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The genus Alena Navás, 1916, is considered the most distinct genus of Raphidiidae, because of the uncommon shape of its male genital sclerites and its geographic distribution restricted to the southwestern U.S.A. and western Mexico. Herein, we present a new species of the subgenus Aztekoraphidia U. Aspöck and H. Aspöck, 1970, – Alena (Aztekoraphidia) alanaesp. nov. Based on this discovery we present a detailed morphological study and the first morphological phylogeny of Alena. Our results recover this genus as monophyletic, including the subgenus Aztekoraphidia as sister to a clade composed by the other two monotypic subgenera, Alenas.s. Navás, 1916, and Mexicoraphidia U. Aspöck and H. Aspöck, 1970. We also provide a hypothesis about the biogeographic history of the group, which advocates that species of Alena are strongly associated with central Mexico and their ancestors were probably widely distributed through western North America in the past, of which only a few small groups survived in glacial refuges.

This survey presents an overall view of the order Neuroptera from Brazil. A total of 432 valid extant species of Neuroptera divided into ten families, are recorded from the country. Among the Brazilian fauna, 211 species are endemic (48.8%), with the majority belonging to two families: Chrysopidae with 182 species in 19 genera, and Myrmeleontidae with 88 species in 25 genera. The first species discovered from Brazil was Climaciella semihyalina (Le Peletier & Audinet-Serville), in 1825, by European authors. In fact, European authors entirely dominated the description of Brazilian Neuroptera during the 19th century. Father Longinos Navás from Spain authored the highest number of species described from Brazil, 98, followed by US-American Norman Penny, with 83 species. Sérgio de Freitas, a Brazilian researcher, ranks third, with a total of 50 species described. It was not until the 21st century that the study of neuropterans from Brazil was primarily led by Brazilian-born authors. Primary type specimens of species described from Brazil are predominantly deposited in non-Brazilian institutions (65.7%). The order Neuroptera is distributed across all Brazilian states, except for Alagoas. The two states with the highest neuropteran biodiversity are Amazonas and São Paulo, with 132 and 124 species, respectively. Among the Brazilian biomes, the Mata Atlântica is the most diverse region with 227 known species, followed by the Amazônia with 192 species. Data on immature stages of Neuroptera are scarce and known for only 47 species recorded from Brazil (10.9%).

The XIV International Symposium of Neuropterology (ISN) was held online, between May 23rd and 27th of 2022, with the Universidade Federal de Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil as responsible for the event. This event was carried out for and by researchers with interest in any aspects of biology, systematics, taxonomy, natural history, evolution, and applied studies on the insects of the superorder Neuropterida (Neuroptera, Megaloptera and Raphidioptera). This was the first meeting organized by a South American country, and the first one held online. A total of 141 participants from 24 countries attended the meeting, which was considered the largest number of registered participants among all the versions of the ISN and resulted in 10 keynote lectures (including the Opening Lecture), 21 oral presentations, and 17 poster presentations. The papers in this volume are representative of the lectures, oral presentations, and posters presented at the meeting. We dedicate these proceedings to the memory of the Professor and entomologist Dr. César Carvalho, who was directly responsible for bringing this meeting to Brazil, but unfortunately passed away in September 2018.

Adult external morphology of the extant raptorial Mantispoidea (Insecta: Neuroptera: Mantispidae and Rhachiberothidae) is compared emphasizing the morphology of the subfamily Symphrasinae as a key group to understand the phylogenetic relationships among the members of the superfamily. Plega dactylota Rehn, 1939 is thoroughly characterized in order to exemplify the morphology of the Symphrasinae. Additionally, following a review of the literature and examination of comparative material of Dilaridae, Berothidae, Rhachiberothidae and all Mantispidae subfamilies, a new interpretation of the components of the raptorial apparatus (i.e., head, prothorax, grasping forelegs, as well as integumentary specializations) is presented. Also, wing venation for these groups is reinterpreted, and new homology hypotheses for wing venation are proposed based on tracheation and comparative analyses. Given the high morphological divergence on the genital sclerites within the Mantispoidea, plus the confusing previous usage of neutral terminology and terms referring to appendages across taxonomic and morphological studies, we attempt to standardize, simplify, and situate terminology in an evolutionary context under the “gonocoxite concept” (multi-coxopod hypothesis). The remarkable morphological similarity of the genital sclerites of Symphrasinae and Rhachiberothidae (sensu U. Aspöck & Mansell 1994) with the Nallachinae (Dilaridae) was taken as a starting point to understand the morphology of other Mantispidae subfamilies. Based on these morphological comparisons, we provide a revised phylogenetic analysis of Mantispoidea. This new phylogenetic analysis supports a sister group relationship between the family Rhachiberothidae, comprising Rhachiberothinae and Symphrasinae, and the family Mantispidae, including the subfamily Mantispinae and its sister taxa Drepanicinae and Calomantispinae, which may represent a single subfamily. Based on these analyses, raptorial condition probably evolved a single time in these insects and subsequently became diversified in the two sister clades of the raptorial Mantispoidea.

SPELEOBEROTHA MINEIRA SP. NOV. FIGS 8–11 Zoobank registration: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: A658A43A-C144-43C2-85A5-3FAF6B84CD02. Etymology: Mineira is a Brazilian gentilic term for people from Minas Gerais State, where all specimens were collected. Diagnosis Slightly larger than Speleoberotha palomae. Male: sternite 9 with a medial lobe covered by long setae and placed between two small lobes; gonapophyses 10 absent; complex gonocoxites + gonostyli 10 longer than gonocoxites 11 in lateral view. Description Identical to Speleoberotha palomae except for the following characteristics. Measurements (N = 5): Body length average (Figs 8A–C), 3.53 mm (variation, 2.8–3.9 mm); forewing length average (Fig. 8D), 5.7 mm (variation, 5.3–6.0 mm); hindwing length average, 4.73 mm (variation, 4.4–5.1 mm). Male genitalia (Figs 9, 10): Tergite 9 wider ventrally and not fused with ectoproct. Ectoproct without callus cerci and with posterior margins turning outward in dorsal view. Sternite 9 subtriangular in ventral view, with three lobes: a large medial one covered with long setae and two smaller lateral lobes. Gonocoxites 11 as a simple unpaired bow, in lateral view with the posterior ending curving upward. Gonocoxites 9 also a simple unpaired bow, in lateral view with the anterior half wider than the posterior half. Gonocoxites 11 and 9 connected basally. Complex gonocoxites + gonostyli 10 long and acute apically, and longer than gonocoxites 11 in lateral view. Gonapophyses 10 absent. Female genitalia (Fig. 1 1): Gonocoxites and gonapophyses of segment 8 absent; tergite 9 not fused with ectoproct; tergite 9 ventrally e l o n g a t e d; g o n o c o x i t e s 9 o v o i d, h y p o c a u d a e lacking; gonapophyses 9 as tiny curved sclerites; spermatheca elongated and coiled, becoming narrower and sclerotized in the medial and final portions; proximal portion elongated opening in a median and membranous bursa copulatrix. Holotype: BRAZIL: Minas Gerais: Varjão de Minas: 18°17′33″S, 46°06′03″W, cavernas, 5 July 2018, Carlos Sena, DZUP 381916 (male; DZUP). Paratypes (4 ♂, 1 ♀ ): BRAZIL: Minas Gerais: Pains: 20°26′45″S, 45°26′32″W: gruta Cinderela, 18 September 2009, Zampaulo R.A., DZUP 381917 (two ♂, one ♀; DZUP); idem (one ♂; RPSP); Doresópolis: 20°18′35″S, 45°50′47″W: gruta Helinho II, 26 August 2009, Zampaulo R.A., DZUP 381918 (one ♂; DZUP). Remarks All six specimens of Speleoberotha mineira presented here were collected near the entrances of caves; they were not found deeper inside. The specimens came from three different limestone caves situated in three municipalities in Minas Gerais State (Doresópolis, Pains and Varjão de Minas), all located in the Cerrado Biome (Brazilian savanna). This region of Minas Gerais is famous for the large number of caves, with> 1000 caves known in this area. Some of the specimens shown here were collected in caves nearly 300 km apart, suggesting that the species might be widespread in this caverich region of Minas Gerais. See the Remarks section under Speleoberotha palomae for features differentiating the two new species., Published as part of Machado, Renato Jose Pires, Martins, Caleb Califre, Aspöck, Horst, Tavares, Leon Gustavo De Miranda & Aspöck, Ulrike, 2022, The first cave associated genus of Berothidae (Insecta: Neuroptera), and a new interpretation of the subfamily Cyrenoberothinae, pp. 1422-1444 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195 on pages 1434-1438, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab104, http://zenodo.org/record/6994557

FAMILY BEROTHIDAE HANDLIRSCH, 1908 SUBFAMILY CYRENOBEROTHINAE MACLEOD & ADAMS, 1967 Putative synapomorphies: Large eyes; elongation of the head, frons and mouthparts; female tergite 9 folded or divided. Included genera: Cyrenoberotha MacLeod & Adams, 1967, Manselliberotha Aspöck & Aspöck, 1988, Microberotha Archibald & Makarkin, 2004, Protoberotha Huang, Ren & Wang, 2019, Sibelliberotha Azar & Nel, 2013, and Speleoberotha., Published as part of Machado, Renato Jose Pires, Martins, Caleb Califre, Aspöck, Horst, Tavares, Leon Gustavo De Miranda & Aspöck, Ulrike, 2022, The first cave associated genus of Berothidae (Insecta: Neuroptera), and a new interpretation of the subfamily Cyrenoberothinae, pp. 1422-1444 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195 on pages 1425-1426, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab104, http://zenodo.org/record/6994557, {"references":["MacLeod EG, Adams PA. 1967. A review of the taxonomy and morphology of the Berothidae, with the description of a new subfamily from Chile (Neuroptera). Psyche 74: 237 - 265.","Aspock U, Aspock H. 1988. Die Subfamilie Cyrenoberothinae - ein Gondwana-Element? Manselliberotha neuropterologorum n. g. et n. sp. aus S. W. A. / Namibia (Neuropteroidea: Planipennia: Berothidae). Zeitschrift der Arbeitsgemeinschaft Osterreichischer Entomologen 40: 1 - 13.","Archibald SB, Makarkin VN. 2004. New genus of minute Berothidae (Neuroptera) from Early Eocene amber of British Columbia. Canadian Entomologist 136: 61 - 76.","Huang S, Ren D, Wang Y. 2019. A new basal beaded lacewing (Neuroptera: Berothidae) from mid-Cretaceous Myanmar amber. Cretaceous Research 95: 1 - 7.","Azar D, Nel A. 2013. A new beaded lacewing from a new Lower Cretaceous amber outcrop in Lebanon (Neuroptera: Berothidae). In: Azar D, Engel MS, Jarzembowski E, Krogmann L, Nel A, Santiago-Blay J, eds. Insect evolution in an amberiferous and stone alphabet, Proceedings of the 6 th International Congress on Fossil Insects, Arthropods and Amber. Leiden: Brill, 111 - 130."]}

