. Natural History Museum Publications. Chapman & Hall, London, 794 pp.","Dilman A. B. (2014) Deep-sea fauna of European seas: An annotated species check-list of benthic invertebrates living deeper than 2000 m in the seas bordering Europe. Asteroidea. Invertebrate Zoology, 11 (1), 25 - 42. https: // doi. org / 10.15298 / invertzool. 11.1.05"]}

Brissopsis lyrifera lyrifera (Forbes, 1841) Reports for the Azores: Brissopsis lyrifera (Forbes, 1841) — $ Koehler 1895a: 225, 1898: 7, 24, 73; Grieg 1932: 43; Nobre 1938: 132–133, fig. 57; Pereira 1997: 335; Micael & Costa 2010: 323; Micael et al. 2012: 4; García-Diez et al. 2005: 51. Type locality: Scotland, British Isles. See: Forbes (1841: 187–189); Mortensen (1951b: 380–390, pl. 30, figs. 1–4, 7–13, pl. 32, figs. 15, 20, 22, pl. 57, fig. 15); Chesher (1968: 90–96, figs. 8, 18–19; pl. 21, figs. a–b, as Brissopsis lyrifera capensis). Occurrence: Mediterranean Sea and east Atlantic, from Iceland and Scandinavia (Mortensen 1907) to NW Africa (Mortensen 1927a, b, Grieg 1932), including the Azores (Koehler 1898); the subspecies B. lyrifera capensis Mortensen 1907 was reported from South Africa, the Gulf of Guinea and the Caribbean (Chesher 1966, 1968). Depth: 5– 2,250 m (Mortensen 1951 b, Mecho et al. 2014); AZO: 130 m (Koehler 1898). Habitat: buried in sand, mud to detritic substrates (Mortensen 1927a, Cherbonnier 1969). Larval stage: planktotrophic (Harvey et al. 1988). Remarks: the only known material of Brissopsis lyrifera from the Azores is restricted to a single small specimen identified by Koehler (1895a, 1898) among the material collected by Hirondelle (sta 226: 38°31’19”N, 28°34’31”W) in the channel between Pico and Faial islands, at a depth of 130 m., Published as part of Madeira, Patrícia, Kroh, Andreas, Cordeiro, Ricardo, De, António M., Martins, Frias & Ávila, Sérgio P., 2019, The Echinoderm Fauna of the Azores (NE Atlantic Ocean), pp. 1-231 in Zootaxa 4639 (1) on page 123, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4639.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3342161, {"references":["Forbes, E. (1841) A history of British Starfishes and other animals of the class Echinodermata. John Van Woorst, London, 267 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 2129","Koehler, R. (1895 a) Note preliminaire sur les echinides recueillis pendant les campagnes de l'Hirondelle. Bulletin de la Societe Zoologique de France, 20, 223 - 227.","Koehler, R. (1898) Echinides et Ophiures provenant des campagnes du yacht Hirondelle (Golfe de Gascogne, Acores, Terre- Neuve). Resultats des campagnes scientifiques accomplies sur son yacht par Albert Ier Prince Souverain de Monaco, 12, 1 - 78.","Grieg, J. A. (1932) Echinodermata. Report of the scientific results of the Michael Sars North Atlantic deep sea expedition 1910, 3 (2), 1 - 47.","Nobre, A. (1938) Equinodermes de Portugal. 3 rd Edition. Companhia Editora do Minho, Barcelos, 215 pp.","Pereira, M. (1997) Checklist of the littoral echinoderms of the Azores. Acoreana, 8 (3), 331 - 337.","Micael, J. & Costa A. C. (2010) Echinodermata. In: Borges, P. A. V., Costa, A., Cunha, R., Gabriel, R., Goncalves, V., Martins, A. F., Melo, I., Parente, M., Raposeiro, P., Rodrigues, P., Santos, R. S., Silva, L., Vieira, P. & Vieira, V. (Eds.), A list of the terrestrial and marine biota from the Azores. Principia, Oeiras, pp. 321 - 323.","Micael, J., Alves, M. J., Jones, M. B. & Costa, A. C. (2012) Diversity of shallow-water asteroids (Echinodermata) in the Azorean Archipelago. Marine Biodiversity Records, 5, e 49. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 1755267211000534","Garcia-Diez, C., Porteiro, F. M., Meirinho, A., Cardigos, F. & Tempera, F. (2005) Taxonomic review of selected invertebrate groups collected during the Campaigns of the Prince Albert I of Monaco in the Azorean waters. Arquipelago. Life and Marine Sciences, 22 A, 35 - 59.","Mortensen, T. (1951 b) A Monograph of the Echinoidea. Vol. 2. Spatangoida II. Amphisternata II. Spatangidae, Loveniidae, Pericosmidae, Schizasteridae, Brissidae. C. A. Reitzel, Copenhagen, 593 pp.","Chesher, R. H. (1968) The Systematics of Sympatric Species in West Indian Spatangoids: A Revision of the Genera Brissopsis, Plethotaenia, Paleopneustes, and Saviniaster. Studies in Tropical Oceanography, 7, 1 - 168.","Mortensen, T. (1907) Echinoidea (Part 2). In: The Danish Ingolf-Expedition 1895 - 1896. 4 (2). Bianco Luno, Copenhagen, pp. 1 - 200.","Mortensen, T. (1927 a) Handbook of the echinoderms of the British Isles. Oxford University Press, viii + 471 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 6841","Chesher, R. H. (1966) The R / V Pillsbury deep-sea biological expedition to the Gulf of Guinea, 1964 - 1965, 10: report on the Echinoidea collected by the R / V Pillsbury in the Gulf of Guinea. Studies in Tropical Oceanography, 4 (1), 209 - 223.","Mecho, A., Billett, D. S. M., Ramirez-Llodra, E., Aguzzi, J., Tyler, P. A. & Company, J. B. (2014) First records, rediscovery and compilation of deep-sea echinoderms in the middle and lower continental slope of the Mediterranean Sea. Scientia Marina, 78 (2), 281 - 302. https: // doi. org / 10.3989 / scimar. 03983.30 C","Cherbonnier, G. (1969) Echinodermes recoltes par la \" Thalassa \" au large de cotes d'espagne et du Golfe de Gascogne (3 - 12 AOUT 1967). Bulletin Museum National Histoire Naturelle Paris, Serie 2, 41 (1), 343 - 361.","Harvey, R., Gage, J. D., Billett, D. S. M., Clark, A. M. & Paterson, G. L. J. (1988) Echinoderms of the Rockall Trough and adjacent areas. 3. Additional records. Bulletin British Museum Natural History, Zoology, 54, 153 - 198."]}

Zoroaster fulgens Thomson, 1873 Reports for the Azores: Zoroaster longicauda $ Perrier, 1885c: 19–21; Mortensen 1927a: 131; Prognaster grimaldii $ Perrier, 1891: 259–262, 1896a: 23–25, pl. 2, figs. 1, 1a, 1b; Prognaster longicauda $ Perrier, 1894: 120–125, pl. 10, fig. 1; Zoroaster fulgens Thomson, 1873 — Sibuet 1975: 108; $ Dilman 2008: 147. Type locality: Faroe Channel (lectotype). See: Downey (1970: 15–17); A.M. Clark & Downey (1992: 403–404, figs. 61c–d, 67a, pl. 96, figs. G–H); Benavides-Serrato et al. (2011: 204–205). Occurrence: Atlantic Ocean, from Newfoundland south to Brazil, eastwards from south of Iceland and the Faroe Channel south to Angola (Sladen 1883, Grieg 1932, Sibuet 1975), including the Azores (Perrier 1894), Canaries and Cape Verde (Koehler 1909). Depth: (?120) 220– 4,810 m (Grieg 1932, Gage et al. 1983, A.M. Clark & Downey 1992); AZO: 2,870 –3,050 m (Perrier 1891, Dilman 2008). Habitat: soft substrates, ooze, muddy sand, sand to gravel (Farran 1913, Sneli 1999). Larval stage: lecithotrophic (McEdward & Miner 2001). Remarks: Zoroaster fulgens presents a high degree of variation throughout its geographic and depth range and was described under several synonyms and varieties (see Downey 1970). Historically, the presence of this species in the Azorean waters was recorded under the names Zoroaster longicauda (= Prognaster longicauda; Perrier 1885c, 1894; Talisman) and Prognaster grimaldii (Perrier 1891, 1896a; Hirondelle). Both species were known only from the material described by Perrier and in the latter case was known only from the Azores. A.M. Clark & Downey (1992) reunited all specimens attributed to the genus previously under the name Z. fulgens, including the two Azorean species. Nevertheless, Downey (1970) noted that Z. fulgens from the northern part of its range tends to be more spinose and more robust and is generally found below 1,830 m. In contrast, on southern part of its range, this species can be found at depths as shallow as 365 m and tend to have a more compact skeleton, less spinose and slender arms. In turn, Howell et al. (2004) identified three depth related morphotypes in Porcupine Seabight (SW of Ireland): a robust form (925– 1,750 m), a slender form (1,300 –2,200 m) and a long-armed form (3,300 –4,020 m). Genetic analysis revealed that these forms are reproductively isolated, and the shallower robust morphotype might represent a distinct species. The known depth range of Z. fulgens in the Azores is between the depth intervals recorded by Howell et al. (2004) for the two deeper forms. The arm length/disc radius ratio presented by Perrier (1894, 1896a) for Z. longicauda (from 2995 m depth) and for P. grimaldii (from 2870 m depth) were respectively 16 and 15, both well above the 9.7 given by Howell et al. (2004) for the long-armed form. More recently, Dilman (2008) reported material belonging to Z. fulgens collected by G.O. Sars (MAR–ECO cruise) from in northern Azorean waters depths between 2954 and 3050, but gave no descriptions., Published as part of Madeira, Patrícia, Kroh, Andreas, Cordeiro, Ricardo, De, António M., Martins, Frias & Ávila, Sérgio P., 2019, The Echinoderm Fauna of the Azores (NE Atlantic Ocean), pp. 1-231 in Zootaxa 4639 (1) on page 71, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4639.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3342161, {"references":["Thomson, W. (1873) The depths of the sea. Macmillan, London, 527 pp.","Perrier, M. E. (1885 c) Premiere note preliminaire des les Echinodermes, recueillis durant les campagnes de dragages sous-marines du Travailleur et du Talisman. Annales des Sciences Naturelles, Zoologie, 22 (8), 1 - 72.","Mortensen, T. (1927 a) Handbook of the echinoderms of the British Isles. Oxford University Press, viii + 471 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 6841","Perrier, M. E. (1891) Stellerides nouveaux provenant des campagnes du yacht l'Hirondelle. Memoires de la Societe zoologique de France, 4, 258 - 271.","Perrier, M. E. (1896 a) Contribution a l'etude des stellerides de l'Atlantique Nord (Golfe de Gascogne, Acores, Terre-Neuve). Resultats Des Campagnes Scientifiques Accomplies Par Le Prince Albert I, Monaco, 11, 1 - 571.","Perrier, M. E. (1894) Stellerides. Expeditions Scientifiques du Travailleur et du Talisman. Masson, Paris, 431 pp.","Sibuet, M. (1975) Asterides abyssales de l'Atlantique sud. (Resultats de la campagne Walda, juin-juillet-ao r t 1971). Bulletin du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 3 (289), 281 - 297.","Dilman, A. B. (2008) Asteroid fauna of the northern Mid-Atlantic Ridge with description of a new species Hymenasterides mironovi sp. nov. Marine Biology Research, 4 (1 - 2), 131 - 151. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 17451000701821736","Downey, M. E. (1970) Zorocallida, new order, and Doraster constellatus, new genus and species, with notes on the Zoroasteridae. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 64, 1 - 18. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00810282.64","Clark, A. M. & Downey, M. E. (1992) Starfishes of the Atlantic. Natural History Museum Publications. Chapman & Hall, London, 794 pp.","Benavides-Serrato, M., Borrero-Perez, G. H. & Diaz-Sanchez, C. M. (2011) Equinodermos del Caribe colombiano I: Crinoidea, Asteroidea y Ophiuoridea. Vol. 22. Serie de Publicaciones Especiales de Invemar, Santa Marta, 384 pp.","Sladen, W. P. (1883) The Asteroidea of H. M. S. Challenger Expedition. Part II, Astropectinidae. Journal of the Linnean Society, Zoology, 17, 214 - 269. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1883. tb 02022. x","Grieg, J. A. (1932) Echinodermata. Report of the scientific results of the Michael Sars North Atlantic deep sea expedition 1910, 3 (2), 1 - 47.","Koehler, R. (1909) Echinodermes provenant des campagnes du yacht Princesse-Alice (Asteries, Ophiures, Echinides et Crinoides). Resultats des campagnes scientifiques accomplies sur son yacht par Albert Ier Prince Souverain de Monaco, 34, 1 - 317.","Gage, J. D., Billett, D. S. M., Jensen, M. & Tyler, P. A. (1983) Echinoderms of the Rockall Trough and adjacent areas. I. Crinoidea, Asteroidea and Ophiuroidea. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Zoology, 45, 263 - 308. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 28002","Farran, G. P. (1913) The deep-water Asteroidea, Ophiuroidea and Echinoidea of the West Coast of Ireland. Department of Agriculture and technical instruction for Ireland, fisheries branch, scientific investigations, 6, 1 - 66. [1912]","Sneli, J. - A. (1999) Echinodermata, Asteroidea in the Faroe region. Frodskaparrit, 47, 229 - 259.","McEdward, L. R. & Miner, B. G. (2001) Larval and life-cycle patterns in echinoderms. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 79, 1125 - 1170. https: // doi. org / 10.1139 / z 00 - 218"]}

Anachalypsicrinus nefertiti A.M. Clark, 1973 Reports for the Azores: Anachalypsicrinus nefertiti (A.M. Clark, 1973) — $ Roux 1980: 191, pl. 1, figs. 1–3; Roux 1985: 481–482, figs. 2–3; Tyler & Zibrowius 1992: 222, figs. 3h, 5 b–c, g; Mironov et al. 2014: 117. Type locality: off W Ireland (53°11’12”N– 53°11’36”N, 20°05’06”W– 20°03’54”W). See: A.M. Clark (1973: 269–270, figs. 1a–e, 2, pl. 1, figs. a–d). Occurrence: Northeast Atlantic, from off S–SW Ireland south to the Azores and east to the Bay of Biscay and off Morocco (Tyler & Zibrowius 1992). Depth: 2,000–2,810 m (Mironov et al. 2014); AZO: 2,200–2,810 m (Roux 1980). Habitat: hard substrata (Tyler & Zibrowius 1992). Remarks: Roux (1980) identified Anachalypsicrinus nefertiti in deep-sea photographs taken by the project Famous in the south of the Azores (36°49’36”N– 36°57’30”N, 33°05′W– 33°16’30”W, 2,220 –2,810 m). The abyssal depths and the type of substrata may account for the paucity of reports throughout its known geographical distribution., Published as part of Madeira, Patrícia, Kroh, Andreas, Cordeiro, Ricardo, De, António M., Martins, Frias & Ávila, Sérgio P., 2019, The Echinoderm Fauna of the Azores (NE Atlantic Ocean), pp. 1-231 in Zootaxa 4639 (1) on page 19, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4639.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3342161, {"references":["Clark, A. M. (1973) Some new taxa of recent stalked Crinoidea. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Zoology, 25 (7), 267 - 288.","Roux, M. (1980) Les crinoides pedoncules (Echinodermes) photographies sur les dorsales oceaniques de l'Atlantique et du Pacifique. Implications biogeographiques. Comptes Rendus de l'Academie des Sciences, Paris, Serie D, 291 (11), 901 - 904.","Roux, M. (1985) Les crinoides pedoncules (Echinodermes) de l'Atlantique N. E.: Inventaire, ecologie et biogeographie. In: Laubier, L. & Monniot, C. (Eds.), Peuplements profonds du golfe de Gascogne, Campagnes BIOGAS. IFREMER, Brest, pp. 479 - 489.","Tyler, P. A. & Zibrowius, H. (1992) Submersible observations of the invertebrate fauna on the continental slope southwest if Ireland (NE Atlantic Ocean), Oceanologica Acta, 15 (2), 211 - 226.","Mironov, A. N., Ameziane, N. & Eleaume, M. P. (2014) Deep-sea fauna of European seas: An annotated speciescheck-list of benthic invertebrates living deeper than 2000 m in the seas bordering Europe. Crinoidea. Invertebrate Zoology, 11 (1), 112 - 119. https: // doi. org / 10.15298 / invertzool. 11.1.11"]}

Erroneous— Ophiopsila aranea Forbes, 1843 Reports for the Azores: Ophiopsila aranea Forbes, 1843 — Koehler 1909: 182, 1921b: 95–96, fig. 63; Mortensen 1927a: 180–181, fig. 101: Tortonese 1965: 253–255, fig. 116; Madsen 1970: 222, fig. 40; Pérez-Ruzafa et al. 2002: 282–283; Micael & Costa 2010: 322; Micael et al. 2012: 3. Type locality: Mediterranean Sea. See: Forbes (1843: 149, pl. 14, figs. 1–7); Koehler (1921b); Mortensen (1927a). Occurrence: Mediterranean Sea and East Atlantic, in the Atlantic from the British Islands to the Gulf of Guinea (Mortensen 1927 a, Madsen 1970), including Madeira, the Selvagens, Canaries, Cape Verde, and the Seine Seamount (Koehler 1906b, 1909, Pérez-Ruzafa et al. 2002, 2003). Depth: 8–185 m (Koehler 1909, Pérez-Ruzafa et al. 2002). Habitat: on coralligenous and detritic bottoms, among algae and sea-grass prairies or hidden in crevices (Tortonese 1965). Remarks: Koehler (1906b) reported material belonging to Ophiopsila aranea collected by Talisman in several stations located in the Bay of Biscay, Madeira and Cape Verde. Later, Koehler (1909) listed a specimen collected by Princesse Alice from Seine Seamount (sta 2034: 33°47’40”N, 14°21’W, 185 m). However, in the discussion of the geographical distribution of O. aranea, Koehler (1909) stated that this Mediterranean species was collected in the Azores by Talisman and taken again by Princesse Alice in the same waters. It is clear that Koehler mistook the stations’ location from both cruises, an error overlooked in subsequent literature., Published as part of Madeira, Patrícia, Kroh, Andreas, Cordeiro, Ricardo, De, António M., Martins, Frias & Ávila, Sérgio P., 2019, The Echinoderm Fauna of the Azores (NE Atlantic Ocean), pp. 1-231 in Zootaxa 4639 (1) on page 165, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4639.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3342161, {"references":["Forbes, E. A. (1843) On the radiata of the eastern Mediterranean. Transactions of the Linnean Society of London, 19, 143 - 153. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1842. tb 00360. x","Koehler, R. (1909) Echinodermes provenant des campagnes du yacht Princesse-Alice (Asteries, Ophiures, Echinides et Crinoides). Resultats des campagnes scientifiques accomplies sur son yacht par Albert Ier Prince Souverain de Monaco, 34, 1 - 317.","Koehler, R. (1921 b) Echinodermes. Faune de France. 1. Librairie de la Faculte des Sciences, Paris, 216 pp.","Mortensen, T. (1927 a) Handbook of the echinoderms of the British Isles. Oxford University Press, viii + 471 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 6841","Tortonese, E. (1965) Fauna D'Italia-Echinodermata. Edizioni Calderini, Bologna, 422 pp.","Madsen, F. J. (1970) West African Ophiuroids. Atlantidae Report, 11, 151 - 243.","Perez-Ruzafa, A., Entrambasaguas, L., Espejo, C., Marcos, C. & Bacallado, J. J. (2002) Fauna de equinodermos (Echinodermata) de los fondos rocosos infralitorales del archipielago de Salvajes (Oceano Atlantico). Revista de la Academia Canaria de Ciencias, 14 (3 - 4), 277 - 296.","Micael, J. & Costa A. C. (2010) Echinodermata. In: Borges, P. A. V., Costa, A., Cunha, R., Gabriel, R., Goncalves, V., Martins, A. F., Melo, I., Parente, M., Raposeiro, P., Rodrigues, P., Santos, R. S., Silva, L., Vieira, P. & Vieira, V. (Eds.), A list of the terrestrial and marine biota from the Azores. Principia, Oeiras, pp. 321 - 323.","Micael, J., Alves, M. J., Jones, M. B. & Costa, A. C. (2012) Diversity of shallow-water asteroids (Echinodermata) in the Azorean Archipelago. Marine Biodiversity Records, 5, e 49. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 1755267211000534","Koehler, R. (1906 b) Ophiures. Expeditions Scientifiques du Travailleur et du Talisman, 8, 245 - 311.","Perez-Ruzafa, A., Aranega, J. J. B., Garcia, I. A. & Diaz, J. R. D. (2003) Division Echinodermata. In: Moro, L., Martin, J. L., Garrido, M. J. & Izquierdo, I. (Eds.), Lista de especies marinas de Canarias (algas, hongos, plantas y animales). Consejeria de Politica Territorial y Medio Ambiente del Gobierno de Canarias, Tenerife, pp. 112 - 113."]}

