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Resume Un nouveau concept d’arthroplastie de la premiere articulation metatarso-phalangienne (MTP1) est presente avec un implant en pyrocarbone HAPY*. Il s’agit d’un implant spherique ne recherchant pas l’osteo-integration et dont le but est d’obtenir un glissement de l’implant sur l’os et le cartilage afin de maintenir la fonction et la mobilite de la MTP1. La technique chirurgicale de mise en place de cet implant est decrite. L’implant dont on ne recherche pas l’ancrage osseux est stabilise dans une cavite spherique creusee dans la tete metatarsienne. Dans une serie preliminaire de 22 cas avec un recul moyen de 36 (20–79) mois le score AOFAS moyen est passe de 64 (35–72) en preoperatoire a 91 (47–100) en postoperatoire (p

Background: The accuracy of DNA image cytometry as an investigation method for potentially malignant disorders of the oral cavity is currently still a subject of controversy, due to inconsistently applied definitions of DNA aneuploidy, small cohorts and different application techniques of the method. The aim of this study was to examine the accuracy of the method as a supplementary diagnostic tool in addition to the cytological examination using internationally consented definitions for DNA aneuploidy. Methods: A total of 602 samples from 467 patients with various oral lesions were included in this prospective study. Brush biopsies from each patient were first cytologically examined and categorized by a pathologist, second evaluated using DNA image cytometry, and finally compared to either histological biopsy result or clinical outcome. Results: Using the standard definition of DNA aneuploidy, we achieved a sensitivity of 93.5%, a positive predictive value for the detection of malignant cells of 98.0%, and an area under the curve of 0.96 of DNA ploidy analysis for the detection of severe oral epithelial dysplasia, carcinoma in situ or oral squamous cell carcinoma. Importantly, using logistic regression and a two-step model, we were able to describe the increased association between DNA-ICM and the detection of malignant cells (OR = 201.6) as a secondary predictor in addition to cytology (OR = 11.90). Conclusion: In summary, this study has shown that DNA ploidy analysis based on conventional specimens of oral brush biopsies is a highly sensitive, non-invasive, patient-friendly method that should be considered as an additional diagnostic tool for detecting malignant changes in the oral cavity.

While patients with clinico-radiologically diagnosed resectable pancreatic cancer usually undergo surgery without preoperative cytological or histopathological diagnostics, patients with inoperable tumors or ambiguous findings in imaging often undergo EUS-FNA or EUS-FNB (endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration or endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle biopsy). In many cases, this concerns pancreatic cystic lesions, which can range from benign inflammatory pseudocysts to invasive pancreatic cancer emerging from intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (IPMNs) or mucinous cystic neoplasms (MCNs). However, the evaluation of EUS-FNA material can be especially hampered by contamination with gastric or enteric cells or mucin, degenerative changes, or low or even no cellularity of the sample. Next-generation-sequencing-based molecular analyses, especially of cystic lesions, can significantly increase the accuracy of EUS-FNA diagnostics of the pancreas. Interpretation of morphological and molecular data considering each case's clinico-radiological context is crucial. While reliable molecular markers for the detection of mucinous and specific nonmucinous pancreatic neoplasms already exist, establishing valid markers for the detection of high-grade lesions is an urgent future goal.

Background: Microscopical screening of cytological samples for the presence of cancer cells at high throughput with sufficient diagnostic accuracy requires highly specialized personnel which is not available in most countries. Methods: Using commercially available automated microscope-based screeners (MotiCyte and EasyScan), software was developed which is able to classify Feulgen-stained nuclei into eight diagnostically relevant types, using supervised machine learning. the nuclei belonging to normal cells were used for internal calibration of the nuclear DNA content while nuclei belonging to those suspicious of being malignant were specifically identified. The percentage of morphologically abnormal nuclei was used to identify samples suspected of malignancy, and the proof of DNA-aneuploidy was used to definitely determine the state malignancy. A blinded study was performed using oral smears from 92 patients with Fanconi anemia, revealing oral leukoplakias or erythroplakias. In an earlier study, we compared diagnostic accuracies on 121 serous effusion specimens. In addition, using a blinded study employing 80 patients with prostate cancer who were under active surveillance, we aimed to identify those whose cancers would not advance within 4 years. Results: Applying a threshold of the presence of >4% of morphologically abnormal nuclei from oral squamous cells and DNA single-cell or stemline aneuploidy to identify samples suspected of malignancy, an overall diagnostic accuracy of 91.3% was found as compared with 75.0% accuracy determined by conventional subjective cytological assessment using the same slides. Accuracy of automated screening effusions was 84.3% as compared to 95.9% of conventional cytology. No prostate cancer patients under active surveillance, revealing DNA-grade 1, showed progress of their disease within 4.1 years. Conclusions: An automated microscope-based screener was developed which is able to identify malignant cells in different types of human specimens with a diagnostic accuracy comparable with subjective cytological assessment. Early prostate cancers which do not progress despite applying any therapy could be identified using this automated approach.

