92 results on '"Martin Sahul"'
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2. The Effect of Varying Parameters of Laser Surface Alloying Post-Treatment on the Microstructure and Hardness of Additively Manufactured 17-4PH Stainless Steel
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Alexander S. Chaus, Oleg G. Devoino, Martin Sahul, Ľubomír Vančo, and Ivan Buranský
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stainless steel ,laser surface alloying ,amorphous boron ,nitrogen ,microstructure ,microhardness ,Crystallography ,QD901-999 - Abstract
In the present work, the evolution of the microstructure in additively manufactured 17-4PH stainless steel, which was subjected to laser surface alloying with amorphous boron and nitrogen at the varying process parameters, was studied. The main aim was to improve surface hardness and hence potential wear resistance of the steel. Scanning electron microscopy, wavelength-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (WDS), and Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) were used. It was shown that the final microstructure developed in the laser-melted zone (LMZ) is dependent on a variety of processing parameters (1 and 1.5 mm laser beam spot diameters; 200, 400, and 600 mm/min laser scan speeds), which primarily influence the morphology and orientation of the eutectic dendrites in the LMZ. It was metallographically proven that a fully eutectic microstructure, except for one sample containing 60 ± 4.2% of the eutectic, was revealed in the LMZ in the studied samples. The results of WDS and AES also confirmed alloying the LMZ with nitrogen. The formation of the boron eutectic and the supersaturation of the α-iron solid solution with boron and nitrogen (as a part of the eutectic mixture) led to enhanced microhardness, which was significantly higher compared with that of the heat-treated substrate (545.8 ± 12.59–804.7 ± 19.4 vs. 276.8 ± 10.1–312.7 ± 11.7 HV0.1).
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- 2024
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3. Microstructural, Electrical, and Tribomechanical Properties of Mo-W-C Nanocomposite Films
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Kateryna Smyrnova, Volodymyr I. Ivashchenko, Martin Sahul, Ľubomír Čaplovič, Petro Skrynskyi, Andrii Kozak, Piotr Konarski, Tomasz N. Koltunowicz, Piotr Galaszkiewicz, Vitalii Bondariev, Pawel Zukowski, Piotr Budzynski, Svitlana Borba-Pogrebnjak, Mariusz Kamiński, Lucia Bónová, Vyacheslav Beresnev, and Alexander Pogrebnjak
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electrical properties ,conductivity ,nanocomposites ,refractory metal carbide ,wear resistance ,sliding friction ,Chemistry ,QD1-999 - Abstract
This study investigates the phase composition, microstructure, and their influence on the properties of Mo-W-C nanocomposite films deposited by dual-source magnetron sputtering. The synthesised films consist of metal carbide nanograins embedded in an amorphous carbon matrix. It has been found that nanograins are composed of the hexagonal β-(Mo2 + W2)C phase at a low carbon source power. An increase in the power results in the change in the structure of the carbide nanoparticles from a single-phase to a mixture of the β-(Mo2 + W2)C and NaCl-type α-(Mo + W)C(0.65≤k≤1) solid-solution phases. The analysis of electrical properties demonstrates that the nanograin structure of the films favours the occurrence of hopping conductivity. The double-phase structure leads to a twofold increase in the relaxation time compared to the single-phase one. Films with both types of nanograin structures exhibit tunnelling conductance without the need for thermal activation. The average distance between the potential wells produced by the carbide nanograins in nanocomposite films is approximately 3.4 ± 0.2 nm. A study of tribomechanical properties showed that Mo-W-C films composed of a mixture of the β-(Mo2 + W2)C and α-(Mo + W)C(0.65≤k≤1) phases have the highest hardness (19–22 GPa) and the lowest friction coefficient (0.15–0.24) and wear volume (0.00302–0.00381 mm2). Such a combination of electrical and tribomechanical properties demonstrates the suitability of Mo-W-C nanocomposite films for various micromechanical devices and power electronics.
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- 2024
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4. Influence of Laser Texturing and Coating on the Tribological Properties of the Tool Steels Properties
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Jana Moravčíková, Roman Moravčík, Martin Sahul, and Martin Necpal
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cold work tool steel ,laser texturing ,tribology ,coating ,Mechanical engineering and machinery ,TJ1-1570 - Abstract
The article is aimed at identifying the influence of laser texturing and subsequent coating with a hard, wear-resistant coating AlCrSiN (nACRo®) on selected tribological properties of the analyzed tool steels for cold work, produced by conventional and powder metallurgy. The substrate from each steel was heat treated to achieve optimal properties regarding the chemical composition and the method of production of the material. Böhler K100 and K390 Microclean® steels were used. These are highly alloyed tool steels used for various types of tools intended for cold work. The obtained results show that the coefficient of friction is increased by coating, but the wear rate is lower compared to the samples which were only textured.
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- 2024
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5. Influence of Isothermal Annealing on Microstructure, Morphology and Oxidation Behavior of AlTiSiN/TiSiN Nanocomposite Coatings
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Patrik Šulhánek, Libor Ďuriška, Marián Palcut, Paulína Babincová, Martin Sahul, Ľubomír Čaplovič, Martin Kusý, Ľubomír Orovčík, Štefan Nagy, Leonid Satrapinskyy, Marián Haršáni, and Ivona Černičková
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AlTiSiN/TiSiN ,nanocomposite coating ,PVD ,annealing ,microstructure ,morphology ,Chemistry ,QD1-999 - Abstract
The present work investigates the influence of isothermal annealing on the microstructure and oxidation behavior of nanocomposite coatings. AlTiSiN/TiSiN coatings with TiSiN adhesive layer were deposited onto a high-speed steel substrate via physical vapor deposition. The coatings were investigated in the as-deposited state as well as after annealing in air at 700, 800, 900 and 1000 °C, respectively. The microstructure and morphology of the coatings were observed using scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The chemical composition and presence of oxidation products were studied by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The phase identification was performed by means of X-ray diffraction. In the microstructure of the as-deposited coating, the (Ti1−xAlx)N particles were embedded in an amorphous Si3N4 matrix. TiO2 and SiO2 were found at all annealing temperatures, and Al2O3 was additionally identified at 1000 °C. It was found that, with increasing annealing temperature, the thickness of the oxide layer increased, and its morphology and chemical composition changed. At 700 and 800 °C, a Ti-Si-rich surface oxide layer was formed. At 900 and 1000 °C, an oxidized part of the coating was observed in addition to the surface oxide layer. Compared to the as-deposited sample, the oxidized samples exhibited considerably worse mechanical properties.
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- 2023
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6. ANALYSIS OF THE PROPERTIES OF AW2099 ALUMINIUM-LITHIUM ALLOY WELDED BY LASER BEAM WITH AW5087 ALUMINIUM-MAGNESIUM FILLER MATERIAL
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Miroslav Sahul, Martin Sahul, Matej Pašák, and Milan Marônek
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aluminium lithium alloy, laser beam welding, equiaxed zone, microstructure, electron microscopy, mechanical properties. ,Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) ,TA1-2040 - Abstract
EN AW2099 aluminium lithium alloy, 2.0mm in thickness, was used as an experimental material. EN AW2099 belongs to the 3rd generation of aluminium lithium alloys. The third generation was developed to improve the disadvantages of the previous generation, such as anisotropy in mechanical properties, low fracture toughness, corrosion resistance and resistance to fatigue crack growth, as well. Aluminium magnesium 5087 filler wire with a diameter of 1.2mm was used for the welding. Crack free weld joints were produced after an optimization of welding parameters. The microstructure of weld metal and mechanical properties of weld joints were investigated. Equiaxed zone (EQZ) was observed at the fusion boundary. The character of grains changed in the direction towards the weld centre, from the columnar dendrite zone to equiaxed dendrite zone in the weld centre. The microstructure of the weld metal matrix consisted of -aluminium. Alloying elements enrichment was found at the inter-dendritic areas, namely copper and magnesium. The microhardness decrease in the weld metal due to a dissolution of strengthening precipitates was measured. The microhardness was slightly higher in comparison to a weld produced by a laser welding without a filler material. The tensile strength of the weld joint reached around 67% of the base material’s strength and the fracture occurred in the weld metal.
