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Vasos comunicantes entre los grados en Diseño y Bellas Artes de la UCM Laboratorios transdisciplinares: #2 La lectura inspiradora del diseño editorial, la ilustración y el fanzine. Ida y vuelta de lo digital a lo manual es un proyecto de innovación docente desarrollado en la Facultad de Bellas Artes durante el curso 2023-2024 y que trata de vincular los grados de Bellas Artes y Diseño a través de proyectos en común en torno al diseño editorial, la ilustración y el fanzine.

El principal objetivo que se buscará a lo largo de este trabajo es el análisis de una cámara frigorífica en su totalidad para la posterior ejecución de una optimización exhaustiva y justificada, tratando de mejorar su sistema de control actual, cuyo funcionamiento es completamente manual, por uno que se adapte a las diferentes condiciones a las que se somete a lo largo del tiempo.Mediante diferentes lecturas reales realizadas en la misma, se realizará un estudio térmico, determinando parámetros que caracterizarán el recinto y nos permitirán obtener un modelo térmico valído para posteriores análisis y cálculos detallados. De esta forma, con la obtención de valores experimentales , como pueden ser las temperaturas interiores , la carga de producto o la energía eléctrica consumida por el conjunto de equipos que conforman la cámara frigorífica, se obtendrán valores de transmitancia experimentales, que corroborados mediante un posterior cálculo teórico, consolidarán junto al conjunto de cargas térmicas y estimación de la carga de producto conformarán el correspondiente modelo térmico. Este modelo se pondrá a prueba para realizar predicciones de consumo en meses venideros, valores de los cuales se le aplicarán una serie de factores de correción que nos permitirán obtener resultados más fieles a la realidad.Así mismo se perseguirá la incorporación de diferentes medidas de carácter térmico para brindarle al sistema una serie de mejoras que permitan reducir este valor de manera significativa, y , por lo tanto, lograr un ahorro considerable en meses posteriores de operación., The main purpose followed in this paper is to analyze a refrigerating chamber as a whole in order to optimize its manual functioning by reasonably implementing a system which is able to adjust to diverse conditions throughout time.A heat study is carried out by using real data from the chamber, resulting in several parameters from the enclosure that will enable the obtaining of a heat model for further tests and calculations. This way, by obtaining experimental values such as inner temperatures, the product’s weight or the electric energy consumed by the chamber’s equipment, experimental transmittance values will be achieved. Said values will be verified by theoretical calculations, and along with the heat load and an estimate of the product’s weight the corresponding heat model will be conformed. This model will be tested in order to make predictions of the consumption of the months to come. In addition, a number of correction factors will be applied to these predictions to enable the obtaining of more reliable results. The adoption of various heat measures in order to reduce consumption significantly will be embraced, therefore achieving noticeable savings in the months following this operation.

This is an Accepted Manuscript of an article published by Taylor & Francis in International Journal of Rail Transportation on 2021, available online: http://www.tandfonline.com/10.1080/23248378.2020.1829513, [EN] Railways are an efficient transport mean with lower energy consumption and emissions in comparison to other transport means for freight and passengers, and yet there is a growing need to increase their efficiency. To achieve this, it is needed to accurately predict their energy consumption, a task which is traditionally carried out using deterministic models which rely on data measured through money- and time-consuming methods. Using four basic (and cheap to measure) features (train speed, acceleration, track slope and radius of curvature) from MetroValencia (Spain), we predicted the traction power using different machine learning models, obtaining that a random forest model outperforms other approaches in such task. The results show the possibility of using basic features to predict the traction power in a metropolitan railway line, and the chance of using this model as a tool to assess different strategies in order to increase the energy efficiency in these lines.

[EN] The dual gauge track, in which a third rail is added to the conventional track section, has recently been installed in large sections of the Spanish railway network, allowing the passage of trains of two different track gauges. With increasing train speeds and axle loads, the new dual gauge track must share the main characteristics of current track systems while minimizing the drawbacks, in order to ensure a real step forward in railway track design. Thus, this paper presents a research study on the dynamic behaviour of a dual gauge track generated by the passage of trains. To accomplish this task, an extensive experimen-tal and numerical investigation was conducted in a stretch of the Spanish railway network. The experi-mental work includes the characterization of the rail and sleeper mechanical behaviour during train passage. In addition, results from the experimental investigations were also compared with a fully three-dimensional numerical model. The model uses SOLID95 elements with elastoplastic Mohr- Coulomb behaviour and yields a rMSE of 25% between measured and calculated responses, hence show -ing a good agreement. Concerning the vibrational response, the presence of the third rail have a signifi-cant effect, since the maximum rail vertical accelerations significantly increased on the side where two rails are close together. Finally, the contact pressure between the sleeper and the ballast bed is 35% higher in the common rail when the train runs on the Iberian gauge, but 50% higher on the dedicated rail when the train runs on the standard gauge.