SPELEOBEROTHA PALOMAE SP. NOV. FIGS 4–7 Zoobank registration: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 85F50233-3FC4-4C1D-AB75-42C460A1221C. Etymology: Named after friend and researcher Dr Paloma H. F. Shimabukuro, who collected most of the type series. Diagnosis Slightly smaller than Speleoberotha mineira. Male: sternite 9 simple, without lobes; gonapophyses 10 as two small, hooked structures; complex gonocoxites + gonostyli 10 shorter or about the same length as gonocoxites 11 in lateral view. Description Measurements (N = 10): Body length average (Fig. 4A), 1.98 mm (variation, 1.7–2.5 mm); forewing length average (Fig. 4B), 3.96 mm (variation, 3.7–4.2 mm); hindwing length average (Fig. 4B), 3.42 mm (variation, 3.2–3.7 mm). Head (Fig. 4C, D): Pale yellow, with amber marks. Vertex elevated above compound eyes, pale yellow without tubercles, with thin, medium-sized brown setae. Antennae moniliform, scape subrectangular, ~2.5 times as long as wide, pale yellow, bearing long and pale setae; pedicel subrectangular, approximately twice as long as wide, with medium-sized pale setae; flagellum pale brown with 45–49 articles; flagellomeres subquadrangular, bearing two rings of brown, long setae interspersed with small setae; apical flagellomere triangular. Compound eyes subspherical, black. Frons elongated, pale yellow, bearing small, pale setae. Clypeus pale yellow on medial region, amber on lateral margin, entire surface with scattered, fine, long, brown setae. Labrum narrow, amber, trapezoidal, with anterior margin concave; a group of preapical, tapered, amber setae is present, two of them longer and located on the lateral edge. Gena and postgena amber. Mandible triangular, with tapered apical tooth and one preapical and triangular tooth. Maxilla with cardo quadrangular and yellow, stipes rectangular and yellow; galea narrow, longer than stipes, pale amber, tapering at apex, bearing medium-sized amber setae, especially at interior margin; lacinia dark amber base and pale amber apex, apical part narrow, bearing medium-sized amber setae; maxillary palpus five-articulated; articles elongated and amber, with apex pale yellow, bearing dark amber setae; distal palpomere tapered apically. Labium with amber mentum, bearing small amber setae; ligula amber, with tapered triangular yellow apex, bearing long and tapered pale setae; labial palpus three-articulated; articles elongated and amber with apex pale yellow, bearing amber setae; distal palpomere tapered at apex. Thorax (Fig. 4A, D): Pronotum subquadrangular, wider than long, with one transverse furrow; median region pale yellow, bearing small amber setae; lateral region dark amber, covered with abundant long and thin setae, with projected bases. Pleural region pale yellow interspersed with blackish marks, especially at anterior and posterior regions. Ventral region of prothorax pale yellow, with long and pale setae. Mesonotum slightly wider than long, bearing long amber setae; almost all surface is pale yellow except for the median line and anterolateral margins, which are blackish. Metanotum slightly smaller than mesonotum, similar to mesonotum in colour and shape, bearing amber setae. Pteropleurae mostly pale yellow, with blackish marks below wing bases; entire surface with long, amber setae. Legs (Fig. 4A): All the legs pale yellow. Foreleg: coxa elongated, subcylindrical; entire surface with long and thin setae; trochanter and femur with long, pale setae; tibia narrow, with abundant long, fine and pale setae; tibial spurs absent; first tarsomere as long as the following three together; last tarsomere slightly shorter and darker than other tarsomeres; the whole surface with thick, long, yellow setae; tarsal claws amber. Midleg with coxa bearing some long setae; trochanter and femur covered with long, pale setae; tibia narrow, with abundant long and fine setae, tibial spurs absent; tarsi similar to foreleg tarsi. Hindleg similar to midleg in colour and shape. Wings (Fig. 4A, B); forewing: Broadened, with posterodistal margin convex.Wing venation alternating pale and dark brown, with abundant long and fine setae of the same colour as cuticle, margins beaded; trichosors present along wing margin. Membrane mostly hyaline but with dark markings surrounding the major forks and crossveins. Costal area narrow, with humeral recurrent vein; subcostal veinlets forked. Pterostigma suffused, weakly marked, with about six crossveins. Sc ending after the pterostigma and before the wing apex, not fused with radius anterior (RA). Subcostal area with two single crossveins, one of which is brown and located near the wing base, the other one is located at two-thirds of the wing length, brown and surrounded by a suffused dark mark. RA running parallel to subcostal (Sc). Radial area with one brown crossvein, surrounded by a suffused dark mark. Radius posterior (RP) with three branches forking at wing margin (two branches in a few smaller specimens); all radial forks with suffused dark marks. Gradate series inconspicuous. Basal branch of RP forked apically. Presence of two brown RP–media anterior (MA) crossveins: the basal one is located right after the origin of RP basal branch, and the distal one is located after the fork of the RP basal branch. M forking basally to R forks; each branch of M with a secondary fork. MA and media posterior (MP) ending in four main branches with some ramifications at wing margin; only one medial crossvein is present between MA and MP. One M–CuA and one MP–CuA crossvein are present near wing base. Cu forking near wing base, before M and R forks; CuA simple, ending in two main branches with some ramifications at wing margin, before the mid-length of the wing; CuP simple, ending in some small ramifications at wing margin. CuA– CuP crossveins absent. One basal CuP–A1 crossvein is present near wing base. Anal veins A1, A2 and A3 ending in some small ramifications at wing margin. A1–A2 and A2–A3 crossveins present near wing base. Hindwing: Broadened, shorter and narrower than forewing, with posterodistal margin convex. Wing venation alternating pale and dark brown, with abundant long and fine setae of the same colour as cuticle; margins beaded; trichosors present along wing margin. Membrane mostly hyaline but with dark markings surrounding some forks and crossveins. Costal area narrow, with ~25 unforked subcostal veinlets. Pterostigma suffused, weakly marked, with approximately six crossveins. Sc ending after the pterostigma and before the wing apex, not fused with RA. Two Sc–RA are present near two-thirds of wing length. RA running parallel to SC. Radial area with one brown crossvein surrounded by a suffused dark mark. RP with three branches ending forked at wing margin; RP forks with small, suffused dark mark. Gradate series inconspicuous. Basal branch of RP straight and forking apically. Presence of one brown RP–MA crossvein, located near MA bifurcation. M forking origin of the basal branch of RP, near one-third of wing length; MA ending in four main branches with some ramifications at wing margin; MP ending in two main branches with small ramifications; only one medial crossvein is present, located before the forks of MA and MP. One MP–Cu crossvein is located near Cu apex. Cu forks inconspicuous, making the difference between CuA and CuP difficult to see. One long and sinuous Cu–A1 crossvein is located near the wing base. A1 bifurcated; A2 and A3 simple. Abdomen (Fig. 4A): Tergites and pleural membrane yellow, with spotted small dark brown marks. Sternites yellow. The entire abdominal surface covered with abundant long, fine, yellowish setae. Male genitalia (Figs 5, 6): Tergite 9 wider ventrally and not fused with ectoproct. Ectoproct without callus cerci, distally extending in lateral view; in dorsal view, the distal extensions curving outward. Sternite 9 subtriangular in ventral view and not bearing any lobes, but bearing four large, modified and clavate setae. Gonocoxites 11 and 9 as two simple, unpaired bows, connected basally. Complex gonocoxites + gonostyli 10 long and acute apically, but shorter or of the same length as gonocoxites 11 in lateral view. Gonapophyses 10 as two small ventral hooked structures. Female genitalia (Fig. 7): Gonocoxites and g o n a p o p h y s e s o f s e g m e n t 8 a b s e n t; t e r g i t e 9 n o t f u s e d w i t h e c t o p r o c t; t e r g i t e 9 v e n t r a l l y elongated; gonocoxites 9 ovoid, hypocaudae lacking; gonapophyses 9 as tiny curved sclerites; spermatheca elongated and coiled, becoming narrower and sclerotized in the medial and final portions; proximal portion opening in a large and membranous bursa copulatrix. Holotype: BRAZIL: Ceará: Ubajara: Parque Nacional de Ubajara: 03°50′04″S, 40°54′29″W, 24 November–1 December 2017, CDC trap, Shimabukuro P.H.F. & Lopes T.A., DZUP 381919 (male; DZUP). Paratypes (23 ♂, 22 ♀ ): S ame data as holotype, DZUP 381920–381923 (ten ♂, nine ♀; DZUP); (two ♂, two ♀; NHMW); (one ♂, one ♀; RPSP); same data as holotype but Serra do Ibiapaba, 03°50′40.8″S, 40°54′35″W, 799 m, 23 October 2011, light trap, Silva-Neto, A., Xavier, M. & Lima, E. (eight ♂, nine ♀; UFBA); Pernambuco: Triunfo: Riacho do Pinga, Cachoeira do Pinga, 07°52′03″S, 38°07′13″W, 890 m, light pan trap, Cavalcante, A. (two ♂, one ♀; UFBA). Remarks Speleoberotha palomae and Speleoberotha mineira are almost identical eidonomically; body colour and wing venation are basically the same in both species. However, Speleoberotha mineira is slightly larger than Speleoberotha palomae and their male terminalia are different, particularly in the shape of sternite 9, length of the complex gonocoxites + gonostyli 10 and the presence of the gonapophyses 10 in Speleoberotha palomae. Female genitalia of both species are similar, but Speleoberotha palomae has larger gonapophyses 9 and bursa copulatrix than Speleoberotha mineira. The paired hooked structures located apically in the male terminalia of Speleoberotha palomae are interpreted here as the gonapophyses 10. These structures are clearly located internally and are not related to sternite IX. They seem to be unique in Berothidae, because no other species have something similar to them. In Mantispoidea, the only structures that could somehow be related to these paired structures of Speleoberotha palomae are traditionally called the hypomeres in Mantispidae, which were interpreted as gonapophyses 10 by Ardila-Camacho et al. (2021). In Symphrasinae, the gonapophyses 10 are a pair of elongated rods located near the complex gonocoxites + gonostyli 10, whereas in Mantispinae they are reduced and located near the apex of the complex gonocoxites + gonostyli 10. No other paired structures besides the gonapophyses 10 have been described in the male terminalia of Mantispoidea, and for this reason we tentative call these structures in Speleoberotha palomae the gonapophyses 10. We suggest that these paired structures are a plesiomorphic character retained by this new species, which could be reinforced by the position of Cyrenoberothinae in our phylogeny and by the fact the members of the subfamily are known to retain plesiomorphic characters, such as the tergite IX and ectoproct not fused, the presence of the recurrent humeral in the forewing and the lack of bristles in the complex gonocoxites + gonostyli 10. Most of the type series of Speleoberotha palomae was collected at the Ubajara National Park, a protected area in the wider Caatinga Biome, the most xeric biome of Brazil. However, the park is located on the Ibiapaba ridge, an elevated area (950 m a.s.l. at the highest point) with higher precipitation, supporting some forested areas with many elements shared with the Atlantic rainforest biome, usually classified as ‘brejo de altitude’ (Queiroz et al., 2017). Ubajara National Park contains a total of 11 caves, and the specimens presented here were collected close to one of these (P. H. F. Shimabukuro, personal communication), suggesting that the species might live inside caves, as its congeneric species does. The specimens from Pernambuco State were collected at Triunfo, a municipality located at the highest point of the state and also surrounded by Atlantic forest of a ‘brejo de altitude’ type (Fig. 3C). However, the location of these collected specimens lacks any known nearby caves and/or grottos, but has a 15 m waterfall and rocky formations, which includes many rock overhangs and similar sheltered sites that this species might prefer., Published as part of Machado, Renato Jose Pires, Martins, Caleb Califre, Aspöck, Horst, Tavares, Leon Gustavo De Miranda & Aspöck, Ulrike, 2022, The first cave associated genus of Berothidae (Insecta: Neuroptera), and a new interpretation of the subfamily Cyrenoberothinae, pp. 1422-1444 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195 on pages 1426-1433, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab104, http://zenodo.org/record/6994557, {"references":["Ardila-Camacho A, Martins CC, Aspock U, Contreras- Ramos A. 2021. Comparative morphology of extant raptorial Mantispoidea (Neuroptera: Mantispidae, Rhachiberothidae) suggests a non-monophyletic Mantispidae and a single origin of the raptorial condition within the superfamily. Zootaxa 4992: 1 - 89.","Queiroz LP, Cardoso D, Fernandes MF, Moro MF. 2017. Diversity and evolution of flowering plants of the Caatinga Domain. In: Silva JMC, Leal IR, Tabarelli M, eds. Caatinga, the largest tropical dry forest region in South America. New York: Springer, 23 - 63."]}

