27 results on '"Martin Bednarzik"'
Search Results
2. The Spectrometer/Telescope for Imaging X-rays (STIX)
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Robert P. Lin, N. Vilmer, G. J. Hurford, S. Kobler, H. J. Wiehl, Konrad Rutkowski, M. Winkler, Brian R. Dennis, F. Marone, Diego Casadei, M. Michalska, I. Le Mer, L. Etesi, Jana Kašparová, Michele Piana, O. Gevin, D. Schori, G. Juchnikowski, Frank Dionies, G. Birrer, J. Anderson, H.-P. Gröbelbauer, H. Xiao, M. Darmetko, Karol Seweryn, Milan Maksimovic, Marek Siarkowski, Oliver Grimm, Säm Krucker, Ewan C. Dickson, S. Felix, K. Lapadula, Anna Maria Massone, Antoine Strugarek, H. F. van Beek, Federico Benvenuto, O. Limousin, Marek Stęślicki, R. A. Schwartz, N. Hochmuth, S. Kögl, Tomasz Mrozek, N. G. Arnold, Konrad Skup, Waldemar Bujwan, M. Kuhar, M. Woche, L. Iseli, G. Mann, D. Ścisłowski, F. Molendini, Martin Bednarzik, Erica Lastufka, St. Stutz, F. Schuller, Piotr Orleanski, S. Brun, Ch. Wild, Andrzej Cichocki, Alexander Warmuth, Paolo Massa, K. Ber, Janusz Sylwester, A. Białek, Arnold O. Benz, Peter T. Gallagher, Sophie Musset, M. Dreier, H. Önel, H. Sathiapal, Lucia Kleint, Piotr Podgorski, Z. Kozáček, D. S. Bloomfield, J. Paschke, F. Schramka, D. Plüschke, Javier Rodriguez-Pacheco, Piotr Osica, J. Rendtel, André Csillaghy, Svend-Marian Bauer, Shane A. Maloney, Simon Marcin, Astrid M. Veronig, Marina Battaglia, František Fárník, A. Meuris, Miroslaw Kowalinski, Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysique (LESIA (UMR_8109)), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP), Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysique (LESIA), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
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010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena ,Imaging spectrometer ,F500 ,Astrophysics ,7. Clean energy ,01 natural sciences ,law.invention ,Telescope ,Orbiter ,Optics ,law ,0103 physical sciences ,Astrophysics::Solar and Stellar Astrophysics ,010303 astronomy & astrophysics ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Physics ,Spectrometer ,Solar flare ,Sun: corona ,business.industry ,Sun: chromosphere ,Gamma ray ,Bremsstrahlung ,instrumentation: miscellaneous, Sun: X-rays, gamma rays, Sun: chromosphere, Sun: corona ,Astronomy and Astrophysics ,instrumentation: miscellaneous ,gamma rays ,Space and Planetary Science ,[SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics] ,Physics::Space Physics ,Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics ,business ,Sun: X-rays ,Flare - Abstract
Aims. The Spectrometer Telescope for Imaging X-rays (STIX) on Solar Orbiter is a hard X-ray imaging spectrometer, which covers the energy range from 4 to 150 keV. STIX observes hard X-ray bremsstrahlung emissions from solar flares and therefore provides diagnostics of the hottest (⪆10 MK) flare plasma while quantifying the location, spectrum, and energy content of flare-accelerated nonthermal electrons. Methods. To accomplish this, STIX applies an indirect bigrid Fourier imaging technique using a set of tungsten grids (at pitches from 0.038 to 1 mm) in front of 32 coarsely pixelated CdTe detectors to provide information on angular scales from 7 to 180 arcsec with 1 keV energy resolution (at 6 keV). The imaging concept of STIX has intrinsically low telemetry and it is therefore well-suited to the limited resources available to the Solar Orbiter payload. To further reduce the downlinked data volume, STIX data are binned on board into 32 selectable energy bins and dynamically-adjusted time bins with a typical duration of 1 s during flares. Results. Through hard X-ray diagnostics, STIX provides critical information for understanding the acceleration of electrons at the Sun and their transport into interplanetary space and for determining the magnetic connection of Solar Orbiter back to the Sun. In this way, STIX serves to link Solar Orbiter’s remote and in-situ measurements.
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- 2020
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3. The ACHIP experimental chambers at the Paul Scherrer Institut
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Simona Bettoni, Joshua McNeur, Christian David, Sven Reiche, Martin Bednarzik, F. Frei, Albert Romann, Terence Garvey, Vitaliy A. Guzenko, Simona Borrelli, Blagoj Sarafinov, Hans-Heinrich Braun, Eugenio Ferrari, Nicole Hiller, Eduard Prat, Gian Luca Orlandi, Marco Calvi, Micha Dehler, Rasmus Ischebeck, Leonid Rivkin, Peter Hommelhoff, and Cigdem Ozkan-Loch
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Physics ,Nuclear and High Energy Physics ,Interaction point ,Positioning system ,010308 nuclear & particles physics ,business.industry ,Electrical engineering ,Measure (physics) ,Free-electron laser ,Chip ,01 natural sciences ,0103 physical sciences ,Physics::Accelerator Physics ,010306 general physics ,business ,Instrumentation ,Beam (structure) - Abstract
The Accelerator on a Chip International Program (ACHIP) is an international collaboration, funded by the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation, with the goal of demonstrating that laser-driven accelerator can be integrated on a chip to fully build an accelerator based on dielectric structures. PSI will provide access to the high brightness electron beam of SwissFEL to test structures, approaches and methods towards achieving the final goal of the project. In this contribution, we will describe the two interaction chambers installed on SwissFEL to perform the proof-of-principle experiments. In particular, we will present the positioning system for the samples, the magnets needed to focus the beam to sub-micrometer dimensions and the diagnostics to measure beam properties at the interaction point.
