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Critical-sized long bone defects are those that would not heal spontaneously despite surgical stabilisation. The use of bioceramic scaffold has shown promising results in the repair of bone defects. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the serum biochemical parameters of Wistar rats treated for critical-sized segmental bone loss using biphasic hydroxyapatite (HA) and β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) bioceramic scaffolds. The study was conducted in eighty male Wistar rats aged between 8-12 weeks, weighing 200-250 g body weight with critical-sized segmental defects in the femur. A 6 mm segmental mid-diaphyseal femoral defect was created under general anaesthesia. The bone defect was bridged with bioceramic scaffolds and retained in position with microplate and screws. Serum biochemical parameters serum calcium, phosphorous, acid phosphatase and alkaline phosphatase were evaluated four weeks before surgery, immediately after surgery and 4th, 8th, 12th, and 16th week after surgery. The evaluation of both serum calcium and phosphorous were found to be reliable indicators of new bone formation and mineralisation, whereas the evaluation of both serum acid phosphatase and alkaline phosphatase were found to be reliable indicators of bone healing during the treatment of critical-sized long bone defects in rats using biphasic hydroxyapatite and β-tricalcium phosphate bioceramic scaffolds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Critical-sized bone defects are those that would not heal spontaneously despite surgical stabilisation. These defects are treated using autografts, allografts, xenografts and synthetic bone grafts. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the efficacy of biphasic hydroxyapatite (HA) and β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) bioceramic scaffolds in treating critical-sized segmental bone loss in rats. The study was conducted in sixty male Wistar rats aged between 8-12 weeks, weighing 200-250 g body weight with critical-sized defects in the right femur. A six-mm segmental mid-diaphyseal femoral defect was created under general anaesthesia. The bone defect was bridged with biphasic hydroxyapatite (HA) and β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) bioceramic scaffolds and retained in position with microplate and screws. Fifteen rats were sacrificed as per the guidelines of CCSEA during the 4th, 8th, 12th and 16th week post-surgery. The treated bone and contralateral femur were harvested and subjected to a three-point bending test, torsion test and compression test to compare the regained strength of the repaired right femur with that of the intact contralateral left femur. From the present study, it was observed that the use of biphasic hydroxyapatite and β-tricalcium phosphate bioceramic scaffolds in the treatment of critical-sized long bone defects in rats resulted in biomechanical properties of the healed right femur greatly superior to the femur with untreated critical-sized diaphyseal defect by sixteenth week post-surgery and was only slightly inferior to the normal intact left femur. The results were suggestive of using biphasic hydroxyapatite and β-tricalcium phosphate bioceramics scaffolds as a safe and promising alternative for the treatment of critical-sized bone defects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A total of 13 corneas affected with pigmentary keratitis were selected for the study. Corneal clarity was assessed by visual examination and direct ophthalmoscope. Central and limbal corneal thickness was recorded with an Ultrasound pachymeter (PachPen). Pigmentation grade and mean pigment density (MPD) were assessed in all corneas. Isolation of bacterial organisms was performed through a corneal swab from all the corneas affected with pigmentary keratitis. Out of the 13 corneal swabs, the major organism isolated was staphylococcus aureus. The mean value of pigmentation grade was 55.3 ± 5.84 and the mean pigment density was 2.3 ± 0.24. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A six-year-old male spitz dog was presented with deep corneal ulcer in left eye and cataractous changes in right eye. Menace response, cotton ball test and pupillary light reflex were found negative for both eyes. Fluorescein dye test was positive for left eye and no improvement was noticed on medical management. Hence, surgical intervention with platelet rich fibrin (PRF) membrane grafting was resorted to for the protection of the ulcer bed. Autologous platelet rich fibrin membrane was grafted over the corneal ulcer bed under general anaesthesia, followed by third eyelid membranoplasty. Topical antibiotic and anti-inflammatory drops were advised for five days post-operatively and the dog had an uneventful recovery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Collagen membranes are one of the most commonly used tissue engineered scaffold. Collagen scaffolds could be effectively made by decellularising a variety of biological tissues like small intestinal submucosa, dermis, omentum, tunica vaginalis, etc. These scaffolds are effectively used for the reconstruction of hernial defects, oesophageal defects, urinary bladder wall substitution, as artificial periosteum, etc. Decellularisation can be done using different methods like physical, chemical, and enzymatic. The present study discusses the successful decellularisation of bovine tunica vaginalis by combining enzymatic and chemical methods using the Trypsin-EDTA protocol with Triton X-100 as a detergent and using it as a tissue engineered scaffold. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Six clinical cases of obstructive urolithiasis in goats were chosen for this research, with the primary objective of establishing a standardised approach for minimally invasive percutaneous tube cystostomy using a three-way Foley catheter for urinary diversion. Furthermore, the study sought to assess the efficacy of urinary bladder irrigation in promptly reestablishing urethral patency. The diagnosis relied on clinical symptoms, physical examination, haematological and serum biochemical investigations, and ultrasound findings. All the animals underwent minimally invasive percutaneous tube cystostomy using a three-way Foley catheter, introduced with a custom-made forceps. This technique was refined and proven effective for treating cases of caprine obstructive urolithiasis with an intact bladder. Regular irrigation with an acidic Walpole's solution (pH 4.5) aided in the timely dissolution of stones, leading to the swift restoration of urethral patency. On an average, urethral patency was reestablished within 