OpenFlow is considered as the most known protocol for Software Defined Networking (SDN). The main drawback of OpenFlow is the lack of support of new header definitions, which is required by network operators to apply new packet encapsulations. While SDN’s logically centralized control plane could enhance network security by providing global visibility of the network state, it still has many side effects. The intelligent controllers that orchestrate the dumb switches are overloaded and become prone to failure. Delegating some level of control logic to the edge or, to be precise, the switches can offload the controllers from local state based decisions that do not require global network wide knowledge. Thus, this paper, to the best of our knowledge, is the first to propose the delegation of typical security functions from specialized middleboxes to the data plane. We leverage the opportunities offered by programming protocol-independent packet processors (P4) language to present two authentication techniques to assure that only legitimate nodes are able to access the network. The first technique is the port knocking and the second technique is the One-Time Password. Our experimental results indicate that our proposed techniques improve the network overall availability by offloading the controller as well as reducing the traffic in the network without noticeable negative impact on switches’ performance.

Fanconi anemia (FA) is a rare inherited DNA instability disorder with a remarkably elevated risk of neoplasia compared with the general population, mainly leukemia and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Two thirds of the SCCs arise in the oral cavity and are typically preceded by visible lesions. These lesions can be classified with brush biopsy-based cytological methods regarding their risk of a malignant transformation. As a proof of concept, this study aims to investigate genetic changes and chromosomal aneuploidy using fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) on oral squamous cells derived from FA affected individuals.Five FA oral SCC (OSCC) tumor cell lines, one FA OSCC cervical lymph node metastasis as well as tumor-negative and atypical smears from oral brush biopsies were analyzed with FISH probes covering 5p15.2, MYC, EGFR, TERC, 9q34.1, CCND1, 9p21 and centromeres of chromosomes 3, 6, 7, 9, 11, and 17.OSCC specimens showed gains of all analyzed chromosomal regions. Chromosomal aneuploidy was observed in five of the six OSCC specimens in two multicolor FISH assays with panels of four probes each. Five out of six OSCC specimens displayed a relative deletion of 9p21. Applied on atypical brush biopsy-based smears, chromosomal aneuploidy was detected in malignant lesions but not in the smear derived from a severe parodontitis.As proof of concept, FISH was able to detect genetic changes and chromosomal aneuploidy discriminating oral cancer from noncancerous lesions in individuals with FA. This supports its application on oral brush biopsy-based cytology.

To realize frustration-aware in-vehicle systems based on real-time user monitoring, personal data have to be recorded, analyzed and (potentially) stored raising data privacy concerns that may reduce the user acceptance and hence the spread of such systems. Complementing the development of a frustration-aware system with voice interface in the project F-RELACS, a data privacy concept was created based on the principles privacy by design and privacy by default recommended in the European General Data Protection Regulation. Nine criteria were formulated and 23 concrete measures to satisfy the criteria were derived. The measures were evaluated in an online study with 96 participants between 18 and 74 years. On average, the measures were rated as rather sufficient to sufficient. Participants evaluated the use of commercial third-party software for speech processing as most critical. All results are discussed and proposals to further increase the acceptance of frustration-aware systems are outlined.