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- 2018
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4. First Results in Patterning of Ultra High Aspect Ratio Microstructures by a 4T Wave Length Shifter at BESSY.
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Martin Bednarzik, Heinz-Ulrich Scheunemann, Alexander Barth, Daniel Schondelmaier, and Bernd Loechel
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- 2003
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5. The Spectrometer/Telescope for Imaging X-rays on Solar Orbiter: Flight design, challenges and trade-offs
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Konrad Skup, Oliver Grimm, Säm Krucker, Martin Bednarzik, G. J. Hurford, O. Limousin, A. Meuris, Karol Seweryn, and Piotr Orleanski
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Physics ,Nuclear and High Energy Physics ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Spectrometer ,Solar flare ,010308 nuclear & particles physics ,Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena ,Bremsstrahlung ,Astronomy ,01 natural sciences ,Spectral imaging ,law.invention ,Telescope ,Orbiter ,law ,Physics::Space Physics ,0103 physical sciences ,Thermal ,medicine ,Astrophysics::Solar and Stellar Astrophysics ,Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics ,010303 astronomy & astrophysics ,Instrumentation ,Heliosphere - Abstract
STIX is the X-ray spectral imaging instrument on-board the Solar Orbiter space mission of the European Space Agency, and together with nine other instruments will address questions of the interaction between the Sun and the heliosphere. STIX will study the properties of thermal and accelerated electrons near the Sun through their Bremsstrahlung X-ray emission, addressing in particular the emission from flaring regions on the Sun. The design phase of STIX has been concluded. This paper reports the final flight design of the instrument, focusing on design challenges that were faced recently and how they were addressed.
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- 2016
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6. Changes in detection characteristics of CdTe X-ray sensors by proton irradiation
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G. Birrer, Oliver Grimm, V. Commichau, and Martin Bednarzik
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Physics ,Nuclear and High Energy Physics ,Proton ,Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors ,business.industry ,Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena ,Radioactive source ,Physics::Medical Physics ,X-ray detector ,Electron ,Acceptor ,Fluence ,Semiconductor ,Irradiation ,Atomic physics ,business ,Instrumentation - Abstract
This paper reports on the performance changes in CdTe:Cl semiconductor X-ray detectors seen after irradiation with 50 MeV protons up to a fluence of 1.6 ⋅ 1011cm−2. The rationale for the irradiation parameters is described. Performance was quantified before and after irradiations by obtaining X-ray spectra with a barium-133 radioactive source and detectors cooled to −20°C. Energy resolutions, electron and hole drift lengths, and energy calibration parameters were extracted by fitting model spectra to the data. Ten crystals of dimension 10 × 10 × 1 mm3 were used, with two each being irradiated to 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100% of the maximum fluence. Each crystal is pixelized and the eight large pixels of area 9.6 mm2 are analysed separately to allow estimation of uncertainties. The main observations are a strong decrease of the electron drift length and an increase of the electronic noise with fluence. The hole drift length shows a tendency to increase with fluence. A basic interpretation of some observations in terms of an increasing density of acceptor trap levels with fluence is given.
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- 2020
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7. Caliste-SO, a CdTe based spectrometer for bright solar event observations in hard X-rays
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O. Limousin, Oliver Grimm, Fabrice Soufflet, O. Gevin, Martin Bednarzik, C. Blondel, Stefan Stutz, V. Commichau, A. Meuris, J. Martignac, N. Fiant, and M.C. Vassal
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Physics ,Nuclear and High Energy Physics ,Spacecraft ,Spectrometer ,business.industry ,Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena ,law.invention ,Telescope ,Orbiter ,Optics ,law ,Physics::Space Physics ,Astrophysics::Solar and Stellar Astrophysics ,Satellite ,Angular resolution ,Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics ,Spectral resolution ,Interplanetary spaceflight ,business ,Instrumentation ,Remote sensing - Abstract
Caliste-SO is a CdTe hybrid detector designed to be used as a spectrometer for a hard X-ray Fourier telescope. The imaging technique was implemented in the Yohkoh satellite in 1991 and the RHESSI satellite in 2002 to achieve arc-second angular resolution images of solar flares with spectroscopic capabilities. The next generation of such instruments will be the Spectrometer Telescope Imaging X-rays (STIX) on-board the Solar Orbiter mission adopted by the European Space Agency in 2011 for launch in 2017. The design and performance of Caliste-SO allows both high spectral resolution and high count rate measurements from 4 to 150 keV with limited demands on spacecraft resources such as mass, power and volume (critical for interplanetary missions). The paper reports on the flight production of the Caliste-SO devices for STIX, describing the test facilities built-up in Switzerland and France. It illustrates some results obtained with the first production samples that will be mounted in the STIX engineering model.