SPELEOBEROTHA GEN. NOV. Zoobank registration: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: A60A28A2-C57B-4BD7-A040-B2519BF4ABE9. E t y m o l o g y: S p e l e o (f r o m G r e e k σ Π ηλαίων, spelaion = cave) and Berotha, type genus of Berothidae, a common suffix for genera in this group of animals. Type species: Speleoberotha palomae sp. nov. Autapomorphies: Antennae longer than body; Sc and RA not fused apically; male gonocoxites 9 as an unpaired bow. Description Head with frons elongated; antennae moniliform and longer than body length. Pronotum wider than long, with one transversal furrow. Legs cursorial. Wings with membrane mostly hyaline but with dark markings surrounding the major forks and crossveins; margins beaded; Sc and RA not fused apically; RP with two or three major forks. Forewing with humeral recurrent vein; subcostal veinlets forked. Hindwing with CuP extremely reduced. Abdomen with ninth tergite separated from the ectoproct. Male genital sclerites without bristles; gonocoxites and gonostyli 10 (mediuncus) fused and forming an elongate and acute structure; gonocoxites 11 and 9 (gonarcus and parameres, respectively) are two unpaired bows fused basally. Female genitalia with tiny curved sclerites representing gonapophyses 9; gonocoxites 8 and gonapophyses 8 absent, and spermatheca elongated and coiled. Remarks The two species included in the new genus seem to be cave dwelling, because both species were collected in or nearby caves and rock overhangs, probably living around the sheltered cave entrance area, not deep into it. This is the first record of any Berothidae living in this type of habitat. In some of the dissected specimens of both species presented here, the abdomen is full of pollen (Fig. 2A,B), indicating an herbivorous diet. Pollen feeding has been reported before for different species of Berothidae, such as Berothimerobius reticulatus Monserrat & Deretsky, 1999, Nyrma kervillea Navás, 1933 (Monserrat, 2006), the Cyrenoberothinae C. penai as reported by MacLeod & Adams (1967), and Manselliberotha, as verified here by the dissection of a few specimens. This feeding behaviour suggests that the adults of the new genus can fly outside the caves to feed on nearby plants from the Atlantic Forest biome (Fig. 2C) and return to the safety of the cave entrances. The unpaired male gonocoxites 9 seems to be an autapomorphy of Speleoberotha in Mantispoidea. Among the superfamily, this particular genital piece is generally constituted by a pair of rods that are associated basally with the gonocoxites 11 (gonarcus) (Aspöck & Aspöck, 2008) and are generally important for species determination, particularly in Symphrasinae (ArdilaCamacho et al., 2021). In the new genus, these two rods are fused, forming a bow similar to gonocoxite 11, representing a unique characteristic of Speleoberotha. The long and acute structure in the male terminalia (formerly mediuncus) is interpreted here as the fusion of the unpaired gonocoxites and gonostyli 10. This interpretation follows Ardila-Camacho et al. (2021), who demonstrated that in Mantispoidea the structure traditionally called the mediuncus is formed by the gonocoxite and the gonostyli and that these are sometimes clearly distinguishable, as in Symphrasinae, or fused, as in Cyrenoberotha and Manselliberotha. In Speleoberotha, this elongated structure shows a small central hollow that is considered here as the fusion point between the gonocoxites and the gonostyli. Distribution (Fig. 3B, C): Brazil (Ceará, Pernambuco, Minas Gerais).

Wings: Sc and RA not fused apically............................................................................................................... 52. Forewing: subcostal veinlets forking apically; five or six RP branches. Extant............................................ 3- Forewing: subcostal veinlets not forking apically; two or three RP branches. Extinct................................. 4 3. Forewing with dark marks surrounding the major forks and crossveins. Male gonocoxites 11 with thin dorsal arc connecting the two main pieces. Female with stubby hypocaudae. Southern Africa........................................................................................................................................................................ Manselliberotha - Forewing hyaline. Male gonocoxites 11 without a thin dorsal arc connecting the two main pieces. Female without hypocaudae. Chile........................................................................................................ Cyrenoberotha 4. Forewing: well-defined pterostigma; Sc + RA without branches; one crossvein between CuP and A1. Early Cretaceous, Lebanon.................................................................................................................. Sibelliberotha - Forewing: pterostigma not well defined; Sc + RA with long branches forking apically; no crossvein between CuP and A1. Mid Cretaceous, Myanmar..................................................................................... Protoberotha 5. Forewing: most subcostal veinlets forked; one crossvein between MA and MP. Hindwing M fork distal, near the origin of the basal branch of RP. Antennae longer than forewing. Extant, Brazil................................................................................................................................................................................. Speleoberotha gen. nov. - Forewing: subcostal veinlets not forked; no crossvein between MA and MP. Hindwing M fork basal, near the level of vein 1r-m. Antennae shorter than forewing. Early Eocene, Canada........................... Microberotha, Published as part of Machado, Renato Jose Pires, Martins, Caleb Califre, Aspöck, Horst, Tavares, Leon Gustavo De Miranda & Aspöck, Ulrike, 2022, The first cave associated genus of Berothidae (Insecta: Neuroptera), and a new interpretation of the subfamily Cyrenoberothinae, pp. 1422-1444 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195 on page 1439, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab104, http://zenodo.org/record/6994557