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- 2019
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7. Influence of Electron Beam Welding Parameters on the Microstructure Formation and Mechanical Behaviors of the Ti and Ni Dissimilar Metals Welded Joints
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Beáta Šimeková, Erika Hodúlová, Pavel Kovačócy, Ingrid Kovaříková, Miroslav Sahul, Martin Sahul, Matej Pašák, and Florian Pixner
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electron beam welding ,dissimilar materials ,microstructure ,mechanical properties ,Mining engineering. Metallurgy ,TN1-997 - Abstract
Commercially pure titanium Ti Grade 2, 2 mm in thickness, was welded to 2 mm thick nickel alloy 201 with electron beam welding. Various welding parameters were used to create the butt-welded joints. The innovation herein consists of welding two dissimilar metals that are declared non-weldable. The welding current used for electron beam welding was 40–70 mA and welding speeds were 20–50 mm/s. In this experiment, we tested two offsets of the electron beam, which were 100–300 μm to the nickel side and 200 μm to the titanium side. It was observed that the offset of the beam had no effect on the weld joint’s strength. The samples were subjected to a visual test in which longitudinal and transverse cracks were recorded along the whole weld. Only four samples retained the integrity of the joint. Microstructures of the weld joints were examined by scanning confocal and scanning electron microscopy. Energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) analysis confirmed the phase constitution inside the weld regions and the fusion interfaces. Tensile strength and microhardness tests were used to evaluate the mechanical parameters of the Ti/Ni welded joint. The results showed that cracking of brittle Ni–Ti intermetallic phases in electron beam welded joints occurred. The microstructure in the fusion zone’s center part was primarily NiTi and Ti2Ni. No clear correlation was found between heat input or welding parameters—welding current and welding speed—and tensile strength. The strain–tensile strength curve resulted in brittle fracturing. The hardness of the weld zone was five times higher than that of the base metal and heat-affected zone. The amount of heat input into the welded metal is as critical as the large asymmetry in heat transport that controls the process of solidification from each side of the base metal.
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- 2022
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8. Application of ANN for Analysis of Hole Accuracy and Drilling Temperature When Drilling CFRP/Ti Alloy Stacks
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Vitalii Kolesnyk, Jozef Peterka, Oleksandr Alekseev, Anna Neshta, Jinyang Xu, Bohdan Lysenko, Martin Sahul, Jozef Martinovič, and Jakub Hrbal
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CFRP/Ti alloy stacks ,thermocouple method ,drilling temperatures ,hole diameter ,out of roundness ,ANN analysis ,Technology ,Electrical engineering. Electronics. Nuclear engineering ,TK1-9971 ,Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) ,TA1-2040 ,Microscopy ,QH201-278.5 ,Descriptive and experimental mechanics ,QC120-168.85 - Abstract
Drilling of Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Plastic/Titanium alloy (CFRP/Ti) stacks represents one of the most widely used machining methods for making holes to fasten assemblies in civil aircraft. However, poor machinability of CFRP/Ti stacks in combination with the inhomogeneous behavior of CFRP and Ti alloy face manufacturing and scientific community with a problem of defining significant factors and conditions for ensuring hole quality in the CFRP/Ti alloy stacks. Herein, we investigate the effects of drilling parameters on drilling temperature and hole quality in CFRP/Ti alloy stacks by applying an artificial neuron network (ANN). We varied cutting speed, feed rate, and time delay factors according to the factorial design L9 Taguchi orthogonal array and measured the drilling temperature, hole diameter, and out of roundness by using a thermocouple and coordinate measuring machine methods for ANN analysis. The results show that the drilling temperature was sensitive to the effect of stack material layer, cutting speed, and time delay factors. The hole diameter was mainly affected by feed, stack material layer, and time delay, while out of roundness was influenced by the time delay, stack material layer, and cutting speed. Overall, ANN can be used for the identification of the drilling parameters–hole quality relationship.
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- 2022
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9. Microstructure, Mechanical and Tribological Properties of Advanced Layered WN/MeN (Me = Zr, Cr, Mo, Nb) Nanocomposite Coatings
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Kateryna Smyrnova, Martin Sahul, Marián Haršáni, Alexander Pogrebnjak, Volodymyr Ivashchenko, Vyacheslav Beresnev, Vyacheslav Stolbovoy, Ľubomír Čaplovič, Mária Čaplovičová, Ľubomír Vančo, Martin Kusý, Alexey Kassymbaev, Leonid Satrapinskyy, and Dominik Flock
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coating ,microstructure ,mechanical properties ,wear ,CA-PVD ,Chemistry ,QD1-999 - Abstract
Due to the increased demands for drilling and cutting tools working at extreme machining conditions, protective coatings are extensively utilized to prolong the tool life and eliminate the need for lubricants. The present work reports on the effect of a second MeN (Me = Zr, Cr, Mo, Nb) layer in WN-based nanocomposite multilayers on microstructure, phase composition, and mechanical and tribological properties. The WN/MoN multilayers have not been studied yet, and cathodic-arc physical vapor deposition (CA-PVD) has been used to fabricate studied coating systems for the first time. Moreover, first-principles calculations were performed to gain more insight into the properties of deposited multilayers. Two types of coating microstructure with different kinds of lattices were observed: (i) face-centered cubic (fcc) on fcc-W2N (WN/CrN and WN/ZrN) and (ii) a combination of hexagonal and fcc on fcc-W2N (WN/MoN and WN/NbN). Among the four studied systems, the WN/NbN had superior properties: the lowest specific wear rate (1.7 × 10−6 mm3/Nm) and high hardness (36 GPa) and plasticity index H/E (0.93). Low surface roughness, high elastic strain to failure, Nb2O5 and WO3 tribofilms forming during sliding, ductile behavior of NbN, and nanocomposite structure contributed to high tribological performance. The results indicated the suitability of WN/NbN as a protective coating operating in challenging conditions.
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- 2022
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10. Influence of the Pyrotechnic Igniter Composition Aging on Explosion Parameters of Dispersed Dusts
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Zuzana Szabová, Richard Kuracina, Martin Sahul, Miroslav Mynarz, Petr Lepík, and László Kosár
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dust explosion ,pyrotechnic igniter ,dispersed dust ,magnesium powder ,Lycopodium clavatum powder ,benzoic acid ,Technology ,Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) ,TA1-2040 ,Biology (General) ,QH301-705.5 ,Physics ,QC1-999 ,Chemistry ,QD1-999 - Abstract
A commercially available pyrotechnic igniter was used according to the EN 14034 and ASTM E1226a Standards to study the explosiveness of dispersed dusts. Its pyrotechnic composition consists of 1.2 g of zirconium (40% wt.), barium peroxide (30% wt.) and barium nitrate (30% wt.). The energy released during the combustion of that amount of composition is 5 kJ. The article investigates the influence of aging of the pyrotechnic composition in the igniter on its initiation parameters. In the study, igniters of different years from date of manufacture were used: Igniter 1, manufactured in 2021 (less than 1 year from date of manufacture), and Igniter 2 (more than 2 years from date of manufacture). The study was performed in the KV 150M2 explosion chamber with a volume of 365 L and the 20 L sphere chamber with a volume of 20 L. A standard sample of Lycopodium clavatum was used in the KV 150M2 explosion chamber. Magnesium and benzoic acid were used as the samples in the 20 L sphere explosion chamber. The experiment showed that the explosion pressure Pmax of the igniter with more than 2 years from date of manufacture decreased by up to 10%, while the value of the explosion constant Kst decreased by up to 40%. The attained results proved that aging of igniters affects their explosion parameters and measurement accuracy.
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- 2021
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11. Laser Surface Modification of Powder Metallurgy-Processed Ti-Graphite Composite Which Can Enhance Cells’ Osteo-Differentiation
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Peter Šugár, Barbora Ludrovcová, Marie Hubálek Kalbáčová, Jana Šugárová, Martin Sahul, and Jaroslav Kováčik
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graphite–titanium composite ,laser micromachining ,surface morphology ,biocompatibility ,osteo-differentiation ,stem cell ,Technology ,Electrical engineering. Electronics. Nuclear engineering ,TK1-9971 ,Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) ,TA1-2040 ,Microscopy ,QH201-278.5 ,Descriptive and experimental mechanics ,QC120-168.85 - Abstract
The paper examines the surface functionalization of a new type of Ti-graphite composite, a dental biomaterial prepared by vacuum low-temperature extrusion of hydrogenated-dehydrogenated titanium powder mixed with graphite flakes. Two experimental surfaces were prepared by laser micromachining applying different levels of incident energy of the fiber nanosecond laser working at 1064 nm wavelength. The surface integrity of the machined surfaces was evaluated, including surface roughness parameters measurement by contact profilometry and confocal laser scanning microscopy. The chemical and phase composition were comprehensively evaluated by scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction analyses. Finally, the in vitro tests using human mesenchymal stem cells were conducted to compare the influence of the laser processing parameters used on the cell’s cultivation and osteo-differentiation. The bioactivity results confirmed that the surface profile with positive kurtosis, platykurtic distribution curve and higher value of peaks spacing exhibited better bioactivity compared to the surface profile with negative kurtosis coefficient, leptokurtic distribution curve and lower peaks spacing.