Paragonaster subtilis (Perrier, 1881) Reports for the Azores: Pentagonaster elongatus Perrier, 1885 c— $ Perrier 1885c: 38; Goniopecten subtilis Perrier, 1881 — $ Perrier 1885c: 41; Paragonaster elongatus (Perrier, 1885c) — $ Perrier 1894: 362–363 pl. 21, fig. 3, pl. 24, fig. 4; Verrill 1899: 196; Paragonaster subtilis (Perrier, 1881) — $ Perrier 1894: 358–362 pl. 23, fig. 5, pl. 24, fig. 3; $ Koehler 1909: 86–87, pl. 4, fig. 2; Mortensen 1927a: 79; $ Halpern 1972: 374–378, figs. 5–6; Downey 1973: 57, pl. 22, figs. A, B; Sibuet 1975: 108; Gage et al. 1983: 280; A.M. Clark & Downey 1992: 256–257, pl. 62, figs. C, D; García-Diez et al. 2005: 47; $ Dilman 2008: 140, 2014: 33. Type locality: Gulf of Mexico (24°33’N, 84°23’W). See: Halpern (1972); A.M. Clark & Downey (1992). Occurrence: Atlantic, in the west from off New York, south to the Gulf of Mexico (Halpern 1972), in the east from the Rockall Trough (Gage et al. 1983) to the Gulf of Guinea (Sibuet 1975), including the Azores and Cape Verde archipelagos (Koehler 1909). Depth: 1,058 –4,825 m (Halpern 1972); AZO: 2,954 –4,261 m (Koehler 1909, Dilman 2008). Habitat: soft substrates (ooze; Gage et al. 1983). Larval stage: lecithotrophic (McEdward & Miner 2001). Remarks: Paragonaster subtilis is a highly variably species and was described in the literature under several names (see A.M. Clark & Downey 1992). For example, Perrier (1885c, 1894) described Paragonaster elongatus (= Pentagonaster elongatus) based on material collected by Talisman at the same station in the Azores (sta 131, 1883: 38°38’00”N, 25°05’46”W, 2,995 m) where the same author recorded also P. subtilis. At the time, Perrier remarked that the former might represent just a variety of later species. Halpern (1972) re-examined the type material including that of P. elongatus from the Azores and synonymized the two species., Published as part of Madeira, Patrícia, Kroh, Andreas, Cordeiro, Ricardo, De, António M., Martins, Frias & Ávila, Sérgio P., 2019, The Echinoderm Fauna of the Azores (NE Atlantic Ocean), pp. 1-231 in Zootaxa 4639 (1) on page 83, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4639.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3342161, {"references":["Perrier, M. E. (1881) Description sommaire des especes nouvelles d'Asteries. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zo ˆ logy at Harvard College, 9, 1 - 31.","Perrier, M. E. (1885 a) Les Encrines vivantes. Revue Scientifique, Revue Rose, Paris, 35, 690 - 693.","Perrier, M. E. (1885 c) Premiere note preliminaire des les Echinodermes, recueillis durant les campagnes de dragages sous-marines du Travailleur et du Talisman. Annales des Sciences Naturelles, Zoologie, 22 (8), 1 - 72.","Perrier, M. E. (1894) Stellerides. Expeditions Scientifiques du Travailleur et du Talisman. Masson, Paris, 431 pp.","Verrill, A. E. (1899) Revision of certain genera and species of starfishes, with descriptions of new forms. Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences, 10 (1), 145 - 234. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 7031","Koehler, R. (1909) Echinodermes provenant des campagnes du yacht Princesse-Alice (Asteries, Ophiures, Echinides et Crinoides). Resultats des campagnes scientifiques accomplies sur son yacht par Albert Ier Prince Souverain de Monaco, 34, 1 - 317.","Mortensen, T. (1927 a) Handbook of the echinoderms of the British Isles. Oxford University Press, viii + 471 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 6841","Halpern, J. A. (1972) Pseudarchasterinae (Echinodermata, Asteroidea) of the Atlantic. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 85 (30), 359 - 384.","Downey, M. E. (1973) Starfishes from the Caribbean and the Gulf of Mexico. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 126, 1 - 158. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00810282.126","Sibuet, M. (1975) Asterides abyssales de l'Atlantique sud. (Resultats de la campagne Walda, juin-juillet-ao r t 1971). Bulletin du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 3 (289), 281 - 297.","Gage, J. D., Billett, D. S. M., Jensen, M. & Tyler, P. A. (1983) Echinoderms of the Rockall Trough and adjacent areas. I. Crinoidea, Asteroidea and Ophiuroidea. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Zoology, 45, 263 - 308. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 28002","Clark, A. M. & Downey, M. E. (1992) Starfishes of the Atlantic. Natural History Museum Publications. Chapman & Hall, London, 794 pp.","Garcia-Diez, C., Porteiro, F. M., Meirinho, A., Cardigos, F. & Tempera, F. (2005) Taxonomic review of selected invertebrate groups collected during the Campaigns of the Prince Albert I of Monaco in the Azorean waters. Arquipelago. Life and Marine Sciences, 22 A, 35 - 59.","Dilman, A. B. (2008) Asteroid fauna of the northern Mid-Atlantic Ridge with description of a new species Hymenasterides mironovi sp. nov. Marine Biology Research, 4 (1 - 2), 131 - 151. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 17451000701821736","Dilman A. B. (2014) Deep-sea fauna of European seas: An annotated species check-list of benthic invertebrates living deeper than 2000 m in the seas bordering Europe. Asteroidea. Invertebrate Zoology, 11 (1), 25 - 42. https: // doi. org / 10.15298 / invertzool. 11.1.05","McEdward, L. R. & Miner, B. G. (2001) Larval and life-cycle patterns in echinoderms. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 79, 1125 - 1170. https: // doi. org / 10.1139 / z 00 - 218"]}

Araeosoma fenestratum (Thomson, 1872b) Reports for the Azores: Araeosoma fenestratum (Thomson, 1872b) — Marques 1980: 104; $ Mironov 2006: 103. Type locality: off the coast of Portugal. See: Thomson (1872b: 741–744, pl. 63, figs. 9–10, pl. 66, figs. 1–5, pl. 67, figs. 1–9, as Calveria fenestrate); Mortensen (1935: 233–237, pl. 29–30, pl. 78, fig. 11); Benavides-Serrato et al. (2012: 51–52). Occurrence: North Atlantic, from the Denmark Strait (Mortensen 1903) to the Caribbean and the Gulf of Mexico (Benavides-Serrato et al. 2012), eastwards from off Scotland and the Rockall Trough (Gage et al. 1985; Harvey et al. 1988) to Portugal (Thomson 1872b), including the Azores and the Meteor Seamounts (Mironov 2006). Depth: 148– 1,270 m (Mironov 2006); AZO:? 900 m (herein). Habitat: soft sediments, on fine sand to mud (Gage et al. 1985); gut contents include bottom sediments together with a variety of sponges and plant fragments (Serafy & Fell 1985); feeds also on deep-sea reef building corals such as Lophelia pertusa and Madrepora oculata (Stevenson & Rocha 2012). Larval stage: lecithotrophic (Emlet 1995). Remarks: it is likely that when Marques (1980) mentioned the presence of Araeosoma fenestratum in the Azores he was referring to unreported specimens collected by Biacores expedition in the archipelago. These specimens were mentioned by Mironov (2006) who noted that in the collection of MNHN Paris there are numerous Araeosoma taken in the Azorean waters by Jean Charcot (Biacores cruise, unreported) Cruise and mostly labelled by Vasco Marques as belonging to A. fenestratum. Additionally, the later author identified several specimens belonging to A. fenestratum in Meteor waters bordering the Azores. In 2009, during the expedition EMEPC-LUSO an echinothurid likely to belong to this species was captured on video on the seabed of the Azorean deep waters, north of S„o Jorge Island (38°42'18"N, 28°01'18"W, 900 m; Fig. 28 A–B) and south of Pico Island (36°36'25"N, 28°06'43"W, 2009.10.21, 1,102 m; Fig. 28C)., Published as part of Madeira, Patrícia, Kroh, Andreas, Cordeiro, Ricardo, De, António M., Martins, Frias & Ávila, Sérgio P., 2019, The Echinoderm Fauna of the Azores (NE Atlantic Ocean), pp. 1-231 in Zootaxa 4639 (1) on page 119, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4639.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3342161, {"references":["Thomson, W. (1872 b) On the Echinoidea of the Porcupine Dredging Expeditions. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, 2, 719 - 756.","Marques, V. M. (1980) Echinodermes recueillis pedant la mission \" Hesperides 76 \" du N / O Jean Charcot. Arquivo do Museu Bocage, 2 ª Serie, 7 (7), 95 - 107.","Mironov, A. N. (2006) Echinoids from seamounts of the north-eastern Atlantic, onshore / offshore gradients in species distribution. In: Mironov, A. N., Gebruk, A. V. & Southward, A. J. (Eds.), Biogeography of the North Atlantic Seamounts. KMK Scientific Press, Russian Academy of Sciences, P. P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, Moscow, pp. 96 - 133.","Mortensen, T. (1935) A Monograph of the Echinoidea. II. Bothriocidaroida, Melonechinoida, Lepidocentroida, and Stirodonta. C. A. Reitzel & Oxford University Press, Copenhagen & London, 647 pp.","Benavides-Serrato, M., Borrero-Perez, G. H. & Diaz-Sanchez, C. M. (2012) Equinodermos del Caribe colombiano II: Echinoidea y Holothuroidea. Vol. 30. Serie de Publicaciones Especiales de Invemar, Santa Marta, 250 pp.","Mortensen, T. (1903) Echinoidea (Part 1). In: The Danish Ingolf-Expedition 1895 - 1896. 4 (1). Bianco Luno, Copenhagen, 4 (1), pp. 1 - 198.","Gage, J. D., Billett, D. S. M., Jensen, M. & Tyler, P. A. (1985) Echinoderms of the Rockall Trough and adjacent areas. 2. Echinoidea and Holothurioidea. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Zoology, 48 (4), 173 - 214.","Harvey, R., Gage, J. D., Billett, D. S. M., Clark, A. M. & Paterson, G. L. J. (1988) Echinoderms of the Rockall Trough and adjacent areas. 3. Additional records. Bulletin British Museum Natural History, Zoology, 54, 153 - 198.","Serafy, D. K. & Fell, F. J. (1985) Marine Flora and Fauna of the Northeastern United States. Echinodermata: Echinoidea. NOAA Technical Report NMFS, 33, 1 - 27.","Stevenson, A. & Rocha, C. (2012) Evidence for the bioerosion of deep-water corals by echinoids in the Northeast Atlantic. Deep-Sea Research I, Oceanographic Research Papers, 71, 73 - 78. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. dsr. 2012.09.005","Emlet, R. B. (1995) Developmental mode and species geographic range in regular sea urchins (Echinodermata: Echinoidea). Evolution, 49 (3), 476 - 489. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1558 - 5646.1995. tb 02280. x"]}

Erroneous— Spatangus purpureus Müller, 1776 Reports for the Azores: Spatangus purpureus M̹ller, 1776— Agassiz 1881: 171; Bell 1892: 165–167, pl. 16, fig. 10; Mortensen 1907: 123–128, pl. 2, figs. 8, 12, 14, 16, pl. 16, figs. 1–2, 5–10, 22, 24–25, 27, 29, 31–32, 34, 1927a: 328–329, fig. 190; Koehler 1914b: 279, 1921b: 129–130, figs. 89–90; H.L. Clark 1917: 234; Nobre 1938: 127–128, fig. 55; Harvey 1956: 67; Micael et al. 2012: 4. See: Mortensen (1951b: 10–14); Schultz (2006: 427–428, figs. 802–804). Occurrence: Northeast Atlantic and Mediterranean Sea (Tortonese 1965), from Iceland and Scandinavia along European and African coasts to Senegal (Mortensen 1951b); possibly also occurring in Cape Verde and Angola (Mortensen 1951a). Depth: 0–900 m (Koehler 1914b). Habitat: soft substrates, preferably on coarse sand or gravel, in which it lies wholly buried where it feeds on all sorts of bottom particles and organisms (Mortensen 1927a). Larval stage: planktotrophic (c. 3 weeks; Mortensen 1913). Remarks: Agassiz (1881) identified the species Spatangus purpureus among the material collected by H.M.S. Challenger (sta 75: 38°37’N, 28°30’W, 92–165 m) in Azorean waters (no description was given). However, the existence of such specimen(s) could not be confirmed by H.L. Clark (1925) or Mortensen (1951b). Furthermore, the only other H.M.S. Challenger specimen identified by Agassiz (1881) as belonging to this species (off Bermuda) later proved to be a misidentification (see Mortensen 1907). Thus, the presence in the Azores of S. purpureus remains unconfirmed., Published as part of Madeira, Patrícia, Kroh, Andreas, Cordeiro, Ricardo, De, António M., Martins, Frias & Ávila, Sérgio P., 2019, The Echinoderm Fauna of the Azores (NE Atlantic Ocean), pp. 1-231 in Zootaxa 4639 (1) on pages 174-175, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4639.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3342161, {"references":["Agassiz, A. (1881) Report on the Echinoidea dredged by H. M. S. Challenger 1873 - 76. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H. M. S. Challenger, Zoology, 3, 1 - 321.","Bell, F. J. (1892) Catalogue of the British echinoderms in the British Museum (Natural History). Trustees of the British Museum, London, xvii + 202 pp.","Mortensen, T. (1907) Echinoidea (Part 2). In: The Danish Ingolf-Expedition 1895 - 1896. 4 (2). Bianco Luno, Copenhagen, pp. 1 - 200.","Koehler, R. (1914 b) Echinoderma I: Asteroidea, ophiuroidea et Echnoidea. In: Michaelsen, W. (Ed.), Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Meeresfauna Westafrikas. 1 (2). L. Friederichsen & Co., Hamburg, pp. 127 - 303.","Koehler, R. (1921 b) Echinodermes. Faune de France. 1. Librairie de la Faculte des Sciences, Paris, 216 pp.","Clark, H. L. (1917) Hawaiian and other Pacific Echini. Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zo ˆ logy at Harvard College, 46, 85 - 283.","Nobre, A. (1938) Equinodermes de Portugal. 3 rd Edition. Companhia Editora do Minho, Barcelos, 215 pp.","Harvey, E. B. (1956) The American Arbacia and other sea urchins. Princeton University Press. Princeton, viii + 298. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 7234","Micael, J., Alves, M. J., Jones, M. B. & Costa, A. C. (2012) Diversity of shallow-water asteroids (Echinodermata) in the Azorean Archipelago. Marine Biodiversity Records, 5, e 49. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 1755267211000534","Mortensen, T. (1951 b) A Monograph of the Echinoidea. Vol. 2. Spatangoida II. Amphisternata II. Spatangidae, Loveniidae, Pericosmidae, Schizasteridae, Brissidae. C. A. Reitzel, Copenhagen, 593 pp.","Schultz, H. (2006) Sea Urchins - a guide to worldwide shallow-water species. 3 rd Edition. Heinke & Peter Schultz Partner Scientific Publications, 484 pp.","Tortonese, E. (1965) Fauna D'Italia-Echinodermata. Edizioni Calderini, Bologna, 422 pp.","Mortensen, T. (1951 a) Report on the Echinoidea collected by the \" Atlantide \" Expedition. Atlantide Report, 2, 293 - 303.","Mortensen, T. (1927 a) Handbook of the echinoderms of the British Isles. Oxford University Press, viii + 471 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 6841","Mortensen, T. (1913) On the development of some British echinoderms. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 10 (1), 1 - 18. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 002531540000669 X","Clark, H. L. (1925) A catalogue of the Recent sea urchins (Echinoidea) in the British Museum (Natural History). Trustees of the British Museum and Oxford University Press, London, 250 pp."]}

Styracaster armatus Sladen, 1883 Reports for the Azores: Styracaster spinosus $ Perrier, 1885c: 55–59, 1894: 223–226, pl. 17, fig. 2; Sladen 1889: 728; $ Koehler 1909: 39–40; $ Madsen 1961: 121–123, fig. 37; Styracaster armatus Sladen, 1883 —A.M. Clark & Downey 1992: 102–103, pl. 27, figs. G–H; García-Diez et al. 2005: 47; Dilman 2008: 137, 2013: 568–569. Type locality: off the Caroline Islands (Pacific, 7°45’N, 144°20’E). See: Madsen (1961); A.M. Clark & Downey (1992). Occurrence: cosmopolitan, known from the Atlantic, Indian and West Pacific deep waters (A.M. Clark & Downey 1992); in the Atlantic from the Guyana Basin eastwards in the waters between NW Africa and the Cap Verde Archipelago (Perrier 1894) and in the Canary Basin north to the Porcupine Seabight (SW of Ireland; A.M. Clark & Downey 1992); in the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, from the Charlie-Gibbs Fracture Zone (Dilman 2008) south to the Azores (Koehler 1909). Depth: 2,700 –5,422 m (Dilman 2013); AZO: 2,995 –4,020 m (Perrier 1894, Koehler 1909). Habitat: soft substrates, Globigerina ooze, mud or muddy sand (Madsen 1961). Remarks: Perrier (1885b, c, 1894) described Styracaster spinosus based on two specimens collected by Talisman in the Azores (sta 131, 1883: 38°38’00”N, 25°05’46”W, 2,995 m). Koehler (1909) also reported this species from the Azores based on animals collected by Princesse Alice at two stations (sta 527: 38°09’00”N, 23°15’45”W, 4,020 m; sta 745: 38°05’00”N, 23°50’15W ”, 3,465 m). The material from both cruises was later reviewed by Madsen (1961) in his review of the family Porcellanasteridae as it was the only material known to belong with certainty to this species. Regardless, this species is now considered conspecific with the cosmopolitan S. armatus (A.M. Clark & Downey 1992)., Published as part of Madeira, Patrícia, Kroh, Andreas, Cordeiro, Ricardo, De, António M., Martins, Frias & Ávila, Sérgio P., 2019, The Echinoderm Fauna of the Azores (NE Atlantic Ocean), pp. 1-231 in Zootaxa 4639 (1) on page 82, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4639.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3342161, {"references":["Sladen, W. P. (1883) The Asteroidea of H. M. S. Challenger Expedition. Part II, Astropectinidae. Journal of the Linnean Society, Zoology, 17, 214 - 269. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1883. tb 02022. x","Perrier, M. E. (1885 c) Premiere note preliminaire des les Echinodermes, recueillis durant les campagnes de dragages sous-marines du Travailleur et du Talisman. Annales des Sciences Naturelles, Zoologie, 22 (8), 1 - 72.","Perrier, M. E. (1894) Stellerides. Expeditions Scientifiques du Travailleur et du Talisman. Masson, Paris, 431 pp.","Sladen, W. P. (1889) Report on the Asteroidea collected by H. M. S. Challenger during the years 1873 - 1876. Challenger series of reports, Zoology, 30, 1 - 893.","Koehler, R. (1909) Echinodermes provenant des campagnes du yacht Princesse-Alice (Asteries, Ophiures, Echinides et Crinoides). Resultats des campagnes scientifiques accomplies sur son yacht par Albert Ier Prince Souverain de Monaco, 34, 1 - 317.","Madsen, F. J. (1961) The Porcellanasteridae. A monographic revision of an abyssal group of sea stars. Galathea Reports, 4, 33 - 174.","Clark, A. M. & Downey, M. E. (1992) Starfishes of the Atlantic. Natural History Museum Publications. Chapman & Hall, London, 794 pp.","Garcia-Diez, C., Porteiro, F. M., Meirinho, A., Cardigos, F. & Tempera, F. (2005) Taxonomic review of selected invertebrate groups collected during the Campaigns of the Prince Albert I of Monaco in the Azorean waters. Arquipelago. Life and Marine Sciences, 22 A, 35 - 59.","Dilman, A. B. (2008) Asteroid fauna of the northern Mid-Atlantic Ridge with description of a new species Hymenasterides mironovi sp. nov. Marine Biology Research, 4 (1 - 2), 131 - 151. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 17451000701821736","Dilman, A. B. (2013) Asteroid fauna of the northern Mid-Atlantic Ridge: additional records. Marine Biology Research, 9 (5 - 6), 563 - 586. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 17451000.2012.749993","Perrier, M. E. (1885 b) Sur les stellerides recueillis durant la mission du Talisman. Comptes-rendus Hebdomadaires des Seances de l'Academie des Sciences, Paris, 101, 884 - 887."]}