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- 2015
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8. Generation and Measurement of Sub-Micrometer Relativistic Electron Beams
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Gian Luca Orlandi, Martin Bednarzik, Eugenio Ferrari, Christian David, Eduard Prat, Vitaliy A. Guzenko, Cigdem Ozkan-Loch, Simona Borrelli, and Rasmus Ischebeck
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Accelerator Physics (physics.acc-ph) ,Materials science ,Instrumentation ,General Physics and Astronomy ,FOS: Physical sciences ,lcsh:Astrophysics ,Electron ,01 natural sciences ,Photocathode ,law.invention ,Optics ,law ,0103 physical sciences ,lcsh:QB460-466 ,Thermal emittance ,010306 general physics ,Lithography ,010308 nuclear & particles physics ,business.industry ,acceleration ,Laser ,lcsh:QC1-999 ,Cathode ray ,Physics::Accelerator Physics ,Physics - Accelerator Physics ,business ,Beam (structure) ,lcsh:Physics - Abstract
The generation of low-emittance electron beams has received significant interest in recent years. Driven by the requirements of X-ray-free electron lasers, the emittance of photocathode injectors has been reduced significantly, with corresponding increase in beam brightness. This has put increasingly stringent requirements on the instrumentation to measure the beam size. These requirements are even more stringent for novel accelerator developments, such as laser-driven accelerators based on dielectric structures or on a plasma. We present here the generation and measurement of a sub-micrometer electron beam, at a particle energy of 330 MeV, and a bunch charge below 1 pC. An electron-beam optics with a vertical β-function of a few millimeters has been setup. The beam is characterized through a wire scanner that employs a 1 μm wide metallic structure fabricated using the electron-beam lithography. The smallest (rms) transverse beam size presented here is
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- 2018
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9. Flight production of Caliste-SO: the hard x-ray spectrometers for solar orbiter/STIX instrument
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Isabelle Le Mer, Marc Billot, O. Gevin, Olivier Limousin, J. Martignac, Modeste Donati, Stefan Stutz, A. Meuris, Martin Bednarzik, Thierry Tourrette, Mohamed Boussadia, Luc Dumaye, C. Blondel, Säm Krucker, Isabelle Fratter, Oliver Grimm, Fabrice Soufflet, Dominique Blain, M.C. Vassal, G. Birrer, Christopher Wild, and Nicolas Fiant
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Physics ,Spectrometer ,Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors ,010308 nuclear & particles physics ,business.industry ,Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena ,Detector ,Collimator ,01 natural sciences ,law.invention ,Telescope ,Orbiter ,Printed circuit board ,Optics ,law ,0103 physical sciences ,Spectral resolution ,Visibility ,business ,010303 astronomy & astrophysics - Abstract
Caliste-SO are CdTe hybrid detectors that will be used as spectrometer units in the Spectrometer Telescope for Imaging X-rays (STIX) on-board the Solar Orbiter space mission. Each unit is placed below one collimator of this Fourier telescope to measure one visibility of the image in the 4-150 keV energy range, with a spectral resolution of 1 keV FWHM at 6 keV. The paper presents the scientific requirements, the design, the fabrication and the tests of the Caliste- SO devices before mounting them onto printed circuits boards. Spectral response was characterized on the 98 spacegrade units for various operating parameters. The devices will equip the different instrument validation models, including 32 units for the final instrument flight model to be launched in 2018.
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- 2016
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10. Caliste-SO X-ray micro-camera for the STIX instrument on-board Solar Orbiter space mission
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G. J. Hurford, Olivier Limousin, B. Horeau, Oliver Grimm, R. Resanovic, Martin Bednarzik, A. Meuris, Säm Krucker, Piotr Orleanski, J. Martignac, O. Gevin, and I. Le Mer
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Physics ,Nuclear and High Energy Physics ,Pixel ,Spectrometer ,business.industry ,Semiconductor detector ,law.invention ,Telescope ,Imaging spectroscopy ,Orbiter ,Optics ,Application-specific integrated circuit ,law ,business ,Instrumentation ,Electronic circuit - Abstract
The Spectrometer Telescope for Imaging X-rays (STIX) is an instrument on the Solar-Orbiter space mission that performs hard X-ray imaging spectroscopy of solar flares. It consists of 32 collimators with grids and 32 spectrometer units called Caliste-SO for indirect Fourier-transform imaging. Each Caliste-SO device integrates a 1 cm 2 CdTe pixel sensor with a low-noise low-power analog front-end ASIC and circuits for supply regulation and filtering. The ASIC named IDeF-X HD is designed by CEA/Irfu (France) whereas CdTe-based semiconductor detectors are provided by the Laboratory for Micro- and Nanotechnology, Paul Scherrer Institute (Switzerland). The design of the hybrid, based on 3D Plus technology (France), is well suited for STIX spectroscopic requirements (1 keV FWHM at 6 keV, 4 keV low-level threshold) and system constraints (4 W power and 5 kg mass). The performance of the sub-assemblies and the design of the first Caliste-SO prototype are presented.
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- 2012
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11. Extreme aspect ratio NiFe gear wheels for the production of commercially available Micro Harmonic Drive® gears
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Rainer Engelke, Varshni Singh, Udo Kirsch, Reinhard Degen, Martin Bednarzik, Bernd Loechel, Gabi Gruetzner, Christoph Waberski, Jost Goettert, and Gisela Ahrens
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Engineering ,business.industry ,Mechanical engineering ,Condensed Matter Physics ,Aspect ratio (image) ,Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials ,law.invention ,Resist ,Hardware and Architecture ,law ,Harmonic ,Production (economics) ,Harmonic drive ,Electrical and Electronic Engineering ,business ,Actuator ,LIGA ,Engineering design process - Abstract
In a close collaboration the team of Micromotion, micro resist technology, BESSY, and LSU-CAMD have successfully mastered the challenges of LIGA production of ultra-precision microparts for Micro Harmonic Drive® gears. The complementary expertise ranging from design and application know-how to process research and technical support resulted in high quality LIGA microparts and superior Micro Harmonic Drive® gears taking advantages of the free 2D design capability and material choice. It is also an excellent example that through contributions from partners with different background and expertise LIGA precision parts can be produced with high quality and yield and for a market competitive price.