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- 2021
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12. Characterizing the Soldering Alloy Type Zn–Al–Cu and Study of Ultrasonic Soldering of Al7075/Cu Combination
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Roman Kolenak, Igor Kostolny, Jaromir Drapala, Paulina Babincova, and Martin Sahul
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soldering ,ultrasonic ,intermetallic compounds ,shear strength ,Mining engineering. Metallurgy ,TN1-997 - Abstract
The aim of the research was to characterize the soldering alloy type Zn–Al–Cu and study the fluxless ultrasonic soldering of the combination of aluminum alloy type Al7075 with copper substrate. The Zn–Al–Cu solder is of the close-to-eutectic type with two phase transformations: the eutectic transformation at 378 °C and the eutectoid transformation at 285 °C. The solder microstructure is formed of a matrix composed of the solid solutions of aluminum (Al) and zinc (Zn) in which the copper phases CuZn4 and CuAl2 are precipitated. The shear strength of the soldering alloy type Zn5Al with copper addition reaches values from 167 to 187 MPa and it depends on the copper content in the solder. The bond with aluminum alloy type Al7075 is formed due to the solubility of Al in zinc solder at the formation of solid solution Al. Contrary to this observation, the bond with the copper substrate is in this case formed due to the interaction of zinc and aluminum with the copper substrate. Two new intermetallic phases, namely Al(Cu,Zn)2 and Cu3.2Zn0.7Al4.2, were formed. The average shear strength of Al7075/Zn5Al3Cu/Cu joints attained was 134.5 MPa. For comparison, the Cu/Zn5Al3Cu/Cu joint attained an average shear strength of 136.5 MPa.
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- 2020
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13. The Effect of Process Parameters on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of AW5083 Aluminum Laser Weld Joints
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Maroš Vyskoč, Miroslav Sahul, Mária Dománková, Peter Jurči, Martin Sahul, Monika Vyskočová, and Maroš Martinkovič
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laser welding ,aluminum alloy ,microstructure ,transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis ,Mining engineering. Metallurgy ,TN1-997 - Abstract
In this article, the effect of process parameters on the microstructure and mechanical properties of AW5083 aluminum alloy weld joints welded by a disk laser were studied. Butt welds were produced using 5087 (AlMg4.5MnZr) filler wire, with a diameter of 1.2 mm, and were protected from the ambient atmosphere by a mixture of argon and 30 vol.% of helium (Aluline He30). The widest weld joint (4.69 mm) and the highest tensile strength (309 MPa) were observed when a 30 L/min shielding gas flow rate was used. Conversely, the narrowest weld joint (4.15 mm) and the lowest tensile strength (160 MPa) were found when no shielding gas was used. The lowest average microhardness (55.4 HV0.1) was recorded when a 30 L/min shielding gas flow rate was used. The highest average microhardness (63.9 HV0.1) was observed when no shielding gas was used. In addition to the intermetallic compounds, β-Al3Mg2 and γ-Al12Mg17, in the inter-dendritic areas of the fusion zone (FZ), Al49Mg32, which has an irregular shape, was recorded. The application of the filler wire, which contains zirconium, resulted in grain refinement in the fusion zone. The protected weld joint was characterized by a ductile fracture in the base material (BM). A brittle fracture of the unshielded weld joint was caused by the presence of Al2O3 particles. The research results show that we achieved the optimal welding parameters, because no cracks and pores were present in the shielded weld metal (WM).
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- 2020
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14. Effect of Disk Laser Beam Offset on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Copper—AISI 304 Stainless Steel Dissimilar Metals Joints
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Miroslav Sahul, Ema Tomčíková, Martin Sahul, Matej Pašák, Barbora Ludrovcová, and Erika Hodúlová
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disk laser welding ,oxygen-free copper ,AISI 304 stainless steel ,beam offset ,design of experiment ,Mining engineering. Metallurgy ,TN1-997 - Abstract
Deoxidized oxygen free copper C12200, 1 mm in thickness, was welded to 1-mm thick AISI 304 stainless steel with disk laser. The butt-welded joints were produced with different welding parameters. Full factorial design of experiment (DoE) approach consisting of three factors and two levels was utilized. Laser powers used for welding were 1.3 and 1.9 kW and welding speeds of 20 and 30 mm/s. Two beam offsets were tested, namely, 100 μm toward copper side and 200 μm toward AISI 304 steel. It was found that beam offset possesses the largest influence on the welded joints’ tensile strength. Tensile strengths attained values more than 3.7 times higher in comparison to the AISI 304 steel beam offset. When lower laser power was used, the higher tensile strength was attained for copper sheet offset. Higher microhardness was observed when laser beam was offset to AISI 304 steel side. The average microhardness of the weld metal was higher than that of the weaker base material, copper sheet. Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) analysis confirmed the heterogeneity in elemental composition across the welded joint interface, being lower when laser beam was offset to AISI 304 steel side. On the other hand, the copper content dropped to the average composition of weld metal at the distance of about 140 μm from copper-weld metal interface.
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- 2020
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15. Effect of Rapid Quenching on the Solidification Microstructure, Tensile Properties and Fracture of Secondary Hypereutectic Al-18%Si-2%Cu Alloy
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Alexander Chaus, Evgeny Marukovich, and Martin Sahul
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Al-18%Si-2%Cu alloy ,rapid quenching ,microstructure ,intermetallic ,tensile properties ,fracture ,Mining engineering. Metallurgy ,TN1-997 - Abstract
In this work, the effect of rapid quenching from the partially liquid and solid condition is studied on the as-cast microstructure, tensile properties and fracture features of a secondary hypereutectic Al-18%Si-2%Cu alloy. For comparison purposes, the same ingots of 50 mm in diameter and 300 mm in height were also fabricated using conventional chill casting. The microstructure of the samples was subjected to detailed characterisation using scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) analyses. The tensile properties and fracture were also evaluated. A significant grain refinement of the eutectic constituents (α (Al) + Si), as well as primary silicon and intermetallics accompanying coarse plate and Chinese script with a well-dispersed morphology transition for the intermetallics, was observed in the alloy subjected to the rapid quenching. The connection between primary and eutectic silicon was shown metallographically, confirming the fact that primary silicon served as a nuclei site for eutectic silicon. The microstructure refinement, together with a favourable morphology transition, resulted in greatly enhanced tensile properties and the more ductile fracture behaviour of the studied alloy.
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- 2020
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16. Laser-Based Ablation of Titanium–Graphite Composite for Dental Application
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Peter Šugár, Barbora Ludrovcová, Jaroslav Kováčik, Martin Sahul, and Jana Šugárová
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laser ,machining ,titanium ,composite ,powder metallurgy ,surface ,Technology ,Electrical engineering. Electronics. Nuclear engineering ,TK1-9971 ,Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) ,TA1-2040 ,Microscopy ,QH201-278.5 ,Descriptive and experimental mechanics ,QC120-168.85 - Abstract
Biocompatible materials with excellent mechanical properties as well as sophisticated surface morphology and chemistry are required to satisfy the requirements of modern dental implantology. In the study described in this article, an industrial-grade fibre nanosecond laser working at 1064 nm wavelength was used to micromachine a new type of a biocompatible material, Ti-graphite composite prepared by vacuum low-temperature extrusion of hydrogenated-dehydrogenated (HDH) titanium powder mixed with graphite flakes. The effect of the total laser energy delivered to the material per area on the machined surface morphology, roughness, surface element composition and phases transformations was investigated and evaluated by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), confocal laser-scanning microscopy (CLSM) and X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD). The findings illustrate that the amount of thermal energy put to the working material has a remarkable effect on the machined surface properties, which is discussed from the aspect of the contact properties of dental implants.
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- 2020
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17. The Tool Life and Coating-Substrate Adhesion of AlCrSiN-Coated Carbide Cutting Tools Prepared by LARC with Respect to the Edge Preparation and Surface Finishing
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Tomáš Vopát, Martin Sahul, Marián Haršáni, Ondřej Vortel, and Tomáš Zlámal
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tool life ,tool wear ,edge preparation ,cutting edge radius ,surface finish ,nanocomposite hard coating ,coating-substrate adhesion ,brushing ,wet microblasting ,Mechanical engineering and machinery ,TJ1-1570 - Abstract
Nanocomposite AlCrSiN hard coatings were deposited on the cemented carbide substrates with a negative substrate bias voltage within the range of −80 to −120 V using the cathodic arc evaporation system. The effect of variation in the bias voltage on the coating-substrate adhesion and nanohardness was investigated. It was clear that if bias voltage increased, nanohardness increased in the range from −80 V to −120 V. The coating deposited at the bias voltage of −120 V had the highest nanohardness (37.7 ± 1.5 GPa). The samples were prepared by brushing and wet microblasting to finish a surface and prepare the required cutting edge radii for the tool life cutting tests and the coating adhesion observation. The indents after the static Mercedes indentation test were studied by scanning the electron microscope to evaluate the coating-substrate adhesion. The longer time of edge preparation with surface finishing led to a slight deterioration in the adhesion strength of the coating to the substrate. The tool wear of cemented carbide turning inserts was studied on the turning centre during the tool life cutting test. The tested workpiece material was austenitic stainless steel. The cemented carbide turning inserts with larger cutting edge radius were worn out faster during the machining. Meanwhile, the tool life increased when the cutting edge radius was smaller.