While patients with clinico-radiologically diagnosed resectable pancreatic cancer usually undergo surgery without preoperative cytological or histopathological diagnostics, patients with inoperable tumors or ambiguous findings in imaging often undergo EUS-FNA or EUS-FNB (endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration or endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle biopsy). In many cases, this concerns pancreatic cystic lesions, which can range from benign inflammatory pseudocysts to invasive pancreatic cancer emerging from intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (IPMNs) or mucinous cystic neoplasms (MCNs). However, the evaluation of EUS-FNA material can be especially hampered by contamination with gastric or enteric cells or mucin, degenerative changes, or low or even no cellularity of the sample. Next-generation-sequencing-based molecular analyses, especially of cystic lesions, can significantly increase the accuracy of EUS-FNA diagnostics of the pancreas. Interpretation of morphological and molecular data considering each case's clinico-radiological context is crucial. While reliable molecular markers for the detection of mucinous and specific nonmucinous pancreatic neoplasms already exist, establishing valid markers for the detection of high-grade lesions is an urgent future goal.Während Patientinnen und Patienten mit Verdacht auf ein Pankreaskarzinom bei Operabilität leitliniengemäß einer primären Tumorresektion zugeführt werden, spielt die Punktionsdiagnostik des Pankreas insbesondere bei Inoperabilität und in der Evaluation von Pankreasneoplasien mit unklaren klinisch-radiologischen Befunden eine wichtige Rolle. Letzteres betrifft häufig zystische Pankreasläsionen, deren Spektrum von inflammatorischen Pseudozysten bis hin zu invasiven Pankreaskarzinomen auf dem Boden intraduktaler papillär-muzinöser Neoplasien (IPMN) oder muzinös-zystischer Neoplasien (MCN) reicht. Insbesondere in der präoperativen Diagnostik an Material, das durch EUS-FNA (endosonographisch gestützte Feinnadelaspiration) gewonnen wurde, gibt es einige mögliche Fallstricke. Neben der Kontamination des Untersuchungsguts mit Zellen und Muzin aus dem Punktionsweg und degenerativen Veränderungen, insbesondere bei längerer Latenz von der Materialgewinnung zur Untersuchung, kann auch sehr zellarmes oder gar zellfreies Material eine Herausforderung darstellen. Next-Generation-Sequencing-(NGS)-basierte molekulare Untersuchungen können die Treffsicherheit der Punktionsdiagnostik des Pankreas, insbesondere bei zystischen Läsionen, erheblich verbessern. Eine Integration morphologischer und molekularer Ergebnisse mit klinischen Daten und Befunden der Bildgebung ist dabei unabdingbar. Während zuverlässige molekulare Marker zur Diagnostik von muzinösen und speziellen nichtmuzinösen Pankreasneoplasien bereits existieren, ist die Etablierung solider Marker für das Vorhandsein von High-grade-Neoplasien ein wichtiges Ziel für die Zukunft.

Background: While patient age, tear size, and muscle fatty infiltration are factors known to affect the rate of tendon healing after rotator cuff repair, the effect of tendon delamination is less known. Purpose: To assess the effect of tendon delamination on rotator cuff healing after arthroscopic single-row (SR) repair. Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: Consecutive patients (N = 117) with chronic full-thickness rotator cuff tears underwent arthroscopic SR repair with the tension-band cuff repair. The mean ± SD age at the time of surgery was 60 ± 8 years. There were 25 small, 63 medium, and 29 large tears. Tendon delamination was assessed intraoperatively under arthroscopy with the arthroscope placed in the lateral portal. Patients were divided into 2 groups: those with nondelaminated (n = 80) and delaminated (n = 37) cuff tears. The 2 groups were comparable for age, sex, body mass index, preoperative pain, strength, and a Constant-Murley score. Repair integrity was evaluated with sonography (mean, 24 months after surgery; range, 6-62 months) and classified into 3 categories: type A, indicating complete, homogeneous, and thick coverage of the footprint; type B, partial coverage with a thin tendon; and type C, no coverage of the footprint. Results: The prevalence of tendon delamination observed under arthroscopy was 32% (37 of 117), which increased with tear size and retraction: from 15% in small tears to 32% in medium tears and 45% in large tears ( P = .028). Postoperatively, 83 patients had complete coverage of footprint (type A = 71%) and the cuff was considered healed, whereas 26 had partial coverage or a thin tendon (type B = 22%) and 8 had no coverage (type C = 7%). Overall, the rate of complete healing was 78% in nondelaminated cuff tears and 57% in the case of tendon delamination ( P = .029). In large retracted tears, the healing rate dropped from 81% in the absence of delamination to 39% when the tendons were delaminated ( P = .027). Conclusion: Tendon delamination increases with tear size and retraction. Patients with chronic delaminated and retracted rotator cuff tears (stage 2 or 3) are at risk of failure after SR cuff repair, whereas patients with small delaminated rotator cuff tears (stage 1) involving only the supraspinatus can be treated with an SR cuff repair with a high chance of tendon healing. These results suggest that SR cuff repair may be insufficient to treat delaminated chronic cuff tears. To improve the anatomic outcomes of rotator cuff repairs, surgeons should consider treating delaminated tears with a double-row or double-layer repair.