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- 2008
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12. Investigations of SU-8 removal from metallic high aspect ratio microstructures with a novel plasma technique
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Martin Bednarzik, Josef Mathuni, Gisela Ahrens, Bernd Loechel, Rainer Engelke, Gabi Gruetzner, and Daniel Schondelmaier
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Plasma etching ,Chemistry ,business.industry ,Analytical chemistry ,Plasma ,Condensed Matter Physics ,Ion source ,Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials ,Resist ,Hardware and Architecture ,Etching (microfabrication) ,Optoelectronics ,Dry etching ,Electrical and Electronic Engineering ,Reactive-ion etching ,business ,Microwave - Abstract
First promising investigations of SU-8 removal experiments with a novel plasma etching technique are presented. The basic idea of this technique is to separate the highly effective generation of chemical radicals (e.g. oxygen radicals) using a traveling wave reactor (TWR) microwave source with water cooled plasma zone from the chemical reaction with the resist polymer. The etching tool operates in a remote and downstream mode with very high radical density allowing precise thermal management of the substrates on the chuck giving controlled process conditions without deviation in temperature, and generally preventing ion bombardment, at least resulting in gentle processing without jeopardizing the integrity of the metal structures. Very good removal of SU-8 with very few residues and very high etching rates up to 10 μm per minute are observed in first experiments which are offering chances to get even more than 20 μm per minute. The etching process is isotropic, and the rate stays stable during the whole removing process even for very thick films of 1 mm and more. First application examples of SU-8 removal are demonstrating the great potential of the presented microwave plasma based technique not only for the cleaning of metallic microparts but also for other more sensitive materials which is demonstrated by SU-8 removal from graphite X-ray mask substrates.
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- 2008
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13. SU-8: promising resist for advanced direct LIGA applications for high aspect ratio mechanical microparts
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Martin Bednarzik, Gisela Ahrens, Bernd Loechel, H.-U. Scheunemann, Rainer Engelke, Josef Kouba, D. Haase, Gabi Gruetzner, and H. Miller
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Engineering ,Fabrication ,Precision engineering ,Statistical design ,business.industry ,Process (computing) ,Mechanical engineering ,Condensed Matter Physics ,Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials ,Negative type ,Resist ,Hardware and Architecture ,Optoelectronics ,Process optimization ,Electrical and Electronic Engineering ,business ,LIGA - Abstract
A case study of use of negative type SU-8 X-ray sensitive resist for fabrication of advanced, highly precise, ultra tall direct LIGA mechanical microparts is presented in this paper. Using direct LIGA technique, ∼1 mm tall highly precise metallic gear wheels are being fabricated, previously using PMMA based process. Starting from a non-optimized non-satisfying SU-8 process, significant process parameters for process optimization were identified using statistical design of experiment. By varying the significant process parameters, SU-8 process was further optimized with respect to critical aspect of sidewall bow and tilt of metallic structures. After the optimization, metallic parts fabricated using SU-8 process showed comparable quality as those fabricated using PMMA based process.
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- 2006
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14. Caliste-SO: the x-ray spectrometer unit of the STIX instrument onboard the Solar Orbiter space mission
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Olivier Limousin, Isabelle Le Mer, M.C. Vassal, F. Gonzalez, Oliver Grimm, Modeste Donati, C. Blondel, Marc Billot, Fabrice Soufflet, Martin Bednarzik, Gordon J. Hurford, O. Gevin, G. Birrer, Stefan Stutz, Duc-Dat Huynh, A. Meuris, Christopher Wild, Säm Krucker, V. Commichau, and Nicolas Fiant
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Physics ,Spectrometer ,Pixel ,Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors ,business.industry ,Resolution (electron density) ,Detector ,Collimator ,Sample (graphics) ,law.invention ,Telescope ,Orbiter ,Optics ,law ,business - Abstract
Caliste-SO is a hybrid detector integrating in a volume of 12 u 14 u 18 mm 3 a 1 mm-thick CdTe pixel detector, a front-end IDeF-X HD ASIC and passive parts to perform high resolution spectroscopy in the 4-200 keV energy range with high count rate capability (10 4 -10 5 photons/s/cm2). The detector hybridization concept was designed by CEA and 3D-Plus to realize CdTe cameras for space astronomy missions with various pixel patterns. For the STIX instrument onboard the Solar Orbiter mission, the imaging system is made by 32 collimators that sample the visibilities of the spatial Fourier transform and doesnt require fine pitch pixels. The Al-Schottky CdTe detectors produced by Acrorad are then patterned and tested by the Paul Scherrer Institute to produce 12 pixels surrounded by a guard ring within 1 cm 2 . Electrical and spectroscopic performance tests of the Ca liste-SO samples are performed in Fran ce at key manufacturing steps, before sending the samples to the principal investigator to mount them in the Detector Electronics Module of STIX in front of each collimator. Four samples were produced in 2013 to be part of the STIX en gineering model. Best pixels show an energy resolution of 0.7 keV FWHM at 6 keV (1 keV resolution requirement for STIX) and a low-level detection threshold below 3 keV (4 keV requirement for STIX). The pa per describes the design and the production of Caliste-SO and focuses on main performance tests performed so far to char acterize the spectrometer unit. Keywords: CdTe, front-end ASIC, X-ray spectroscopy, Fourier telescope, solar flares.