[EN] With more than 3,200 km of track, the Spanish high-speed rail network is the longest network in Europe and the second largest in the world after China. Due to its geographical location in southern Europe, the entire network is exposed to periods of elevated temperatures that can cause disturbances and severe disruptions such as rail deformation, or in the worst case, lateral track buckling. In this study, the vulnerability of the current Spanish high-speed rail network is analysed in terms of track buckling failures with a Monte Carlo simulation. Downscaled temperature projections from a range of Global Climate Models (GCMs), under three Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP4.5, RCP6.0 and RCP8.5), were forced in a buckling model and particularized for different segments of the network. With that, the proposed methodology provides the number of rail buckles expected per year by assuming current maintenance standards and procedures. The result reveals significant increase in the occurrence of buckling events for future years, mainly in the central and southern areas of mainland Spain. However, relevant variations are found in different climates and time horizon scenarios in Spain. The anticipated buckling occurrences highlight the vulnerability of the Spanish rail network in the context of global warming scenarios. Overall, the proposed methodology is designed to be applicable in large-scale railway networks to identify potential buckling sites for the purpose of understanding and predicting their behaviour.

[EN] Minimizing energy consumption is a key issue from both an environmental and economic perspectives for railways systems; however, it is also important to reduce infrastructure construction costs. In the present work, an artificial neural network (ANN) was trained to estimate the energy consumption of a metropolitan railway line. This ANN was used to test hypothetical vertical alignments scenarios, proving that symmetric vertical sinusoid alignments (SVSA) can reduce energy consumption by up to 18.4% compared with a flat alignment. Finally, we analyzed the impact of SVSA application on infrastructure construction costs, considering different scenarios based on top-down excavation methods. When balancing reduction in energy consumption against infrastructure construction costs between SVSA and flat alignment, the extra construction costs due to SVSA have a return period of 25-300 years compared with a flat alignment, depending on the soil type and construction method used. Symmetric vertical sinusoid alignment layouts are thus suitable for scattered or soft soils, up to compacted intermediate geomaterials.

[EN] This paper presents the application of machine learning systems based on neural networks to model the energy consumption of electric metro trains, as a first step in a research project that aims to optimise the energy consumed for traction in the Metro Network of Valencia (Spain). An experimental dataset was gathered and used for training. Four input variables (train speed and acceleration, track slope and curvature) and one output variable (traction power) were considered. The fully trained neural network shows good agreement with the target data, with relative mean square error around 21%. Additional tests with independent datasets also give good results (relative mean square error = 16%). The neural network has been applied to five simple case studies to assess its performance - and has proven to correctly model basic consumption trends (e.g. the influence of the slope) - and to properly reproduce acceleration, holding and braking, although it tends to slightly underestimate the energy regenerated during braking. Overall, the neural network provides a consistent estimation of traction power and the global energy consumption of metro trains, and thus may be used as a modelling tool during further stages of research.