Benthogone rosea Koehler, 1896c Reports for the Azores: Benthogone rosea Koehler, 1896 — $ Hérouard 1923: 38–39; Mortensen 1927a: 363–364, figs. 215–216; Grieg 1932: 5–6; Nobre 1938: 162–163; García-Diez et al. 2005: 51. Type locality: Bay of Biscay. See: Koehler (1896c: 114–117, figs. 2, 3, 36, 37); Hansen (1975: 48–49, fig. 15). Occurrence: cosmopolitan; in the Atlantic from Ireland (Mortensen 1927a) south to Cape Verde, including the Azores, Madeira and Canaries (Hérouard 1923, Grieg 1932); recorded elsewhere off Kenya and north of New Zealand (Hansen 1975). Depth: 450– 2,480 m (Cherbonnier 1970, Hansen 1975), common at about 2,000 m (Gage et al. 1985); AZO: 1,900 m (Hérouard 1923). Habitat: epibenthic deposit-feeder on muddy sand to Globigerina ooze substrates (Hérouard 1923, Bisoll et al. 1984). Larval stage: direct development (Tyler et al. 1985c). Remarks: Hérouard (1923) identified the only known specimen from the Azores, collected by Princesse Alice (sta 1334: 39°30’N, 29°02’15”W, 1,900 m)., Published as part of Madeira, Patrícia, Kroh, Andreas, Cordeiro, Ricardo, De, António M., Martins, Frias & Ávila, Sérgio P., 2019, The Echinoderm Fauna of the Azores (NE Atlantic Ocean), pp. 1-231 in Zootaxa 4639 (1) on page 141, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4639.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3342161, {"references":["Koehler, R. (1896 c) Echinodermes. Resultats scientifiques de la Campagne du \" Caudan \" dans le Golfe de Gascogne. Annales de l'Universite de Lyon, 26, 33 - 127. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 65730","Koehler, R. (1896 a) Note preliminaire sur les Ophiures recueillies pendant les campagnes de \" L'Hirondelle \". Memoires. Societe Zoologique de France, 9, 203 - 213.","Herouard, E. (1923) Holothuries provenant des campagnes des yachts Princesse-Alice et Hirondelle ii. (1898 - 1915). Resultats Campagnes Scientifiques Prince de Monaco, 66, 1 - 161.","Mortensen, T. (1927 a) Handbook of the echinoderms of the British Isles. Oxford University Press, viii + 471 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 6841","Grieg, J. A. (1932) Echinodermata. Report of the scientific results of the Michael Sars North Atlantic deep sea expedition 1910, 3 (2), 1 - 47.","Nobre, A. (1938) Equinodermes de Portugal. 3 rd Edition. Companhia Editora do Minho, Barcelos, 215 pp.","Garcia-Diez, C., Porteiro, F. M., Meirinho, A., Cardigos, F. & Tempera, F. (2005) Taxonomic review of selected invertebrate groups collected during the Campaigns of the Prince Albert I of Monaco in the Azorean waters. Arquipelago. Life and Marine Sciences, 22 A, 35 - 59.","Hansen, B. (1975) Systematics and biology of the deep-sea holothurians: Elasipoda. Galathea report: scientific results of the Danish deep-sea expedition round the world 1950 - 1952. Galathea, 13, 1 - 262.","Cherbonnier, G. (1970) Echinodermes recoltes par la \" Thalassa \" au large de cotes d'espagne et du Golfe de Gascogne (18 - 25 AOUT 1968). Bulletin Museum National Histoire Naturelle, Paris, 2 ª Serie, 41 (5), 1266 - 1277.","Gage, J. D., Billett, D. S. M., Jensen, M. & Tyler, P. A. (1985) Echinoderms of the Rockall Trough and adjacent areas. 2. Echinoidea and Holothurioidea. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Zoology, 48 (4), 173 - 214.","Bisoll, P. M., Costa, R. & Sibuet, M. (1984) Ecological and genetical survey on two deep-sea holothurians: Benthogone rosea and Benthodytes typica. Marine Ecology, Progress Series, 15, 275 - 281. https: // doi. org / 10.3354 / meps 015275","Tyler, P. A., Muirhead, A., Billett, D. S. M. & Gage, J. D. (1985 c) Reproductive biology of the deep-sea holothurians Laetmogone violacea and Benthogone rosea (Elasipoda: Holothurioidea). Marine Ecology Progress Series, 23 (3), 269 - 277. https: // doi. org / 10.3354 / meps 023269"]}

Psammechinus miliaris ? (Müller, in Knorr, 1771) Reports for the Azores: non Echinus microtuberculatus Blainville, 1825 —? $ Barrois 1888: 109 [misidentification]; Psammechinus miliaris (Gmelin, 1791) — Mortensen 1927a: 294–295; Nobre 1938: 110–111, figs. 48–49; non Psammechinus microtuberculatus (Blainville, 1825) — Nobre 1938: 111–112 [based on Barrois 1888]; Tortonese 1965: 333–335, fig. 159 [based on Nobre 1938];? $ Castro & Viegas 1983: 24 [misidentification]; Pereira 1997 [based on Barrois 1888]: 334; Haddad & Barreiros 2008: 9; Micael & Costa 2010: 323 [based on Nobre 1938]; Micael et al. 2012: 4 [based on Barrois 1888]; Psammechinus miliaris (M̹ller, in Knorr, 1771)—? $ Mortensen 1943a: 127–139, figs. 56a–b, 57, 58a–b, 59a, 60b, 63b, pl. 10, figs. 3–5, pl. 18, figs. 1–7, 20–21, pl. 58, figs. 19, 23– 25; Moyse & Tyler 1995: 680, 12.8; Schultz 2006: 198–198, figs. 370–372; Micael & Costa 2010: 323; Micael et al. 2012: 4. See: Mortensen (1943a); Schultz (2006). Occurrence: Northeast Atlantic, from Iceland and Scandinavia (Mortensen 1903) to Cape Blanc (Mortensen 1925, Nobre 1938), including the?Azores (Barrois 1888),?Madeira (Jesus & Abreu 1998),?Canaries and? Cape Verde (Tortonese 1965). Depth: 0–100 m (Mortensen 1927a);? AZO: 10–20 m (Barrois 1888). Habitat: virtually any kind of bottom (on bouldery sheltered shores, among sea-grass or algae, under stones, on rocks; Picton 1993); omnivorous, depending on the bottom on which it lives (Mortensen 1943a). Larval stage: planktotrophic (Emlet 1995). Commercial value: edible (Lawrence, J.M. 2007). Remarks: Psammechinus microtuberculatus (Blainville, 1825) was frequently reported from the Azores, unfortunately without descriptions. Koehler (1921b) showed some concerns about the records for the Atlantic, since he believed that the geographical range of this species did not go further than the Iberian Peninsula. Mortensen (1927b, 1943a) stated that the species Psammechinus microtuberculatus was endemic to the Mediterranean Sea and all reports of this species in the NE Atlantic were a result of misidentifications with close related species Psammechinus miliaris or Paracentrotus lividus. Additionally, on reviewing the material collected by Simroth (unreported) Mortensen (1943a) concluded that the animals were far too small (D = 2.5 mm) to allow a reliable identification. Mortensen also added that the material report by Barrois (1888) from the Azores as P. microtuberculatus was presumably lost. We have no knowledge on the whereabouts of Castro & Viegas (1983) material or even if any specimens were actually deposited in a collection. The specimens identified by Marques (1983) as Psammechinus microtuberculatus (housed in the zoological collections of Museu of Bocage–MNHM) proved to be juveniles of Paracentrotus lividus, a common inhabitant of the Azores coastal waters (see remarks under Paracentrotus lividus). After critically examining the echinoid extant material in the DBUA-ECH collection we could not find a single specimen belonging to either P. microtuberculatus or P. miliaris. In sum, the only known Psammechinus material from the Azores is either lost or too small to allow a reliable identification. Both P. miliaris and P. microtuberculatus species have a planktotrophic larval development with a high dispersal potential (Emlet 1995). Thus, it is not entirely unlikely that new recruits from the NE Atlantic or even Mediterranean continental coasts could have reached the insular coasts. Furthermore, it is not unprecedented to have Mediterranean species present in the Azores (e.g., the sea star Sclerasterias richardi). Nevertheless, we follow Mortensen (1943a) in assigning the historical reports of P. microtuberculatus from the Azores to P. miliaris. In the absence of well documented adult specimens, the presence of P. miliaris in the Azores, however, needs to remain doubtful until confirmed by new records., Published as part of Madeira, Patrícia, Kroh, Andreas, Cordeiro, Ricardo, De, António M., Martins, Frias & Ávila, Sérgio P., 2019, The Echinoderm Fauna of the Azores (NE Atlantic Ocean), pp. 1-231 in Zootaxa 4639 (1) on page 113, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4639.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3342161, {"references":["Blainville, H. M. de (1825) Oursin, Echinus (Actinozoaires). In: Levrault, F. G. (Ed.), Dictionnaire des sciences naturelles. Vol. 37. Le Normat, Paris, pp. 59 - 98.","Barrois, T. (1888) Liste des Echinodermes recueillis aux Acores durant les mois d'Ao r t et September 1887. Revue Biologique du Nord de la France, 1, 31 - 33 + 69 - 75 + 109 - 115.","Gmelin, J. F. (1791) Vermes. In: Gmelin J. F. (Ed.), Caroli a Linnaei Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae. Tome 1 (6). 13 th Edition. G. E. Beer, Lipsiae, pp. 3021 - 3910.","Mortensen, T. (1927 a) Handbook of the echinoderms of the British Isles. Oxford University Press, viii + 471 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 6841","Nobre, A. (1938) Equinodermes de Portugal. 3 rd Edition. Companhia Editora do Minho, Barcelos, 215 pp.","Tortonese, E. (1965) Fauna D'Italia-Echinodermata. Edizioni Calderini, Bologna, 422 pp.","Castro, M. L. & Viegas, M. C. (1983) Estudo dos povoamentos de algas fotofilas da ilha de S. Miguel (Acores). Arquipelago, Serie Ciencias da Natureza, 4, 7 - 30.","Pereira, M. (1997) Checklist of the littoral echinoderms of the Azores. Acoreana, 8 (3), 331 - 337.","Haddad Jr, V. & Barreiros, J. P. (2008) Dangerous Azorean Marine Animals: a field guide. Blu Edicies, Terceira, Acores, 60 pp.","Micael, J. & Costa A. C. (2010) Echinodermata. In: Borges, P. A. V., Costa, A., Cunha, R., Gabriel, R., Goncalves, V., Martins, A. F., Melo, I., Parente, M., Raposeiro, P., Rodrigues, P., Santos, R. S., Silva, L., Vieira, P. & Vieira, V. (Eds.), A list of the terrestrial and marine biota from the Azores. Principia, Oeiras, pp. 321 - 323.","Micael, J., Alves, M. J., Jones, M. B. & Costa, A. C. (2012) Diversity of shallow-water asteroids (Echinodermata) in the Azorean Archipelago. Marine Biodiversity Records, 5, e 49. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 1755267211000534","Mortensen, T. (1943 a) A Monograph of the Echinoidea. III. 3. Camarodonta. II. Echinidae, Strongylocentrotidae, Parasaleniidae, Echinometridae. C. A. Reitzel, Copenhagen, 446 pp.","Moyse, J. & Tyler, P. A. (1995) Sea urchins, starfish and sea cucumbers (Phylum Echinodermata). In: Hayward, P. J. & Ryland, J. S. (Eds.), Handbook of the marine fauna of North-West Europe. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 662 - 686.","Schultz, H. (2006) Sea Urchins - a guide to worldwide shallow-water species. 3 rd Edition. Heinke & Peter Schultz Partner Scientific Publications, 484 pp.","Mortensen, T. (1903) Echinoidea (Part 1). In: The Danish Ingolf-Expedition 1895 - 1896. 4 (1). Bianco Luno, Copenhagen, 4 (1), pp. 1 - 198.","Mortensen, T. (1925) Echinodermes du Maroc et De Mauritanie. Bulletin de la Societe des sciences naturelles du Maroc, 5 (4 - 5), 178 - 187.","Jesus, D. & Abreu, A. D. (1998) Contribution to the knowledge of the soft bottom echinoderms of Madeira Island. Boletim do Museu Municipal do Funchal (Historia Natural), 50 (286), 59 - 69., 4 figs.","Picton, B. (1993) A field guide to the shallow-water echinoderms of the British Isles. IMMEL Publishing Lda, London, 96 pp.","Emlet, R. B. (1995) Developmental mode and species geographic range in regular sea urchins (Echinodermata: Echinoidea). Evolution, 49 (3), 476 - 489. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1558 - 5646.1995. tb 02280. x","Koehler, R. (1921 b) Echinodermes. Faune de France. 1. Librairie de la Faculte des Sciences, Paris, 216 pp.","Mortensen, T. (1927 b) Sur les echinides recueillis par l'expedition du \" Travailleur \" et du \" Talisman. \" Archives du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle, 2 (6), 21 - 34.","Marques, V. M. (1983) Peuplements benthiques de Acores, 1 - echinoderms. Arquivo do Museu Bocage, AII (I), 1 - 7."]}

Peniagone azorica Marenzeller, 1892 Reports for the Azores: Peniagone azorica $ Marenzeller, 1892: 64, 1893: 12–13, pl. 1, fig. 4, pl. 2, fig. 5; $ Hérouard 1902: 42–43, pl. 6, figs. 21–26; Perrier 1902: 275; Hérouard 1923: 87–88; Mortensen 1927a: 369; Deichmann 1930: 137; Grieg 1932: 8, fig. 4; $ Hansen 1956: 44, 1975: 138–142, fig. 63, pl. 10, figs. 1–3;? $ Pérès 1992: 254; García-Diez et al. 2005: 51. Type locality: Azores (41°40’41”N, 26°44’09”W). See: Marenzeller (1893); Rogacheva et al. (2013: 603–605, figs. 9, 12H, 12I, 17J, 19D). Occurrence: North Atlantic, from Iceland (Hansen 1975) south to the Bay of Biscay (Hérouard 1923) and along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (Rogacheva et al. 2013) to the Azores (Marenzeller 1892). Depth: 1,385 –4,020 m (Rogacheva et al. 2013); AZO: 1,385 –4,020 m (Hérouard 1902, Hansen 1975). Habitat: frequent swimmer (benthopelagic; Rogacheva et al. 2012); on soft sediments, sand, mud, clay to ooze (Marenzeller, 1892, Hérouard 1902). Larval stage: lecithotrophic (Tyler et al. 1985b). Remarks: Peniagone azorica was first described by Marenzeller (1892, 1893) based on material collected in Azores by Hirondelle. Hérouard (1902) also identified this species based on material collected in the Azores by Princesse Alice (sta 527: 38°09’N, 23°15’45”W, 4,020 m). In a review of the deep-water holothurioids, Hansen (1956, 1975) re-examined the material collected by Princesse Alice and discover further unreported specimens collected by the same cruise in the Azores. In spite of the Azores being the type locality, no other material belonging to P. azorica is known from the Azorean deep waters. Rogacheva et al. (2012) classified P. azorica as a frequent swimmer, thought spending most of its time feeding on the sea floor., Published as part of Madeira, Patrícia, Kroh, Andreas, Cordeiro, Ricardo, De, António M., Martins, Frias & Ávila, Sérgio P., 2019, The Echinoderm Fauna of the Azores (NE Atlantic Ocean), pp. 1-231 in Zootaxa 4639 (1) on page 139, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4639.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3342161, {"references":["Marenzeller, E. von (1892) Note preliminaire sur les Holothuries provenant des campagnes du yacht l'Hirondelle. Bulletin Societe Zoologique France, 17, 64 - 66.","Marenzeller, E. von (1893) Contribution a l'etude des Holothuries de l'Atlantique N'ord (Golfe de Gascogne, Iles Acores). Resultats Campagnes Scientifiques du Prince de Monaco, 6, 1 - 32. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 11304","Herouard, E. (1902) Holothuries Provenant Des Campagnes De La Princesse-Alice (1892 - 1897). Reisultats des campagnes scientifiques accomplies sur son yacht, Fasc. 21, 1 - 62.","Perrier, R. (1902) Holothuries. In: Expeditions Scientifiques du Travailleur et du Talisman pendant les Annees 1880, 1881, 1882, 1883. Ouvrage publie sous les auspices du ministere de l'instruction publique sous la direction de A. Milne-Edwards de 1888 a 1890 et continue par E. Perrier. Vol. 7. Masson et Cie, Editeurs, Paris, pp. 273 - 554.","Herouard, E. (1923) Holothuries provenant des campagnes des yachts Princesse-Alice et Hirondelle ii. (1898 - 1915). Resultats Campagnes Scientifiques Prince de Monaco, 66, 1 - 161.","Mortensen, T. (1927 a) Handbook of the echinoderms of the British Isles. Oxford University Press, viii + 471 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 6841","Deichmann, E. (1930) The Holothurians of the Western Part of the Atlantic Ocean. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zo ˆ logy at Harvard College, 71, 43 - 236.","Grieg, J. A. (1932) Echinodermata. Report of the scientific results of the Michael Sars North Atlantic deep sea expedition 1910, 3 (2), 1 - 47.","Hansen, B. (1956) Holothurhoidea from depths exceeding 6000 Meters. Galathea, 2, 33 - 54.","Hansen, B. (1975) Systematics and biology of the deep-sea holothurians: Elasipoda. Galathea report: scientific results of the Danish deep-sea expedition round the world 1950 - 1952. Galathea, 13, 1 - 262.","Peres, J. M. (1992) Le bathyscaphe francais Archimede aux Acores: etude bionomique et ecologique du benthos profond. Acoreana, Suplemento, 237 - 264.","Garcia-Diez, C., Porteiro, F. M., Meirinho, A., Cardigos, F. & Tempera, F. (2005) Taxonomic review of selected invertebrate groups collected during the Campaigns of the Prince Albert I of Monaco in the Azorean waters. Arquipelago. Life and Marine Sciences, 22 A, 35 - 59.","Rogacheva, A., Gebruk, A. & Alt, C. H. S. (2013) Holothuroidea of the Charlie Gibbs Fracture Zone area, northern Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Marine Biology Research, 9 (5 - 6), 587 - 623.","Rogacheva, A., Gebruk, A. & Alt, C. H. S. (2012) Swimming deep-sea holothurians (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea) on the northern Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Zoosymposia, 7, 213 - 224. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 17451000.2012.750428","Tyler, P. A., Gage, J. D. & Billett, D. S. M. (1985 b) Life-history biology of Peniagone azorica and P. diaphana (Echinodermata: Holothurioidea) from the north-east Atlantic Ocean. Marine Biology, 89 (1), 71 - 81. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 00392879"]}