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- 2020
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18. Relationship between Phase Occurrence, Chemical Composition, and Corrosion Behavior of as-Solidified Al–Pd–Co Alloys
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Marián Palcut, Libor Ďuriška, Ivona Černičková, Sandra Brunovská, Žaneta Gerhátová, Martin Sahul, Ľubomír Čaplovič, and Jozef Janovec
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aluminum alloys ,phase characterization ,electrochemical corrosion ,de-alloying ,Technology ,Electrical engineering. Electronics. Nuclear engineering ,TK1-9971 ,Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) ,TA1-2040 ,Microscopy ,QH201-278.5 ,Descriptive and experimental mechanics ,QC120-168.85 - Abstract
The microstructure, phase constitution, and corrosion performance of as-solidified Al70Pd25Co5 and Al74Pd12Co14 alloys (element concentrations in at.%) have been investigated in the present work. The alloys were prepared by arc-melting of Al, Pd, and Co lumps in argon. The Al74Pd12Co14 alloy was composed of structurally complex εn phase, while the Al70Pd25Co5 alloy was composed of εn and δ phases. The corrosion performance was studied by open circuit potential measurements and potentiodynamic polarization in aqueous NaCl solution (3.5 wt.%). Marked open circuit potential oscillations of the Al70Pd25Co5 alloy have been observed, indicating individual breakdown and re-passivation events on the sample surface. A preferential corrosion attack of εn was found, while the binary δ phase (Al3Pd2) remained free of corrosion. A de-alloying of Al from εn and formation of intermittent interpenetrating channel networks occurred in both alloys. The corrosion behavior of εn is discussed in terms of its chemical composition and crystal structure. The corrosion activity of εn could be further exploited in preparation of porous Pd−Co networks with possible catalytic activity.
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- 2019
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19. Characterizing the Soldering Alloy Type In–Ag–Ti and the Study of Direct Soldering of SiC Ceramics and Copper
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Roman Koleňák, Igor Kostolný, Jaromír Drápala, Martin Sahul, and Ján Urminský
- Subjects
solder ,ceramics ,copper ,flux-less soldering ,Mining engineering. Metallurgy ,TN1-997 - Abstract
The aim of the research was to characterize the soldering alloy In–Ag–Ti type, and to study the direct soldering of SiC ceramics and copper. The In10Ag4Ti solder has a broad melting interval, which mainly depends on its silver content. The liquid point of the solder is 256.5 °C. The solder microstructure is composed of a matrix with solid solution (In), in which the phases of titanium (Ti3In4) and silver (AgIn2) are mainly segregated. The tensile strength of the solder is approximately 13 MPa. The strength of the solder increased with the addition of Ag and Ti. The solder bonds with SiC ceramics, owing to the interaction between active In metal and silicon infiltrated in the ceramics. XRD analysis has proven the interaction of titanium with ceramic material during the formation of the new minority phases of titanium silicide—SiTi and titanium carbide—C5Ti8. In and Ag also affect bond formation with the copper substrate. Two new phases were also observed in the bond interphase—(CuAg)6In5 and (AgCu)In2. The average shear strength of a combined joint of SiC–Cu, fabricated with In10Ag4Ti solder, was 14.5 MPa. The In–Ag–Ti solder type studied possesses excellent solderability with several metallic and ceramic materials.
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
20. Resistance Spot Welding of dissimilar Steels
- Author
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Ladislav Kolařík, Miroslav Sahul, Marie Kolaříková, Martin Sahul, Milan Turňa, and Michal Felix
- Subjects
resistance spot welding ,welded joint ,low carbon steel ,austenitic stainless steel ,Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) ,TA1-2040 - Abstract
This paper presents an analysis of the properties of resistance spot welds between low carbon steel and austenitic CrNi stainless steel. The thickness of the welded dissimilar materials was 2 mm. A DeltaSpot welding gun with a process tape was used for welding the dissimilar steels. Resistance spot welds were produced with various welding parameters (welding currents ranging from 7 to 8 kA). Light microscopy, microhardness measurements across the welded joints, and EDX analysis were used to evaluate the quality of the resistance spot welds. The results confirm the applicability of DeltaSpot welding for this combination of materials.
- Published
- 2012
21. Optimisation of Thermochemical Treatment of M2 High-Speed Steel
- Author
-
Alexander S. Chaus, Martin Sahul, Mikhail V. Sitkevich, and Martin Kusý
- Subjects
Radiation ,General Materials Science ,Condensed Matter Physics - Abstract
The present study has been undertaken to study the microstructure and microhardness of the multi-component B–C–N diffusion coatings developed on AISI M2 high-speed steel substrate at 560 and 650 oC for 1 and 4 h for each temperature respectively. The investigation of the coatings was fulfilled using scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersion spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction analysis. Additionally, Vickers microhardness measurements were performed. The results showed that varying conditions of the thermochemical treatment led to a variety of coatings in the sense of their microstructure and phase composition.
- Published
- 2022
22. Influence of Liquid Medium on Laser Ablation of Titanium
- Author
-
Barbora Bočáková, Martin Necpal, and Martin Sahul
- Abstract
Titanium grade 2 plates were modified by a pulsed nanosecond laser beam. The aim was to determine the surface properties after the machining process in two different liquid media. The samples were processed in distilled water and paraffin oil. It was found that a surface with half-surface roughness values with a number of cracks was formed in distilled water. The presence of water reduced the size of the heat-affected zone.
- Published
- 2022
23. Polycaprolactone–MXene Nanofibrous Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering
- Author
-
Kateryna Diedkova, Alexander D. Pogrebnjak, Sergiy Kyrylenko, Kateryna Smyrnova, Vladimir V. Buranich, Pawel Horodek, Pawel Zukowski, Tomasz N. Koltunowicz, Piotr Galaszkiewicz, Kristina Makashina, Vitaly Bondariev, Martin Sahul, Maria Čaplovičová, Yevheniia Husak, Wojciech Simka, Viktoriia Korniienko, Agnieszka Stolarczyk, Agata Blacha-Grzechnik, Vitalii Balitskyi, Veronika Zahorodna, Ivan Baginskiy, Una Riekstina, Oleksiy Gogotsi, Yury Gogotsi, and Maksym Pogorielov
- Subjects
General Materials Science - Published
- 2023
24. Effect of Heat Input on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Electron Beam-Welded AW2099 Aluminium-Lithium Alloy
- Author
-
Miroslav Sahul, Martin Sahul, Marta Orłowska, Peter Jurči, Mária Dománková, and Marián Drienovský
- Subjects
Mechanics of Materials ,Mechanical Engineering ,General Materials Science - Published
- 2023
25. Influence of Electron Beam Welding Parameters on the Properties of Dissimilar Copper–Stainless Steel Overlapped Joints
- Author
-
Marián Pavlík, Miroslav Sahul, Martin Sahul, Veronika Trembošová, Matej Pašák, Erika Hodúlová, Norbert Enzinger, Florian Pixner, and Ladislav Kolařík
- Subjects
Mechanics of Materials ,Mechanical Engineering ,General Materials Science - Published
- 2022
26. Study into influence of different types of igniters on the explosion parameters of dispersed nitrocellulose powder
- Author
-
Richard Kuracina, Zuzana Szabová, László Kosár, and Martin Sahul
- Subjects
Control and Systems Engineering ,General Chemical Engineering ,Energy Engineering and Power Technology ,Management Science and Operations Research ,Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality ,Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering ,Food Science - Published
- 2023
27. The effect of electron beam oscillation on the porosity of third-generation AW2099 aluminium lithium alloy welded joints
- Author
-
Miroslav Sahul, Martin Sahul, Michaela Kritikos, and Maroš Vyskoč
- Subjects
Mechanics of Materials ,Mechanical Engineering ,General Materials Science ,Condensed Matter Physics - Published
- 2023
28. First Approach to Doping Silver into CrB2 Thin Films Deposited by DC/HiPIMS Technology in Terms of Mechanical and Tribological Properties
- Author
-
Martin Truchlý, Marián Haršáni, Adam Frkáň, Tomáš Fiantok, Martin Sahul, Tomáš Roch, Peter Kúš, and Marián Mikula
- Subjects
Materials Chemistry ,Surfaces and Interfaces ,chromium diboride ,silver ,HiPIMS ,mechanical properties ,tribology ,Surfaces, Coatings and Films - Abstract
Doping of transition metal diborides (TMB2) films with soft metals (Ag, Au, Pt) can extend their application potential to tribological and biomedical fields. Here, a combination of direct current unbalanced magnetron sputtering (DC-UBMS) with high-power pulsed magnetron sputtering (HiPIMS) was used to synthesize silver-doped CrB2+x thin films on unheated substrates. All Ag–CrB2+x thin films were over-stoichiometric with a B/Cr ratio ranging from 2.05 to 2.30 and silver content varying from 3 at.% to 29 at.%. X-ray diffraction demonstrates the amorphous character of the structure in the case of films with silver content ranging from 0 at.% to 8 at.%. A nanocrystalline structure containing a cubic Ag phase is formed in the films with higher silver content. The highest hardness of 26.6 GPa accompanied by the highest value of elastic modulus of 362 GPa was measured in undoped CrB2.3 films. As the silver content in the Ag–CrB2+x thin films increases, the hardness and elastic modulus values gradually decrease to 7.8 GPa and 187 GPa, respectively. The friction properties of CrB2.3 films, expressed by the coefficient of friction against a steel ball of 0.72, are insufficient and limit their use in demanding industrial applications. However, silver doping significantly reduces the friction coefficient when the lowest value of 0.39 is measured in moderately hard Ag–CrB2+x films with an Ag content of 17 at.%. The scratch test shows satisfactory adhesion of films to substrates even without additional heating during deposition.