Caribesialis Ardila-Camacho, Martins & Contreras-Ramos gen. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: D535251C-108D-42AF-90FF-56BE2142C760 Figs 1���6 Type and only species Sialis bifasciata Hagen 1861: 188. Diagnosis Caribesialis gen. nov. is distinguished from other Sialidae genera by the presence of elongated, tubular and digitiform gonostyli 9. Similar structures are also present only in Sialis nevadensis Davis, 1903, but in this species these sclerites are short and unguiform. The presence of gonocoxites 10 forming a tiara-shaped sclerite with prominent median hook-shaped process is a unique character of this genus. The gonocoxites 10 are also present in some species of Sialis Latreille, 1802 and Austrosialis Tillyard, 1919; nevertheless, in these genera they are present as one or a pair of small sclerites. Another autapomorphy of the new genus is the structure of the gonocoxites 11, which form a barshaped sclerite fused to the inner region of the ectoproct. Species of Stenosialis Tillyard, 1919 and Sialis navasi Liu et al., 2009 also have this structure fused to the ectoproct; nevertheless, in Stenosialis the gonocoxites 11 are fused only with the ventral region of the ectoproct, while in S. navasi the gonocoxites 11 are completely fused with the ectoproct. The new genus has a median, short and straight, caudally projected bifid process (interpreted as gonostyli 11), whose base is fused forming a Y-shaped structure. In other genera of Sialidae, this structure is generally separated into two parts, and when their bases are fused (e.g., Sialis nigripes Pictet, 1865 and Sialis infumata Newman, 1838) they are elongated and projected posteroventrad or posterodorsad, instead of caudally. Etymology The generic epithet is a combination of ��� caribe ��� in allusion to the native aboriginal people that inhabited a great part of northern South America and the Lesser Antilles, and ��� Sialis ��� the type genus of the family Sialidae. Remarks Caribesialis gen. nov. belongs to the Sialis lineage (Liu et al. 2015a), which includes the new genus, the extant genera Protosialis and Sialis, and the fossil genus Proindosialis Nel, 1988. The new genus is closely related to Protosialis, sharing several characters of wings and female genitalia. Nevertheless, the presence of gonostyli 9, gonocoxites 10 as a tiara-like sclerite and gonocoxites 11 as a bar-like sclerite fused to the inner region of the ectoproct in the new genus clearly separates this group from Protosialis, which lacks gonostyli 9 and gonocoxites 10, and gonocoxites 11 are not fused with the ectoproct. The presence of welldeveloped gonostyli 9 in the new genus is an uncommon character within Sialidae, as it is absent in most of the species. Boudinot (2018) argued that the gonocoxite 9 of S. nevadensis is divided into two parts, one ventral and one dorsal, the later fused with the tergite 9. In the new genus, the gonostylus 9 is articulated to the dorsal part of the gonocoxite 9 (in the sense of Boudinot (2018)), a condition observed in Corydalidae. According to Liu et al. (2015a), a projection on the tergite 9 is present in Indosialis Lestage, 1927, Haplosialis afra (Nav��s, 1936), and the extinct Ilyobius herrlingi (Wichard, 2002), which should not be misinterpreted as homologous with the gonostyli 9 expressed in the new taxa described herein., Published as part of Ardila-Camacho, Adrian, Rivera-Gasper��n, Sara Lariza, Martins, Caleb Califre & Contreras-Ramos, Atilano, 2021, A reappraisal of the taxonomy of Neotropical Sialidae (Insecta: Megaloptera): with the description of a new genus from Cuba, pp. 21-54 in European Journal of Taxonomy 782 on page 24, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2021.782.1587, http://zenodo.org/record/5761433, {"references":["Hagen H. A. 1861. Synopsis of the Neuroptera of North America, with a list of the South American species. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections 4: 1 - 347. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 18918125","Liu X. - Y., Hayashi F. & Yang D. 2015 a. Phylogeny of the family Sialidae (Insecta: Megaloptera) inferred from morphological data, with implications for generic classification and historical biogeography. Cladistics 31: 18 - 49. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / cla. 12071","Boudinot B. E. 2018. A general theory of genital homologies for the Hexapoda (Pancrustacea) derived from skeletomuscular correspondences, with emphasis on the Endopterygota. Arthropod Structure & Development 47: 563 - 613. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. asd. 2018.11.001"]}

Caribesialis bifasciata (Hagen, 1861) comb. nov. Figs 1���6 Sialis bifasciata Hagen, 1861: 188. Protosialis bifasciata ��� van der Weele 1909: 263. Revised diagnosis This species is distinguished by having the head mostly orange, with two lateral, longitudinal, brown bands, extended from antennal sockets to occiput (Fig. 1). The pronotum is orange with wide, lateral, longitudinal, brown bands. Sternite 9 is triangular; gonocoxite 9 is plate-like, and adjacent to sternite 9; gonostylus 9 is adjacent to the base of tergite 9, elongated, tubular, and curved posteromedially. The gonocoxites 10 are plate-like, forming a tiara-like sclerite, medially with a hook-like process, which is distinctively curved ventrad. The gonocoxites 11 form a bar-like structure, that is laterally connected to the ectoprocts; the gonostyli 11 are basally fused and form a bifid projection. The female sternite 8 is subpentagonal, the gonocoxites 8 are narrow, arched, setose, and posteromedially incised, and the gonapophyses 8 are smooth, arched, subtriangular, and glabrous. Material examined CUBA ��� 1 ♂; Santa Clara Prov., Soledad; 25 May 1939; C.T. Parsons leg.; pinned; MCZ ��� ♀; Buenos Aires, Trinidad Mts.; alt. 2500���3500 ft.; 8���14 May 1936; Darlington leg.; ��� Protosialis bifasciata Hag, BKS. ��� white label; pinned; MCZ ��� 1 spec. (probably ♀); Buenos Aires, Trinidad Mts.; alt. 2500���3500 ft.; 8���14 May 1936; Darlington leg.; ��� Protosialis bifasciata Hag, BKS. ��� white label; pinned; MCZ ��� ♀; Buenos Aires, Trinidad Mts.; alt. 2500���3500 ft.; 8���14 May 1936; Darlington leg.; ��� Protosialis bifasciata Hag, BKS. ��� white label.; pinned, dissected; MCZ ��� ♀; Buenos Aires, Trinidad Mts.; alt. 2500���3500 ft.; 8���14 May 1936; Darlington leg.; ��� Protosialis bifasciata Hag, BKS. ��� white label pinned, dissected; MCZ ��� ♀; BuenosAires, Trinidad Mts.;alt. 2500���3500ft.; 8���14May 1936; Darlington leg.;��� Protosialis bifasciata Hag, BKS. ��� white label; pinned, dissected; MCZ ��� ♂; Buenos Aires, Trinidad Mts.; alt. 2500���3500 ft.; 8���14 May 1936; Darlington leg.; ��� Protosialis bifasciata Hag, BKS. ��� white label; dissected; MCZ. Redescription HEAD (Fig. 2A���B). Width 1.9 mm, predominantly orange, dorsally with two longitudinal lateral brown bands, extended from antennal sockets to occiput, on occiput with circular orange marks, entire surface covered with minute light brown setae; postocular area with a longitudinal brown stripe and with a semicircular orange muscle scar, stripe posterodorsally extended and connected to dorsal stripe. Compound eyes dark brown. Antenna with scape nearly 1.5 times as long as wide, brown, covered with abundant light brown setae, pedicel brown, nearly as long as wide, flagellum brown with 36���37 flagellomeres, densely covered with brown setae. Frons densely setose, somewhat protuberant between antennae. Clypeus and labrum densely covered with light brown setae, anterior margin of clypeus with median concavity. Maxillary and labial palpi light brown with abundant light brown setae. Occiput with orange muscle scars. THORAX (Fig. 1). Pronotum rectangular, nearly 1.5 times as wide as long, with wide, lateral, longitudinal brown bands with embedded semicircular orange muscle scars, medially orange, densely covered with minute light brown setae. Mesonotum wider than long, scutum brown, scutellum light brown, entire surface densely covered with minute light brown setae. Metanotum light brown, slightly narrower than mesonotum, glabrous. Pteropleura brown, covered with abundant light brown setae. LEGS. Brown, all segments densely covered with brown setae; fore femur somewhat expanded and short; mid- and hind femur longer and slightly expanded towards apex. Tibial spurs short, brown. Basitarsus of fore- and midleg short, as long as second and third tarsomeres together; on hind leg longer than that of fore- and midleg, as long as remainder of tarsomeres together. Pretarsal claws light amber. WINGS (Fig. 2C). Forewing 9.1���9.6 mm long (n = 2), membrane translucent, smoky, densely setose. Venation light brown, densely covered with fine setae of same color as cuticle. Costal field narrow, with four crossveins; pterostigma absent. A single subcostal crossvein. Radial field with three crossveins, RP with two branches, basal one forked near posterior wing margin; a single crossvein between first and second RP branches. Radiomedial space with three crossveins; M forked near mid-length of wing, MA unforked, MP forked near posterior wing margin, intramedial space with two crossveins; mediocubital space with two crossveins; CuA vein forked slightly beyond level of M fork, CuP unforked, intracubital space with single crossvein. Cubitoanal space with two crossveins; area between A1 and A2 with a single crossvein, A2 forked before R fork level; area between A2 and A3 with single crossvein. Hindwing 11 mm long, general aspect similar to forewing. Costal field narrow, with two crossveins; subcostal field with single crossvein. Radial space with three crossveins, RP with two branches, basal one forked near posterior wing margin; a single crossvein between RP branches. Radiomedial space with three crossveins. M vein forked at ⅔ of wing length; intramedial space with single crossvein. Mediocubital space with single crossvein; Cu forked at ⅕ of wing length; CuA forked at apex, intracubital space with single crossvein. Cubitoanal space with single crossvein. Area between A1 and A2 with a single sinuous crossvein, A2 forked near wing base; a single crossvein between A2 and A3 is present. ABDOMEN. Uniformly brown with abundant light brown setae. MALE GENITALIA (Figs 3���5). Tergite 8 membranous, moderately setose, setae longer on posterior area; sternite 8 semi-membranous, slightly sclerotized posteromedially, uniformly setose. Tergite 9 sclerotized, ring-shaped, laterally slightly widened and sparsely covered with long setae; anal tubercle slightly sclerotized; ectoproct lobe-like, setose. Sternite 9 in ventral view moderately sclerotized, triangular; gonocoxite 9 plate-like, paired, adjacent to sternum, both sternum and gonocoxite 9 uniformly setose; gonostylus 9 separated from gonocoxite 9, articulated to tergite 9 base, elongated, tubular and posteromedially curved inwards. Gonocoxites 10 lower portion plate-like, tiara-shaped, medially with a raised extension and a sclerotized hook-like process distinctively curved ventrad in caudal view. Gonocoxites 11 forming a bar-like sclerite, laterally slightly expanded and connected to ectoprocts; gonostyli 11 basally forming a sclerotized, bifid projection, whose processes appear divergent. FEMALE. Similar to male, antenna with 35���36 flagellomeres. Forewing length 9.75���11.7 mm (n = 5), head width 1.6���1.7 mm. FEMALE GENITALIA (Fig. 6). Sternite 8 in lateral view posteroventrally somewhat projected, with apex broad, rounded; in ventral view subpentagonal, posteromedially rounded; gonocoxite 8 narrow, bar-shaped, moderately setose, narrow, arched, setose and posteromedially incised in ventral view; gonapophysis 8 in ventral view smooth, arched, subtriangular, glabrous, located just beneath gonocoxite 8. Tergite 9 in lateral view ventrally extended, expanded and articulated to gonocoxite 9, posteroventral margin straight; gonocoxite 9 elongated, ovoid, narrow, with long setae on dorsal ⅓; gonostylus 9 small, semicircular located at dorsal ⅓ of the gonocoxite length; ectoproct as a small ovoid sclerite, setose. Bursa copulatrix sac-like. Distribution Cuba (Cienfuegos, La Habana, Santiago de Cuba, Sancti Sp��ritus, Pinar del R��o, Villa Clara) (Alayo 1968; Contreras-Ramos 2008) (Fig. 7A���B)., Published as part of Ardila-Camacho, Adrian, Rivera-Gasper��n, Sara Lariza, Martins, Caleb Califre & Contreras-Ramos, Atilano, 2021, A reappraisal of the taxonomy of Neotropical Sialidae (Insecta: Megaloptera): with the description of a new genus from Cuba, pp. 21-54 in European Journal of Taxonomy 782 on pages 27-28, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2021.782.1587, http://zenodo.org/record/5761433, {"references":["Hagen H. A. 1861. Synopsis of the Neuroptera of North America, with a list of the South American species. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections 4: 1 - 347. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 18918125","Van der Weele H. W. 1909. New genera and species of Megaloptera Latr. Notes from the Leyden Museum 30: 249 - 264. https: // archive. org / embed / notes-from-leyden-museum- 30 - 249 - 264","Alayo D. P. 1968. Los Neuopteros de Cuba. Poeyana (B) 2: 1 - 127.","Contreras-Ramos A. 2008. Notes on some Neotropical Alderflies (Sialidae: Megaloptera). Annals of the Entomological Society of America 101: 808 - 814. https: // doi. org / dzbdp 7"]}