Ophidiaster reyssi Sibuet, 1977 Reports for the Azores: Ophidiaster reyssi $ Sibuet, 1977: 1085–1090, figs. 1A–C; $ A.M. Clark & Downey 1992: 282, pl. 69, figs. G, H. Type locality: Azores (39°33’00”N, 31°17’30”W). See: Sibuet (1977); A.M. Clark & Downey (1992). Occurrence: known only from the Azores (Sibuet 1977) and the Mediterranean Sea (A.M. Clark & Downey 1992). Depth: 128–350 m (A.M. Clark & Downey 1992); AZO: 350 m (Sibuet 1977). Habitat: hard substrate (Sibuet 1977). Remarks: Ophidiaster reyssi was described by Sibuet (1977) based on an individual collected in Azores by the oceanographic mission Biacores (by the research vessel Jean Charcot). A.M. Clark & Downey (1992) reported a second specimen from the Mediterranean Sea (near Sicily), expanding the geographical distribution of Ophidiaster reyssi, which was otherwise known only from the holotype., Published as part of Madeira, Patrícia, Kroh, Andreas, Cordeiro, Ricardo, De, António M., Martins, Frias & Ávila, Sérgio P., 2019, The Echinoderm Fauna of the Azores (NE Atlantic Ocean), pp. 1-231 in Zootaxa 4639 (1) on page 95, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4639.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3342161, {"references":["Sibuet, M. (1977) Ophidiaster reyssi nouvelle espece d'Asteride bathyale de l'oeean Atlantique. Bulletin du Museium national d'histoire naturelle, Seirie 3 e, 343 (494), 1085 - 1090.","Clark, A. M. & Downey, M. E. (1992) Starfishes of the Atlantic. Natural History Museum Publications. Chapman & Hall, London, 794 pp."]}

Ophiura (Ophiuroglypha) irrorata ? (Lyman, 1878) Reports for the Azores: non Ophioglypha irrorata Lyman, 1878 — Koehler 1896b: 241 [misidentify O. concreta]; non Ophiura irrorata (Lyman, 1878) — Grieg 1932: 32 [based Koehler 1896b]; Ophiura irrorata (Lyman, 1878) —? $ Martynov & Litvinova 2008: 79–80, fig. 1C. Type locality: off South Africa. See: Lyman (1878: 73–74, pl. 4, figs. 106–108); Paterson (1985: 122–125, figs. 46–47). Occurrence: cosmopolitan, in all oceans except Arctic; in the Atlantic from Cape Cod, eastwards from SW Iceland to NW Africa (Paterson 1985), including the Azores (Martynov & Litvinova 2008); reported elsewhere off South African deep waters (Lyman 1878). Depth: 403– 7,340 m, most common at depths over 2,000 m (? AZO: 3,005–3,050 m; Martynov & Litvinova 2008). Habitat: soft substrates (e.g., ooze; Lyman 1882). Remarks: the first report of O. irrorata from the archipelago was made by Koehler (1896b, as Ophioglypha irrorata), later changed to O. mundata. The report of O. irrorata by Grieg (1932) from the Azores was either based on the first report by Koehler (1896b) or by Mortensen (1927a) who at the time believed both species were conspecific. More recently, Martynov & Litvinova (2008) identified a single specimen of O. irrorata in the north of the Azores (G.O. Sars, MAR–ECO cruise, sta 46/372: 42°46’N, 29°16’W, 3,005 –3,050 m). As Martynov & Litvinova disputed the subspecific status of O. concreta as a subspecies of O. irrorata, it is not clear whether the individual belonged to the O. irrorata sensu stricto or to O. concreta. Ophiura irrorata is cosmopolitan species and thus, likely to occur in the Azores deepwaters. However, taking into account the taxonomical background of this species, we considered its presence in the Azores as uncertain (see above remarks under O. concreta and O. mundata)., Published as part of Madeira, Patrícia, Kroh, Andreas, Cordeiro, Ricardo, De, António M., Martins, Frias & Ávila, Sérgio P., 2019, The Echinoderm Fauna of the Azores (NE Atlantic Ocean), pp. 1-231 in Zootaxa 4639 (1) on page 57, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4639.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3342161, {"references":["Lyman, T. (1878) Ophiuridae and Astrophytidae of the \" Challenger \" expedition. Part I. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zo ˆ logy at Harvard College, 5 (7), 65 - 168.","Koehler, R. (1896 b) Note preliminaire sur les Ophiures des premieres campagnes de la \" Princesse Alice \". Memoires. Societe Zoologique de France, 9, 241 - 253.","Grieg, J. A. (1932) Echinodermata. Report of the scientific results of the Michael Sars North Atlantic deep sea expedition 1910, 3 (2), 1 - 47.","Martynov, A. V. & Litvinova, N. M. (2008) Deep-water Ophiuroidea of the northern Atlantic with descriptions of three new species and taxonomic remarks on certain genera and species. Marine Biology Research, 4, 76 - 11. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 17451000701840066","Paterson, G. L. J. (1985) The deep-sea Ophiuroidea of the North Atlantic Ocean. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Zoology Series, 49 (1), 1 - 162.","Lyman, T. (1882) Report on the Ophiuroidea. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H. M. S. Challenger 1873 - 1876, Zoology, 5 (14), 1 - 386.","Mortensen, T. (1927 a) Handbook of the echinoderms of the British Isles. Oxford University Press, viii + 471 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 6841"]}

Leptometra celtica ? (M’Andrew & Barrett, 1857) Reports for the Azores: non Antedon phalangium (M̹ller, 1841)— Koehler 1909: 269; non Leptometra phalangium (M̹ller, 1841)— Grieg 1932: 43; Leptometra celtica (M’Andrew & Barrett, 1857) — Marques 1980: 98; Leptometra sp.—? $ Pérès 1992: 252. Type locality: Sound of Skye, Scotland. See: A.H. Clark & A.M. Clark (1967: 564–573, figs. 32c–g); A.M. Clark (1980: 193–195, fig. 2). Occurrence: East Atlantic, from Faeroe channel to off Sierra Leone including the archipelagos of Madeira, Canaries, and the seamounts Seine and Gorringe (A.H. Clark & A.M. Clark 1967; A.M. Clark 1980). Depth: 46– 1,279 m (A.H. Clark & A.M. Clark 1967); AZO:? 700 m (Pérès 1992). Habitat: mud, or sand, or gravel with mud (rarely on hard bottoms) (A.H. Clark & A.M. Clark 1967); can form dense beds (Fonseca et al. 2014). Remarks: Koehler (1909) included the Azores in the geographical distribution of Leptometra phalangium (M̹ller, 1841), a species regarded as endemic to the Mediterranean Sea (Tortonese 1965). All reports of Leptometra phalangium from the Atlantic were a result of confusion with L. celtica, the only Leptometra species known to occur in the Atlantic (A.H. Clark & A.M. Clark 1967). Regardless, the citation for the Azores by Koehler (1909) and later reproduced by Grieg (1932) and Marques (1980) is likely erroneous, as to best of our knowledge no material belonging to either L. celtica or L. phalangium was ever collected in the archipelago. In 1992, Pérès claimed to have observed a Leptometra crinoid during a dive by the bathyscaphe Archimède west of Santa Maria Island at a depth of 700 m. It is possible that Pérès might be referring to L. celtica, considering this species’ geographic and bathymetrical wide range. On the other hand, on stating a ‘crinoid of Leptometra type’, he could have been simply referring to a comatulid (an unstalked form), which in this case Pentametrocrinus atlanticus (Perrier, 1883a) should be also considered, a species known to occur in the Azorean deep waters (see below)., Published as part of Madeira, Patrícia, Kroh, Andreas, Cordeiro, Ricardo, De, António M., Martins, Frias & Ávila, Sérgio P., 2019, The Echinoderm Fauna of the Azores (NE Atlantic Ocean), pp. 1-231 in Zootaxa 4639 (1) on page 16, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4639.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3342161, {"references":["M'Andrew, R. & Barrett, L. (1857) List of the Echinodermata dredged between Drontheim and the North Cape. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Seires 2, 20 (115), 43 - 44. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222935709487869","Koehler, R. (1909) Echinodermes provenant des campagnes du yacht Princesse-Alice (Asteries, Ophiures, Echinides et Crinoides). Resultats des campagnes scientifiques accomplies sur son yacht par Albert Ier Prince Souverain de Monaco, 34, 1 - 317.","Grieg, J. A. (1932) Echinodermata. Report of the scientific results of the Michael Sars North Atlantic deep sea expedition 1910, 3 (2), 1 - 47.","Marques, V. M. (1980) Echinodermes recueillis pedant la mission \" Hesperides 76 \" du N / O Jean Charcot. Arquivo do Museu Bocage, 2 ª Serie, 7 (7), 95 - 107.","Peres, J. M. (1992) Le bathyscaphe francais Archimede aux Acores: etude bionomique et ecologique du benthos profond. Acoreana, Suplemento, 237 - 264.","Clark, A. H. & Clark, A. M. (1967) A Monograph of the Existing Crinoids. Part 5 Suborders Oligophreata (concluded) and Macrophreata. United States National Museum Bulletin, 82, 1 - 860.","Clark, A. M. (1980) Crinoidea collected by the Meteor and Discovery in the NE Atlantic. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Zoology, 38 (4), 187 - 210.","Fonseca, P., Abrantes, F., Aguilar, R., Campos, A., Cunha, M., Ferreira, D., Fonseca, T. P., Henriques, V., Machado, M., Mechos, A., Perez, S., Relvas, P., Rodrigues, C. F., Salgueiro, E., Vieira, R. P., Weetman, A. & Castro, M. (2014) A deep-water crinoid Leptometra celtica bed off the Portuguese south coast. Marine Biodiversity, 44 (2), 223 - 228. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 12526 - 013 - 0191 - 2","Tortonese, E. (1965) Fauna D'Italia-Echinodermata. Edizioni Calderini, Bologna, 422 pp.","Perrier, M. E. (1883 a) Sur des Eudiocrinus de l'Atlantique, et sur la nature de la faune des grandes profondeurs. Comptes Rendus Academie des Sciences, Paris, 96, 725 - 728. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 11828"]}

Echinus melo Lamarck, 1816 (Fig. 24) Reports for the Azores: Echinus melo Lamarck, 1816 — $ Koehler 1909: 232; Koehler 1921b: 118–119, fig. 79; Nobre 1938: 115–116, fig. 52; Mortensen 1943a: 53–57, pl. 9, figs. 2, pl. 13, figs. 2, pl. 17, fig. 1; Harvey 1956: 64; Tortonese 1965: 332–333, fig. 157B; Marques 1980: 105; Pereira 1997: 334; García-Diez et al. 2005: 50; Mironov 2006: 110; Schultz 2006: 190, figs. 252–253; Micael & Costa 2010: 323; Micael et al. 2012: 4; p.p. Echinus acutus — $ Wisshak et al. 2010: 2382, fig. 2L. See: Mortensen (1943a); Mironov (2006); Schultz (2006); Minin (2012). Occurrence: Mediterranean Sea and northeast Atlantic, from the British Islands (Mortensen 1927a) to the northwest African coasts (Mortensen 1925), including the Azores (Koehler 1909), Canary and Cape Verde archipelagos (Agassiz 1872) and the Josephine, Ampere and Meteor seamounts (Mironov 2006). Depth: 25– 1,100 m (Mortensen 1943a); AZO: 200–475 m (Koehler 1909, herein). Habitat: muddy bottoms to hard substrates (Koehler 1909, 1921b). Material examined: EMEPC L09D17B1 (E of TER, AZO, 38°39’52”N, 26°51’22”W, 2009.09. 30, 475 m; 1 spm, D = 185 mm). Description: test globular, slightly pentagonal with a height about of 75%D; Apical disc dicyclic, about 12%D. Periproctal plates with none to two spines. Madreporite enlarged. Gonopores open. Ambulacra about half the width of the interambulacra; in general, every ambulacral plate and every second interambulacral plate aborally bearing a primary tubercle; ambulacral plating trigeminate with pore-pairs in arcs of three at a distance from the edge of ambulacra. Peristome slightly larger than the apical disc (17%D). Primary spines short (10%D) and slender; on the oral side primary spines somewhat flattened with blunt tip; each peristomal plate with a small spine. Valves of globiferous pedicellaria with one short lateral tooth on each side below the end tooth; basal part with round angles and as long as the blade. Large form of tridentate pedicellariae (up to 3 mm) with straight, narrow valves (edges with numerous small serrations). Small form with slender, slightly curved valves. Valves of ophicephalous pedicellariae constricted in the middle and with round edges armed with minute teeth. Colour: test cream white; pore areas brown; primary spines white to green with white tips; secondary spines white; madreporite ochre. For some unknown reason the preserved specimen became tinged by a light pink hue. Remarks: Echinus melo can be easily identified from other echinid species (except Gracilechinus acutus) known to occur in the Azores by its spherical large test reaching a maximum diameter of 170 mm (Mironov 2006) to 185 mm. Another easy recognizable character is the large distance between the pore zone and the adradial suture. Echinus melo was previously documented for the Azores by a single small specimen reported by Koehler (1909) based on the material collected in the Princesse Alice Bank (Princesse Alice, sta 899: 37°57’00”N, 29°14’45”W, 200 m). The new record further substantiates the presence of this species in the Azorean deep waters. Also, during EMEPC cruise (2009) in the Azores, an animal believed to belong to this species was captured on video east of Terceira Island at similar depths (38°47'50"N, 27°28'57"W, 455 m, Fig. 24E). See also remarks below under Gracilechinus acutus., Published as part of Madeira, Patrícia, Kroh, Andreas, Cordeiro, Ricardo, De, António M., Martins, Frias & Ávila, Sérgio P., 2019, The Echinoderm Fauna of the Azores (NE Atlantic Ocean), pp. 1-231 in Zootaxa 4639 (1) on pages 107-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4639.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3342161, {"references":["Lamarck, J. - B. (1816) Histoire naturelle des animaux sans vertebres. Tome Second. Verdiere, Paris, 568 pp.","Koehler, R. (1909) Echinodermes provenant des campagnes du yacht Princesse-Alice (Asteries, Ophiures, Echinides et Crinoides). Resultats des campagnes scientifiques accomplies sur son yacht par Albert Ier Prince Souverain de Monaco, 34, 1 - 317.","Koehler, R. (1921 b) Echinodermes. Faune de France. 1. Librairie de la Faculte des Sciences, Paris, 216 pp.","Nobre, A. (1938) Equinodermes de Portugal. 3 rd Edition. Companhia Editora do Minho, Barcelos, 215 pp.","Mortensen, T. (1943 a) A Monograph of the Echinoidea. III. 3. Camarodonta. II. Echinidae, Strongylocentrotidae, Parasaleniidae, Echinometridae. C. A. Reitzel, Copenhagen, 446 pp.","Harvey, E. B. (1956) The American Arbacia and other sea urchins. Princeton University Press. Princeton, viii + 298. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 7234","Tortonese, E. (1965) Fauna D'Italia-Echinodermata. Edizioni Calderini, Bologna, 422 pp.","Marques, V. M. (1980) Echinodermes recueillis pedant la mission \" Hesperides 76 \" du N / O Jean Charcot. Arquivo do Museu Bocage, 2 ª Serie, 7 (7), 95 - 107.","Pereira, M. (1997) Checklist of the littoral echinoderms of the Azores. Acoreana, 8 (3), 331 - 337.","Garcia-Diez, C., Porteiro, F. M., Meirinho, A., Cardigos, F. & Tempera, F. (2005) Taxonomic review of selected invertebrate groups collected during the Campaigns of the Prince Albert I of Monaco in the Azorean waters. Arquipelago. Life and Marine Sciences, 22 A, 35 - 59.","Mironov, A. N. (2006) Echinoids from seamounts of the north-eastern Atlantic, onshore / offshore gradients in species distribution. In: Mironov, A. N., Gebruk, A. V. & Southward, A. J. (Eds.), Biogeography of the North Atlantic Seamounts. KMK Scientific Press, Russian Academy of Sciences, P. P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, Moscow, pp. 96 - 133.","Schultz, H. (2006) Sea Urchins - a guide to worldwide shallow-water species. 3 rd Edition. Heinke & Peter Schultz Partner Scientific Publications, 484 pp.","Micael, J. & Costa A. C. (2010) Echinodermata. In: Borges, P. A. V., Costa, A., Cunha, R., Gabriel, R., Goncalves, V., Martins, A. F., Melo, I., Parente, M., Raposeiro, P., Rodrigues, P., Santos, R. S., Silva, L., Vieira, P. & Vieira, V. (Eds.), A list of the terrestrial and marine biota from the Azores. Principia, Oeiras, pp. 321 - 323.","Micael, J., Alves, M. J., Jones, M. B. & Costa, A. C. (2012) Diversity of shallow-water asteroids (Echinodermata) in the Azorean Archipelago. Marine Biodiversity Records, 5, e 49. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 1755267211000534","Wisshak, M., Form, A., Jakobsen, J. & Freiwald, A. (2010) Temperate carbonate cycling and water mass properties from intertidal to bathyal depths (Azores). Biogeosciences, 7, 2379 - 2396. https: // doi. org / 10.5194 / bg- 7 - 2379 - 2010","Minin, K. V. (2012) Vertical trends in morphological variability of sea urchins of the genus Echinus from the Northeast Atlantic and Arctic. Paleontological Journal, 46 (8), 927 - 935. https: // doi. org / 10.1134 / S 0031030112080096","Mortensen, T. (1927 a) Handbook of the echinoderms of the British Isles. Oxford University Press, viii + 471 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 6841","Mortensen, T. (1925) Echinodermes du Maroc et De Mauritanie. Bulletin de la Societe des sciences naturelles du Maroc, 5 (4 - 5), 178 - 187.","Agassiz, A. (1872 - 1874) Revision of the Echini. Illustrated catalogue of the Museum of Comparative Zo ˆ logy at Harvard College, 7 (1 - 4), 1 - 762."]}