- Published
- 2023
29. The Effect of the Shielding Gas Flow Rate on the Geometry, Porosity, Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Laser Weld Joints
- Author
-
Maroš Vyskoč, Monika Vyskočová, Mária Dománková, and Martin Sahul
- Subjects
0209 industrial biotechnology ,Materials science ,microstructure ,tem analysis ,Shielding gas ,02 engineering and technology ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,Microstructure ,Indentation hardness ,Grain size ,020901 industrial engineering & automation ,visual_art ,Ultimate tensile strength ,laser welding ,aluminium alloy ,lcsh:TA401-492 ,Aluminium alloy ,visual_art.visual_art_medium ,lcsh:Materials of engineering and construction. Mechanics of materials ,Composite material ,0210 nano-technology ,Porosity ,Tensile testing - Abstract
In this research, studied was the microstructure of AW5083 aluminium alloy butt laser weld joint fabricated under the Ar + 30 vol. % He shielding gas. The light and electron microscopy, computed tomography, microhardness measurements and tensile testing were used for evaluation of the weld joint properties. Porosity volume in the weld metal (WM) was observed by the computed tomography (CT). The volume of porosity in the weld No. 1 was 0.05 mm3, while that in the weld No. 2 was 1.45 mm3. The width of the weld No. 1 was 4.69 mm, the average tensile strength was 309 MPa, and the average microhardness was 55.7 HV0.1. Polyhedral grains with an average grain size diameter of 48 μm were present in the heat-affected zone. The fusion zone (FZ) was of a dendritic structure with an average grain size of 20 μm. Three intermetallic compounds β-Al3Mg2, γ-Al12Mg17 and Al49Mg32, which were identified by transmission electron microscope (TEM) analysis, were present in inter-dendritic areas of the WM. The weld joint was characterized by ductile fracture in the base metal (BM). In the FZ, a small number of Al2O3 particles of irregular shapes were observed.
- Published
- 2020
30. Experimental Study of Nickel Electron Beam Welding
- Author
-
Ingrid Kovaříková, Martin Sahul, Erika Hodúlová, and Beáta Šimeková
- Subjects
010302 applied physics ,Materials science ,Mechanical Engineering ,Weldability ,Metallurgy ,chemistry.chemical_element ,02 engineering and technology ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,Condensed Matter Physics ,01 natural sciences ,Nickel ,chemistry ,Mechanics of Materials ,0103 physical sciences ,Electron beam welding ,Cathode ray ,General Materials Science ,0210 nano-technology - Abstract
The scope of this study was to ascertain the weldability of Nickel 201 alloy sheets using an electron beam welding method. Weld joints of the Nickel 201 alloy sheets 2,0 mm thick were welded by electron beam without an additional material at a flat position. The influence of electron beam welding parameters on weld quality and mechanical properties of test joints was studied. The study of quality and mechanical properties of the joints were determined by metallographic evaluation, tensile and hardness tests.
- Published
- 2020
31. Electron Beam Welding of Aluminium Alloy AW2099
- Author
-
Ján Urminský, Martin Sahul, Frantisek Jurina, Jozef Bárta, Matej Pašák, and Milan Marônek
- Subjects
0209 industrial biotechnology ,Materials science ,Mechanical Engineering ,Metallurgy ,02 engineering and technology ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,Condensed Matter Physics ,020901 industrial engineering & automation ,Mechanics of Materials ,visual_art ,Electron beam welding ,Aluminium alloy ,visual_art.visual_art_medium ,General Materials Science ,0210 nano-technology - Abstract
The paper deals with the analysis of mechanical properties of welded joints made of AW 2099 aluminium-lithium alloy by electron beam welding. The thickness of the experimental material was 3±0.2 mm. PZ EZ 30 STU electron beam welding machine was used for production of welds. Maximum accelerating voltage used within this study was 55 kV. Metallographic analysis, hardness measurement test and static tensile were carried out. The structure of the weld joint of aluminium-lithium alloy was investigated. Produced welded joints were characterized by the presence of following zones: heat affected zone (HAZ), equiaxed non-dendritic zone (EQZ), columnar dendritic zone (CDZ) and equiaxed dendritic zone (EDZ). EQZ grains were formed due to heterogeneous nucleation on precipitates at the fusion boundary. EQZ is typical for joining of aluminium lithium alloys.
- Published
- 2020
32. Research of Laser Beam Welding of Inconel Alloy
- Author
-
Pavel Kovačócy, Ingrid Kovaříková, Beáta Šimeková, Martin Sahul, Erika Hodúlová, and Jozef Bárta
- Subjects
010302 applied physics ,Materials science ,Fusion zone ,Mechanical Engineering ,Alloy ,Weldability ,Metallurgy ,Laser beam welding ,02 engineering and technology ,engineering.material ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,Condensed Matter Physics ,01 natural sciences ,Mechanics of Materials ,0103 physical sciences ,engineering ,General Materials Science ,0210 nano-technology ,Inconel ,Laser beams - Abstract
Study of weld joints of nonferrous, Inconel 625 alloy sheets using a new generation disk laser as the green welding technology for the effective manufacturing were carried out, and the results are presented in this paper. Weld joints of the Inconel 625 alloy sheets 2,0 mm thick were welded by laser without an additional material at a flat position, using a high purity argon as the shielding gas. The influence of laser welding parameters on weld quality and mechanical properties of test joints was studied. The influence of welding speed and laser power to the joint quality was investigated. The study of quality and mechanical properties of the joints were determined by metallographic evaluation, tensile and hardness tests.
- Published
- 2020
33. Observation of Coating-Substrate Adhesion of Nanocomposite Hard Coating with Respect to the Deposition Parameters and Surface Finishing of Cemented Carbide Substrate
- Author
-
Marián Haršáni, Tomáš Zlámal, Tomas Vopat, Martin Sahul, and Ondrej Vortel
- Subjects
010302 applied physics ,Nanocomposite ,Materials science ,Mechanical Engineering ,02 engineering and technology ,Substrate (printing) ,Adhesion ,engineering.material ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,Condensed Matter Physics ,01 natural sciences ,Coating ,Mechanics of Materials ,0103 physical sciences ,engineering ,Cemented carbide ,Deposition (phase transition) ,General Materials Science ,Composite material ,0210 nano-technology ,Surface finishing - Abstract
The paper deals with the issue of coating and surface finishing with edge preparation prior to the coating. Nanocomposite AlCrSiN hard coatings were deposited on WC-Co substrates with a negative substrate bias voltage in range of-80 to-120 V using cathodic arc evaporation system. The effect of variation in the bias voltage on the coating-substrate adhesion and nanohardness was investigated. The maximum nanohardness of coating was 37.7 ± 1.5 GPa with the good coating-substrate adhesion. Static Mercedes indentation test was performed on a Rockwell-type hardness tester. The indents were studied by scanning electron microscope to evaluate the coating-substrate adhesion. The H to E ratio that represents resistance to the plastic deformation was determined. The influence of surface roughness and time of used surface finishing methods on the coating-substrate adhesion was also investigated.