Background: Fanconi anemia (FA) is a rare inherited DNA instability disorder with a remarkably elevated risk of oral squamous cell carcinoma. These cancers can be detected with oral brush biopsy-based cytology even at early stages. This study aims to determine the diagnostic accuracy of a new multi-color fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) assay consisting of probes for CCND1, TERC, MYC and centromere of chromosome 6, as well as a 9p21 FISH assay consisting of probes for CDKN2A and centromere of chromosome 9 for the detection of oral (pre) malignant lesions in FA. Methods: (I) Cutoffs for the dichotomization of positive or negative multi-color FISH results are determined and (II) retrospectively validated by using archived oral brush biopsy specimens from individuals with Fanconi anemia. In addition, the specimens for cutoff determination were re-hybridized with the 9p21 FISH assay. Results: A cutoff of six or more chromosomal aneuploid cells for a positive FISH result was determined in the cutoff study on 160 biopsy specimens. The validating of this cutoff on 152 specimens showed at best a sensitivity of 87% and a specificity of 82.9%. Conclusion: Multi-color FISH is a sufficient tool to detect chromosomal aneuploidy in oral (pre) malignant lesions of individuals with Fanconi anemia. However, some false positive results may hamper the application as an adjuvant method to oral brush biopsy-based cytology in an oral cancer surveillance program.

V několika posledních letech se metody strojového učení (zvláště ty zabývající se detekcí odlehlých hodnot) v oblasti kyberbezpečnosti opíraly o zjišťování anomálií síťového provozu spočívajících v nových schématech útoků. Avšak všudypřítomnost masivních průběžně generovaných datových toků představuje ohromnou výzvu pro účinná detekční schémata a vyžaduje rychlé paměťově nenáročné online algoritmy schopné se potýkat se změnami konceptu. Volba vlastností hraje důležitou roli při zlepšování detekce odlehlých hodnot identifikací zašuměných dat, která obsahují nerelevantní nebo nadbytečné vlastnosti. Současný výzkum se zaměřuje buď na výběr vlastností bez učitele pro průběžně přicházející data nebo na (offline) detekci odlehlých hodnot. V této práci jsou zformulovány podstatné požadavky na kombinaci obou přístupů a dále jsou porovnány s existujícími řešeními. Obsáhlá rešerše odhalila mezeru ve výběru vlastností bez učitele pro zlepšování již hotových metod detekce odlehlých hodnot v datových tocích. Takže navrhujeme nový algoritmus volby vlastností bez učitele pro detekci odlehlých hodnot v průběžně přicházejících datech označovaný jako UFSSOD, který je schopen takové hodnoty automaticky odhalovat. Navíc umí zjišťovat množství nejlepších vlastností shlukováním jejich vypočítaných hodnot. Následně odvozujeme generický koncept, který ukazuje dva aplikační scénáře UFSSOD ve spojení s již hotovými online algoritmy detekce odlehlých hodnot. Rozsáhlé experimenty ukázaly, že slibný mechanismus volby vlastností pro průběžně přicházející data není v oblasti detekce odlehlých hodnot k dispozici. Nadto UFSSOD coby algoritmus schopný online zpracování vykazuje srovnatelné výsledky jako současná nejlepší offline metoda upravená pro detekci odlehlých hodnot. Over the past couple of years, machine learning methods—especially the outlier detection ones—have anchored in the cybersecurity field to detect network-based anomalies rooted in novel attack patterns. However, the ubiquity of massive continuously generated data streams poses an enormous challenge to efficient detection schemes and demands fast, memory-constrained online algorithms that are capable to deal with concept drifts. Feature selection plays an important role when it comes to improve outlier detection in terms of identifying noisy data that contain irrelevant or redundant features. State-of-the-art work either focuses on unsupervised feature selection for data streams or (offline) outlier detection. Substantial requirements to combine both fields are derived and compared with existing approaches. The comprehensive review reveals a research gap in unsupervised feature selection for the improvement of outlier detection methods in data streams. Thus, a novel algorithm for Unsupervised Feature Selection for Streaming Outlier Detection, denoted as UFSSOD, will be proposed, which is able to perform unsupervised feature selection for the purpose of outlier detection on streaming data. Furthermore, it is able to determine the amount of top-performing features by clustering their score values. A generic concept that shows two application scenarios of UFSSOD in conjunction with off-the-shell online outlier detection algorithms has been derived. Extensive experiments have shown that a promising feature selection mechanism for streaming data is not applicable in the field of outlier detection. Moreover, UFSSOD, as an online capable algorithm, yields comparable results to a state-of-the-art offline method trimmed for outlier detection.