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- 2014
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15. The spectrometer/telescope for imaging X-rays on board the ESA Solar Orbiter spacecraft
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Oliver Grimm, N. Vilmer, J. Rendtel, V. Commichau, W. Bittner, Frank Dionies, H. J. Wiehl, Gottfried Mann, Marcin Stolarski, D. Plüschke, Säm Krucker, H. F. van Beek, Arnold O. Benz, Piotr Podgorski, Olivier Limousin, G. Viertel, N. Hochmuth, Emil Popow, Janusz Sylwester, A. Białek, Robert P. Lin, M. Mosdorf, S. Kobler, Svend-Marian Bauer, A. Meuris, Martin Bednarzik, Konrad Skup, Piotr Orleanski, D. Wolter, H. Önel, J. Paschke, L. Iseli, Alexander Warmuth, S. Brun, N. G. Arnold, H.-P. Gröbelbauer, W. Nowosielski, M. Woche, L. Etesi, André Csillaghy, Rafal Graczyk, M. Michalska, G. J. Hurford, Karol Seweryn, Tomasz Mrozek, Henry Aurass, D. Casadei, R. Resanovic, Andrzej Cichocki, Marina Battaglia, Miroslaw Kowalinski, František Fárník, Andrew W. Howard, European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Département d'Astrophysique (ex SAP) (DAP), Institut de Recherches sur les lois Fondamentales de l'Univers (IRFU), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay, Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysique (LESIA), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Leeds, Institute of Atmospheric Physics [Prague] (IAP), and Czech Academy of Sciences [Prague] (CAS)
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Nuclear and High Energy Physics ,Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena ,Imaging spectrometer ,7. Clean energy ,01 natural sciences ,030218 nuclear medicine & medical imaging ,law.invention ,Telescope ,03 medical and health sciences ,Orbiter ,0302 clinical medicine ,law ,0103 physical sciences ,Astrophysics::Solar and Stellar Astrophysics ,Instrumentation ,ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS ,Physics ,[PHYS]Physics [physics] ,Spectrometer ,Solar flare ,Spacecraft ,010308 nuclear & particles physics ,business.industry ,Bremsstrahlung ,Astronomy ,Physics::Space Physics ,Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics ,business ,[PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph] ,Heliosphere - Abstract
Solar Orbiter is a Sun-observing mission led by the European Space Agency, addressing the interaction between the Sun and the heliosphere. It will carry ten instruments, among them the X-ray imaging spectrometer STIX. STIX will determine the intensity, spectrum, timing, and location of thermal and accelerated electrons near the Sun through their bremsstrahlung X-ray emission. This report gives a brief overview of the STIX scientific goals and covers in more detail the instrument design and challenges.
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- 2013
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16. The spectrometer telescope for imaging x-rays on board the Solar Orbiter mission
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Michał Mosdorf, Henry Aurass, Piotr Orleanski, André Csillaghy, Gottfried Mann, Anna Maria Massone, Emil Popow, Piotr Podgorski, Svend-Marian Bauer, A. Meuris, L. Iseli, I. W. Kienreich, G. J. Hurford, Jana Kašparová, Brian R. Dennis, H.-P. Gröbelbauer, Karol Seweryn, N. Vilmer, H. J. Wiehl, Olivier Limousin, G. Viertel, M. Piana, Janusz Sylwester, Martin Bednarzik, Alexander Warmuth, S. Klober, N. Hochmuth, František Fárník, J. Paschke, Peter T. Gallagher, Oliver Grimm, Rafal Graczyk, Säm Krucker, V. Commichau, Marcin Stolarski, Arnold O. Benz, M. Michalska, Frank Dionies, Konrad Skup, D. Wolker, R. A. Schwarz, Marina Battaglia, D. Plüschke, A. Przepiórka, W. Bittner, J. Rendtel, M. Woche, H. F. van Beek, Miroslaw Kowalinski, Tomasz Mrozek, L. Etesi, Astrid Veronig, Witold Nowosielski, S. Brun, Robert P. Lin, N. G. Arnold, D. S. Bloomfield, R. Resanovic, Andrzej Cichocki, and H. Önel
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Physics ,Cosmic Vision ,Spectrometer ,business.industry ,Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena ,Detector ,Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics ,Astronomy ,First light ,Solar physics ,law.invention ,Telescope ,Orbiter ,Imaging spectroscopy ,Optics ,law ,business - Abstract
The Spectrometer Telescope for Imaging X-rays (STIX) is one of 10 instruments on board Solar Orbiter, a confirmed Mclass mission of the European Space Agency (ESA) within the Cosmic Vision program scheduled to be launched in 2017. STIX applies a Fourier-imaging technique using a set of tungsten grids (at pitches from 0.038 to 1 mm) in front of 32 pixelized CdTe detectors to provide imaging spectroscopy of solar thermal and non-thermal hard X-ray emissions from 4 to 150 keV. The status of the instrument reviewed in this paper is based on the design that passed the Preliminary Design Review (PDR) in early 2012. Particular emphasis is given to the first light of the detector system called Caliste-SO.