Laetmogone violacea Théel, 1879 Reports for the Azores: non Laetmogone wyvillethomsoni Théel, 1879 — ? $ Hérouard 1902: 31–32, pl. 4, figs. 10–16; Laetmogone violacea Théel, 1879 — $ Perrier 1902: 390–398, pl. 19, figs. 1–7; Mortensen 1927a: 361–363, figs. 213, 214; Deichmann 1930: 120–121; Grieg 1932: 5; $ Hansen 1975: 58–61, figs. 21–22, pl. 8, fig. 8, pl. 9, figs. 9–10; Pérez-Ruzafa et al. 1992a: 171; García-Diez et al. 2005: 52. Type locality: South Pacific Ocean. See: Perrier (1902); Hansen (1975). Occurrence: cosmopolitan, present in the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Oceans; from Greenland and Iceland (Heding 1942) south to Cape Verde (Hérouard 1923), including the archipelagos of the Azores (Perrier 1902). Depth: 225– 1,804 m (Hansen 1975); AZO: 1,442–? 1,550 m (Hérouard 1902, Perrier 1902). Habitat: epibenthic deposit-feeder on soft sediments, muddy sand to mud (Hérouard 1923, Hanse 1975). Larval stage: lecithotrophic (Tyler et al. (1985c). Remarks: Perrier (1902) identified L. violacea among the material collected by Talisman in the NE Atlantic, including specimens from the Azores (sta 121, 1883: 37°35’N, 29°25’46”W, 1,442 m). During the same year, Hérouard (1902) described another species of the same genus from Azorean waters, the Antarctic Laetmogone wyvillethomsoni (Princesse Alice, sta 683: 38°20’N, 28°04’45”W, 1,550 m). Historically, L. violacea has been confused with L. wyvillethomsoni. Hansen (1975) considered that L. wyvillethomsoni was restricted to the Southern Ocean and Antarctica waters and all historical reports from the Atlantic (e.g., Koehler 1896c; Grieg 1932) would prove to be misidentifications with closely similar species such as L. violacea. However, when Hansen re-examined the material assigned to L. wyvillethomsoni dredged by Princesse Alice in the Azores, the author believed that it belonged to a new species. Unfortunately, the poor preservation and the small number of specimens that constituted Princesse Alice ’s material did not allow Hansen to further provide a clear identification. No other specimens sharing the characteristics of Princesse Alice material were reported again and the matter is still unresolved. Nevertheless, some authors like García-Diez et al. (2005) have placed the record of L. wyvillethomsoni by Hérouard in the synonymy of L. violacea., Published as part of Madeira, Patrícia, Kroh, Andreas, Cordeiro, Ricardo, De, António M., Martins, Frias & Ávila, Sérgio P., 2019, The Echinoderm Fauna of the Azores (NE Atlantic Ocean), pp. 1-231 in Zootaxa 4639 (1) on page 141, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4639.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3342161, {"references":["Theel, H. (1879) Preliminary report on the Holothuridae of the Exploring voyage of H. M. S. Challenger. Bihang till Kungliga Svenska Vetenskaps Akademien Handlingar, 5 (19), 1 - 24.","Herouard, E. (1902) Holothuries Provenant Des Campagnes De La Princesse-Alice (1892 - 1897). Reisultats des campagnes scientifiques accomplies sur son yacht, Fasc. 21, 1 - 62.","Perrier, R. (1902) Holothuries. In: Expeditions Scientifiques du Travailleur et du Talisman pendant les Annees 1880, 1881, 1882, 1883. Ouvrage publie sous les auspices du ministere de l'instruction publique sous la direction de A. Milne-Edwards de 1888 a 1890 et continue par E. Perrier. Vol. 7. Masson et Cie, Editeurs, Paris, pp. 273 - 554.","Mortensen, T. (1927 a) Handbook of the echinoderms of the British Isles. Oxford University Press, viii + 471 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 6841","Deichmann, E. (1930) The Holothurians of the Western Part of the Atlantic Ocean. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zo ˆ logy at Harvard College, 71, 43 - 236.","Grieg, J. A. (1932) Echinodermata. Report of the scientific results of the Michael Sars North Atlantic deep sea expedition 1910, 3 (2), 1 - 47.","Hansen, B. (1975) Systematics and biology of the deep-sea holothurians: Elasipoda. Galathea report: scientific results of the Danish deep-sea expedition round the world 1950 - 1952. Galathea, 13, 1 - 262.","Perez-Ruzafa, A., Marcos, C. & Bacallado, J. J. (1992 a) Holoturias (Echinodermata: Holothlroidea) de las Islas Canarias: II. Ordenes Dendrochirotida, Elasipodida, Apodida y Molpadida. Revista de la Academia Canaria de Ciencias, 3 - 4, 163 - 185.","Garcia-Diez, C., Porteiro, F. M., Meirinho, A., Cardigos, F. & Tempera, F. (2005) Taxonomic review of selected invertebrate groups collected during the Campaigns of the Prince Albert I of Monaco in the Azorean waters. Arquipelago. Life and Marine Sciences, 22 A, 35 - 59.","Heding, S. G. (1942) Holothurioidea, Part 2: Aspidochirota, Elasipoda, Dendrochirota. In: The Danish Ingolf Expedition. 4 (13). Hagerup, Copenhagen, pp. 1 - 39.","Herouard, E. (1923) Holothuries provenant des campagnes des yachts Princesse-Alice et Hirondelle ii. (1898 - 1915). Resultats Campagnes Scientifiques Prince de Monaco, 66, 1 - 161.","Tyler, P. A., Muirhead, A., Billett, D. S. M. & Gage, J. D. (1985 c) Reproductive biology of the deep-sea holothurians Laetmogone violacea and Benthogone rosea (Elasipoda: Holothurioidea). Marine Ecology Progress Series, 23 (3), 269 - 277. https: // doi. org / 10.3354 / meps 023269","Koehler, R. (1896 c) Echinodermes. Resultats scientifiques de la Campagne du \" Caudan \" dans le Golfe de Gascogne. Annales de l'Universite de Lyon, 26, 33 - 127. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 65730"]}

Erroneous— Spatangus raschi Lovén, 1869 Reports for the Azores: Spatangus raschi Lovén, 1869 — Agassiz 1872: 159, 1881: 171; Bell 1892: 167–168, pl. 16, fig. 11; Mortensen 1907: 129–130, pl. 1, figs. 4–5, pl. 2, fig. 19, pl. 16, figs. 17, 23, 28; H.L. Clark 1917: 235; Mortensen 1927a: 329–330, figs. 192–193; Grieg 1932: 42–43. Type locality: ? Norway. See: Lovén (1869: 733–735, pl. 13); Mortensen (1927a); Schultz (2006: 429, fig. 805). Occurrence: Northeast Atlantic, from Iceland and Scandinavia to Cap Bojador (NW Africa; Mortesen 1907, 1927b, 1951b). Depth: 146– 1,500 m (Farran 1913). Habitat: surface deposit feeder on mud to detritic substrates (Farran 1913, Nichols 1959). Remarks: Agassiz (1872) reported Spatangus raschi from the archipelago based on a specimen present in the collection of the Breslau Museum. However, Mortensen (1951b) stated that there was no record of any S. raschi specimens from the Azores ever been housed at the museum. Thus, the presence of this species in the archipelago is still to be confirmed., Published as part of Madeira, Patrícia, Kroh, Andreas, Cordeiro, Ricardo, De, António M., Martins, Frias & Ávila, Sérgio P., 2019, The Echinoderm Fauna of the Azores (NE Atlantic Ocean), pp. 1-231 in Zootaxa 4639 (1) on page 175, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4639.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3342161, {"references":["Loven, S. (1869) En ny art af slagtet Spatangus fran Nordsj ˆ n. Ofversigt af Kongliga Vetenskaps-Akademiens F ˆ rhandlingar, 9, 733 - 735.","Agassiz, A. (1872 - 1874) Revision of the Echini. Illustrated catalogue of the Museum of Comparative Zo ˆ logy at Harvard College, 7 (1 - 4), 1 - 762.","Agassiz, A. (1881) Report on the Echinoidea dredged by H. M. S. Challenger 1873 - 76. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H. M. S. Challenger, Zoology, 3, 1 - 321.","Bell, F. J. (1892) Catalogue of the British echinoderms in the British Museum (Natural History). Trustees of the British Museum, London, xvii + 202 pp.","Mortensen, T. (1907) Echinoidea (Part 2). In: The Danish Ingolf-Expedition 1895 - 1896. 4 (2). Bianco Luno, Copenhagen, pp. 1 - 200.","Clark, H. L. (1917) Hawaiian and other Pacific Echini. Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zo ˆ logy at Harvard College, 46, 85 - 283.","Mortensen, T. (1927 a) Handbook of the echinoderms of the British Isles. Oxford University Press, viii + 471 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 6841","Grieg, J. A. (1932) Echinodermata. Report of the scientific results of the Michael Sars North Atlantic deep sea expedition 1910, 3 (2), 1 - 47.","Schultz, H. (2006) Sea Urchins - a guide to worldwide shallow-water species. 3 rd Edition. Heinke & Peter Schultz Partner Scientific Publications, 484 pp.","Farran, G. P. (1913) The deep-water Asteroidea, Ophiuroidea and Echinoidea of the West Coast of Ireland. Department of Agriculture and technical instruction for Ireland, fisheries branch, scientific investigations, 6, 1 - 66. [1912]","Nichols, D. (1959) Changes in the Chalk heart-urchin Micraster interpreted in relation to living forms: Royal Society of London, Philosophical Transactions, Series B, 242, 347 - 437. https: // doi. org / 10.1098 / rstb. 1959.0007","Mortensen, T. (1951 b) A Monograph of the Echinoidea. Vol. 2. Spatangoida II. Amphisternata II. Spatangidae, Loveniidae, Pericosmidae, Schizasteridae, Brissidae. C. A. Reitzel, Copenhagen, 593 pp."]}

Bathycrinus gracilis Thomson, 1872a Reports for the Azores: Bathycrinus gracilis Thomson, 1872 a— $ Koehler 1909: 254–255; A.M. Clark 1977: 164–167, figs. 1a–f; A.M. Clark 1980: 206–207, fig. 5; Mironov et al. 2014: 115. Type locality: off West coast of France (47°38’N, 12°08’W). See: Carpenter (1884); A.M. Clark (1977). Occurrence: Northeast Atlantic, from SW of Ireland to Cape Finisterre (NW Spain) and the Azores (A.M. Clark 1977, 1980). Depth: 2,880 –5,275 m (Mironov et al. 2014); AZO: 5,005 m (Koehler 1909). Habitat: soft bottoms, on Globigerina ooze (Koehler 1909). Remarks: Bathycrinus gracilis is known from relatively few specimens, none of which was recovered complete, including the immature type material (presumably lost; Carpenter 1884; Koehler 1909; A.M. Clark 1977, 1980). Moreover, the only known record from Azorean waters is based on a single animal collected by Princesse Alice (sta 749: 38°54’00”N, 21°06’45”W, 5,005 m), only slightly larger than the type material (A.M. Clark 1977). Nevertheless, the paucity of available specimens can be explained by the great depths at which this species lives. Additionally, the West Atlantic species B. aldrichianus Thomson, 1876 is closely related to B. gracilis and Mironov et al. (2014) suggested that it might prove to be conspecific., Published as part of Madeira, Patrícia, Kroh, Andreas, Cordeiro, Ricardo, De, António M., Martins, Frias & Ávila, Sérgio P., 2019, The Echinoderm Fauna of the Azores (NE Atlantic Ocean), pp. 1-231 in Zootaxa 4639 (1) on page 18, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4639.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3342161, {"references":["Thomson, W. (1872 a) On the crinoids of the \" Porcupine \" deep-sea dredging expedition. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 7 (1869 - 1872), 764 - 773. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 037016460004308 X","Koehler, R. (1909) Echinodermes provenant des campagnes du yacht Princesse-Alice (Asteries, Ophiures, Echinides et Crinoides). Resultats des campagnes scientifiques accomplies sur son yacht par Albert Ier Prince Souverain de Monaco, 34, 1 - 317.","Clark, A. M. (1977) Notes on deep-water Atlantic Crinoidea. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Zoology, 31 (4), 159 - 186.","Clark, A. M. (1980) Crinoidea collected by the Meteor and Discovery in the NE Atlantic. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Zoology, 38 (4), 187 - 210.","Mironov, A. N., Ameziane, N. & Eleaume, M. P. (2014) Deep-sea fauna of European seas: An annotated speciescheck-list of benthic invertebrates living deeper than 2000 m in the seas bordering Europe. Crinoidea. Invertebrate Zoology, 11 (1), 112 - 119. https: // doi. org / 10.15298 / invertzool. 11.1.11","Carpenter P. H. (1884) Report on the Crinoidea collected during the voyage of H. M. S. Challenger, during the years 1873 - 1876. Part I. The Stalked Crinoids. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H. M. S. Challenger, Zoology, 11 (32), i-xii + 1 - 442. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 11805","Thomson, W. (1876) Notice of new living crinoids belonging to the Apiocrinidae. Journal of the Linnean Society of London, Zoology, 13, 47 - 55. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1876. tb 00208. x"]}

Calveriosoma hystrix (Thomson, 1872b) Reports for the Azores: Asthenosomum hystrix (Agassiz 1881) — $ Koehler 1895a: 224, 1895b: 228; Asthenosomum hystrix (Thomson, 1872b) — $ Koehler 1898: 9–10; Areosoma hystrix (Thomson, 1872b) — $ Koehler 1909: 216–217; Mortensen 1927a: 282–283, figs. 156.1, 158.2, 159; Nobre 1938: 107–108, fig. 47; Calveriosoma hystrix (Thomson, 1872b) — Mortensen 1935: 222–227, figs. 126–128, pl. 23, figs. 1–5, pl. 24, fig. 1, pl. 68, fig. 12; $ Pérès 1992: 252, 254; García–Diez et al. 2005: 50. Type locality: between Faeroe Island and Scotland (59°26’N, 8°23’W). See: Mortensen (1903: 70–72, as Calveria hystrix; 1935). Occurrence: Northeast Atlantic, from off SW Iceland (Mortensen 1903) southwards to Northeast African waters (Koehler 1909, Mortensen 1927b), including the Azores (Koehler 1909), and the Canaries (Mortensen 1927b), and Meteor seamounts (Koehler 1898). Depth: 360– 1,800 m (Mortensen 1935); AZO: 800– 1,528 m (Koehler 1898, 1909). Habitat: on sand, mud to soft ooze (Koehler 1898, Gage et al. 1985). Larval stage: lecithotrophic (Emlet 1995). Remarks: historically, Calveriosoma hystrix was frequently confused and in many instances regarded as conspecific with Araeosoma fenestratum (Mortensen 1903, 1935), another echinoid native to the archipelago deep waters (see above). As a result, older records particular prior to the review by Mortensen (1903) should be regarded with caution considering that they could be referring to either of the two species., Published as part of Madeira, Patrícia, Kroh, Andreas, Cordeiro, Ricardo, De, António M., Martins, Frias & Ávila, Sérgio P., 2019, The Echinoderm Fauna of the Azores (NE Atlantic Ocean), pp. 1-231 in Zootaxa 4639 (1) on page 119, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4639.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3342161, {"references":["Thomson, W. (1872 b) On the Echinoidea of the Porcupine Dredging Expeditions. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, 2, 719 - 756.","Agassiz, A. (1881) Report on the Echinoidea dredged by H. M. S. Challenger 1873 - 76. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H. M. S. Challenger, Zoology, 3, 1 - 321.","Koehler, R. (1895 a) Note preliminaire sur les echinides recueillis pendant les campagnes de l'Hirondelle. Bulletin de la Societe Zoologique de France, 20, 223 - 227.","Koehler, R. (1895 b) Note preliminaire sur les echinides des premieres campagnes de la Princesse Alice. Bulletin de la Societe Zoologique de France, 20, 227 - 233.","Koehler, R. (1898) Echinides et Ophiures provenant des campagnes du yacht Hirondelle (Golfe de Gascogne, Acores, Terre- Neuve). Resultats des campagnes scientifiques accomplies sur son yacht par Albert Ier Prince Souverain de Monaco, 12, 1 - 78.","Koehler, R. (1909) Echinodermes provenant des campagnes du yacht Princesse-Alice (Asteries, Ophiures, Echinides et Crinoides). Resultats des campagnes scientifiques accomplies sur son yacht par Albert Ier Prince Souverain de Monaco, 34, 1 - 317.","Mortensen, T. (1927 a) Handbook of the echinoderms of the British Isles. Oxford University Press, viii + 471 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 6841","Nobre, A. (1938) Equinodermes de Portugal. 3 rd Edition. Companhia Editora do Minho, Barcelos, 215 pp.","Mortensen, T. (1935) A Monograph of the Echinoidea. II. Bothriocidaroida, Melonechinoida, Lepidocentroida, and Stirodonta. C. A. Reitzel & Oxford University Press, Copenhagen & London, 647 pp.","Peres, J. M. (1992) Le bathyscaphe francais Archimede aux Acores: etude bionomique et ecologique du benthos profond. Acoreana, Suplemento, 237 - 264.","Garcia-Diez, C., Porteiro, F. M., Meirinho, A., Cardigos, F. & Tempera, F. (2005) Taxonomic review of selected invertebrate groups collected during the Campaigns of the Prince Albert I of Monaco in the Azorean waters. Arquipelago. Life and Marine Sciences, 22 A, 35 - 59.","Mortensen, T. (1903) Echinoidea (Part 1). In: The Danish Ingolf-Expedition 1895 - 1896. 4 (1). Bianco Luno, Copenhagen, 4 (1), pp. 1 - 198.","Mortensen, T. (1927 b) Sur les echinides recueillis par l'expedition du \" Travailleur \" et du \" Talisman. \" Archives du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle, 2 (6), 21 - 34.","Gage, J. D., Billett, D. S. M., Jensen, M. & Tyler, P. A. (1985) Echinoderms of the Rockall Trough and adjacent areas. 2. Echinoidea and Holothurioidea. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Zoology, 48 (4), 173 - 214.","Emlet, R. B. (1995) Developmental mode and species geographic range in regular sea urchins (Echinodermata: Echinoidea). Evolution, 49 (3), 476 - 489. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1558 - 5646.1995. tb 02280. x"]}

Ophiacantha bidentata ? (Bruzelius, 1805) Reports for the Azores: Ophiacantha bidentata (Bruzelius, 1805) —? $ Koehler 1898: 55; Koehler 1924: 244–246; Mortensen 1927a: 196, figs. 105.1–2; Nobre 1938: 72; Paterson 1985: 34–36, fig. 15; García-Diez et al. 2005: 49; Micael & Costa 2010: 322; Benavides-Serrato et al. 2011: 244–245; Micael et al. 2012: 3; Smirnov et al. 2014: 195. Type locality: Norway. See: Bruzelius (1805: 33, as Asterias bidentata); Mortensen (1933a: 20–22, figs. 6–8); Martynov & Litvinova (2008). Occurrence: Arctic (circumpolar) and North Atlantic, from the eastern coast of USA to Greenland and in the eastern Atlantic from South of Iceland to Cape Blanc (Paterson 1985), including the archipelagos of the?Azores (Koehler 1898), Madeira (Jesus & Abreu 1998), Canaries (Koehler 1906b) and? Cape Verde (Mortensen 1927a). Depth: 10–? 4,730 m (Smirnov et al. 2014);? AZO:? 1,287 m (Koehler 1898). Remarks: when describing Ophiacantha fraterna, Verrill (1885c) cautioned that this species had previously been confused with O. bidentata, including some of the H.M.S. Challenger material identified by Lyman (1882). Verrill (1885b) also added that O. bidentata unlike O. fraterna occurs at moderate depths. Later authors consider O. fraterna as a junior synonym of O. bidentata, or a variety of the latter (e.g., Mortensen 1933a; Paterson 1985). As a result, it is difficult to understand the true geographical and depth range of O. bidentata (see discussion by Martynov & Litvinova 2008). In view of this and considering that the report of Ophiacantha bidentata in the archipelago is based on a single poorly preserved specimen collected at a depth of 1,287 m (Koehler 1898; Hirondelle, sta 112: 38°48’30”N, 28°06’16”W), the inclusion of this species in the Azorean faunal list should be considered with caution. Mortensen (1927a) included Cape Verde in the geographical distribution of O. bidentata. To the best of our knowledge no animal belonging to this species was ever collected in the archipelago. In an earlier report, Koehler (1906b) recorded this species at Talisman deep-water stations located between off NW African coast and Canaries. It is possible that Mortensen (1927a) mistook Koehler’s records, which was repeated by subsequent references (e.g., Mortensen 1933 a, Nobre 1938, Madsen 1947)., Published as part of Madeira, Patrícia, Kroh, Andreas, Cordeiro, Ricardo, De, António M., Martins, Frias & Ávila, Sérgio P., 2019, The Echinoderm Fauna of the Azores (NE Atlantic Ocean), pp. 1-231 in Zootaxa 4639 (1) on page 34, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4639.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3342161, {"references":["Bruzelius, N. (1805) Dissertatio sistens species cognitas asteriarum, quam, sub praesidio A. J. Retzii. exhibet N. Bruzelius. Berlingianis, Lundae, 37 pp.","Koehler, R. (1898) Echinides et Ophiures provenant des campagnes du yacht Hirondelle (Golfe de Gascogne, Acores, Terre- Neuve). Resultats des campagnes scientifiques accomplies sur son yacht par Albert Ier Prince Souverain de Monaco, 12, 1 - 78.","Koehler, R. (1924) Les echinodermes des mers d'Europe. Encyclopedie Scientifique. Tome I. Libraire Octave Doin, Paris, XIII + 361 pp.","Mortensen, T. (1927 a) Handbook of the echinoderms of the British Isles. Oxford University Press, viii + 471 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 6841","Nobre, A. (1938) Equinodermes de Portugal. 3 rd Edition. Companhia Editora do Minho, Barcelos, 215 pp.","Paterson, G. L. J. (1985) The deep-sea Ophiuroidea of the North Atlantic Ocean. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Zoology Series, 49 (1), 1 - 162.","Garcia-Diez, C., Porteiro, F. M., Meirinho, A., Cardigos, F. & Tempera, F. (2005) Taxonomic review of selected invertebrate groups collected during the Campaigns of the Prince Albert I of Monaco in the Azorean waters. Arquipelago. Life and Marine Sciences, 22 A, 35 - 59.","Micael, J. & Costa A. C. (2010) Echinodermata. In: Borges, P. A. V., Costa, A., Cunha, R., Gabriel, R., Goncalves, V., Martins, A. F., Melo, I., Parente, M., Raposeiro, P., Rodrigues, P., Santos, R. S., Silva, L., Vieira, P. & Vieira, V. (Eds.), A list of the terrestrial and marine biota from the Azores. Principia, Oeiras, pp. 321 - 323.","Benavides-Serrato, M., Borrero-Perez, G. H. & Diaz-Sanchez, C. M. (2011) Equinodermos del Caribe colombiano I: Crinoidea, Asteroidea y Ophiuoridea. Vol. 22. Serie de Publicaciones Especiales de Invemar, Santa Marta, 384 pp.","Micael, J., Alves, M. J., Jones, M. B. & Costa, A. C. (2012) Diversity of shallow-water asteroids (Echinodermata) in the Azorean Archipelago. Marine Biodiversity Records, 5, e 49. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 1755267211000534","Smirnov, I. S., Piepenburg, D., Ahearn, C. & Juterzenka, K. V. (2014) Deep-sea fauna of European seas: An annotated species check-list of benthic invertebrates living deeper than 2000 m in the seas bordering Europe. Ophiuroidea. Invertebrate Zoology, 11 (1), 192 - 209. https: // doi. org / 10.15298 / invertzool. 11.1.18","Mortensen, T. (1933 a) Ophiuroidea. The Danish Ingolf Expedition, 4 b (8), 1 - 121.","Martynov, A. V. & Litvinova, N. M. (2008) Deep-water Ophiuroidea of the northern Atlantic with descriptions of three new species and taxonomic remarks on certain genera and species. Marine Biology Research, 4, 76 - 11. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 17451000701840066","Jesus, D. & Abreu, A. D. (1998) Contribution to the knowledge of the soft bottom echinoderms of Madeira Island. Boletim do Museu Municipal do Funchal (Historia Natural), 50 (286), 59 - 69., 4 figs.","Koehler, R. (1906 b) Ophiures. Expeditions Scientifiques du Travailleur et du Talisman, 8, 245 - 311.","Verrill, A. E. (1885 c) Results of the explorations made by the steamer \" Albatross \", off the northern coast of the United States, in 1883. Report of Commissioner of Fish and Fisheries, 1885 503 - 699. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 12059","Lyman, T. (1882) Report on the Ophiuroidea. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H. M. S. Challenger 1873 - 1876, Zoology, 5 (14), 1 - 386.","Verrill, A. E. (1885 b) Notice of recent additions to the marine invertebrata of the northeastern coast of America, with descriptions of new genera and species and critical remarks on others. Part V-Annelida, Echinodermata, Hydroida, Tunicata. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 8, 424 - 447. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00963801.534.424","Madsen, F. J. (1947) The Echinoderms collected by the \" Skagerak \" Expedition in the Eastern Atlantic 1946. Meddelanden fran G ˆ teborgs Kungliga Vetenskaps- och Vitterhets- Samhalles Handlingar, sjatte f ˆ ljden, Serie B, 5 (7), 1 - 16."]}