17 days, and the subsequent removal of the catheter resulted in a smooth recovery in four out of six cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Dilated cardiomyopathy is the important myocardial disease and one of the most common cause of death in the medium to large size dog breeds worldwide. The disease is characterized by dilatation of cardiac chambers and thinning of walls leads to systolic failure. Mutations in some sarcomere genes leads to cardiomyopathy in humans. Sarcomere is an important multifunctional protein network involved in the signal reception and transduction. Mutations in ß-MYH7, MYBPC3 and TCAP genes produce alterations in the morphology of heart (hypertrophy or dilatation). Methods: In this study twenty apparently healthy and twenty five dogs with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) were selected from patients reported or referred to University Veterinary Hospital and Teaching Veterinary Clinical Complex, Mannuthy (2015-2017) based on the clinical examination, radiographic, electrocardiographic, haematobiochemical and echocardiographic studies cardiac disorders (Dilated cardiomyopathy and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy) were confirmed. Result: In the present study we investigated genetic alterations of exon 12 of ß-MYH7, 16 of MYBPC3 and 2 of TCAP gene in dogs by polymerase chain reaction -single stranded confirmation of polymorphism (PCR-SSCP). Polymerase chain reactions were analysed using acrylamide gel and samples with different pattern of bands were sequenced. Polymerase chain reaction-SSCP showed different migration of band pattern in the intron 1 of TCAP gene in one sample. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study was conducted on six geriatric dogs belonging to different breeds presented for various surgical procedures at the Veterinary hospitals of Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, at Mannuthy and Kokkalai. Before undergoing anaesthesia, all dogs underwent complete clinical examination and pre-anaesthetic evaluation. All the animals were administered a multimodal anaesthetic protocol with inj. dexmedetomidine and inj. buprenorphine as preanaesthetics. A combination of injection diazepam and propofol was given for induction which was followed by inj. ketamine and inj. lignocaine for analgesia. Maintenance of anaesthesia was carried out by sevoflurane along with ketamine-lignocaine CRI for providing analgesia. Studies on haematology and serum biochemistry were carried out prior to premedication, during maintenance and following anaesthesia recovery. Organ functions were well preserved with the current multimodal anaesthetic technique in geriatric dogs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was undertaken to evaluate the effects of butorphanol, dexmedetomidine, tiletamine and zolazepam anaesthesia on blood gas and haematological parameters in cats. These parameters were monitored before anaesthetic induction and 10 minutes following anaesthetic induction. Statistical analysis revealed that no significant changes exist and the parameters were within the normal reference range for cats. Therefore, this anaesthetic technique could be employed safely for elective surgery in cats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was conducted for clinical evaluation of a multimodal anaesthetic protocol using butorphanol-dexmedetomidine-midazolam-ketamine-isoflurane and lignocaine continuous rate infusion (CRI) in six cross-bred female cattle. Preanaesthetics used were butorphanol and dexmedetomidine which were administered intravenously at dose rates of 0.05 mg/kg and 1 μg/kg body weight, respectively. Ketamine and midazolam were intravenously administered at dose rates of 4.0 and 0.2 mg/kg body weight respectively, to induce anaesthesia. Isoflurane was used to maintain anaesthesia after endotracheal intubation, at a concentration of 1.05 ± 0.97 per cent concentration in 100 per cent oxygen using a large animal anaesthesia machine. Simultaneously, intravenous lignocaine was administered at a bolus dose of 2 mg/kg body weight followed by a CRI of 3 mg/kg body weight/hour using a volumetric infusion pump. Isoflurane sparing effect of intravenous lignocaine reduced the required concentration of isoflurane for maintenance. The third plane of surgical anaesthesia was maintained and various surgical procedures were done. Recovery was smooth. Other than the mild regurgitation of ruminal fluid in an animal, no anaesthetic complications were noticed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Platelet rich plasma (PRP) therapy is an integral part of regenerative medicine as the platelets possess a good healing capacity owing to the presence of a wide variety of growth factors in the platelet granules found in the cytoplasm of the platelet. Autologous PRP was prepared from the blood of the patient itself, without any preservatives. Storage of PRP was one of the main hurdles of the treatment modality. During storage, the platelet counts may get reduced, undergo activation or get contaminated with bacteria as no preservatives are used in the preparation of autologous PRP. Cytological changes and microbial quality of the PRP during storage at 4oC and -20oC for seven days were analysed in this study. Reduction in platelet count and the chance of microbial contamination were less when autologous PRP was stored at -20°C compared to 4°C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An eight year old female Maltese dog was referred with a clinical history of oblique diaphyseal fracture of right humerus a year back, corrected by intramedullary pinning and cerclage wiring. The fracture failed to heal and resulted in non-union. The animal exhibited weight bearing lameness. Crepitus could be felt with no pain on manipulation. Orthogonal radiographs revealed non-union. The elephant foot callus and non-union fragments were removed and replaced with biomimetic nanofibrous yam reinforced HA-gelatin composite scaffolds. The bone fragments were then stabilised using bone plate. Follow up radiographs confirmed complete bone healing. Animal recovered with normal limb usage after eighth postoperative week. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the diagnosis and management of obstructive urolithiasis in dogs. It focuses on urolithiasis, characterized by the formation of calculi from less soluble crystalloids of urine, and the prevalence of urolithiasis in different breed of dogs including Labrador Retrievers, Dachshunds, and Pomeranians. It also presents information on the composition of calculi which generally consists of magnesium ammonium phosphate, ammonium acid urate, calcium oxalate and Cystine.