Ilyobius bimaculatus (Banks, 1920) Figs 8���10 Protosialis bimaculata Banks, 1920: 326. Diagnosis Ilyobius bimaculatus is known solely from the female holotype, which is in poor condition (Fig. 8). Only few diagnostic characters were observed, which include an area just behind the antennal sockets with a semicircular brown spot. The dorsal area adjacent to the compound eyes has a brown spot, posteriorly extended, flame-shaped, with three-pronged posterior extensions. The gonocoxites 8 appear as small, paired, ovoid sclerites in lateral and ventral view. The gonapophyses 8 are observed as lateral smooth, glabrous, ovoid plates in lateral and ventral view. Material examined Holotype BOLIVIA ��� ♀; Rio Longo [R��o Grande?]; alt. 750 m; Fassel leg. MCZ type 10842. Redescription HEAD (Fig. 9A���B). Width 1.9 mm, nearly completely orange. Compound eyes dark brown, dorsal area adjacent to compound eyes with a brown spot, posteriorly extended, flame-shaped, with three-pronged posterior extensions. Antenna with scape subrectangular, enlarged, brown, covered with abundant brown setae, pedicel brown, nearly as long as wide. Area immediately behind antennal sockets with a semicircular brown spot. Frons densely setose, somewhat protuberant between antennae. Clypeus and labrum densely covered with light brown setae, anterior margin of clypeus with median concavity. Maxillary and labial palpi brown with abundant brown setae. Occiput with light orange muscle scars. THORAX (Fig. 9). Pronotum orange, rectangular, nearly 1.5 times as wide as long, densely covered with minute light yellow setae. Mesonotum wider than long, dark brown, densely covered with minute light brown setae. Metanotum similar to mesonotum, but slightly narrower. Pteropleura brown, covered with abundant setae of same color as cuticle. LEGS. Brown, all segments densely covered with brown setae; fore femur somewhat expanded and shorter than mid- and hind femur. Tibial spurs short, brown. Basitarsus of fore- and midleg short, as long as the second and third tarsomeres together; on hind leg longer than that of fore- and midleg, as long as remainder of tarsomeres together. Pretarsal claws light amber. WINGS (Fig. 9C). Forewing 12 mm long, membrane semitranslucent, smoky, densely setose. Venation light brown, densely covered with fine setae of same color as cuticle. Costal field slightly expanded on ⅓ of wing length, with nine crossveins; pterostigma absent. A single subcostal crossvein. Radial space with three crossveins, RP with two branches, basal one forked near posterior wing margin. Radiomedial space with three crossveins, M forked near mid-length of wing, MA unforked, MP forked near posterior wing margin; intramedial space with two crossveins. Mediocubital space with two crossveins; CuA vein forked slightly beyond level of M fork, CuP unforked; intracubital space with single crossvein. Cubitoanal space with two crossveins; area between A1 and A2 with a single crossvein, A2 forked before R fork level; area between A2 and A3 with single crossvein. Hindwing 11 mm long, costal field narrow, with four crossveins; subcostal field with single crossvein. Radial space with three crossveins, RP with two branches, basal one forked near posterior wing margin. Radiomedial space with three crossveins. M vein forked near mid-length of wing, intramedial space with two crossveins. Mediocubital space with two crossveins; Cu forked near wing base, CuA forked at apex; intracubital space with single crossvein. Cubitoanal space with single crossvein. Area between A1 and A2 with a single sinuous crossvein, A2 forked near wing base. ABDOMEN. Dissected and cleared. MALE GENITALIA. Unknown. FEMALE GENITALIA (Fig. 10). Sternite 8 unmodified, densely covered by long setae; gonocoxite 8 as small, paired, ovoid sclerites; gonapophyses 8 as lateral smooth, glabrous, ovoid plates. Tergite 9 ventrally extended in lateral view, expanded and articulated to gonocoxite 9, posteroventral margin straight; gonocoxite 9 ovoid, uniformly setose; gonostylus 9 small, semicircular, posterodorsally located on gonocoxite 9; ectoproct as a small ovoid sclerite, setose. Distribution Bolivia (probably Santa Cruz) (Fig. 7C). Remarks Ilyobius bimaculatus is only known from the holotype female, which is in poor condition. Consequently, understanding the phylogenetic affinities of this species is difficult at present because the primary diagnostic characters are currently limited to the male genitalia. However, the color pattern of this species is similar to that of I. flammatus (Penny, 1982), I. mexicanus (Banks, 1901) and I. curvatus Liu et al., 2015b. In those species, the pronotum is uniformly orange and the head has posteriorly trifurcate dark markings around the compound eyes. Ilyobius bimaculatus can easily be distinguished by having the frons possessing a pair of ovoid black spots between the antennal fossae, which are absent in the other species., Published as part of Ardila-Camacho, Adrian, Rivera-Gasper��n, Sara Lariza, Martins, Caleb Califre & Contreras-Ramos, Atilano, 2021, A reappraisal of the taxonomy of Neotropical Sialidae (Insecta: Megaloptera): with the description of a new genus from Cuba, pp. 21-54 in European Journal of Taxonomy 782 on pages 31-37, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2021.782.1587, http://zenodo.org/record/5761433, {"references":["Hagen H. A. 1861. Synopsis of the Neuroptera of North America, with a list of the South American species. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections 4: 1 - 347. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 18918125","Liu X. - Y., Hayashi F. & Yang D. 2015 b. Taxonomic notes of the Neotropical alderfly genus Ilyobius Enderlein, 1910 (Megaloptera, Sialidae), with description of a new species. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 62: 55 - 63. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / DEZ. 62.4481"]}