Sphaerechinus granularis (Lamarck, 1816) (Fig. 26) Reports for the Azores: Echinus brevispinosus Risso, 1826 — $ Drouët 1861: 210; Barrois 1888: 31; Sphaerechinus granularis (Lamarck, 1816) — $ Agassiz 1863: 23, 1872: 159–160, 452–453, pl. 5a, fig. 7, pl. 6, figs. 16–17; p.p. $ Agassiz 1881: 106–107; $ Barrois 1888: 109–110; $ Simroth 1888: 231, 233; John 1889: 285; $ Koehler 1895a: 225, 1898: 23; Jackson 1912: 162; $ Nobre 1924: 89, 1930: 69; $ H.L. Clark 1925: 140–141; Mortensen 1927a: 309–312, figs. 178–180; $ Cadenat 1938: 367–368; Nobre 1938: 119–120, figs. 48, 49, 66; Mortensen 1943b: 515–526, figs. 242c, 309– 314, pl. 39, figs. 1–4, pl. 40, figs. 1–5, pl. 41, figs. 1–7, pl. 56, figs. 1, 8, 10, pl. 25, fig. 13; $ Chapman 1955: 399; Harvey 1956: 51, 66; $ Tortonese 1965: 323–327, figs. 151–154; $ Marques 1983: 5; Pereira 1997: 334; $ Maciel & Gonçalves 1998: 182; $ Morton et al. 1998: 150–151, figs. 3–3L1, 8–1L; Pérez-Ruzafa et al. 2002: 285; $ Wirtz & Debelius 2003: 258; $ Cardigos et al. 2005: 159; García-Diez et al. 2005: 50; Mironov 2006: 112; Schultz 2006: 266–267, figs. 509–513; Haddad & Barreiros 2008: 9, fig. 3d; Micael & Costa 2010: 323; $ Micael et al. 2010: 329; Madeira et al. 2011: 250, figs. 5B, 6B; Micael et al. 2012: 4. See: Mortensen (1943b); Schultz (2006). Occurrence: Mediterranean Sea and northeast Atlantic; from Channel Islands to the Gulf of Guinea (Mortensen 1943b), including the Azores (Marques 1983), Madeira (Alves et al. 2001), Selvagens (Pérez-Ruzafa et al. 2002), Canaries (Mortensen 1927b), Cape Verde (Agassiz 1881) and Gorringe and Dacia seamounts (Mironov 2006). Depth: 0–120 m (Chapman 1955, Koukouras et al. 2007); AZO: 0–60 m (Chapman 1955, Marques 1983). Habitat: generally found on hard substrates (AZO), but also on Posidonia and Zostera meadows, silty sand or maërl bottoms (Mortensen 1943b, Koukouras et al. 2007). Larval stage: planktotrophic (Emlet 1995). Fossil fauna: remains of this species, spines and test fragments were found in Pleistocene sediments at Santa Maria Island (Madeira et al. 2011). Commercial value: edible (Tortonese 1965). Material examined: DBUA-ECH 025 (S„o Roque Islet, SMG, AZO, c. 37°44’37”N, 25°38’19”W, 2006.11.07, 3 m; 1 bt, D = 54 mm); DBUA-ECH 026 (S„o Roque Islet, SMG, AZO, c. 37°44’37”N, 25°38’19”W, 2006.11.07, 3–5 m; 1 bt, D = 85 mm); DBUA-ECH 027 (S„o Roque Islet, SMG, AZO, c. 37°44’37”N, 25°38’19”W, 2006.11.07, 3–5 m; 1 bt, D = 82 mm); DBUA-ECH 028 (S„o Roque Islet, SMG, AZO, c. 37°44’37”N, 25°38’19”W, 2006.11.07, 3–5 m; 1 bt, D = 63 mm); DBUA-ECH 030 (Banco D. Jo„o de Castro, AZO, c. 38°13’18”N, 26°36’12”W, 2006; 1 spm, D = 70 mm); DBUA-ECH 031 (Banco D. Jo„o de Castro, AZO, c. 38°13’18”N, 26°36’12”W, 1996.07.02, 30 m; 5 spms, D = 81–87 mm); DBUA-ECH 032 (Cerco, Caloura, SMG, AZO, c. 37°42’26”N, 25°30’37”W, 20 m; bt, D = 21 mm); DBUA-ECH 054 (Santa Cruz, GRA, AZO, c. 39°05’16”N, 28°00’25”W, 2010.08.02, intertidal; 1 spm, D = 11 mm); DBUA-ECH 140 (Poças de Santa Cruz, GRA, AZO, c. 39°05’16”N, 28°00’25”W, 2010.08.07, intertidal; 4 spms, D = 37–54 mm); DBUA-ECH 158 (FRM, AZO, c. 37°16’14”N, 24°46’52”W, 1990.06, 45 m; 2 spms, D = 6–11 mm); MB-NMHN 410–20786 (Baixinha, GRA, AZO, c. 39°05’13”N, 27°59’09”W, 1979; 2 spms, D = 92–100 mm); MB-NMHN 285–18681 [Pópulo (Praia Grande), SMG, AZO, c. 37°45’00”N, 25°37’24”W, 1980; 1 spm, D = 55 mm]; MB-NMHN 368–20744 (Horta harbour, FAY, AZO, c. 38°31’51”N, 28°37’23”W, 1979; 2 spms, D = 12–18 mm). Description: test circular, flattened orally, height reaching about 55–65%D, the peristome area is at most only slightly depressed. Apical disc hemicyclic, with Oc. I and V insert, though in the smaller specimens the latter can be exsert (D Remarks: Mortensen (1943b) reviewed the intraspecific variation in S. granularis, which included some of the Azorean specimens’ particularities, i. e. the higher number of pore pairs in the ambulacral plates. He rejected the hypothesis of specimens with six pore pairs per plate as belonging to a different species or a variety. Our results suggest that specimens with different number of pore pairs coexist in the same area. Furthermore, a higher number of pore pairs on the ambulacra is not exclusive for the Azores population. Agassiz (1872) reported specimens with six pore pairs from a batch from the Mediterranean Sea or Canaries (which location he did not specified), dismissing it as an ontological variation. Our observations, in contrast, agree with Mortensen (1943b) who showed that such differences are not dependent on the size of the animal. In spite of the intraspecific variation being overall constant throughout the species geographic range, we could not help notice the colour morph presented as ‘typical’ by several authors for the Mediterranean Sea is the purple/violet colour (e.g., Koehler 1921b; Mortensen 1927a; Tortonese 1965; Schultz 2006). In contrast, in the Azores, the brown colour morph appears very common if not the most common. Nonetheless, the presence of both colour morphs in the same area, or even clutching together to the same rock is not uncommon in the Azorean subtidal (personal observation). The red colour morph of Genocidaris maculata, a species also native to the archipelago, have historically been confused with juveniles of S. granularis (Figs. 26 J-L; Koehler 1921b; Mortensen 1943b). For example, Agassiz (1881) recorded S. granularis from the Azores (H.M.S. Challenger, sta 75: 38°37’N, 28°30’W). On re-examination of this material, later authors (e.g., H.L. Clark 1925; Mortensen 1943b) realized that Agassiz failed to notice the presence of a reddish colour morph of Genocidaris maculata among the batch (see remarks under Genocidaris maculata)., Published as part of Madeira, Patrícia, Kroh, Andreas, Cordeiro, Ricardo, De, António M., Martins, Frias & Ávila, Sérgio P., 2019, The Echinoderm Fauna of the Azores (NE Atlantic Ocean), pp. 1-231 in Zootaxa 4639 (1) on pages 114-116, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4639.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3342161, {"references":["Lamarck, J. - B. (1816) Histoire naturelle des animaux sans vertebres. Tome Second. Verdiere, Paris, 568 pp.","Risso, A. (1826) Histoire naturelle des principales productions de l'Europe Meridionale et particulierement de celles des environs de Nice et des Alpes Maritimes. Vol. 5. Levrault, Paris, viii + 403 pp., 10 pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 58984","Drouet, H. (1861) Element de la Faune acoreenne. J. B. Bailliere & Fils, Lubaires de L'Academie de Medicine, Paris, 245 pp.","Barrois, T. (1888) Liste des Echinodermes recueillis aux Acores durant les mois d'Ao r t et September 1887. Revue Biologique du Nord de la France, 1, 31 - 33 + 69 - 75 + 109 - 115.","Agassiz, A. (1863) List of the echinoderms sent to different Institutions in exchange for other specimens, with annotations. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zo ˆ logy at Harvard College, 1 (2), 17 - 28.","Agassiz, A. (1872 - 1874) Revision of the Echini. Illustrated catalogue of the Museum of Comparative Zo ˆ logy at Harvard College, 7 (1 - 4), 1 - 762.","Agassiz, A. (1881) Report on the Echinoidea dredged by H. M. S. Challenger 1873 - 76. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H. M. S. Challenger, Zoology, 3, 1 - 321.","Simroth, H. (1888) Zur kenntnis der Azorenfauna. Archiv f ̡ r Naturgeschichte, Berlin, 54 (1), 179 - 234.","John, G. (1889) Ueber bohrende Seeigel. Archiv f ̡ r Naturgeschichte, 55 (1), 268 - 302.","Koehler, R. (1895 a) Note preliminaire sur les echinides recueillis pendant les campagnes de l'Hirondelle. Bulletin de la Societe Zoologique de France, 20, 223 - 227.","Koehler, R. (1898) Echinides et Ophiures provenant des campagnes du yacht Hirondelle (Golfe de Gascogne, Acores, Terre- Neuve). Resultats des campagnes scientifiques accomplies sur son yacht par Albert Ier Prince Souverain de Monaco, 12, 1 - 78.","Jackson, R. T. (1912) Phylogeny of the Echini with a revision of Palaeozoic species. Memoirs of the Boston Society of Natural History, 7, 1 - 491. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 4630","Nobre, A. (1924) Contribuicies para a Fauna dos Acores. Anais do Instituto de Zoologia da Universidade do Porto, 1, 41 - 90.","Nobre, A. (1930) Materiais para o estudo da fauna dos Acores. Instituto de Zoologia da Universidade do Porto, Porto, 108 pp.","Clark, H. L. (1925) A catalogue of the Recent sea urchins (Echinoidea) in the British Museum (Natural History). Trustees of the British Museum and Oxford University Press, London, 250 pp.","Mortensen, T. (1927 a) Handbook of the echinoderms of the British Isles. Oxford University Press, viii + 471 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 6841","Cadenat, J. (1938) Liste des echinodermes recueillis pendant la cinquieme croisiere du navire de recherches President-Theodore- Tissier. Revue des Travaux de l'Institut des Peches Maritimes, 11, 349 - 375.","Nobre, A. (1938) Equinodermes de Portugal. 3 rd Edition. Companhia Editora do Minho, Barcelos, 215 pp.","Mortensen, T. (1943 b) A Monograph of the Echinoidea. III. 2. Camarodonta. I. Orthopsidae, Glyphocyphidae, Temnopleuridae and Toxopneustidae. C. A. Reitzel, Copenhagen, 553 pp.","Chapman, G. (1955) Aspects of the Fauna and Flora of the Azores, IV: Echinodermata. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 12, 8 (89), 398 - 400. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222935508655657","Harvey, E. B. (1956) The American Arbacia and other sea urchins. Princeton University Press. Princeton, viii + 298. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 7234","Tortonese, E. (1965) Fauna D'Italia-Echinodermata. Edizioni Calderini, Bologna, 422 pp.","Marques, V. M. (1983) Peuplements benthiques de Acores, 1 - echinoderms. Arquivo do Museu Bocage, AII (I), 1 - 7.","Pereira, M. (1997) Checklist of the littoral echinoderms of the Azores. Acoreana, 8 (3), 331 - 337.","Maciel, P. C. & J. M. Goncalves (1998) Distribuic \" o dos ouricos-do-mar de espinhos curtos Sphaerechinus granularis na costa da ilha do Faial, Acores, no Ver \" o de 1996. In: III Simposio Fauna e Flora das Ilhas Atlanticas, 21 - 25 September, Universidade dos Acores, Ponta Delgada, pp. 182.","Morton, B., Britton, J. C. & Martins, A. F. M. (1998) Ecologia costeira dos Acores. Sociedade Afonso Chaves, Ponta Delgada, 249 pp.","Perez-Ruzafa, A., Entrambasaguas, L., Espejo, C., Marcos, C. & Bacallado, J. J. (2002) Fauna de equinodermos (Echinodermata) de los fondos rocosos infralitorales del archipielago de Salvajes (Oceano Atlantico). Revista de la Academia Canaria de Ciencias, 14 (3 - 4), 277 - 296.","Wirtz, P. & Debelius, H. (2003) Mediterranean and Atlantic invertebrate guide. ConchBooks, Hackenheim, 305 pp.","Cardigos, F., Colaco, A., Dando, P. R., Avila, S. P., Sarradin, P. - M., Tempera, F., Conceic \" o, P., Pascoal, A. & Santos, R. S. (2005) Shallow-water hydrothermal vent field fluids and communities of the D. Jo \" o de Castro Seamount (Azores). Chemical Geology, 224, 153 - 168. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. chemgeo. 2005.07.019","Garcia-Diez, C., Porteiro, F. M., Meirinho, A., Cardigos, F. & Tempera, F. (2005) Taxonomic review of selected invertebrate groups collected during the Campaigns of the Prince Albert I of Monaco in the Azorean waters. Arquipelago. Life and Marine Sciences, 22 A, 35 - 59.","Mironov, A. N. (2006) Echinoids from seamounts of the north-eastern Atlantic, onshore / offshore gradients in species distribution. In: Mironov, A. N., Gebruk, A. V. & Southward, A. J. (Eds.), Biogeography of the North Atlantic Seamounts. KMK Scientific Press, Russian Academy of Sciences, P. P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, Moscow, pp. 96 - 133.","Schultz, H. (2006) Sea Urchins - a guide to worldwide shallow-water species. 3 rd Edition. Heinke & Peter Schultz Partner Scientific Publications, 484 pp.","Haddad Jr, V. & Barreiros, J. P. (2008) Dangerous Azorean Marine Animals: a field guide. Blu Edicies, Terceira, Acores, 60 pp.","Micael, J. & Costa A. C. (2010) Echinodermata. In: Borges, P. A. V., Costa, A., Cunha, R., Gabriel, R., Goncalves, V., Martins, A. F., Melo, I., Parente, M., Raposeiro, P., Rodrigues, P., Santos, R. S., Silva, L., Vieira, P. & Vieira, V. (Eds.), A list of the terrestrial and marine biota from the Azores. Principia, Oeiras, pp. 321 - 323.","Madeira, P., Kroh, A., Cordeiro, R., Meireles, R. & Avila, S. P. (2011) The fossil echinoids of Santa Maria Island, Azores (Northern Atlantic Ocean). Acta Geologica Polonica, 61 (3), 243 - 264.","Micael, J., Alves, M. J., Jones, M. B. & Costa, A. C. (2012) Diversity of shallow-water asteroids (Echinodermata) in the Azorean Archipelago. Marine Biodiversity Records, 5, e 49. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 1755267211000534","Alves, F. M. A., Chicharro, L. M., Serr \" o, E. & Abreu, A. D. (2001) Algal cover and sea urchin spatial distribution at Madeira Island (NE Atlantic). Scientia Marina, 65, 383 - 392. https: // doi. org / 10.3989 / scimar. 2001.65 n 4383","Mortensen, T. (1927 b) Sur les echinides recueillis par l'expedition du \" Travailleur \" et du \" Talisman. \" Archives du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle, 2 (6), 21 - 34.","Koukouras, A., Sinis, A. I., Bobori, D., Kazantzidis, S. & Kitsos, M. - S. (2007) The echinoderm (Deuterostomia) fauna of the Aegean Sea, and comparison with those of the neighbouring seas. Journal of Biological Research, 7, 67 - 92.","Emlet, R. B. (1995) Developmental mode and species geographic range in regular sea urchins (Echinodermata: Echinoidea). Evolution, 49 (3), 476 - 489. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1558 - 5646.1995. tb 02280. x","Koehler, R. (1921 b) Echinodermes. Faune de France. 1. Librairie de la Faculte des Sciences, Paris, 216 pp."]}