Background Splay of the forefoot reflects the loss of tension in the soft tissues and indicates failure of the biomechanics of the tie-bar system. By identifying and quantifying the soft tissue structures involved in the destruction of forefoot stability we could increase the understanding of forefoot pathologies. Methods We investigated the transverse forefoot laxity on healthy feet, feet with forefoot pathology and cadaveric feet undergoing sequential dissection. Results Statistical difference in transverse laxity was seen between healthy feet (n = 160) and feet with symptomatic forefoot pathology requiring surgery (n = 29). Presence of lesser ray pathology is associated with increased transverse laxity. For the dissected cadaveric feet (n = 9) sequential sectioning the plantar plate causes a progressive evolution of transverse laxity. The repair of plantar plates greatly improves transverse stability. Conclusions Forefoot pathology causes increased transverse laxity. In case of a major transverse laxity of the forefoot a plantar plate lesion should be suspected.

Modern vehicles come with various advanced driving assistance systems. Today, most of these systems are targeted at improving safety, because human error is a major cause for accidents. Most human errors are related to impaired cognitive processing due to sleepiness, alcohol intoxication or engagement in secondary tasks such as cell phone use that distract from the driving task.

In the emerging IoT ecosystem in which the internetworking will reach a totally new dimension the crucial role of efficient security solutions for embedded devices will be without controversy. Typically IoT-enabled devices are equipped with integrated circuits, such as ASICs or FPGAs to achieve highly specific tasks. Such devices must have cryptographic layers implemented and must be able to access cryptographic functions for encrypting/decrypting and signing/verifying data using various algorithms and generate true random numbers, random primes, and cryptographic keys. In the context of a limited amount of resources that typical IoT devices will exhibit, due to energy efficiency requirements, efficient hardware structures in terms of time, area, and power consumption must be deployed. In this paper, we describe a scalable word-based multivendor-capable cryptographic core, being able to perform arithmetic operations in prime and binary extension finite fields based on Montgomery Arithmetic. The functional range comprises the calculation of modular additions and subtractions, the determination of the Montgomery Parameters, and the execution of Montgomery Multiplications and Montgomery Exponentiations. A prototype implementation of the adaptable arithmetic core is detailed. Furthermore, the decomposition of cryptographic algorithms to be used together with the proposed core is stated and a performance analysis is given.

Future-oriented networking infrastructures are characterized by highly dynamic Streaming Data (SD) whose volume, speed and number of dimensions increased significantly over the past couple of years, energized by trends such as Software-Defined Networking or Artificial Intelligence. As an essential core component of network security, Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) help to uncover malicious activity. In particular, consecutively applied alert correlation methods can aid in mining attack patterns based on the alerts generated by IDS. However, most of the existing methods lack the functionality to deal with SD data affected by the phenomenon called concept drift and are mainly designed to operate on the output from signature-based IDS. Although unsupervised Outlier Detection (OD) methods have the ability to detect yet unknown attacks, most of the alert correlation methods cannot handle the outcome of such anomaly-based IDS. In this paper, we introduce a novel framework called Streaming Outlier Analysis and Attack Pattern Recognition, denoted as SOAAPR, which is able to process the output of various online unsupervised OD methods in a streaming fashion to extract information about novel attack patterns. Three different privacy-preserving, fingerprint-like signatures are computed from the clustered set of correlated alerts by SOAAPR, which characterizes and represents the potential attack scenarios with respect to their communication relations, their manifestation in the data's features and their temporal behavior. Beyond the recognition of known attacks, comparing derived signatures, they can be leveraged to find similarities between yet unknown and novel attack patterns. The evaluation, which is split into two parts, takes advantage of attack scenarios from the widely-used and popular CICIDS2017 and CSE‐CIC‐IDS2018 datasets. Firstly, the streaming alert correlation capability is evaluated on CICIDS2017 and compared to a state-of-the-art offline algorithm, called Graph-based Alert Correlation (GAC), which has the potential to deal with the outcome of anomaly-based IDS. Secondly, the three types of signatures are computed from attack scenarios in the datasets and compared to each other. The discussion of results, on the one hand, shows that SOAAPR can compete with GAC in terms of alert correlation capability leveraging four different metrics and outperforms it significantly in terms of processing time by an average factor of 70 in 11 attack scenarios. On the other hand, in most cases, all three types of signatures seem to reliably characterize attack scenarios such that similar ones are grouped together, with up to 99.05% similarity between the FTP and SSH Patator attack.intrusion detection, alert analysis, alert correlation, outlier detection, attack scenario, streaming data, network security