Key to world genera of Sialidae (after Liu et al. (2015a) and Martins et al. (accepted); adults of ��� Sharasialis Ponomarenko, 2012 are unknown) Taxa that contain only extinct species are preceded by a dagger (���); taxa that contain both extant and extinct species are followed by ���(+ ���)���; taxa that contain only extant species are unannotated. 1. Forewing: MA 2-branched (Liu et al. 2015a: fig. 8a���c)................................................................... 2 ��� Forewing: MA simple (Liu et al. 2015a: fig. 8g ���i)........................................................................... 6 2. Forewing: costal area only weakly broadened proximally (ca 1���1.5�� as wide as distal costal area) (Liu et al. 2015a: fig. 8a���b); MA1 and MA2 ca 0.8���1.5�� as long as MP1 and MP2 (length from its origin to its end on posterior wing margin) (Liu et al. 2015a: fig. 8a���b)......................................... 3 ��� Forewing: costal area distinctly broadened proximally (ca 2�� as wide as distal costal area) (Liu et al. 2015a: fig. 8l); MA1 and MA2 ca 2�� as long as MP1 and MP2 (length from its origin to its end on posterior wing margin) (Liu et al. 2015a: fig. 8l)............................................................................................................................................................... ��� Proindosialis van der Weele, 1909 (France) 3. Forewing: ra-rp crossveins all more or less perpendicular to RA and RP (Liu et al. 2015a: fig. 8a, g); male abdomen: 10 th gonocoxites present (as a pair of weakly sclerotized lobes) (Liu et al. 2015a: fig. 9a���d)........................................................................................................................................... 4 ��� Forewing: 1���2 ra-rp crossveins inwardly oblique (i.e., proximal angle with RA >> distal angle with RA) (Liu et al. 2015a: Fig. 8b���c); male abdomen: 10 th gonocoxites absent (Liu et al. 2015a: figs 10a���d, 11a���d)............................................................................................................................. 5 4. Forewing: medio-cubital space with two crossveins (Liu et al. 2015a: figs 1a, 8a); CuA 2-branched (Liu et al. 2015a: figs 1a, 8a)................................................. Austrosialis Tillyard, 1919 (Australia) ��� Forewing: medio-cubital space with one crossvein (Liu et al. 2015a: fig. 8j); CuA 3-branched (Liu et al. 2015a: fig. 8j)..................................... ��� Dobbertinia Handlirsch in Schr��der, 1920 (Germany) 5. Forewing: costal space with proximal subcostal veinlets not strongly oblique (Liu et al. 2015a: fig. 8b); male abdomen: tergite 9 without a digitiform posteroventral process (Liu et al. 2015a: fig. 10c); ectoproct with spiniform setae ventrally (Liu et al. 2015a: fig. 10d); female abdomen: gonocoxites 8 fused as a single sclerite (Liu et al. 2015a: fig. 10f); gonapophyses 8 subtriangular in ventral view (Liu et al. 2015a: fig. 10f)................................................................................................................................................................................................ Stenosialis Tillyard, 1919 (Australia) ��� Forewing: costal space with (most) proximal subcostal veinlets strongly oblique (Liu et al. 2015a: fig. 8c); male abdomen: tergite 9 with a digitiform posteroventral process (Liu et al. 2015a: fig. 11c); ectoproct without spiniform setae ventrally (Liu et al. 2015a: fig. 11c); female abdomen: gonocoxites 8 paired (Liu et al. 2015a: fig. 11f); gonapophyses 8 broadly shield-like in ventral view (Liu et al. 2015a: fig. 11f).................................................................................................................................................................. Leptosialis Esben-Petersen, 1920 part (L. necopinata) (South Africa) 6. Fore and hindwing: RP 4-branched (Liu et al. 2015a: fig. 8e, g); male abdomen: 9 th gonocoxites widely separated (Liu et al. 2015a: fig. 16b, d)................................................................................ 7 ��� Fore and hindwing: RP ��� 5-branched (Liu et al. 2015a: fig. 8h���i); male abdomen: 9 th gonocoxites closely adjacent medially (Liu et al. 2015a: fig. 18h, l)............................................................................................................................... Sialis Latreille, 1802 (+���) (Asia, ���Europe and North America) 7. Forewing: MP simple (Liu et al. 2015a: figs 1c, 8e)........................................................................ 8 ��� Forewing: MP 2-branched (Liu et al. 2015a: fig. 8f���g).................................................................. 10 8. Fore and hindwing: RP basal branch simple (Liu et al. 2015a: fig. 1c)................................................................................................ Leptosialis Esben-Petersen, 1920 part (L. africana) (South Africa) ��� Fore and hindwing: RP basal branch 2-branched (Liu et al. 2015a: fig. 8e���f)................................. 9 9. Hindwing: intramedial space with 2 crossveins (Liu et al. 2015a: fig. 8e); male abdomen: sternite 9 without an elongate median lobe (Liu et al. 2015a: fig. 13b���c); ectoproct without an elongate and weakly sclerotized projection (Liu et al. 2015a: fig. 13a, c)........................................................................................................... Indosialis Lestage, 1927 (+���) (Southern Asia, east Pakistan, ��� Turkey) ��� Hindwing: intramedial space with one crossvein (Liu et al. 2015a: fig. 8k); male abdomen: sternite 9 with an elongate median lobe (Nel et al. 2002: fig. 5); ectoproct with an elongate and weakly sclerotized projection (Nel et al. 2002: fig. 5).............................��� Eosialis Nel et al., 2002 (France) 10. Male abdomen: gonostyli 9 absent (Liu et al. 2015a: fig. 14c���d); gonocoxites 11 not fused laterally with ectoproct (Liu et al. 2015a: fig. 14c���d); female abdomen: gonocoxites 8 without longitudinal median incision (Liu et al. 2015a: fig. 15d).....................................................................................11 ��� Male abdomen: gonostyli 9 present (Figs 3���5); gonocoxites 11 fused laterally with ectoproct (Figs 3���5); female abdomen: gonocoxites 8 with longitudinal median incision (Fig. 6C��� D)........................................................................................................................ Caribesialis gen. nov. (Cuba) 11. Male abdomen: gonocoxites 9 large, not subtriangular (Liu et al. 2015a: fig. 14c); ectoprocts free (Liu et al. 2015a: fig. 14c���d); female abdomen: tergite 9 in lateral view with posterodorsal margin not projected, dorsal region straight (Liu et al. 2015a: fig. 15c); gonapophyses 8 large and plate-like in ventral view (Liu et al. 2015a: fig. 15b, d)................................................................................. 12 ��� Male abdomen: gonocoxites 9 small, subtriangular (Liu et al. 2015a: fig. 16c); ectoprocts fused sagittally and closely surrounding the anus (Liu et al. 2015a: fig. 16c���d); female abdomen: tergite 9 in lateral view with posterodorsal margin projected into a convex curvature (Liu et al. 2015a: fig. 16e); gonapophyses 8 small and subtriangular in ventral view (Liu et al. 2015a: fig. 16f)........................................................................................................ Protosialis van der Weele, 1909 (USA) 12. Forewing: crossvein 1r-m arising from MA (generally from its base) (Liu et al. 2015a: fig. 8f); base of CuP clearly distant from A1 base (Liu et al. 2015a: fig. 8e); male abdomen: median processes of 11 th gonocoxites directed posteroventrad (Liu et al. 2015a: fig. 14c���d)......................................... 13 ��� Forewing: crossvein 1r-m arising from stem of M (Liu et al. 2015a: fig. 8d); base of CuP close to A1 base (Liu et al. 2015a: fig. 8d); male abdomen: median processes of 11 th gonocoxites directed posterodorsad (Liu et al. 2015a: fig. 12c���d)......................... Haplosialis Nav��s, 1927 (Madagascar) 13. Forewing: costal veinlets absent on pterostigma region (Huang et al. 2016: fig. 2a); crossvein 1a2��� a3 absent (Huang et al. 2016: fig. 2a); male abdomen: ectoproct with a slender, weakly sclerotized projection (Huang et al. 2016: fig. 2b).................... ��� Haplosialodes Huang et al., 2016 (Myanmar) ��� Forewing: costal veinlets present on pterostigma region (Liu et al. 2015a: fig. 8f); crossvein 1a2���a3 present (Liu et al. 2015a: fig. 8f); male abdomen: ectoproct without a slender, weakly sclerotized projection (Liu et al. 2015a: fig. 14c)................................................................................................................................................. Ilyobius Enderlein, 1910 (+���) (Mexico, Central and South America), Published as part of Ardila-Camacho, Adrian, Rivera-Gasper��n, Sara Lariza, Martins, Caleb Califre & Contreras-Ramos, Atilano, 2021, A reappraisal of the taxonomy of Neotropical Sialidae (Insecta: Megaloptera): with the description of a new genus from Cuba, pp. 21-54 in European Journal of Taxonomy 782 on pages 42-43, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2021.782.1587, http://zenodo.org/record/5761433, {"references":["Liu X. - Y., Hayashi F. & Yang D. 2015 a. Phylogeny of the family Sialidae (Insecta: Megaloptera) inferred from morphological data, with implications for generic classification and historical biogeography. Cladistics 31: 18 - 49. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / cla. 12071","Van der Weele H. W. 1909. New genera and species of Megaloptera Latr. Notes from the Leyden Museum 30: 249 - 264. https: // archive. org / embed / notes-from-leyden-museum- 30 - 249 - 264","Nel A., Menier J. - J., De Ploeg G., Hodebert G. & Danvin L. 2002. Eosialis, a new alderfly genus in French Lowermost Eocene amber (Insecta, Megaloptera, Sialidae). Geobios 35: 313 - 319. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / S 0016 - 6995 (02) 00029 - 3","Huang D. - Y., Azar D., Engel M. S., Cai C. - Y., Garrouste R. & Nel A. 2016. A new genus of alderflies (Megaloptera: Sialidae) in Upper Cretaceous Burmese amber. Cretaceous Research 64: 7 - 11. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. cretres. 2016.03.012","Enderlein G. 1910. Eine neue Sialis aus Columbien. Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung 71: 380 - 381. Available from https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 25448274 [accessed 14 Nov. 2021]."]}