The article discusses a study which evaluated the incidence and predisposing factors of keratopathies in Chinese pug dogs. Topics covered include ocular anatomical peculiarities and eyelid abnormalities that causes keratopathies in Chinese pugs, and corneal pigmentation resulting from exposure keratopathy and presence of foreign materials.

The article presents a case study of a five year old nulliparous dachshund dog with a bilateral swelling in the inguinal region. The dog has undergone ultrasonographic examination of the left inguinal mass and was diagnosed with acquired bilateral inguinal hernia, based on history, physical inspection, ultrasonography. The surgical management to treat the dog is explored. Also discussed is the potential factors in the development of inguinal hernias.

A Labrador Retriever male pup with complaint of cough and severe respiratory distress after accidental ingestion of foreign body on preceding day. Orthogonal survey radiograph revealed presence of foreign body in trachea at the level of anterior one th rd. Emergency tracheotomy was performed and one centimeter diameter stone piece was retrieved. Postoperative antibiotic therapy was followed and animal had an uneventful recovery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article describes the case of a Spitz dog with cyptorchidism with seminoma and hydrocele. The dog presented to the veterinary hospital with swelling at the inguinal region. Following plain radiography and ultrasonography, the dog was diagnosed to have ectopic testis with hydrocele. Surgery was performed on the animal.

The article describes the surgical management of open oblique mid-diaphyseal fracture of the right humerus in a Barn Owl, Tyto alba. The owl was treated by intramedually pinning to stabilize the bone and was anaesthesized using ketamine. Result of post-operative lateral radiograph was obtained. It took a number of months for the fracture to heal.

The article presents a case study of a four month old female Spitz pup having a foreign body in the oesophagus. The pup was dull and showed excessive salivation and regurgitation. Oesophagoscopy of the pup confirmed a bone piece. The patient underwent gastrotomy, in which a 6cm long incision was made in the stomach, and the bone piece was extracted by inserting a long jawed curved foreceps into the oesophagus.

The article presents information on a study which described observations associated with dilated cardiomyophy (DCM) in dogs. Dogs used in the study showed signs suggestive of cardiac problems such as lethargy, weakness, dyspnoea and exercise intolerance and syncope. Identified abnormalities associated with electrocardiography include atrial tachycardia, increased P and QRS duration suggestive of left atrial and ventricular enlargement, respectively.

The article presents a case study of a three-month-old Labrador puppy with history of chronic intermittent diarrhea and poor weight gain since weaning. Gluten sensitive enteropathy was the diagnosis based on the clinical signs and history of feeding. The article also discusses the importance of diet in managing gluten sensitive enteropathy.

The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of preoperative dextrose infusion in promoting post operative recovery. The bitches presented for panhysterectomy were divided into two groups consisting of six each. Physiological and Haematological Parameters were estimated before and after surgery. Cortisol concentration and glucose concentration were also estimated. rd Sedation score and pain score were recorded from immediately after surgery up to 3rd postoperative day. A significant reduction in stress in the immediate postoperative period was noted as indicated by lowered elevation of cortisol and glucose level, and early anaesthetic recovery in animals received dextrose infusion in the preoperative period. The positive benefits in terms of improved postoperative outcome and patient well being after elective surgery recommends preoperative dextrose infusion in dogs as a general protocol in future practice in animal surgery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]