We present a new arthroplasty concept for the first metatarsophalangeal joint (MTP1) involving the HAPY® pyrocarbon interposition implant. This is a spherical implant that does not integrate into bone. Instead, the goal is to achieve gliding of the implant on the bone/cartilage to maintain the function and mobility of the MTP1 joint. We describe the surgical technique used for its implantation. Since the implant is not anchored into bone, it is stabilized in a spherical cavity hollowed out in the metatarsal head. In a preliminary study of 22 cases with a mean follow-up of 36 (20-79) months, the mean AOFAS score improved from 64 (35-72) preoperatively to 91 (47-100) postoperatively (p

V posledních letech se detekce anomálií v počítačových sítích reálného světa stala stále obtížnější kvůli trvalému nárůstu vysoce objemných, rychlých a dimenzionálních průběžně přicházejících dat, pro která nejsou k dispozici obecně uznané a pravdivé informace o anomalitě. Účinná detekční schémata pro vestavěná síťová zařízení musejí být rychlá a paměťově nenáročná a musejí být schopna se potýkat se změnami konceptu, když se vyskytnou. Pro online detekci anomálií bez učitele byly navrženy různé přístupy, které za těchto podmínek spolehlivě identifikují zlovolnou aktivitu. V tomto příspěvku představujeme nový aplikační rámec nazvaný PCB-iForest, jenž je obecně schopen využít jakoukoliv online metodu pro detekci extrémních hodnot založenou na množinách dat tak, aby fungovala na průběžně přicházejících datech. Pečlivě zformulované požadavky srovnáváme s nejpopulárnějšími stávajícími uznávanými online metodami se zvláštním zřetelem na varianty široce přijímaného algoritmu izolovaného lesa a ukazujeme při tom, že dosud neexistovalo flexibilní a výkonné řešení, které přináší až algoritmus PCB-iForest. Proto do tohoto algoritmu integrujeme dvě varianty – zlepšení izolovaného lesa, jež se nazývá rozšířený izolovaný les, a klasickou variantu izolovaného lesa vybavenou funkcionalitou k ohodnocení vlastností podle jejich přispění k anomalitě datového vzorku. Provádíme rozsáhlé experimenty na 23 multidisciplinárních datových sadách týkajících se bezpečnostní problematiky reálného světa za účelem podrobného srovnání naší implementace s již existujícími metodami. Diskuse našich výsledků zahrnující indikátory AUC, F1 a průměrnou dobu zpracování ukazuje, že PCB-iForest jasně překonává už zavedené konkurenční metody v 61 % případů a dokonce dosahuje ještě slibnějších výsledků co do vyváženosti mezi výpočetními náklady na klasifikaci a její úspěšností. In recent years, detecting anomalies in real-world computer networks has become a more and more challenging task due to the steady increase of high-volume, high-speed and high-dimensional streaming data, for which ground truth information is not available. Efficient detection schemes applied on networked embedded devices need to be fast and memory-constrained and must be capable of dealing with concept drifts when they occur. Different approaches for unsupervised online outlier detection have been designed to deal with these circumstances in order to reliably detect malicious activity. In this paper, we introduce a novel framework called PCB-iForest, which generalized, is able to incorporate any ensemble-based online OD method to function on streaming data. Carefully engineered requirements are compared to the most popular state-of-the-art online methods with an in-depth focus on variants based on the widely accepted isolation forest algorithm, thereby highlighting the lack of a flexible and efficient solution which is satisfied by PCB-iForest. Therefore, we integrate two variants into PCB-iForest—an isolation forest improvement called extended isolation forest and a classic isolation forest variant equipped with the functionality to score features according to their contributions to a sample’s anomalousness. Extensive experiments were performed on 23 different multi-disciplinary and security-related real-world datasets in order to comprehensively evaluate the performance of our implementation compared with off-the-shelf methods. The discussion of results, including AUC, F1 score and averaged execution time metric, shows that PCB-iForest clearly outperformed the state-of-the-art competitors in 61% of cases and even achieved more promising results in terms of the tradeoff between classification and computational costs.