Erroneous— Molpadiodemas atlanticus (Perrier, 1898) Reports for the Azores: Pseudostichopus atlanticus Perrier, 1898 — Deichmann 1930: 87–88. Type locality: between the Azores and European waters (42°19’00”N, 21°15’46”W). See: Perrier (1902: 333–337, pl. 17, figs. 15–20, as Pseudostichopus atlanticus); O’Loughlin & Ahearn (2005: 153, figs. 3a, b, 4a–d, 6a, b); Bohn (2006: 16–19, figs. 9A, 10). Occurrence: cosmopolitan, Atlantic and Pacific deep waters; from the Caribbean north to west of Greenland (O’Loughlin & Ahearn 2005), east to the West European Basin and south to Southern Africa (Bohn 2006). Depth: 2,610 – 5,415 m (O’Loughlin & Ahearn 2005, Bohn 2006). Habitat: mud (Perrier 1902). Remarks: see remarks under Molpadiodemas villosus., Published as part of Madeira, Patrícia, Kroh, Andreas, Cordeiro, Ricardo, De, António M., Martins, Frias & Ávila, Sérgio P., 2019, The Echinoderm Fauna of the Azores (NE Atlantic Ocean), pp. 1-231 in Zootaxa 4639 (1) on page 178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4639.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3342161, {"references":["Perrier, R. (1898) Sur les Holothuries recueillies par le Travailleur et le Talisman. Comptes Rendus Academie Sciences, Paris, 126, 1664 - 1666.","Deichmann, E. (1930) The Holothurians of the Western Part of the Atlantic Ocean. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zo ˆ logy at Harvard College, 71, 43 - 236.","Perrier, R. (1902) Holothuries. In: Expeditions Scientifiques du Travailleur et du Talisman pendant les Annees 1880, 1881, 1882, 1883. Ouvrage publie sous les auspices du ministere de l'instruction publique sous la direction de A. Milne-Edwards de 1888 a 1890 et continue par E. Perrier. Vol. 7. Masson et Cie, Editeurs, Paris, pp. 273 - 554.","O'Loughlin, P. M. & Ahearn, C. (2005) A review of pygal-furrowed Synallactidae (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea), with new species from the Antarctic, Atlantic and Pacific ocean. Memoirs of Museum Victoria, 62 (2), 147 - 179. https: // doi. org / 10.24199 / j. mmv. 2005.62.5","Bohn, J. M. (2006) Crinoidea and Holothuroidea (Echinodermata) of the abyssal Angola Basin-Results of the DIVA- 1 expedition of FS \" Meteor \" (Cruise M 48 / 1). Zootaxa, 1276 (1), 1 - 31. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 1276.1.1"]}

Benthodytes sanguinolenta Théel, 1882 Reports for the Azores: Benthodytes sanguinolenta Théel, 1882 — $ Gebruk 2008: 51. Type locality: off the coast of Chile, Pacific. See: Hansen (1975: 94–96, pl. 3, figs. 1–4, pl. 4, figs. 1–4, pl. 5, figs. 1–4, pl. 6, figs. 1–4, pl. 9, figs. 6–7, pl. 12, figs. 4–5). Occurrence: cosmopolitan, Atlantic and Indo-Pacific (Hansen 1975); reported in the Puerto Rico Trench, off the Bahamas (Miller & Pawson 1990) and in the Charlie-Gibbs Fracture Zone to north of the Azores (Gebruk 2008). Depth: 768– 7,250 m, mostly below 2,000 m (Hansen 1975); AZO: 2,954 –2,968 m (Gebruk 2008). Habitat: facultative swimmer (Miller & Pawson 1990), on sandy clay to Globigerina ooze (Hansen 1975). Remarks: Gebruk (2008) recently identified Benthodytes sanguinolenta among the material collected at the northern border of the Azorean EEZ (G.O. Sars, MAR–ECO cruise, sta 40/367: 42°55’N, 30°20’W, 2,954 –2,968 m). During the EMEPC (2009), ROV Luso has captured footage of a Benthodytes holothurian, likely to belong to B. sanguinolenta near the Hirondelle Seamount (sta L09D21: 37°56’11”N 26°10’32”W, 3,236 m; Fig. 33)., Published as part of Madeira, Patrícia, Kroh, Andreas, Cordeiro, Ricardo, De, António M., Martins, Frias & Ávila, Sérgio P., 2019, The Echinoderm Fauna of the Azores (NE Atlantic Ocean), pp. 1-231 in Zootaxa 4639 (1) on page 143, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4639.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3342161, {"references":["Theel, H. (1882) Report on the Holothuroidea dredged by H. M. S. Challenger during the years 1873 - 76. Part I. Challenger Reports, Zoology, 4, 1 - 176.","Gebruk, A. V. (2008) Holothurians (Holothuroidea, Echinodermata) of the northern Mid-Atlantic Ridge collected by the G. O. Sars MAR-ECO expedition with descriptions of four new species. In: Gebruk, A. V. (Ed.) Benthic fauna of the northern Mid-Atlantic Ridge: results of the MAR-ECO expedition. Marine Biology Research, 4 (1 - 2), pp. 48 - 60. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 17451000701842898","Hansen, B. (1975) Systematics and biology of the deep-sea holothurians: Elasipoda. Galathea report: scientific results of the Danish deep-sea expedition round the world 1950 - 1952. Galathea, 13, 1 - 262.","Miller, J. E. & Pawson, D. L. (1990) Swimming sea cucumbers (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea): a survey with analysis of swimming behavior in four bathyal species. Smithsonian Contributions to the Marine Sciences, 35, 1 - 18. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 01960768.35.1"]}

Ellipinion delagei (Hérouard, 1896) Reports for the Azores: Scotoplanes delagei $ Hérouard, 1896: 167–168, fig. 3, 1902: 39–40, pl. 6, figs. 1–3, pl. 8, figs. 8–9; Perrier 1902: 276; Ellipinion (Scotoplanes) delagei (Hérouard, 1896) — $ Hérouard 1923: 90–91; Ellipinion Delagei (Hérouard, 1896) — Mortensen 1927a: 368, figs. 218.4–5; Deichmann 1930: 133; $ Hansen 1975: 163; Harvey et al. 1988: 185–186; García-Diez et al. 2005: 51. Type locality: Azores (37°42’40”N, 25°05’15”W). See: Hérouard (1902); Rogacheva et al. (2013: 601, figs. 7F–N, 19K). Distribution North Atlantic, from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (Charlie-Gibbs Fracture Zone; Rogacheva et al. 2012) to the Azores (Hérouard 1902), east to the Rockall Trough (Harvey et al. 1988), south to Cape Verde (Hérouard 1923) and west to the Bahamas (Pawson 1982). Depth: 1,165–2,750 m (Rogacheva et al. 2013); AZO: 1,165–1,494 m (Hérouard 1902). Habitat: frequent swimmer (benthopelagic; Rogacheva et al. 2012); on soft substrates (Hérouard 1902). Remarks: Ellipinion delagei was first described by Hérouard (1896, 1902; as Scotoplanes delagei) based on material collected by Princesse Alice in the Azores. Later, Hérouard (1923) identified further material belonging to E. delagei collected by Hirondelle in Azorean waters (sta 3293: 38°47’N, 30°16’W, 1,331 m). Hansen (1975) re-analysed the type material in a review of the deep-water holothurians. Aside from the specimens collected by the historical cruises, no further individuals are known from the Azores Archipelago. Rogacheva et al. (2012), the first to observe this deposit feeder swimming above the sea floor, classified this species as a frequent swimmer, spending most of its time feeding on the sea floor (see above remarks under Amperima furcata)., Published as part of Madeira, Patrícia, Kroh, Andreas, Cordeiro, Ricardo, De, António M., Martins, Frias & Ávila, Sérgio P., 2019, The Echinoderm Fauna of the Azores (NE Atlantic Ocean), pp. 1-231 in Zootaxa 4639 (1) on pages 138-139, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4639.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3342161, {"references":["Herouard, E. (1896) Note preliminaire sur les Holothuries provenant des dragages du Yacht Princesse-Alice. [Premiere Note.]. Bulletin de la Societe Zoologique de France, 21, 163 - 168.","Perrier, R. (1902) Holothuries. In: Expeditions Scientifiques du Travailleur et du Talisman pendant les Annees 1880, 1881, 1882, 1883. Ouvrage publie sous les auspices du ministere de l'instruction publique sous la direction de A. Milne-Edwards de 1888 a 1890 et continue par E. Perrier. Vol. 7. Masson et Cie, Editeurs, Paris, pp. 273 - 554.","Herouard, E. (1923) Holothuries provenant des campagnes des yachts Princesse-Alice et Hirondelle ii. (1898 - 1915). Resultats Campagnes Scientifiques Prince de Monaco, 66, 1 - 161.","Mortensen, T. (1927 a) Handbook of the echinoderms of the British Isles. Oxford University Press, viii + 471 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 6841","Deichmann, E. (1930) The Holothurians of the Western Part of the Atlantic Ocean. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zo ˆ logy at Harvard College, 71, 43 - 236.","Hansen, B. (1975) Systematics and biology of the deep-sea holothurians: Elasipoda. Galathea report: scientific results of the Danish deep-sea expedition round the world 1950 - 1952. Galathea, 13, 1 - 262.","Harvey, R., Gage, J. D., Billett, D. S. M., Clark, A. M. & Paterson, G. L. J. (1988) Echinoderms of the Rockall Trough and adjacent areas. 3. Additional records. Bulletin British Museum Natural History, Zoology, 54, 153 - 198.","Garcia-Diez, C., Porteiro, F. M., Meirinho, A., Cardigos, F. & Tempera, F. (2005) Taxonomic review of selected invertebrate groups collected during the Campaigns of the Prince Albert I of Monaco in the Azorean waters. Arquipelago. Life and Marine Sciences, 22 A, 35 - 59.","Herouard, E. (1902) Holothuries Provenant Des Campagnes De La Princesse-Alice (1892 - 1897). Reisultats des campagnes scientifiques accomplies sur son yacht, Fasc. 21, 1 - 62.","Rogacheva, A., Gebruk, A. & Alt, C. H. S. (2013) Holothuroidea of the Charlie Gibbs Fracture Zone area, northern Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Marine Biology Research, 9 (5 - 6), 587 - 623.","Rogacheva, A., Gebruk, A. & Alt, C. H. S. (2012) Swimming deep-sea holothurians (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea) on the northern Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Zoosymposia, 7, 213 - 224. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 17451000.2012.750428","Pawson, D. L. (1982) Deep-sea echinoderms in the Tongue of the Ocean, Bahama Islands: a survey, using the research submersible Alvin. Australian Museum Memoir, 16, 129 - 145. https: // doi. org / 10.3853 / j. 0067 - 1967.16.1982.362"]}

Ophiophycis mirabilis Koehler, 1901 (Fig. 10), Published as part of Madeira, Patrícia, Kroh, Andreas, Cordeiro, Ricardo, De, António M., Martins, Frias & Ávila, Sérgio P., 2019, The Echinoderm Fauna of the Azores (NE Atlantic Ocean), pp. 1-231 in Zootaxa 4639 (1) on page 46, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4639.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3342161, {"references":["Koehler, R. (1901) Note preliminaire sur quelques Ophiures nouvelles provenant des campagnes de la Princesse Alice. Bulletin de la Societe Zoologique de France, 26, 222 - 231."]}

Erroneous— Bathypectinura heros (Lyman, 1879) Reports for the Azores: Bathypectinura heros (Lyman, 1879) — Paterson 1985: 95–96, fig. 38; Borrero-Pérez et al. 2008: 199–200, figs. 17G, H; Benavides-Serrato et al. 2011: 336–337; Smirnov et al. 2014: 208. Type locality: Aru, Indonesia (5°41’S, 134°04’E). See: Lyman (1879: 48–49, pl. 14, figs. 389–391); Madsen (1973: 133–142). Occurrence: cosmopolitan, found in most oceans except the Arctic and Southern Oceans; in the Atlantic is found in the west from off North Carolina to the Caribbean and in the east from the Bay of Biscay to Angola, including Cape Verde (Madsen 1973). Depth: 240– 3,150 m (Madsen 1973, Hernández-Herrejon et al. 2008). Habitat: soft substrates, from mud to clay; feeds on organic detritus, foraminiferans and Sargassum; capable of active swimming (Madsen 1973, Pawson 1982). Remarks: Paterson (1985) listed the Azores in the geographical distribution of Bathypectinura heros as the southern limit in the NE Atlantic ignoring records further south reported, for example, by Madsen (1977), a work referred by the author. Paterson himself identified specimens belonging to B. heros, among material retrieved in NW Africa, at lower latitudes than the archipelago. Subsequent inclusions of the archipelago in this species geographical range were based on Paterson (1985). We could not find the original record for the Azores. Confirmed records of this species derive from the Michael Sars cruise just southwest of the Azorean waters (sta 53: 34°59’N, 33°01’W, 2,615 –2,865 m) (Mortensen 1927a, as Bathypectinura elata; Grieg 1932, as Pectinura elata). Taking in account the species wide geographical range in the North Atlantic it is likely that it occurs in the Azores, however, in our opinion the presence of this species inside the archipelago waters still needs to be confirmed., Published as part of Madeira, Patrícia, Kroh, Andreas, Cordeiro, Ricardo, De, António M., Martins, Frias & Ávila, Sérgio P., 2019, The Echinoderm Fauna of the Azores (NE Atlantic Ocean), pp. 1-231 in Zootaxa 4639 (1) on page 162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4639.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3342161, {"references":["Lyman, T. (1879) Ophiuridae and Astrophytidae of the \" Challenger \" expedition. Part II. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zo ˆ logy at Harvard College, 6 (2), 17 - 83.","Paterson, G. L. J. (1985) The deep-sea Ophiuroidea of the North Atlantic Ocean. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Zoology Series, 49 (1), 1 - 162.","Borrero-Perez, G. H., Benavides-Serrato, M., Solano, O. & Navas, G. R. (2008) Brittle stars (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea) from the continental shelf and upper slope of the Colombian Caribbean. Revista de Biologia Tropical, 56 (Supplement 3), 169 - 204.","Benavides-Serrato, M., Borrero-Perez, G. H. & Diaz-Sanchez, C. M. (2011) Equinodermos del Caribe colombiano I: Crinoidea, Asteroidea y Ophiuoridea. Vol. 22. Serie de Publicaciones Especiales de Invemar, Santa Marta, 384 pp.","Smirnov, I. S., Piepenburg, D., Ahearn, C. & Juterzenka, K. V. (2014) Deep-sea fauna of European seas: An annotated species check-list of benthic invertebrates living deeper than 2000 m in the seas bordering Europe. Ophiuroidea. Invertebrate Zoology, 11 (1), 192 - 209. https: // doi. org / 10.15298 / invertzool. 11.1.18","Madsen, F. J. (1973) The Ophiodermatidae. Galathea Report, 11, 133 - 143.","Hernandez-Herrejon, L. A., Solis-Marin, F. A. & Laguarda-Figueras, A. (2008) Ofiuroideos (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea) de las aguas mexicanas del golfo de Mexico. Revista Biologia Tropical, Internacional Journal of Tropical Biology and Conservation, 56 (3), 83 - 167.","Pawson, D. L. (1982) Deep-sea echinoderms in the Tongue of the Ocean, Bahama Islands: a survey, using the research submersible Alvin. Australian Museum Memoir, 16, 129 - 145. https: // doi. org / 10.3853 / j. 0067 - 1967.16.1982.362","Madsen, F. J. (1977) The Ophioleucidae (Ophiuroidea). Galathea Report, 14, 109 - 122. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 03284440","Mortensen, T. (1927 a) Handbook of the echinoderms of the British Isles. Oxford University Press, viii + 471 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 6841","Grieg, J. A. (1932) Echinodermata. Report of the scientific results of the Michael Sars North Atlantic deep sea expedition 1910, 3 (2), 1 - 47."]}

Benthodytes lingua Perrier, 1896b Reports for the Azores: Pannychia glutinosa $ Hérouard, 1902: 32, pl. 4, fig. 17; Perrier 1902: 286, 373; Mortensen 1927a: 360; García-Diez et al. 2005: 52; Benthodytes lingua Perrier, 1896 b—Deichmann 1930: 124–125; Hansen 1975: 80–82, fig. 29, pl. 9, figs. 3–5, pl. 12, figs. 2–3; Pérez-Ruzafa et al. 1992a: 172, fig. 1H; $ Gebruk 2008: 51. Type locality: off Morocco (30°08’00”N, 11°40’46”W). See: Perrier (1896b: 302; 1902: 456–461, pl. 12, figs. 1–2, pl. 21, figs. 1–9); Hansen (1975); Rogacheva et al. (2013: 599, fig. 18B). Occurrence: Atlantic; in the west from off the coast of New England to the Gulf of Mexico (Deichmann 1954), eastwards from Greenland (Heding 1942) and along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge in the Charlie-Gibbs Fracture Zone (Rogacheva et al. 2013), and from the Rockall Trough (Gage et al. 1985) to South Africa (Hansen 1975), including the Azores (Hérouard 1902) and Canaries (Perrier 1902). Depth: 860– 4,700 m (Rogacheva et al. 2013); AZO: 2,102 –3,050 m (Hérouard 1902, Gebruk 2008). Habitat: benthopelagic; soft sediments, fine sand, clay, mud to ooze (Hérouard 1902, Perrier 1902, Rogacheva et al. 2013). Remarks: Hérouard (1902) described a new species, Pannychia glutinosa, based on a specimen of about 60 mm, collected by Princesse Alice in the Azores (sta 624: 38°59’00”N, 28°18’05”W, 2,102 m). Later, Deichmann (1930) assumed that Hérouard’ specimen was a juvenile of B. lingua and synonymised the two species, an opinion shared by later authors. Recently, Gebruk et al. (2008) identified animals belonging to B. lingua in waters north of the islands (G.O. Sars, MAR–ECO cruise, sta 40/367: 42°55’N, 30°20’W, 2,954 –2,968 m; sta 46/372: 42°46’N, 29°16’W, 3,005 –3,050 m) substantiating the presence of this species in the archipelago., Published as part of Madeira, Patrícia, Kroh, Andreas, Cordeiro, Ricardo, De, António M., Martins, Frias & Ávila, Sérgio P., 2019, The Echinoderm Fauna of the Azores (NE Atlantic Ocean), pp. 1-231 in Zootaxa 4639 (1) on page 143, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4639.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3342161, {"references":["Perrier, R. (1896 b) Sur les Elasipodes recueillis par le Travailleur et le Talisman. Comptes Rendus Academie Sciences, Paris, 123, 900 - 903.","Herouard, E. (1902) Holothuries Provenant Des Campagnes De La Princesse-Alice (1892 - 1897). Reisultats des campagnes scientifiques accomplies sur son yacht, Fasc. 21, 1 - 62.","Perrier, R. (1902) Holothuries. In: Expeditions Scientifiques du Travailleur et du Talisman pendant les Annees 1880, 1881, 1882, 1883. Ouvrage publie sous les auspices du ministere de l'instruction publique sous la direction de A. Milne-Edwards de 1888 a 1890 et continue par E. Perrier. Vol. 7. Masson et Cie, Editeurs, Paris, pp. 273 - 554.","Mortensen, T. (1927 a) Handbook of the echinoderms of the British Isles. Oxford University Press, viii + 471 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 6841","Garcia-Diez, C., Porteiro, F. M., Meirinho, A., Cardigos, F. & Tempera, F. (2005) Taxonomic review of selected invertebrate groups collected during the Campaigns of the Prince Albert I of Monaco in the Azorean waters. Arquipelago. Life and Marine Sciences, 22 A, 35 - 59.","Perrier, M. E. (1896 a) Contribution a l'etude des stellerides de l'Atlantique Nord (Golfe de Gascogne, Acores, Terre-Neuve). Resultats Des Campagnes Scientifiques Accomplies Par Le Prince Albert I, Monaco, 11, 1 - 571.","Hansen, B. (1975) Systematics and biology of the deep-sea holothurians: Elasipoda. Galathea report: scientific results of the Danish deep-sea expedition round the world 1950 - 1952. Galathea, 13, 1 - 262.","Perez-Ruzafa, A., Marcos, C. & Bacallado, J. J. (1992 a) Holoturias (Echinodermata: Holothlroidea) de las Islas Canarias: II. Ordenes Dendrochirotida, Elasipodida, Apodida y Molpadida. Revista de la Academia Canaria de Ciencias, 3 - 4, 163 - 185.","Gebruk, A. V. (2008) Holothurians (Holothuroidea, Echinodermata) of the northern Mid-Atlantic Ridge collected by the G. O. Sars MAR-ECO expedition with descriptions of four new species. In: Gebruk, A. V. (Ed.) Benthic fauna of the northern Mid-Atlantic Ridge: results of the MAR-ECO expedition. Marine Biology Research, 4 (1 - 2), pp. 48 - 60. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 17451000701842898","Rogacheva, A., Gebruk, A. & Alt, C. H. S. (2013) Holothuroidea of the Charlie Gibbs Fracture Zone area, northern Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Marine Biology Research, 9 (5 - 6), 587 - 623.","Deichmann, E. (1954) The Holothurians of the Gulf of Mexico. Bulletin of the U. S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, 89, 381 - 410.","Heding, S. G. (1942) Holothurioidea, Part 2: Aspidochirota, Elasipoda, Dendrochirota. In: The Danish Ingolf Expedition. 4 (13). Hagerup, Copenhagen, pp. 1 - 39.","Gage, J. D., Billett, D. S. M., Jensen, M. & Tyler, P. A. (1985) Echinoderms of the Rockall Trough and adjacent areas. 2. Echinoidea and Holothurioidea. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Zoology, 48 (4), 173 - 214.","Deichmann, E. (1930) The Holothurians of the Western Part of the Atlantic Ocean. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zo ˆ logy at Harvard College, 71, 43 - 236."]}