- Published
- 2020
34. Development of the Chromium-Rich High-Speed Steel: As-Cast Microstructure
- Author
-
Martin Sahul, Róbert Sobota, and Alexander S. Chaus
- Subjects
Chromium ,Radiation ,Materials science ,chemistry ,Metallurgy ,chemistry.chemical_element ,General Materials Science ,Condensed Matter Physics ,Microstructure ,High-speed steel - Abstract
The present study has been undertaken to replace W by Cr in as-cast HSSs using B as alloying element. For this reason, a special alloying system was suggested. The basic steel containing approximately 12 wt. % of Cr was alloyed with B, V, V and Mo in different proportions. The microstructure of the steels was studied using electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and energy dispersive X-ray analysis. It was shown that the matrix structure, as well as the origin and morphology of the carbides or carboborides formed during solidification greatly depended on the alloy chemical composition.
- Published
- 2020
35. Effect of shielding gas on the properties of CP titanium Grade 2 laser weld joints
- Author
-
Mária Dománková, M. Vyskoc, Martin Sahul, and M. Vyskocová
- Subjects
Materials science ,Mechanics of Materials ,Mechanical Engineering ,Shielding gas ,Materials Chemistry ,Metals and Alloys ,Laser beam welding ,Cp titanium ,Composite material - Published
- 2020
36. ANALYSIS OF THE PROPERTIES OF AW2099 ALUMINIUM-LITHIUM ALLOY WELDED BY LASER BEAM WITH AW5087 ALUMINIUM-MAGNESIUM FILLER MATERIAL
- Author
-
Matej Pašák, Miroslav Sahul, Martin Sahul, and Milan Marônek
- Subjects
Equiaxed crystals ,Aluminium-lithium alloy ,Materials science ,aluminium lithium alloy, laser beam welding, equiaxed zone, microstructure, electron microscopy, mechanical properties ,Metallurgy ,General Engineering ,chemistry.chemical_element ,Laser beam welding ,Welding ,Microstructure ,law.invention ,Fracture toughness ,chemistry ,lcsh:TA1-2040 ,law ,Aluminium ,Ultimate tensile strength ,lcsh:Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) - Abstract
EN AW2099 aluminium lithium alloy, 2.0mm in thickness, was used as an experimental material. EN AW2099 belongs to the 3rd generation of aluminium lithium alloys. The third generation was developed to improve the disadvantages of the previous generation, such as anisotropy in mechanical properties, low fracture toughness, corrosion resistance and resistance to fatigue crack growth, as well. Aluminium magnesium 5087 filler wire with a diameter of 1.2mm was used for the welding. Crack free weld joints were produced after an optimization of welding parameters. The microstructure of weld metal and mechanical properties of weld joints were investigated. Equiaxed zone (EQZ) was observed at the fusion boundary. The character of grains changed in the direction towards the weld centre, from the columnar dendrite zone to equiaxed dendrite zone in the weld centre. The microstructure of the weld metal matrix consisted of -aluminium. Alloying elements enrichment was found at the inter-dendritic areas, namely copper and magnesium. The microhardness decrease in the weld metal due to a dissolution of strengthening precipitates was measured. The microhardness was slightly higher in comparison to a weld produced by a laser welding without a filler material. The tensile strength of the weld joint reached around 67% of the base material’s strength and the fracture occurred in the weld metal.
- Published
- 2019
37. Investigation of properties of Cu-Al explosively welded bimetals
- Author
-
Miroslav Sahul, Petr Nesvadba, Martin Sahul, and Ján Lokaj
- Subjects
Materials science ,law ,Metallurgy ,02 engineering and technology ,Welding ,010402 general chemistry ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,0210 nano-technology ,01 natural sciences ,0104 chemical sciences ,law.invention - Abstract
Explosion welding of cooper C10200 to AW 5083 aluminium alloy was performed. The C10200 was proposed as a flyer plate. A parallel setup was used during explosive welding. Bimetals were characterized by regular wavy interface. The intermetallic compound (IMC) layer was observed at the interface of bimetals after 12 month, however, no annealing was performed. EDX analyses revealed that the interface layer consists of the intermetallic compound CuAl. Microhardness at the interface increased due to the presence of the IMC and work hardening as well.
- Published
- 2019
38. Microstructure, Mechanical and Tribological Properties of Advanced Layered WN/MeN (Me = Zr, Cr, Mo, Nb) Nanocomposite Coatings
- Author
-
Kateryna Smyrnova, Martin Sahul, Marián Haršáni, Alexander Pogrebnjak, Volodymyr Ivashchenko, Vyacheslav Beresnev, Vyacheslav Stolbovoy, Ľubomír Čaplovič, Mária Čaplovičová, Ľubomír Vančo, Martin Kusý, Alexey Kassymbaev, Leonid Satrapinskyy, and Dominik Flock
- Subjects
Chemistry ,wear ,General Chemical Engineering ,microstructure ,coating ,General Materials Science ,mechanical properties ,QD1-999 ,CA-PVD - Abstract
Due to the increased demands for drilling and cutting tools working at extreme machining conditions, protective coatings are extensively utilized to prolong the tool life and eliminate the need for lubricants. The present work reports on the effect of a second MeN (Me = Zr, Cr, Mo, Nb) layer in WN-based nanocomposite multilayers on microstructure, phase composition, and mechanical and tribological properties. The WN/MoN multilayers have not been studied yet, and cathodic-arc physical vapor deposition (CA-PVD) has been used to fabricate studied coating systems for the first time. Moreover, first-principles calculations were performed to gain more insight into the properties of deposited multilayers. Two types of coating microstructure with different kinds of lattices were observed: (i) face-centered cubic (fcc) on fcc-W2N (WN/CrN and WN/ZrN) and (ii) a combination of hexagonal and fcc on fcc-W2N (WN/MoN and WN/NbN). Among the four studied systems, the WN/NbN had superior properties: the lowest specific wear rate (1.7 × 10−6 mm3/Nm) and high hardness (36 GPa) and plasticity index H/E (0.93). Low surface roughness, high elastic strain to failure, Nb2O5 and WO3 tribofilms forming during sliding, ductile behavior of NbN, and nanocomposite structure contributed to high tribological performance. The results indicated the suitability of WN/NbN as a protective coating operating in challenging conditions.
- Published
- 2021
39. Laser Surface Modification of Powder Metallurgy-Processed Ti-Graphite Composite Which Can Enhance Cells' Osteo-Differentiation
- Author
-
Jana Šugárová, Martin Sahul, Jaroslav Kováčik, Barbora Ludrovcová, Peter Šugár, and Marie Hubalek Kalbacova
- Subjects
Technology ,Materials science ,Scanning electron microscope ,Article ,law.invention ,biocompatibility ,law ,Powder metallurgy ,Surface roughness ,surface morphology ,General Materials Science ,graphite–titanium composite ,Graphite ,Composite material ,laser micromachining ,Microscopy ,QC120-168.85 ,QH201-278.5 ,Laser ,Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) ,TK1-9971 ,Titanium powder ,stem cell ,Descriptive and experimental mechanics ,osteo-differentiation ,Surface modification ,Electrical engineering. Electronics. Nuclear engineering ,TA1-2040 ,Surface integrity - Abstract
The paper examines the surface functionalization of a new type of Ti-graphite composite, a dental biomaterial prepared by vacuum low-temperature extrusion of hydrogenated-dehydrogenated titanium powder mixed with graphite flakes. Two experimental surfaces were prepared by laser micromachining applying different levels of incident energy of the fiber nanosecond laser working at 1064 nm wavelength. The surface integrity of the machined surfaces was evaluated, including surface roughness parameters measurement by contact profilometry and confocal laser scanning microscopy. The chemical and phase composition were comprehensively evaluated by scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction analyses. Finally, the in vitro tests using human mesenchymal stem cells were conducted to compare the influence of the laser processing parameters used on the cell’s cultivation and osteo-differentiation. The bioactivity results confirmed that the surface profile with positive kurtosis, platykurtic distribution curve and higher value of peaks spacing exhibited better bioactivity compared to the surface profile with negative kurtosis coefficient, leptokurtic distribution curve and lower peaks spacing.