OpenFlow is considered as the most known protocol for Software Defined Networking (SDN). The main drawback of OpenFlow is the lack of support of new header definitions, which is required by network operators to apply new packet encapsulations. While SDN's logically centralized control plane could enhance network security by providing global visibility of the network state, it still has many side effects. The intelligent controllers that orchestrate the dumb switches are overloaded and become prone to failure. Delegating some level of control logic to the switches can offload the controllers from local state based decisions that do not require global network-wide knowledge. Thus, this paper, to the best of our knowledge, is the first to propose the delegation of typical security functions from specialized middleboxes to the data plane. We leverage the opportunities offered by P4 language to implement the functionality of authenticating nodes using port knocking. Our experimental results indicate that our proposed technique improves the network overall availability by offloading the controller as well as reducing the traffic in the network without noticeable negative impact on switches' performance.

Background Individuals with Fanconi anemia (FA) have a 500-fold to 700-fold elevated risk, much earlier onset, and limited therapeutic options for oral squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) compared with the general population. The early detection of SCC, or preferably its precursors, is mandatory to retain curative therapeutic options. Due to frequent synchronic and metachronic oral lesions, tissue biopsies, as usually recommended by guidelines, often are not feasible. In the current study, an alternative strategy for early detection using oral brush biopsy-based cytology was validated regarding its diagnostic accuracy. Methods Over a 12-year period, the oral cavities of a large cohort of 713 individuals with FA were inspected systematically and brush biopsy-based cytology of 1233 visible oral lesions was performed. In cases of inconclusive cytology, analysis of DNA ploidy was performed whenever possible. The results were correlated to a long-term clinicopathological follow-up reference standard. Results A total of 737 lesions were suitable for statistical analysis, including 86 lesions with at least high-grade oral epithelial dysplasia in 30 patients. For cytology, the sensitivity and specificity were 97.7% and 84.5%, respectively. Additional analysis of DNA ploidy increased the sensitivity and specificity to 100% and 92.2%, respectively. Conclusions Careful inspection of the oral cavity of individuals with FA followed by brush biopsy-based cytology appears to identify visible oral, potentially malignant and malignant lesions that warrant treatment. Approximately 63% of SCC and precursor lesions are detected at a noninvasive or early stage. Negative cytology or a lack of DNA aneuploidy can exclude high-grade oral epithelial dysplasia or SCC with high accuracy and thus reduce the need for invasive diagnostic biopsies.

Všudypřítomné propojování přístrojů ve všech sférách života je podporováno různými trendy, jako je např. Internet věcí. Slibné technologie, jež mohou být používány pro taková budoucí prostředí, pocházejí z bezdrátových senzorových sítí. Ty zajišťují konektivitu mezi distribuovanými, malými a jednoduchými senzorovými uzly a také senzorovými uzly a základními stanicemi za účelem monitorování fyzických a environmentálních podmínek jako např. vibrací, teploty nebo pohybu. Bezpečnost pohraje stále významnější úlohu v následujících desetiletích, v nichž se útočné strategie stanou více a více sofistikovanými. Současné kryptografické mechanismy budou v blízké budoucnosti čelit velké hrozbě ze strany kvantových počítačů a spolu se systémy pro detekci vniknutí jsou jen sotva aplikovatelné na senzory kvůli přílišným nárokům na zdroje. Proto v této práci navrhujeme odlehčený a zdrojově úsporný bezpečnostní koncept budoucnosti pro senzorické sítě, který ve fázi zpracování využívá pronikavého filtrovací mechanismu. Zvláštní pozornost při hodnocení tohoto konceptu je upřena na nový filtr založený na tzv. magických číslech, jenž zmírňuje určité druhy útoku typu Denial-of-Service (odepření služby) provedené na mikrokontrolérových deskách CC1350 LaunchPad ARM Cortex-M3. Operational direct current grids (ODCG) are one of the most important components of many power plants and substations, for example, hydroelectric power plants. They are designed for power supply of relay protection devices, signalization and automation, and for the power supply of important equipment, emergency lighting, drives of high-voltage switches, etc. The importance of this type of equipment leads to high-reliability demands of the ODCG. Quality of cable insulation of the ODCG is crucial. The research conducted in this field shows that both gradual and sudden short-term insulation resistance fluctuations depend on many factors. Among them are the mode of operation, network load, state of cable channels, and state of switching equipment. The results of five-year observations on insulation resistance of open distribution unit ODU-110/330 kV Dniester HPP-1, an distribution unit of DU-35 kV HPP-2 and a complete distribution unit CDU-330 kV of a pumping station in 2012-2017 are analyzed.