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- 2012
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17. Control of initial endothelial spreading by topographic activation of focal adhesion kinase
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Martin Bednarzik, Jens Gobrecht, Davide Franco, Dimos Poulikakos, Marco Cecchini, Mirko Klingauf, Aldo Ferrari, and Vartan Kurtcuoglu
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0303 health sciences ,Materials science ,biology ,business.industry ,Integrin ,02 engineering and technology ,General Chemistry ,Adhesion ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,Condensed Matter Physics ,Ridge (differential geometry) ,Nanoimprint lithography ,law.invention ,Endothelial stem cell ,Focal adhesion ,03 medical and health sciences ,Optics ,law ,Cell polarity ,biology.protein ,Biophysics ,0210 nano-technology ,business ,Groove (engineering) ,030304 developmental biology - Abstract
The time required to re-establish a functioning endothelial cell layer after vascular implant placement is critical to the success of the respective cardiologic or surgical intervention. Topographic modifications of implant surfaces promise to expedite endothelial regeneration by triggering the activation of cellular machineries that facilitate cell spreading. Exploiting nanoimprint lithography techniques on cyclic olefin copolymer foils, we engineered biocompatible submicron- and micro-structured gratings with groove and ridge width of 1 or 5 m and groove depth ranging from 0.1 to 2 m. Our results reveal that both the onset of endothelial spreading and subsequent texture-guided cell polarization critically depend on the feature size of the underlying topography, yet are independently modulated by the surface texture. Specifically, we demonstrate that on gratings with ridge and groove width of 1 m and groove depth of 1 m or deeper, the onset of endothelial spreading is 40% faster than on flat substrates, and that the cells align within ten degrees to the gratings. On this topography, we identify two independently regulated phases: acceleration of the onset of spreading supported by the rapid activation of integrin signaling proceeding via Focal Adhesion Kinase, and contact guidance which requires ROCK1/2 and myosin-II dependent cell contractility and focal adhesion maturation. © 2011 The Royal Society of Chemistry.
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- 2011
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18. Phase-contrast imaging and tomography at 60 keV using a conventional x-ray tube
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Stefan Prof. Popescu, Tilman Donath, Christian Grünzweig, Martin Dr. Dipl.-Phys. Hoheisel, Christian David, Oliver Bunk, Martin Bednarzik, Franz Pfeiffer, Eckhard Hempel, and W. Groot
- Subjects
Physics ,medicine.diagnostic_test ,business.industry ,Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena ,Phase-contrast imaging ,Grating ,Acceleration voltage ,Interferometry ,Optics ,medicine ,Talbot effect ,Astronomical interferometer ,Tomography ,Optical tomography ,business - Abstract
Phase-contrast imaging using grating interferometers has been developed over the last few years for x-ray energies of up to 28 keV. We have now developed a grating interferometer for phase-contrast imaging that operates at 60 keV x-ray energy. Here, we show first phase-contrast projection and CT images recorded with this interferometer using an x-ray tube source operated at 100 kV acceleration voltage. By comparison of the CT data with theoretical values, we find that our measured phase images represent the refractive index decrement at 60 keV in good agreement with the theoretically expected values. The extension of phase-contrast imaging to this significantly higher x-ray energy opens up many new applications of the technique in industry, medicine, and research.
- Published
- 2008
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
19. Performance and qualification of CdTe pixel detectors for the Spectrometer/Telescope for Imaging X-rays
- Author
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Martin Bednarzik, G. J. Hurford, Oliver Grimm, Säm Krucker, A. Meuris, G. Birrer, N. G. Arnold, Olivier Limousin, and V. Commichau
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Physics ,Spectrometer ,Pixel ,Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors ,business.industry ,Detector ,Context (language use) ,law.invention ,Telescope ,Imaging spectroscopy ,Optics ,Planar ,law ,Optoelectronics ,business ,Instrumentation ,Mathematical Physics ,Dark current - Abstract
The Spectrometer/Telescope for Imaging X-rays (STIX) is a remote sensing instrument on-board the ESA Solar Orbiter spacecraft. STIX is designated to the study of energetic phenomena in solar flares. A Fourier-imaging technique using tungsten grid collimators in front of CdTe pixel detectors is employed, covering the 4 to 150 keV energy range with a full-width-half maximum resolution around 1 keV at low energies. Acrorad CdTe detectors of 1 mm thickness with a planar aluminum Schottky contact are used as basis for a subsequent patterning process into eight large pixels, four small pixels, and a guard ring. The patterning is done by means of microfabrication technologies. The area of the patterned sensor is 10×10 mm2. Test equipment has been developed for selecting the detectors with best performance prior to integration with the read-out system, and for qualification purposes. The set-up allows pixel-based dark current measurements at low temperatures. Pixel dark currents below 60 pA are needed to avoid excess noise in the read-out ASIC. The best pixels show dark currents below 10 pA at 300 V bias and −20 °C. Spectroscopic measurements with 133Ba sources confirm the good performance. This paper briefly explains the mission context of the CdTe detectors and then gives details of the production and testing procedures. Typical results are shown, with emphasis on performance degradation studies from displacement damage by proton irradiation. This is expected to be the dominant degradation mechanism for this application.
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
20. SU-8 based deep x-ray lithography/LIGA
- Author
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Yoonyoung Jin, Martin Bednarzik, Georg Aigeldinger, Gisela Ahrens, Linke Jian, Gabi Gruetzner, Ralf Ruhmann, Varshni Singh, Jost Goettert, Reinhard Degen, Yohannes M. Desta, and Bernd Loechel
- Subjects
Materials science ,business.industry ,Extreme ultraviolet lithography ,Nanotechnology ,law.invention ,Resist ,law ,Optoelectronics ,X-ray lithography ,Photolithography ,LIGA ,business ,Lithography ,Next-generation lithography ,Maskless lithography - Abstract
Poly-methylmethacrylate (PMMA), a positive resist, is the most commonly used resist for deep X-ray lithography (DXRL)/LIGA technology. Although PMMA offers superior quality with respect to accuracy and sidewall roughness but it is also extremely insensitive. In this paper, we present our research results on SU-8 as negative resist for deep X-ray lithography. The results show that SU-8 is over two order of magnitude more sensitive to X-ray radiation than PMMA and the accuracy of the SU-8 microstructures fabricated by deep X-ray lithography is superior to UV-lithography and comparable to PMMA structures. The good pattern quality together with the high sensitivity offers rapid prototyping and direct LIGA capability. Moreover, the combinational use of UV and X-ray lithography as well as the use of positive and negative resists made it possible to fabricate complex multi-level 3D microstructures. The new process can be used to fabricate complex multi-level 3D structures for MEMS, MOEMS, Bio-MEMS or other micro-devices.