Paracentrotus lividus (Lamarck, 1816) (Fig. 25) Reports for the Azores: Echinus lividus Lamarck, 1816 — $ Drouët 1861: 210; Barrois 1888: 31; Toxopneustes lividus (Lamarck, 1816) — $ Agassiz 1863: 23; $ Simroth 1888: 231; Strongylocentrotus lividus (Lamarck, 1816) — $ Agassiz 1872: 446–447, pl. 5b, fig. 3, pl. 24, fig. 25; $ Barrois 1888: 75; John 1889: 285; $ Koehler 1895a: 225, 1898: 24; Jackson 1912: 162; Paracentrotus lividus (Lamarck, 1816) — Koehler 1914b: 278; Mortensen 1927a: 306–309, figs. 175–177; $ Cadenat 1838: 367; Nobre 1938: 118–119, figs. 48–49, 66; $ Mortensen 1943a: 157–168, figs. 69–72, pl. 17, figs. 2–3, pl. 22, figs. 1–9, pl. 57, figs. 1–3, 11, 12, 20; $ Chapman 1955: 399; Harvey 1956: 51, 65; $ Tortonese 1965: 337–341, figs. 160–162; $ Marques 1983: 5–6, 1984: 105; Moyse & Tyler 1995: 678–680, fig. 12.8; Pereira 1997: 334; Pérez-Ruzafa et al. 1999: 52–53, 2002: 285–286; $ Cardigos et al. 2005: 165; García-Diez et al. 2005: 50; Schultz 2006: 194–195, figs. 361–363; Haddad & Barreiros 2008: 9, fig. 3a; Ávila et al. 2009: 27, 2010: 56; Micael & Costa 2010: 323; $ Micael et al. 2010: 329; $ Wisshak et al. 2010: 2382; Madeira et al. 2011: 249–250, figs. 5C, 6C, 7C; Micael et al. 2012: 3, 5. non Psammechinus microtuberculatus (Blainville, 1825) — $ Marques 1983: 5 [misidentification]. See: Mortensen (1943a); Schultz (2006). Occurrence: Mediterranean Sea and northeast Atlantic, from Ireland (Mortensen 1927a), along the coast of Europe (Nobre 1938) to Mauritania (Chapman 1955), including the archipelagos of the Azores (Marques 1989), Madeira (Alves et al. 2001), Selvagens (Pérez-Ruzafa et al. 2002), Canaries (Pérez-Ruzafa et al. 2003) and Cape Verde (Pérez-Ruzafa et al. 1999). Depth: 0–80 m (Tortonese 1965), rarely below 30 m (Picton 1993); AZO: 0–40(?207) m (Koehler 1898, herein). Habitat: preferentially rocky shores where it can bore holes in the rock (Schultz 2006); diet mainly of algae (Mortensen 1943a). Larval stage: planktotrophic (Emlet 1995). Fossil fauna: remains of this species, spines and test fragments were found in Pleistocene sediments of Santa Maria Island (Madeira et al. 2011). At the Pleistocene outcrop at Prainha, bore-holes were found on a basaltic rock about 5 m above present sea level, which were attributed to P. lividus boring activities (Ávila et al. 2009, 2010). Commercial value: edible (Picton 1993). Material examined: DBUA-ECH 123 (S„o Roque, SMG, AZO, c. 37°44’37”N, 25°38’19”W, 2012.11.16, intertidal; 1 spm, D = 5 mm); DBUA-ECH 138 (Poças de Santa Cruz, GRA, AZO, c. 39°05’16”N, 28°00’25”W, 2010.08.02, intertidal; 1 spm, D = 13 mm); DBUA-ECH 164 (Baia do Rosto do C„o, S„o Roque, SMG, AZO, c. 37°44’37”N, 25°38’19”W, 1990.07; 14 spms, D = 9–14 mm); DBUA-ECH 166 (off Vila Franca do Campo, SMG, AZO, 37°41’17”N, 25°25’06”W, 2006.07. 15, 129–207 m; 1 bt, D = 7 mm); DBUA-ECH 190 (Vila Franca do Campo, SMG, AZO, c. 37°41’39”N, 25°27’27”W, 2006.07. 21, 95–121 m; 1 bt, D = 3 mm); DBUA-ECH 280 (Ponta Delgada harbour, SMG, AZO, c. 37°44’12”N, 25°39’26”W, 1996.12.04; 1 spm, D = 34 mm); DBUA-ECH 287 (Rosto do C„o, S„o Roque, SMG, AZO, c. 37°44’37”N, 25°38’19”W, 1990.05. 14, 1 m; 1 spm, D = 45 mm); DBUA-ECH 323 (Islet of Mosteiros, SMG, AZO, c. 37°53’25”N, 25°50’06”W, 2011.07.07, 26 m; 2 spms, D = 8– 12 mm); DBUA-ECH 337 (Piscinas de Santa Cruz, FLS, AZO, c. 39°27’18”N, 31°07’30”W, 2007.07.22, intertidal; 7 spms, D = 15–49 mm); DBUA-ECH 338 (SMG, AZO, c. 37°50’06”N, 25°40’10”W, 1997.7, intertidal; 1 spm, D = 9 mm); DBUA-ECH 412 (Santa Cruz, GRA, AZO, c. 39°05’16.00”N, 28°00’25”W, 2010.08.06, intertidal; 2 spms, D = 51–58 mm); MB-NMHN 39–357 (Castelo Branco, FAY, AZO, c. 38°31’05”N, 28°43’23”W, 25 m, collected and identified by Vasco Marques as Paracentrotus cf. gaimardi; 1 bt, D = 9 mm); MB-NMHN 39–354 (Horta, FAY, AZO, c. 38°31’51”N, 28°37’23”W, 1979, collected and identified by Vasco Marques as Psammechinus microtuberculatus; 1 bt, D = 7 mm); MB-NMHN 39–355 (Castelo Branco, FAY, AZO, c. 38°31’05”N, 28°43’23”W, 1979, collected and identified by Vasco Marques as Psammechinus microtuberculatus; 1 bt and 1 dry spm, D = 6 mm). Description: test circular, relatively low with a height of about 40%D in smaller specimens increasing to almost 60% in larger specimens. Apical disc dicyclic. Periproctal plates naked; Small individuals with three naked periproctal plates, one large and two other ones half the size of the large one. Genital pores closed in the smallest individual (D = 5 mm; DBUA-ECH 123). Ambulacral plates polygeminate, with four to five pore pares per plate at the ambitus in smaller specimens and five pore pairs throughout in larger specimens; one large primary tubercle per ambulacral plate, with secondary tubercles forming a zigzag series along the midline of the area; primary tubercles in the ambulacral plates of the same size as the ones in the interambulacra. Interambulacra with two regular series of primary tubercles flanked one or two sub-equal secondary tubercles. Peristome somewhat sunken, from 45– 60%D in smaller specimens ( 33 mm D). Peristomal membrane with small-scattered plates. Primary spines long and robust, about 20–30%D in smaller specimens increasing to more 50–60%D in larger specimens. Globiferous pedicellaria with one large terminal tooth and one lateral tooth on each side. Colour variable, from dark green/purple to lighter green/purple or with primary spines dark coloured at the base and becoming lighter towards the tips. Remarks: the genus Paracentrotus comprises just two extant shallow-water species, P. lividus (Europe and NW Africa waters) and P. gaimardi (South Atlantic tropical waters: Gulf of Guinea, Angola and Brazil) (Schultz 2006). Mortensen (1943a) compared and discussed several diagnostic characters considered in the previous literature and concluded that none could be considered as reliable due to the high morphological variation demonstrated by both species. Nevertheless, Mortensen considered that the best character was the ornamentation on the apical disc, although he commented that it was also subject to variation as animals from both species could present a rather weak striation. Another character discussed by Mortensen was the number of pore pairs being almost constantly five in P. lividus and usually four in P. gaimardi. Again, both species show a degree of overlapping variation with some specimens of P. gaimardi having plates bearing five pore pairs and specimens of P. lividus presenting four to six pore pairs. The collection of Museu Bocage houses an unreported specimen from the Azores, collected and identified by Marques Vieira as Paracentrotus cf. gaimardi. The specimen presents only four pore pairs at the ambitus, a character that Marques Vieira may have used to identify the Azorean animal as western P. cf. gaimardi. However, taking in to account the size of the Azorean specimen (= 9 mm), the lack of ornamentation of the apical disc, and the NE Atlantic origin, we strongly believe that the specimen represents a young P. lividus, a common inhabitant of the Azorean rocky shores. Marques Vieira’s echinoderm collection at the Museu Bocage also houses three small animals (D = 6 mm, see Fig. 25 E–G) identified as Psammechinus microtuberculatus, a species believed to be endemic to the Mediterranean Sea (see below remarks under P. miliaris). Marques (1983) remarked that this species was the least frequent echinoid species in the Azores shallow waters. Thus, it is quite likely that the material housed at the Museum is the sole material used by Marques on which his report of P. microtuberculatus from the Azores was based. However, all three specimens possess ambulacral plates with four pore pairs per plate, a feature not found in Psammechinus. Furthermore, the valves of globiferous pedicellaria from the only complete specimen were typical of the genus Paracentrotus, presenting a single pair of lateral teeth beneath the terminal tooth, not several as would be expected in Psammechinus specimens. Apparently, Marques (1983) had misidentified juveniles of P. lividus as P. microtuberculatus. Paracentrotus lividus is a typical inhabitant of the first few meters of the Azorean rocky shores, with a maximum reported depth in the Azores of c. 40 meters. Specimens dredged from 95–200 m all are slightly abraded naked tests possibly transported after the animals’ death to these depths. Additionally, Cardigos et al. (2005) recorded this species in the area of Don Jo„o de Castro Seamount (between Terceira and S„o Miguel islands), one of the rare examples in Azores of a shallow-water hydrothermal-active volcanic seamount (the top of the seamount lies 13 m deep). See also remarks under Arbacia lixula., Published as part of Madeira, Patrícia, Kroh, Andreas, Cordeiro, Ricardo, De, António M., Martins, Frias & Ávila, Sérgio P., 2019, The Echinoderm Fauna of the Azores (NE Atlantic Ocean), pp. 1-231 in Zootaxa 4639 (1) on pages 110-113, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4639.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3342161, {"references":["Lamarck, J. - B. (1816) Histoire naturelle des animaux sans vertebres. Tome Second. Verdiere, Paris, 568 pp.","Drouet, H. (1861) Element de la Faune acoreenne. J. B. Bailliere & Fils, Lubaires de L'Academie de Medicine, Paris, 245 pp.","Barrois, T. (1888) Liste des Echinodermes recueillis aux Acores durant les mois d'Ao r t et September 1887. Revue Biologique du Nord de la France, 1, 31 - 33 + 69 - 75 + 109 - 115.","Agassiz, A. (1863) List of the echinoderms sent to different Institutions in exchange for other specimens, with annotations. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zo ˆ logy at Harvard College, 1 (2), 17 - 28.","Simroth, H. (1888) Zur kenntnis der Azorenfauna. Archiv f ̡ r Naturgeschichte, Berlin, 54 (1), 179 - 234.","Agassiz, A. (1872 - 1874) Revision of the Echini. Illustrated catalogue of the Museum of Comparative Zo ˆ logy at Harvard College, 7 (1 - 4), 1 - 762.","John, G. (1889) Ueber bohrende Seeigel. Archiv f ̡ r Naturgeschichte, 55 (1), 268 - 302.","Koehler, R. (1895 a) Note preliminaire sur les echinides recueillis pendant les campagnes de l'Hirondelle. Bulletin de la Societe Zoologique de France, 20, 223 - 227.","Koehler, R. (1898) Echinides et Ophiures provenant des campagnes du yacht Hirondelle (Golfe de Gascogne, Acores, Terre- Neuve). Resultats des campagnes scientifiques accomplies sur son yacht par Albert Ier Prince Souverain de Monaco, 12, 1 - 78.","Jackson, R. T. (1912) Phylogeny of the Echini with a revision of Palaeozoic species. Memoirs of the Boston Society of Natural History, 7, 1 - 491. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 4630","Koehler, R. (1914 b) Echinoderma I: Asteroidea, ophiuroidea et Echnoidea. In: Michaelsen, W. (Ed.), Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Meeresfauna Westafrikas. 1 (2). L. Friederichsen & Co., Hamburg, pp. 127 - 303.","Mortensen, T. (1927 a) Handbook of the echinoderms of the British Isles. Oxford University Press, viii + 471 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 6841","Nobre, A. (1938) Equinodermes de Portugal. 3 rd Edition. Companhia Editora do Minho, Barcelos, 215 pp.","Mortensen, T. (1943 a) A Monograph of the Echinoidea. III. 3. Camarodonta. II. Echinidae, Strongylocentrotidae, Parasaleniidae, Echinometridae. C. A. Reitzel, Copenhagen, 446 pp.","Chapman, G. (1955) Aspects of the Fauna and Flora of the Azores, IV: Echinodermata. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 12, 8 (89), 398 - 400. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222935508655657","Harvey, E. B. (1956) The American Arbacia and other sea urchins. Princeton University Press. Princeton, viii + 298. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 7234","Tortonese, E. (1965) Fauna D'Italia-Echinodermata. Edizioni Calderini, Bologna, 422 pp.","Marques, V. M. (1983) Peuplements benthiques de Acores, 1 - echinoderms. Arquivo do Museu Bocage, AII (I), 1 - 7.","Marques, V. M. (1984) Effects of Arbacia lixula (L.) (Echinoidea) on the algal communities of S \" o Miguel and Graciosa islands (Azores archipelago: Portugal). Arquivos do Museu Bocage, Serie B, 2 (13), 103 - 108.","Moyse, J. & Tyler, P. A. (1995) Sea urchins, starfish and sea cucumbers (Phylum Echinodermata). In: Hayward, P. J. & Ryland, J. S. (Eds.), Handbook of the marine fauna of North-West Europe. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 662 - 686.","Pereira, M. (1997) Checklist of the littoral echinoderms of the Azores. Acoreana, 8 (3), 331 - 337.","Perez-Ruzafa, A., Entrambasaguas, L. & Bacallado, J. J. (1999) Fauna de equinodermos (Echinodermata) de los fondos rocosos infralitorales del archipielago de Cabo Verde. Revista de la Academia Canaria de Ciencias, 11 (3 - 4), 43 - 62.","Perez-Ruzafa, A., Entrambasaguas, L., Espejo, C., Marcos, C. & Bacallado, J. J. (2002) Fauna de equinodermos (Echinodermata) de los fondos rocosos infralitorales del archipielago de Salvajes (Oceano Atlantico). Revista de la Academia Canaria de Ciencias, 14 (3 - 4), 277 - 296.","Cardigos, F., Colaco, A., Dando, P. R., Avila, S. P., Sarradin, P. - M., Tempera, F., Conceic \" o, P., Pascoal, A. & Santos, R. S. (2005) Shallow-water hydrothermal vent field fluids and communities of the D. Jo \" o de Castro Seamount (Azores). Chemical Geology, 224, 153 - 168. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. chemgeo. 2005.07.019","Garcia-Diez, C., Porteiro, F. M., Meirinho, A., Cardigos, F. & Tempera, F. (2005) Taxonomic review of selected invertebrate groups collected during the Campaigns of the Prince Albert I of Monaco in the Azorean waters. Arquipelago. Life and Marine Sciences, 22 A, 35 - 59.","Schultz, H. (2006) Sea Urchins - a guide to worldwide shallow-water species. 3 rd Edition. Heinke & Peter Schultz Partner Scientific Publications, 484 pp.","Haddad Jr, V. & Barreiros, J. P. (2008) Dangerous Azorean Marine Animals: a field guide. Blu Edicies, Terceira, Acores, 60 pp.","Avila, S. P., Madeira, P., Zazo, C., Kroh, A., Kirby, M., Silva, C. M. da, Cach \" o, M. & Martins, A. M. F. (2009) Palaeocology of the Pleistocene (MIS 5.5) outcrops of Santa Maria Island (Azores) in a complex oceanic tectonic setting. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 274, 18 - 31. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. palaeo. 2008.12.014","Avila, S. P., Rebelo, A., Medeiros, A., Melo, C., Gomes, C., Bagaco, L., Madeira, P., Borges, P. A., Monteiro, P., Cordeiro, R., Meireles, R. & Ramalho, R. (2010) Os fosseis de Santa Maria (Acores). 1. A jazida da Prainha. OVGA, Observatorio Vulcanologico e Geotermico dos Acores, Lagoa, 103 pp.","Micael, J. & Costa A. C. (2010) Echinodermata. In: Borges, P. A. V., Costa, A., Cunha, R., Gabriel, R., Goncalves, V., Martins, A. F., Melo, I., Parente, M., Raposeiro, P., Rodrigues, P., Santos, R. S., Silva, L., Vieira, P. & Vieira, V. (Eds.), A list of the terrestrial and marine biota from the Azores. Principia, Oeiras, pp. 321 - 323.","Wisshak, M., Form, A., Jakobsen, J. & Freiwald, A. (2010) Temperate carbonate cycling and water mass properties from intertidal to bathyal depths (Azores). Biogeosciences, 7, 2379 - 2396. https: // doi. org / 10.5194 / bg- 7 - 2379 - 2010","Madeira, P., Kroh, A., Cordeiro, R., Meireles, R. & Avila, S. P. (2011) The fossil echinoids of Santa Maria Island, Azores (Northern Atlantic Ocean). Acta Geologica Polonica, 61 (3), 243 - 264.","Micael, J., Alves, M. J., Jones, M. B. & Costa, A. C. (2012) Diversity of shallow-water asteroids (Echinodermata) in the Azorean Archipelago. Marine Biodiversity Records, 5, e 49. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 1755267211000534","Blainville, H. M. de (1825) Oursin, Echinus (Actinozoaires). In: Levrault, F. G. (Ed.), Dictionnaire des sciences naturelles. Vol. 37. Le Normat, Paris, pp. 59 - 98.","Alves, F. M. A., Chicharro, L. M., Serr \" o, E. & Abreu, A. D. (2001) Algal cover and sea urchin spatial distribution at Madeira Island (NE Atlantic). Scientia Marina, 65, 383 - 392. https: // doi. org / 10.3989 / scimar. 2001.65 n 4383","Perez-Ruzafa, A., Aranega, J. J. B., Garcia, I. A. & Diaz, J. R. D. (2003) Division Echinodermata. In: Moro, L., Martin, J. L., Garrido, M. J. & Izquierdo, I. (Eds.), Lista de especies marinas de Canarias (algas, hongos, plantas y animales). Consejeria de Politica Territorial y Medio Ambiente del Gobierno de Canarias, Tenerife, pp. 112 - 113.","Picton, B. (1993) A field guide to the shallow-water echinoderms of the British Isles. IMMEL Publishing Lda, London, 96 pp.","Emlet, R. B. (1995) Developmental mode and species geographic range in regular sea urchins (Echinodermata: Echinoidea). Evolution, 49 (3), 476 - 489. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1558 - 5646.1995. tb 02280. x"]}