Kvůli efektivní ochraně komunikace v bezdrátových senzorických sítích (WSN), jež bude v blízké budoucnosti čelit mj. hrozbám pocházejícím od kvantových počítačů, je na tomto poli nezbytné prozkoumat použitelnost kvantově rezistentních mechanismů. Účelem tohoto článku je přinést přehled možných schémat použitelných v senzorických uzlech a porovnat energetickou spotřebu zvolených volně dostupných softwarových implementací mikrokontrolérovou deskou Texas Instruments CC1350 LaunchPad ARM® Cortex®-M3 vhodnou pro WSN. For an effective protection of the communication in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) facing e.g. threats by quantum computers in the near future, it is necessary to examine the applicability of quantum-resistant mechanisms in this field. It is the aim of this article to survey possible candidate schemes utilizable on sensor nodes and to compare the energy consumption of a selection of freely-available software implementations using a WSN-ready Texas Instruments CC1350 LaunchPad ARM® Cortex®-M3 microcontroller board.

Environmental ethicists, philosophers, and moral theologians increasingly examine how anthropogenic climate change (linked to the burning of fossil fuels) poses questions of causality, responsibility, and agency in ways that stretch the capabilities of received moral traditions. This essay opens comparative religious ethical analysis on the topic of contemporary energy ethics for privileged populations, especially in the United States.

The quality of TRNG designs mainly depends on the grade of the noise source from which the entropy will be harvested to extract randomness. Especially for purely digital noise sources suitable for FPGA implementations the use of Ring Oscillators is suggested in many scientific publications. Standard Ring Oscillator based noise sources however have earned some criticism regarding the amount of entropy generated. On this account different enhancements have been proposed, with Fibonacci Ring Oscillators (FIROs) and Galois Ring Oscillators (GAROs) being prominent examples, which under some circumstances are able to sustain a chaotic oscillation suitable for entropy extraction. This paper deals with the assessment of fully constrained FIRO and GARO noise source designs for a specific target FPGA. Due to the restrictive placement of ring elements the assessment yielded new criteria for choosing proper FIRO/GARO feedback configurations and an enhanced sampling method for entropy extraction has been derived.

Today's trend of an increasing number of networked embedded devices pervades many areas. Ranging from home automation, industrial or automotive applications with a large number of different protocols, low resources and often high demands on real-time make it difficult to secure the communication of such systems. A concept of an uncoupled MAC which is able to ensure the authenticity and integrity of communication flows between two network parties can be used. This is in particular of advance for outdated legacy components still participating in the network. In this paper a assessment simulation model of the mechanism behind this technology is described. It outlines the probability of detecting an attack depending on the message authentication overhead. The model considers all control variables and performs measurements based on random data traffic. The results of the statistical analysis state that a high attack detection rate can be obtained even with a small communication overhead.

Pleural effusion often represents the first clinical symptom of lung carcinoma and malignant mesothelioma. As pleural punctation is performed quite early in the diagnostic procedure, effusion cytology frequently gives the first evidence about the presence of tumour cells and tumor histogenesis. In this study, we report on seven cases which were evaluated in our institution for the Employers' Liability Insurance Association, based solely on cytology findings.The mean age of the seven patients with a given long-term asbestos exposure during their working life was 81.7 years. On average eight smears per patient were investigated. In addition to routine cytology, immunocytochemistry, DNA image cytometry, AgNOR-analysis and fluorescence in situ hybridization were applied in a case-specific way. The results were interpreted against the clinical and occupational history of the respective patient.Definitive diagnosis could be made in six cases. In three of them, the diagnosis of malignant mesothelioma was made. Two cases were diagnosed as malignant effusion due to metastatic lung cancer. In one case, cells of high-grade Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) were diagnosed and a malignant mesothelioma was excluded. In the last case, malignant mesothelioma could not be diagnosed unequivocally by cytology. In all seven cases, our interpretation was accepted by Employers' Liability Insurance Association. The five mesothelioma or lung cancer cases were accepted as asbestos-associated occupational disease, while the NHL case was rejected. In the last case, malignant mesothelioma was diagnosed later by autopsy, and the case was retroactively accepted as occupational disease.Cytology-based tumor diagnosis including adjuvant methods is a useful and reliable approach in cases of asbestos-associated tumours. Acceptance of occupational disease on the basis of cytological diagnoses even by the Employers' Liability Insurance Association helps avoid invasive pleural or lung biopsies in cases with an unequivocally positive effusion cytology of lung cancer or malignant mesothelioma.