- Published
- 2021
40. The Effect of Annealing on the Properties of AW5754 Aluminum Alloy-AZ31B Magnesium Alloy Explosively Welded Bimetals
- Author
-
Ján Lokaj, Miroslav Sahul, Martin Sahul, Ľubomír Čaplovič, Petr Nesvadba, and Barbara Odokienová
- Subjects
010302 applied physics ,Materials science ,Annealing (metallurgy) ,Mechanical Engineering ,Alloy ,Intermetallic ,02 engineering and technology ,Welding ,Work hardening ,engineering.material ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,01 natural sciences ,Bimetal ,law.invention ,Explosion welding ,Mechanics of Materials ,law ,0103 physical sciences ,engineering ,General Materials Science ,Composite material ,Magnesium alloy ,0210 nano-technology - Abstract
Explosive welding of AW5754 aluminum alloy to AZ31B magnesium alloy was performed. AW5754 was proposed as a flyer plate. A parallel setup was used during explosive welding. The annealing of AW5754/AZ31B composite plate at 250, 300 and 350 °C for 2, 3, 4 and 5 h was performed after explosive welding. Bimetals were characterized by regular wavy interface. Annealing resulted in the creation of intermetallic compounds (IMCs). The increase in the thickness of IMC interfacial layer was observed with increasing of annealing temperature and time. IMC layer of highest thickness was recorded after annealing at 350 °C for 5 h and averaged 67 µm. EDS analysis showed that the interfacial layer close to AW5754 alloy was formed by Al3Mg2 IMC, and interfacial layer adjacent to the AZ31B alloy consisted of Mg17Al12 IMC. Bright particles were spread at the AW5754-Al3Mg2 IMC interface. Rise in the microhardness at the interface of produced bimetal was associated with work hardening. Microhardness values increased to 218 HV0.025 after annealing process due to IMCs present at the interface. Decrease in microhardness in locations close to the IMC interfacial layer was found after heat treatment due to recrystallization. The bimetal tensile strength reached 120 MPa. The annealing resulted in decrease in the bimetal tensile strength.
- Published
- 2019
41. Cutting edge preparation of cutting tools using plasma discharges in electrolyte
- Author
-
Tomas Vopat, Martin Sahul, Marián Haršáni, and Štefan Podhorský
- Subjects
0209 industrial biotechnology ,Materials science ,Cutting tool ,Strategy and Management ,02 engineering and technology ,Electrolyte ,Management Science and Operations Research ,Edge (geometry) ,engineering.material ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering ,Abrasion (geology) ,Grinding ,020901 industrial engineering & automation ,Coating ,Surface roughness ,Cemented carbide ,engineering ,Composite material ,0210 nano-technology - Abstract
The paper deals with the issue of cutting edge preparation and tool treatment before coating. In this article, the novel method called edge preparation by plasma discharges in electrolyte is presented. The mechanism of material removal is based on melting and vaporisation instead of abrasion and it is not influenced or limited by the hardness of the tool material. The shape of the vapour-plasma envelope leads to intensive material removal from the edges of cutting tools. This phenomenon was applied to round the sharp edges of electrically conducting cutting tools. The tested cutting tool material of samples was cemented carbide. The cutting edge radii were formed by immersing the cutting tool into an electrolyte. The increasing the processing time results in a larger cutting edge radius. The values of cutting edge radii increased from 10 μm to 45 μm in 50 s of treatment by plasma discharges in electrolyte. Moreover, the grinding marks on the surfaces of the cemented carbide turning insert prepared by plasma discharges in electrolyte were smoothed. The quality of surface roughness of cemented carbide samples was increased. If cemented carbide turning inserts are prepared using plasma discharges in electrolyte after grinding then the values of surface roughness parameter Ra will be lower from 0.223 μm to 0.186 μm in the cross direction to the grinding marks and from 0.183 μm to 0.117 μm in the longitudinal direction.
- Published
- 2019
42. Diffusion Induced Changes in Cast and Wrought M2 High-Speed Steel Subject to Homogenisation Annealing
- Author
-
Alexander S. Chaus, Matej Bračík, and Martin Sahul
- Subjects
010302 applied physics ,Materials science ,Annealing (metallurgy) ,0103 physical sciences ,Metallurgy ,02 engineering and technology ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,0210 nano-technology ,01 natural sciences ,Dissolution ,High-speed steel ,Carbide - Abstract
The influence of annealing at 1200 °C for 2, 4 and 8 h on the carbide microstructure of AISI M2 type high-speed steel obtained by both the foundry and conventional metallurgy technologies has been studied. The primary focus was on the kinetics of eutectic carbide decomposition and dissolution in both the cast and wrought M2 high-speed steels under the effect of high temperature.
- Published
- 2019
43. Microstructure and properties of M2 high-speed steel cast by the gravity and vacuum investment casting
- Author
-
Mária Dománková, Martin Sahul, Matej Bračík, and Alexander S. Chaus
- Subjects
010302 applied physics ,Toughness ,Materials science ,Investment casting ,Vacuum casting ,Metallurgy ,02 engineering and technology ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,Condensed Matter Physics ,Microstructure ,01 natural sciences ,Surfaces, Coatings and Films ,visual_art ,0103 physical sciences ,visual_art.visual_art_medium ,Hardening (metallurgy) ,Tempering ,Ceramic ,0210 nano-technology ,Instrumentation ,High-speed steel - Abstract
In this work the microstructure and properties of M2 high-speed steel cast into ceramic moulds using gravity and vacuum casting and subject to heat treatment were studied. The microstructure of castings after solidification and after heat treatment was subjected to detailed characterisation. The surface roughness and content of gases and solid non-metallic impurities of the samples were also evaluated together with mechanical tests for hardness, red hardness, impact toughness and bending strength. The results established that investment casting under vacuum enhanced the cleanliness of the metal and improved the microstructure and properties. The relationship between the microstructure and the properties is discussed. Some advantage of the vacuum cast high-speed steel with respect to the red hardness was attributed to the stronger secondary hardening of the steel during tempering. The refinement of the eutectic carbides and colonies as well as the formation of the more discontinuous and thinner interdendritic network of eutectic carbides and the metal cleanliness were the determining factors which provided enhanced toughness and strength properties of the vacuum cast high-speed steel compared with that of the gravity cast one.
- Published
- 2019
44. Research on joining metal-ceramics composite Al/Al2O3 with Cu substrate using solder type Zn–In–Mg
- Author
-
Martin Sahul, Igor Kostolný, Marián Drienovský, Roman Koleňák, and Jaromír Drápala
- Subjects
010302 applied physics ,Copper substrate ,Materials science ,Mechanical Engineering ,Composite number ,Ultrasonic soldering ,Substrate (chemistry) ,02 engineering and technology ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,01 natural sciences ,Metal ,Mechanics of Materials ,visual_art ,Soldering ,0103 physical sciences ,Materials Chemistry ,Ceramics and Composites ,visual_art.visual_art_medium ,Shear strength ,Ceramic ,Composite material ,0210 nano-technology - Abstract
The study aimed at direct flux-free soldering of metal-ceramics composite (MMC) with a copper substrate. Soldering was performed with type Zn10In1Mg Zn-solder. The soldered joints were fabricated using power ultrasound. The solder used consists of a zinc matrix, while the solid solution (In) and MgZn2 phase were segregated on the grain boundaries. The soldered MMC joint is formed due to dissolution of the aluminium matrix in zinc solder. A new composite, composed of matrix consisting mainly of solid solution (Al) is thus formed. Moreover, there is also a solid solution present (In) and Cu3.2Zn0.7Al4.2 phase. The bond with copper substrate is formed due to interaction of Zn and Al from the solder at formation of two transient phases, namely Cu3.2Zn0.7Al4.2 and an unstable phase of Al(Cu,Zn)2. The average shear strength of combined joints of MMC/Cu is 16.5 MPa.
- Published
- 2019
45. Nanocomposite and Nanocrystalline Materials and Coatings : Microstructure, Properties and Applications
- Author
-
Alexander D. Pogrebnjak, Yang Bing, Martin Sahul, Alexander D. Pogrebnjak, Yang Bing, and Martin Sahul
- Subjects
- Surfaces (Physics), Coatings, Composite materials, Solid state physics, Nanoparticles, Metals
- Abstract
This book is a collection of reports (reviewed) selected from several sections of the IEEE Nanomaterials: Application and Properties-2023 conference. The book is devoted to the study of films, coatings, and materials obtained by various methods of preparation and deposition, for example, magnetron sputtering of targets, vacuum arc deposition, electron-plasma processing, sintering of composites, plasma jet deposition, and other methods for obtaining nanomaterials. The chapters and reports describe superhard coatings, spark, and plasma alloying of materials (metals, semiconductors, polymers, ceramics).