Key to world extant species of Ilyobius (after Liu et al. 2015b) 1. Thorax: Pronotum pale, uniformly orange to reddish brown (fig. 12A).......................................... 2 ��� Thorax: Pronotum dark, usually black, sometimes with pale markings (Liu et al. 2015b: fig. 3)....... 8 2. Head: without posteriorly trifurcate dark marking around compound eyes (Liu et al. 2015b: fig. 3)... 3 ��� Head: with posteriorly trifurcate dark markings around compound eyes (Liu et al. 2015b: fig. 5)..... 5 3. Head: blackish brown....................................................................................................................... 4 ��� Head: uniformly orange brown (Contreras-Ramos 2006: fig.1)................................................................................................................................................. I. ranchograndis (Contreras-Ramos, 2006) 4. Head: dark orange on median portion of vertex (Liu et al. 2015b: fig. 3)....................................................................................................................................................... I. flavicollis (Enderlein, 1910) ��� Head: completely dark brown, including the median portion of vertex (Fig. 12A���B)................................................................................................................................ Ilyobius nigrocephalus sp. nov. 5. Head: frons without any dark marking............................................................................................. 6 ��� Head: frons with a pair of ovoid black spots between antennal fossae (Fig. 9A���B)........................................................................................................................................ I. bimaculatus (Banks, 1920) 6. Male abdomen: gonocoxite 9 short, ovoid, not directed posterodorsad (Liu et al. 2015b: fig. 8), male gonocoxites 11 with median processes directed posteriad (Liu et al. 2015b: fig. 8)........................ 7 ��� Male abdomen: gonocoxite 9 elongate and strongly directed posterodorsad (Contreras-Ramos 2008: fig. 10), male gonocoxites 11 with median processes directed ventrad (Contreras-Ramos 2008: fig. 10)..................................................................................................... I. flammatus (Penny, 1981) 7. Forewing: length more than 11.0 mm in males and 12.0 mm in females; male abdomen: gonocoxites 11 with median processes straightly directed posteriad (Liu et al. 2015a: fig. 14g); female abdomen: fused gonocoxites 8 bluntly prominent posteriad (Liu et al. 2015a: fig. 15d).................................................................................................................................................... I. mexicanus (Banks, 1901) ��� Forewing: length less than 9.0 mm in males and 10.0 mm in females; male abdomen: gonocoxites 11 with median processes distinctly curved posteroventrad on distal half (Liu et al. 2015b: fig. 8); female abdomen: fused gonocoxites 8 strongly narrowed posteriad (Liu et al. 2015b: fig. 11)........................................................................................................................ I. curvatus Liu et al., 2015b 8. Head: orange with a median black stripe extending from middle of vertex to frons; male abdomen: sternite 9 posteriorly with a long digitiform, median projection and a pair of short lateral projections (Contreras-Ramos et al. 2005: fig. 3)............................................................................................... 9 ��� Head: orange with three broad black markings on frons and lateral portions of vertex, but middle of vertex without dark marking (Contreras-Ramos 2008: fig. 3); male abdomen: sternite 9 posteriorly with a long digitiform, median projection, but without any posterolateral projections (Liu et al. 2015a: fig. 14b).............................................................................................. I. chilensis (McLachlan, 1871) 9. Head: with median black stripe anteriorly, not approaching compound eyes (Contreras-Ramos et al. 2005: fig. 1); female abdomen: gonapophyses 8 posteriorly convex (Contreras-Ramos et al. 2005: fig. 6)................................................................................. I. hauseri (Contreras-Ramos et al., 2005) ��� Head:with median black stripe anteriorly expanded and approaching compound eyes (Liu et al. 2015b: fig. 12); female abdomen: gonapophysis 8 posteriorly broadly concave (Liu et al. 2015b: fig. 14)........................................................................................................................ I. nubilus (Nav��s, 1933), Published as part of Ardila-Camacho, Adrian, Rivera-Gasper��n, Sara Lariza, Martins, Caleb Califre & Contreras-Ramos, Atilano, 2021, A reappraisal of the taxonomy of Neotropical Sialidae (Insecta: Megaloptera): with the description of a new genus from Cuba, pp. 21-54 in European Journal of Taxonomy 782 on pages 43-44, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2021.782.1587, http://zenodo.org/record/5761433, {"references":["Liu X. - Y., Hayashi F. & Yang D. 2015 b. Taxonomic notes of the Neotropical alderfly genus Ilyobius Enderlein, 1910 (Megaloptera, Sialidae), with description of a new species. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 62: 55 - 63. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / DEZ. 62.4481","Contreras-Ramos A. 2006. Protosialis ranchograndis, a new species of alderfly from Venezuela, with a redescription of P. brasiliensis Navas (Megaloptera: Sialidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 108: 977 - 984. Available from https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 30254407 [accessed 18 Nov. 2021].","Enderlein G. 1910. Eine neue Sialis aus Columbien. Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung 71: 380 - 381. Available from https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 25448274 [accessed 14 Nov. 2021].","Contreras-Ramos A. 2008. Notes on some Neotropical Alderflies (Sialidae: Megaloptera). Annals of the Entomological Society of America 101: 808 - 814. https: // doi. org / dzbdp 7","Penny N. D. 1981. Neuroptera of the Amazon Basin, Part 4. Sialidae. Acta Amazonica 11: 843 - 846. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / 1809 - 43921981114843","Liu X. - Y., Hayashi F. & Yang D. 2015 a. Phylogeny of the family Sialidae (Insecta: Megaloptera) inferred from morphological data, with implications for generic classification and historical biogeography. Cladistics 31: 18 - 49. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / cla. 12071","Contreras-Ramos A., Fiorentin G. L. & Urakami Y. 2005. A new species of alderfly (Megaloptera: Sialidae) from Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Amazoniana 18: 267 - 272."]}

Ilyobius nigrocephalus Ardila-Camacho, Martins & Contreras-Ramos sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: C033CC6B-32D3-4F61-9584-3329A25E4D08 Figs 11���15 Diagnosis This species is distinguished from others of the genus by having a dark brown head and orange pronotum (Fig. 11). The male sternite 9 is broadly rounded and shovel-like. The gonocoxites 9 are subtrapezoidal with posterior corners blunt. The gonocoxites 11 are elaborated, with two differentiated portions: the upper portion is posteriorly produced as lateral hook-shaped processes, and the lower portion as two narrow, arched, lateral sclerites, medially fused; in lateral view curved, elongated, and narrow with the distal part representing the gonostyli 11, which are dorsally connected to the upper portion and covered with minute spinulae. The membrane between gonocoxites 11 and sternite 9 is covered with minute spinulae. The female sternite 8 is subpentagonal, posteromedially produced into a short and blunt lobe. The gonocoxites 8 form an ovoid sclerite, located just beneath sternite 8; the bursa copulatrix is bilobed with the distal margin shallowly incised in ventral view. Etymology The specific epithet ��� nigrocephalus ��� is a combination of the Latin nigrum which means black, and the Greek ������������ (c��fale) meaning head, alluding to the dark pigmentation of the head of this species. An adjective in the nominative case. Material examined Holotype ECUADOR ��� ♂; El Oro, 7 km, E. Pi��as; 2 Aug. 1989; L. Stange and R. Miller leg.; FSCA. Paratype ECUADOR ��� ♀; same collection data as for holotype; FSCA. Description HEAD (Fig. 12A���B). Width 1.6 mm; nearly completely dark brown, ventrally light brown; compound eyes dark brown. Antenna with scape enlarged, dark reddish brown, covered with abundant light brown setae, pedicel dark brown, nearly as long as wide, flagellum dark brown with 32 flagellomeres, densely covered with dark brown setae. Frons densely setose, somewhat protuberant between antennae. Clypeus and labrum densely covered with light brown setae, anterior margin of clypeus with median concavity. Maxillary and labial palpi dark brown with abundant dark brown setae. Occiput with dark brown muscle scars. THORAX (Fig. 11). Pronotum orange, rectangular, nearly 1.5 times as wide as long, densely covered with minute, light yellow setae. Mesonotum wider than long, dark brown, densely covered with minute, light brown setae. Metanotum similar to mesonotum, but slightly narrower. Pteropleura dark reddish brown, covered with abundant light brown setae. LEGS. Dark brown, all segments densely covered with dark brown setae; fore femur somewhat expanded and shorter than mid- and hind femur. Tibial spurs short, dark brown. Basitarsus of fore- and midleg short, as long as second and third tarsomeres together; on hind leg longer, as long as remainder of tarsomeres together. Pretarsal claws dark brown. WINGS (Fig. 12C). Forewing 9.5 mm long, membrane translucent, smoky, densely setose. Venation light brown, densely covered with fine setae of the same color as cuticle. Costal field slightly expanded on ⅓ of wing length, with nine crossveins; pterostigma absent. A single subcostal crossvein. Radial space with three crossveins, RP with two branches, basal one forked near posterior wing margin. Radiomedial space with three crossveins, M forked near mid-length of wing, MA unforked, MP forked near posterior wing margin; intramedial space with two crossveins; mediocubital space with two crossveins; CuA vein forked slightly beyond level of M fork, CuP unforked; intracubital space with single crossvein. Cubitoanal space with single crossvein; area between A1 and A2 with a single crossvein, A2 forked before R fork level; area between A2 and A3 with single crossvein. Hindwing 8 mm long, with general aspect similar to forewing. Costal field narrow, with four or five crossveins; subcostal field with single crossvein. Radial space with three crossveins, RP with two branches, basal one forked near posterior wing margin. Radiomedial space with three crossveins. M vein forked near mid-length of wing, intramedial space with two crossveins. Mediocubital space with two crossveins; Cu forked near wing base, CuA forked at apex; intracubital space with single crossvein. Cubitoanal space with single crossvein. Area between A1 and A2 with a single sinuous crossvein, A2 forked near wing base. ABDOMEN. Dark brown with abundant light brown setae. MALE GENITALIA (Figs 13���14). Tergite 8 semi-membranous, densely setose; tergite 9 sclerotized, ringshaped, sparsely covered with long setae, in dorsal view V-shaped around anal tubercle, laterally expanded; in lateral view trapezoidal with ventral half long, posteroventral side oblique, articulated to gonocoxite 9. Anal tubercle membranous; ectoproct mammilliform, elongated, setose, fused to anal tubercle. Sternite 9 sclerotized, broadly rounded in ventral view, densely setose, shovel-like in lateral view, reaching level of gonostyli 11 apex. Gonocoxite 9 sclerotized, adjacent to sternite 9, moderately setose, subtrapezoidal with posterior corners blunt and posterior margin slightly concave; gonostylus 9 absent. Membrane between sternite 9 and gonocoxites 11 covered with minute spinulae. Gonocoxites 11 elaborated, with two distinct portions: upper portion transversely elongated, with ventral margin arched and dorsal margin straight in caudal view; laterally not fused to ectoprocts; medially with fusion line somewhat distinct, in lateral view produced into lateral hook-shaped processes, extended slightly beyond level of ectoproct apex; lower portion as two narrow, arched, lateral sclerites, medially fused, with fusion line distinct; medial part representing the gonostyli 11, caudally produced, covered with minute spinulae and dorsally connected to upper portion. FEMALE. External morphology and coloration similar to male, head width 1.7 mm; forewing 9.8 mm long, antennae with 29 flagellomeres; costal field with 12 crossveins; radial space with three crossveins. Hindwing 8.5 mm long, costal field with five crossveins; radial space with three crossveins. FEMALE GENITALIA (Fig. 15). Tergite 9 in lateral view ventrally extended, expanded and articulated to gonocoxite 9, posteroventral margin straight; gonocoxite 9 ovoid, uniformly setose; gonostylus 9 small, semicircular, posterodorsally located on gonocoxite 9; ectoproct as a small ovoid sclerite, setose. Sternite 8 in lateral view posteroventrally projected, with blunt apex, extended on gonocoxite 8 slightly beyond its mid-length; in ventral view subpentagonal, posteromedially produced into short and blunt lobe, entire surface densely covered by long setae; gonocoxite 8 in lateral view narrow, plate-like, densely setose; in ventral view ovoid, located just beneath sternite 8; bursa copulatrix moderately sclerotized, sac-like in lateral view, bilobed, with distal margin shallowly incised in ventral view; gonapophyses 8 as lateral smooth, glabrous, ovoid plates. Distribution Ecuador (El Oro) (Fig. 7D). Remarks Ilyobius nigrocephalus sp. nov. is related to Ilyobius ranchograndis (Contreras-Ramos, 2006) from Aragua, Venezuela because of the complex morphology of the gonocoxites 11 of the male, as well as the structure of the female genitalia (see Contreras-Ramos 2006). Both species lack the posteriorly trifurcate dark marking around the compound eyes, having the head uniformly colored. However, the new species has the head nearly completely dark brown, with some muscle scars on the median area of the vertex, while I. ranchograndis has the head orangish brown. Furthermore, the pronotum of I. nigrocephalus sp. nov. is uniformly orange, whereas in I. ranchograndis it is orangish brown with darker margins. Ilyobius nigrocephalus sp. nov. is known from two specimens from El Oro province of Ecuador, which is located in the geographical area known as the coastal region, with its northwest region limited by the Pacific Ocean. Rivers in El Oro Province originate in the Andean Mountains and flow into the Gulf of Guayaquil. The climate of this mountainous region where the specimens were collected is rainier and colder compared to the coastal region., Published as part of Ardila-Camacho, Adrian, Rivera-Gasper��n, Sara Lariza, Martins, Caleb Califre & Contreras-Ramos, Atilano, 2021, A reappraisal of the taxonomy of Neotropical Sialidae (Insecta: Megaloptera): with the description of a new genus from Cuba, pp. 21-54 in European Journal of Taxonomy 782 on pages 37-40, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2021.782.1587, http://zenodo.org/record/5761433, {"references":["Contreras-Ramos A. 2006. Protosialis ranchograndis, a new species of alderfly from Venezuela, with a redescription of P. brasiliensis Navas (Megaloptera: Sialidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 108: 977 - 984. Available from https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 30254407 [accessed 18 Nov. 2021]."]}