- Published
- 2003
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
21. Borosilicate glass based x-ray masks for LIGA microfabrication
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Martin Bednarzik, Jost Goettert, Michael D. Bryant, Daejong Kim, Zhengchun Peng, Yoonyoung Jin, Sanghoon Lee, Heinz Ulrich Scheunemann, Linke Jian, Bernd Loechel, and Yohannes M. Desta
- Subjects
Fabrication ,Materials science ,Resist ,Borosilicate glass ,Surface roughness ,Composite material ,LIGA ,Electroplating ,Lithography ,Microfabrication - Abstract
During the past few years, graphite based X-ray masks have been in use at CAMD and BESSY to build a variety of high aspect ratio microstructures and devices where low side wall surface roughness is not needed In order to obtain lower sidewall surface roughness while maintaining the ease of fabrication of the graphite based X-ray masks, the use of borosilicate glass was explored. A borosilicate glass manufactured by Schott Glas (Mainz, Germany) was selected due to its high purity and availability in ultra-thin sheets (30 μm). The fabrication process of the X-ray masks involves the mounting of a 30 μm glass sheet to either a stainless steel ring at room temperature or an invar ring at an elevated temperature followed by resist application, lithography, and gold electroplating. A stress free membrane is obtained by mounting the thin glass sheet to a stainless steel ring, while mounting on an invar ring at an elevated temperature produces a pre-stressed membrane ensuring that the membrane will remain taut during X-ray exposure. X-ray masks have been produced by using both thick negative- and positive-tone photoresists. The membrane mounting, resist application, lithography, and gold electroplating processes have been optimized to yield X-ray masks with absorber thicknesses ranging from 10 μm to 25 μm. Poly(methyl methacrylate) layers of 100 μm to 400 μm have been successfully patterned using the glass membrane masks.
- Published
- 2003
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
22. The front-end electronics of the Spectrometer Telescope for Imaging X-Rays (STIX) on the ESA Solar Orbiter satellite
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Martin Bednarzik, Oliver Grimm, Konrad Skup, H.-P. Gröbelbauer, G. Viertel, A. Przepiórka, V. Commichau, Piotr Orleanski, Rafal Graczyk, Olivier Limousin, Säm Krucker, Karol Seweryn, G. J. Hurford, and A. Meuris
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Physics ,Spectrometer ,business.industry ,law.invention ,Telescope ,Orbiter ,Optics ,law ,Calibration ,Satellite ,Angular resolution ,Spectral resolution ,business ,Instrumentation ,Mathematical Physics ,Heliosphere ,Remote sensing - Abstract
Solar Orbiter is an ESA mission to study the heliosphere in proximity to the Sun, scheduled for launch in January 2017. It carries a suite of ten instruments for comprehensive remote-sensing and in-situ measurements.The Spectrometer Telescope for Imaging X-Rays (STIX), one of the remote sensing instruments, images X-rays between 4 and 150keV using an Fourier technique. The angular resolution is 7 arcsec and the spectral resolution 1keV full-width-half-maximum at 6keV. X-ray detection uses pixelized Cadmium Telluride crystals provided by the Paul Scherrer Institute. The crystals are bonded to read-out hybrids developed by CEA Saclay, called Caliste-SO, incorporating a low-noise, low-power analog front-end ASIC IDeF-X HD. The crystals are cooled to -20°C to obtain very low leakage currents of less than 60pA per pixel, the prerequisite for obtaining the required spectral resolution.This article briefly describes the mission goals and then details the front-end electronics design and main challenges, resulting in part from the allocation limit in mass of 7kg and in power of 4W. Emphasis is placed on the design influence of the cooling requirement within the warm environment of a mission approaching the Sun to within the orbit of Mercury. The design for the long-term in-flight energy calibration is also explained.
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- 2012
- Full Text
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23. Transparent hybrid polymer stamp copies with sub-50-nm resolution for thermal and UV-nanoimprint lithography
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Jens Gobrecht, Helmut Schift, Menouer Saidani, Anna Klukowska, Martin Bednarzik, Freimut Reuther, Harun H. Solak, Gabi Gruetzner, and Christian Spreu
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chemistry.chemical_classification ,Fabrication ,Materials science ,business.industry ,Polymer ,Condensed Matter Physics ,Casting ,Nanoimprint lithography ,law.invention ,Nanolithography ,chemistry ,law ,Optoelectronics ,Electrical and Electronic Engineering ,business ,Lithography ,Recoating ,Sol-gel - Abstract
The organic-inorganic hybrid polymer Ormostamp was successfully used for the fabrication of inexpensive, transparent working stamps to be used in nanoimprint lithography. The stamps were produced from different masters by casting and UV exposure of a viscous precursor. The cured hybrid stamp with the replicated surface relief was imprinted into several thermoplastic materials with up to 180 °C imprint temperature. In this article the authors show the effect of the imprint temperature on the structural fidelity. By using combined thermal and UV-nanoimprint lithography at 110 °C imprint temperature, a resolution down to 35 nm is demonstrated. They also investigated deterioration effects due to plasma treatment to simulate the effect of multiple recoating steps.