- Published
- 2024
46. Effect of Disk Laser Beam Offset on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Copper—AISI 304 Stainless Steel Dissimilar Metals Joints
- Author
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Martin Sahul, Ema Tomčíková, Barbora Ludrovcová, Matej Pašák, Erika Hodúlová, and Miroslav Sahul
- Subjects
lcsh:TN1-997 ,Oxygen-free copper ,Materials science ,design of experiment ,chemistry.chemical_element ,02 engineering and technology ,Welding ,01 natural sciences ,Indentation hardness ,disk laser welding ,law.invention ,AISI 304 stainless steel ,law ,0103 physical sciences ,Ultimate tensile strength ,General Materials Science ,Laser power scaling ,Composite material ,lcsh:Mining engineering. Metallurgy ,010302 applied physics ,oxygen-free copper ,Metals and Alloys ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,Laser ,Copper ,beam offset ,chemistry ,Disk laser ,0210 nano-technology - Abstract
Deoxidized oxygen free copper C12200, 1 mm in thickness, was welded to 1-mm thick AISI 304 stainless steel with disk laser. The butt-welded joints were produced with different welding parameters. Full factorial design of experiment (DoE) approach consisting of three factors and two levels was utilized. Laser powers used for welding were 1.3 and 1.9 kW and welding speeds of 20 and 30 mm/s. Two beam offsets were tested, namely, 100 &mu, m toward copper side and 200 &mu, m toward AISI 304 steel. It was found that beam offset possesses the largest influence on the welded joints&rsquo, tensile strength. Tensile strengths attained values more than 3.7 times higher in comparison to the AISI 304 steel beam offset. When lower laser power was used, the higher tensile strength was attained for copper sheet offset. Higher microhardness was observed when laser beam was offset to AISI 304 steel side. The average microhardness of the weld metal was higher than that of the weaker base material, copper sheet. Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) analysis confirmed the heterogeneity in elemental composition across the welded joint interface, being lower when laser beam was offset to AISI 304 steel side. On the other hand, the copper content dropped to the average composition of weld metal at the distance of about 140 &mu, m from copper-weld metal interface.
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
47. Laser-Based Ablation of Titanium–Graphite Composite for Dental Application
- Author
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Barbora Ludrovcová, Jaroslav Kováčik, Peter Šugár, Jana Šugárová, and Martin Sahul
- Subjects
Materials science ,implant ,Scanning electron microscope ,Composite number ,chemistry.chemical_element ,Surface finish ,lcsh:Technology ,Article ,Microscopy ,morphology ,surface ,General Materials Science ,Graphite ,titanium ,composite ,Composite material ,lcsh:Microscopy ,lcsh:QC120-168.85 ,lcsh:QH201-278.5 ,lcsh:T ,laser ,Titanium powder ,powder metallurgy ,chemistry ,lcsh:TA1-2040 ,lcsh:Descriptive and experimental mechanics ,Extrusion ,lcsh:Electrical engineering. Electronics. Nuclear engineering ,lcsh:Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) ,lcsh:TK1-9971 ,Titanium ,machining - Abstract
Biocompatible materials with excellent mechanical properties as well as sophisticated surface morphology and chemistry are required to satisfy the requirements of modern dental implantology. In the study described in this article, an industrial-grade fibre nanosecond laser working at 1064 nm wavelength was used to micromachine a new type of a biocompatible material, Ti-graphite composite prepared by vacuum low-temperature extrusion of hydrogenated-dehydrogenated (HDH) titanium powder mixed with graphite flakes. The effect of the total laser energy delivered to the material per area on the machined surface morphology, roughness, surface element composition and phases transformations was investigated and evaluated by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), confocal laser-scanning microscopy (CLSM) and X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD). The findings illustrate that the amount of thermal energy put to the working material has a remarkable effect on the machined surface properties, which is discussed from the aspect of the contact properties of dental implants.
- Published
- 2020
48. Influence of Annealing on the Properties of Explosively Welded Titanium Grade 1—AW7075 Aluminum Alloy Bimetals
- Author
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Martin Sahul, Petr Nesvadba, Miroslav Sahul, Lubomír Čaplovič, and Ján Lokaj
- Subjects
010302 applied physics ,Materials science ,Annealing (metallurgy) ,Mechanical Engineering ,Alloy ,Intermetallic ,chemistry.chemical_element ,02 engineering and technology ,Welding ,Work hardening ,engineering.material ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,01 natural sciences ,law.invention ,Bimetal ,Explosion welding ,chemistry ,Mechanics of Materials ,law ,0103 physical sciences ,engineering ,General Materials Science ,Composite material ,0210 nano-technology ,Titanium - Abstract
Explosive welding of titanium Grade 1 to AW7075 aluminum alloy arranged in parallel setup was performed. The annealing of produced bimetals at the temperatures of 450, 500 and 550 °C for times ranging from 20 to 100 h was carried out after explosive welding. The produced bimetal was characteristic by its wavy interface typical for that bonding process. Increase in the microhardness at the interface was recorded due to work hardening. Delamination of titanium Grade 1 flyer sheet was firstly observed when annealing temperature of 500 °C for 40 h was carried out. Annealing at 550 °C also resulted in delamination of upper sheet. The intermetallic compound (IMC) layer was observed at the interface after annealing of bimetals. The higher the annealing temperature and time, the higher the thickness of continuous IMC layer. The maximum measured thickness of IMC layer averaged 13 µm. Energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and x-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses revealed that the interface layer is consisted of Al18Ti2Mg3 IMC. Microhardness at the interface increased dramatically up to 439 HV0.1 after annealing of bimetal due to the presence of above-mentioned IMC.
- Published
- 2018
49. Effect of Pulsed Laser Ablation on the Increase of Adhesion of CRN Coating-Substrate
- Author
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Ľubomír Čaplovič, Lucia Števlíková, Vitali Podgurski, Paulína Zacková, and Martin Sahul
- Subjects
0209 industrial biotechnology ,Materials science ,Laser ablation ,CrN coatings ,Scanning electron microscope ,substrate surface ,Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy ,02 engineering and technology ,Substrate (electronics) ,Adhesion ,engineering.material ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,adhesion ,020901 industrial engineering & automation ,Coating ,Residual stress ,residual stresses ,engineering ,Cemented carbide ,laser ablation ,lcsh:TA401-492 ,lcsh:Materials of engineering and construction. Mechanics of materials ,Composite material ,0210 nano-technology ,Scanning electron microscopy - Abstract
The contribution deals with analysis of the influence of the substrate surface laser ablation before deposition process to improve the adhesion of coating-substrate system. The coatings were applied to the high-speed steel 6-5-2-5 (STN 19 852) and WC-Co cemented carbide with cobalt content of 10 wt%. LAteral Rotating Cathodes (LARC®) process was chosen for evaporation of individual CrN layers. Influence of laser ablation on the substrate morphology, structure, roughness, presence of residual stresses inside the substrates and layers and their adhesion behavior between the layers and the base material was studied. Scanning electron microscopy fitted with energy dispersive spectroscopy was utilized to investigate morphology and fracture areas of substrates with CrN layers. X-ray diffraction analysis was employed to detect the residual stresses measurements. Adhesion between the coatings and substrate was analyzed using “Mercedes” testing.
- Published
- 2018
50. Effect of Shielding Gas on the Properties of AW 5083 Aluminum Alloy Laser Weld Joints
- Author
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Miroslav Sahul, Maroš Vyskoč, and Martin Sahul
- Subjects
0209 industrial biotechnology ,Materials science ,Mechanical Engineering ,Butt welding ,Shielding gas ,Laser beam welding ,02 engineering and technology ,Welding ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,law.invention ,020901 industrial engineering & automation ,Mechanics of Materials ,law ,Ultimate tensile strength ,Electromagnetic shielding ,Weld pool ,General Materials Science ,Composite material ,0210 nano-technology ,Tensile testing - Abstract
The paper deals with the evaluation of the shielding gas influence on the properties of AW 5083 aluminum alloy weld joints produced with disk laser. Butt weld joints were produced under different shielding gas types, namely Ar, He, Ar + 5 vol.% He, Ar + 30 vol.% He and without shielding weld pool. Light and electron microscopy, computed tomography, microhardness measurements and tensile testing were used for evaluation of weld joint properties. He-shielded weld joints were the narrowest ones. On the other hand, Ar-shielded weld joints exhibited largest weld width. The choice of shielding gas had significant influence on the porosity level of welds. The lowest porosity was observed in weld joint produced in Ar with the addition of 5 vol.% He shielding atmosphere (only 0.03%), while the highest level of porosity was detected in weld joint produced in pure He (0.24%). Except unshielded aluminum alloy weld joint, the lowest tensile strength was recorded in He-shielded weld joints. On the contrary, the highest average microhardness was measured in He-shielded weld joints.
- Published
- 2018
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