Subfamily Protosmylinae Krüger, 1913: 29 Original combination: Chrysopa pubicosta Walker, 1860: 183 Current combination: Gryposmylus pubicosta (Walker, 1860) Type locality: [“Hindostan”], India, northern (no further locality data). Lectotype (sex undetermined) with labels: (Fig. 29) Condition of type: bad condition, costal region of right forewing and radial region of left forewing damaged. Missing parts: scape, pedicel and flagellomeres of both antennae, medial right tarsomeres, posterior right tarsomeres. Comments: Winterton & Wang (2016) revised the genus Gryposmylus Kr ̹ger, 1913 and designated this speci-men as lectotype of this species. In the original description Walker (1860) described this species as belonging to Chrysopa Leach, 1815 (a Chrysopidae genus), however Kr̹ger in 1913 added this species to the genus Gryposmylus (Osmylidae)., Published as part of Martins, Caleb Califre & Price, Benjamin W., 2020, An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the Osmylidae collection (Neuroptera) at the Natural History Museum, London, pp. 1-61 in Zootaxa 4883 (1) on page 29, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4883.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4296042, {"references":["Walker, F. (1860) Characters of undescribed Neuroptera in the collection of W. W. Saunders. Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London, 10, 176 - 199. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2311.1860. tb 01844. x","Winterton, S. L. & Wang, Y. - J. (2016) Revision of the genus Gryposmylus Kr ʾ ger, 1913 (Neuroptera, Osmylidae) with a remarkable example of convergence in wing disruptive patterning. ZooKeys, 617, 31 - 45. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 617.10165","Leach, W. E. (1815) Order XIII. Neuroptera. In: Brewster, D. (Ed.), Edinburgh Encyclopaedia, 8 (2), pp. 725 - 728."]}

Subfamily Osmylinae Leach, 1815: 727 Original combination: Osmylus hyalinatus McLachlan, 1875: 181 Current combination: Osmylus hyalinatus McLachlan, 1875 Type locality: [“ Japan ”; “Yokohama (Pryer); Kobé (Lewis)”], Japan, Kantô (region), Kanagawa Prefecture (prefecture), Yokohama (city) (35°26’39”N, 139°38’17”E) and Japan, Kansai (region), Hyôgo Prefecture (prefecture), Kobe (city) (34°41’24”N, 135°11’44”E). Syntype ♂ with labels: (Fig. 12) Condition of type: good condition, right flagellomeres glued on its base, anal region of right forewing damaged, posterior right leg glued on the pin below the specimen. Missing parts: medial right leg. Syntype ♀ with labels: (Fig.13) Condition of type: good condition, costal region of right forewing damaged, apex of right hindwing damaged. Missing parts: apical right flagellomeres. Syntype ♂ with labels: (Fig. 14) Condition of type: good condition, apex of right forewing damaged. Missing parts: flagellomeres of both antennae, posterior right tibia, posterior right tarsomeres. Syntype ♀ with labels: (Fig. 15) Condition of type: good condition, cubital region of right hindwing damaged. Missing parts: apical flagellomeres of both antennae. Syntype ♀ with labels: (Fig. 16) Condition of type: good condition, apex of right hindwing damaged. Missing parts: there are no missing parts. Syntype ♂ with labels: (Fig. 17) Condition of type: good condition, apex of right forewing damaged, medial region of right hindwing damaged, apex of left hindwing damaged. Missing parts: there are no missing parts. Syntype ♂ with labels: (Fig. 18) Condition of type: good condition, apex of both right wings damaged. Missing parts: left hindwing. Syntype (probably ³) with labels: (Fig. 19) Condition of type: good condition, cubital region of right forewing and the medial region of right hindwing damaged, abdominal apex damaged making it difficult to identify the sex of the specimen. Missing parts: right flagellomeres. Syntype (sex undetermined) with labels: (Fig. 20) Condition of types: good condition, apex of left forewing damaged, abdominal apex damaged making it difficult to identify the sex of the specimen. Missing parts: flagellomeres. Syntype ♀ with labels: (Fig. 21) Condition of type: good condition, apex of both hindwings damaged. Missing parts: there are no missing parts. Comments: In the original description, McLachlan (1875) did not quote the number of specimens used to describe the species. At the NHMUK collection there are 10 specimens (syntypes), although they all belong to McLachlan collection, only five specimens have a handwriting label of “ Osmylus hyalinatus ML ”. In the introduction of the original article McLachlan mentions: “It is to the collections made by Mr. H. Pryer, of Yokohama, and sent by him to his relative, Mr. Wormald, that I am in debt for an opportunity of studying the greater part of the insects here noticed”. Mr. H. Pryer (Henry James Stovin Pryer, 1950–1988), who became a renowned naturalist in Japan, was younger brother of William Burgess Pryer (1843–1899)—the real relative of Percy C. Wormald (Brother-in-law) (Pereira 2019a,b). Some specimens were collected by Henry James Stovin Pryer (Yokohama) and the remaining specimens from Kobé were collected by George Lewis (1839–1926), an English entomologist with particular interest in Coleoptera (see ref. Ms/ 204 in LSL, 2020). These specimens were part of the large McLachlan collection purchased from the nephew of Robert McLachlan in 1938. Original combination: Osmylus multiguttatus McLachlan, 1870: 195 Current combination: Osmylus multiguttatus McLachlan, 1870 Type locality: [“ Hab. Trebizond ”], Turkey, Trabzon (province), Trabzon (city) (41°00’18”N, 39°43’36”E). Syntype ♂ with labels: (Fig. 22) Condition of type: good condition. Missing parts: apical right flagellomeres. Syntype ♂ with labels: (Fig. 23) Condition of type: good condition. Missing parts: right flagellomeres, anterior right tarsomeres. Syntype ♂ with labels: (Fig. 24) Condition of type: good condition. Missing parts: left flagellomeres. Comments: In the original description, McLachlan (1870) did not mention the number of specimens used to describe the species. Canbulat (2013) redescribed this species and mentioned that McLachlan described this species based on one only specimen, however in the original description there are different measurements of wings and body length, and in NHMUK there are three specimens from the McLachlan collection, which have handwritten “ Trebizond Deyrolle” labels and a “ type ” label, thus we assume that McLachlan used these three specimens to describe the species. In the original description McLachlan mentions that the specimens were collected in 1869 by Th. Deyrolle. Theóphile-Louis Deyrolle (1844–1923), was a French painter, illustrator and ceramicist from a family of entomologists and naturalists who owned a well-known taxidermy shop in Paris (Cheishvilli 2013, LOC 2010). These specimens were part of the large McLachlan collection purchased from the nephew of Robert McLachlan in 1938., Published as part of Martins, Caleb Califre & Price, Benjamin W., 2020, An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the Osmylidae collection (Neuroptera) at the Natural History Museum, London, pp. 1-61 in Zootaxa 4883 (1) on pages 18-25, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4883.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4296042, {"references":["Leach, W. E. (1815) Order XIII. Neuroptera. In: Brewster, D. (Ed.), Edinburgh Encyclopaedia, 8 (2), pp. 725 - 728.","McLachlan, R. (1875) A sketch of our present knowledge of the neuropterous fauna of Japan (excluding Odonata and Trichoptera). Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London, 23, 167 - 190. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2311.1875. tb 01906. x","Pereira, J. A. (2019 a) Footsteps in the Far East: William Burgess Pryer (1843 - 1899) Part One. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society China, 79, 137 - 150.","LSL (Linean Society of London) (2020) Ms / 204 Correspondence re Histeridae-G. Lewis. Available from: http: // www. calmview. eu / linnean / Record. aspx? src = CalmView. Catalog & id = MS % 2 F 204 (accessed 2 August 2020)","McLachlan, R. (1870) New species, & c., of Hemerobiina- - second series (Osmylus). Entomologist's Monthly Magazine, 6, 195 - 201.","Canbulat, S. (2013) Redescription of Osmylus multiguttatus McLachlan, 1870 (Neuroptera: Osmylidae) with distributional remarks. Zootaxa, 3741 (3), 385 - 390. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3741.3.7"]}