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- 2009
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
24. Mixer slit plates fabricated by direct-LIGA.
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Martin Bednarzik, Christoph Waberski, Ivo Rudolph, Bernd Löchel, Frank Herbstritt, and Gisela Ahrens
- Subjects
- *
MICROSTRUCTURE , *MICROTECHNOLOGY , *MICROFABRICATION , *ELECTROPLATING , *X-ray lithography , *MICROREACTORS , *GRAPHITE - Abstract
Abstract Direct-LIGA services combining X-ray based micro-fabrication and electroplating are routinely provided to customers worldwide on a “best effort” basis by several LIGA centers. In a publicly founded project in collaboration between BESSY and Ehrfeld Mikrotechnik BTS GmbH the direct-LIGA process was adapted and optimised for fabricating mixer slit plates for micro-reactors. The application of SU-8 as a resist in deep X-ray lithography opens new opportunities for a direct and cost-effective mass fabrication of LIGA metal micro-parts. This joint paper will report on efforts from BESSY, Micro Resist Technology, and Ehrfeld BTS in fabrication of mixer slit plates by direct-LIGA for use in modular micro-reaction technology. The high demands regarding precision and yield of the micro-slit plates need certain improvements in the LIGA processing chain. Our approach consists of X-ray patterned SU-8 resist molds with a layer thickness of up to 350 μm and an aspect ratio of up to 30:1. Furthermore, the pattern-transfer into the SU-8 resist was done by a low-cost X-ray mask based on a graphite membrane. Other processing steps like NiFe electroplating and SU-8 removal will be discussed in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2008
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
25. Investigations of SU-8 removal from metallic high aspect ratio microstructures with a novel plasma technique.
- Author
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Rainer Engelke, Josef Mathuni, Gisela Ahrens, Gabi Gruetzner, Martin Bednarzik, Daniel Schondelmaier, and Bernd Loechel
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PLASMA etching ,ETCHING techniques ,MICROSTRUCTURE ,RADICALS (Chemistry) ,REACTIVE oxygen species ,MICROWAVES ,CHEMICAL reactions ,POLYMERS - Abstract
Abstract First promising investigations of SU-8 removal experiments with a novel plasma etching technique are presented. The basic idea of this technique is to separate the highly effective generation of chemical radicals (e.g. oxygen radicals) using a traveling wave reactor (TWR) microwave source with water cooled plasma zone from the chemical reaction with the resist polymer. The etching tool operates in a remote and downstream mode with very high radical density allowing precise thermal management of the substrates on the chuck giving controlled process conditions without deviation in temperature, and generally preventing ion bombardment, at least resulting in gentle processing without jeopardizing the integrity of the metal structures. Very good removal of SU-8 with very few residues and very high etching rates up to 10 μm per minute are observed in first experiments which are offering chances to get even more than 20 μm per minute. The etching process is isotropic, and the rate stays stable during the whole removing process even for very thick films of 1 mm and more. First application examples of SU-8 removal are demonstrating the great potential of the presented microwave plasma based technique not only for the cleaning of metallic microparts but also for other more sensitive materials which is demonstrated by SU-8 removal from graphite X-ray mask substrates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2008
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
26. Extreme aspect ratio NiFe gear wheels for the production of commercially available Micro Harmonic Drive® gears.
- Author
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Bernd Loechel, Jost Goettert, Gabi Gruetzner, Martin Bednarzik, Christoph Waberski, Gisela Ahrens, Rainer Engelke, Varshni Singh, Reinhard Degen, and Udo Kirsch
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HARMONIC drives ,MICROMECHANICS ,NICKEL ,IRON ,POWER transmission ,PRODUCT quality - Abstract
Abstract In a close collaboration the team of Micromotion, micro resist technology, BESSY, and LSU-CAMD have successfully mastered the challenges of LIGA production of ultra-precision microparts for Micro Harmonic Drive® gears. The complementary expertise ranging from design and application know-how to process research and technical support resulted in high quality LIGA microparts and superior Micro Harmonic Drive® gears taking advantages of the free 2D design capability and material choice. It is also an excellent example that through contributions from partners with different background and expertise LIGA precision parts can be produced with high quality and yield and for a market competitive price. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2008
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
27. Phase-contrast imaging and tomography at 60 keV using a conventional x-ray tube source
- Author
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Martin Hoheisel, Martin Bednarzik, Oliver Bunk, Tilman Donath, Christian Grünzweig, Stefan Popescu, Waldemar Groot, Franz Pfeiffer, Christian David, and Eckhard Hempel
- Subjects
Physics ,computerised tomography ,Phantoms, Imaging ,business.industry ,X-Rays ,Phase-contrast imaging ,Grating ,Acceleration voltage ,Acceleration ,Interferometry ,Optics ,Nondestructive testing ,X-ray tubes ,Astronomical interferometer ,Microtechnology ,Talbot Interferometry ,Electric potential ,Tomography ,business ,Instrumentation ,Cell Phone - Abstract
Phase-contrast imaging at laboratory-based x-ray sources using grating interferometers has been developed over the last few years for x-ray energies of up to 28 keV. Here, we show first phase-contrast projection and tomographic images recorded at significantly higher x-ray energies, produced by an x-ray tube source operated at 100 kV acceleration voltage. We find our measured tomographic phase images in good agreement with tabulated data. The extension of phase-contrast imaging to this significantly higher x-ray energy opens up many applications of the technique in medicine and industrial nondestructive testing.
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