[ES] El transporte es una actividad fundamental en las sociedades modernas, pero también es uno de los sectores que más contribuye al consumo energético y a las emisiones. El ferrocarril es uno de los medios de transporte más eficientes, pero todavía existe un margen de mejorar para reducir su consumo energético y aumentar su sostenibilidad. Uno de los modos más efectivos para lograr esto, especialmente en ferrocarriles de ámbito urbano, es mediante la optimización de marchas. Existen muchos estudios que afrontan este problema a través de la simulación y el uso de algoritmos que identifican perfiles de conducción eficiente bajo múltiples escenarios. En este contexto, el propósito de la tesis doctoral es contribuir al conocimiento de las herramientas empleadas para estudiar el consumo energético en el ferrocarril de ámbito urbano, centrándose por un lado en estudiar el posible uso de redes neuronales como instrumento de simulación, y por otro lado llevando a cabo una comparativa sistemática de algunos de los algoritmos meta-heurísticos de optimización más usados. Para ello, se ha desarrollado un simulador de marchas combinado con una red neuronal, el cual parte de una serie de comandos que representan la salida del sistema ATO, y calcula el correspondiente perfil de velocidad, tiempo de viaje y consumo energético. El simulador ha sido validado con datos reales medidos en la red de metro de Valencia, con un error medio del 2,87% en la estimación de tiempo y del 3,62% en la estimación de la energía. Mediante este simulador se han calculado más de 5.800 combinaciones de comandos ATO para 32 tramos de la red de metro de Valencia (considerando ambos sentidos de circulación) y se han calculado los frentes de Pareto reales para cada caso. A partir de aquí, se han aplicado cinco algoritmos meta-heurísticos (NSGA-II, MOPSO, SPEA-II, MOEA-D y MOACOr) para obtener conjuntos de soluciones no-dominadas en cada uno de los 64 casos de estudio, y se ha evaluado el grado de convergen, [CA] El transport és una activitat fonamental en les societats modernes, però també és un dels sectors que més contribueix al consum energètic i a les emissions. El ferrocarril és un dels mitjans de transport més eficients, però encara hi ha marge per a reduir el seu consum energètic i augmentar la seua sostenibilitat. Un dels modes més efectius per a fer això, especialment en ferrocarrils d'àmbit urbà, es mitjançant l'optimització de marxes. N'hi ha molts estudis que afronten aquest problema mitjançant la simulació i l'ús d'algoritmes que identifiquen perfils de conducció eficient baix múltiples escenaris. En aquest context, el propòsit d'aquesta tesi doctoral és contribuir al coneixement de les eines utilitzades per a estudiar el consum energètic en el ferrocarril d'àmbit urbà, centrant-se, per una banda, en estudiar l'ús de xarxes neuronals com a instrument de simulació, i per altra fent una comparació sistemàtica d'alguns dels algoritmes meta-heurístics més utilitzats. Per a fer això, s'ha desenvolupat un simulador de marxes combinat amb una xarxa neuronal que, partint d'uns comandaments que representen l'eixida del sistema ATO, calcula el corresponent perfil de velocitats, temps de viatge i consum energètic. El simulador ha estat validat amb dades reals mesurades en la xarxa de metro de València, amb un error mitjà del 2,8% en l'estimació del temps i del 3,62% en l'estimació de l'energia. Mitjançant aquest simulador s'han calculat més de 5.800 combinacions de comandaments ATO per a 32 trams de la xarxa de metro de València (considerant ambdós sentits de circulació), i s'han calculat els fronts de Pareto reials per a cada cas. A partir d'ací, s'han aplicat cinc algoritmes meta-heurístics (NSGA-II, MOPSO, SPEA-II, MOEA-D i MOACOr) per a obtindre conjunts de solucions no-dominades en cadascú dels 64 casos d'estudi, i s'ha avaluat el grau de convergència, regularitat i diversitat de cada conjunt de solucions amb una sèrie de mètriques, aplicant un anàlisi estadísti, [EN] Transport is one of the most fundamental activities of modern societies, but it is also one of the sectors with higher energy consumption and associated emissions. Railways are one of the most efficient transport means, but there is still margin to reduce their energy consumption and to improve their sustainability. One of the most effective ways to do so, particularly in urban railways, is to optimise speed profiles. Several studies focus on this problem by using simulation and algorithms to identify efficient speed profiles under different scenarios. In this context, the main objective of this doctoral thesis is to contribute to the knowledge regarding tools used to study railways energy consumption in urban railways. The thesis focuses, on the one hand, on studying the potential use of neural networks as simulation tools. On the other hand, the thesis carries out a systematic comparison between a few of the most used meta-heuristic optimisation algorithms. Hence, a driving simulator combined with a neural network has been developed. This simulator takes a set of commands, which represent the output of the ATO system, and calculates the corresponding speed profile, travel time and energy consumed. The simulator has been validated using real data measured in the Valencia metro network, with an average error of 2.87% (time estimation) and 3.62% (energy estimation). Using this simulator, more than 5,800 combinations of ATO commands have been simulated in 32 inter-station stretches selected from the Valencia metro network (considering both directions of travel) and the corresponding real Pareto fronts have been calculated. Afterwards, five meta-heuristic algorithms (NSGA-II, MOPSO, SPEA-II, MOEA-D and MOACOr) have been used to obtain sets of non-dominated solutions for each of the 64 case studies. The convergence, regularity and diversity of these solution sets have been then evaluated through a series of metrics, applying statistical analysis to determine whethe

El laboratorio virtual muestra las velocidades máxima, mínima y teórica de paso por curva de un tren, para un determinado ancho de vía y radio de curva, y en función del peralte real. La velocidad teórica de paso es aquella para la que no existe aceleración transversal. De este modo, es posible para un tren circulando por una determinada curva, bien obtener el rango de velocidades a las que podrá circular, bien obtener el peralte a adoptar dada la velocidad de proyecto.

Este laboratorio virtual permite obtener los esfuerzos axiles que se dan en un carril que conforma una barra larga soldada, así como su variación a lo largo de la longitud de la zona de respiración y los desplazamientos de la punta del aparato de dilación situado al inicio de dicha zona de respiración. Los datos de partida son: el rango de temperaturas en el carril, el tipo de carril y la resistencia longitudinal de la vía que tributa sobre un carril.

The rail network in Spain is around 16.000 km of Iberian, standard and narrow gauge, connecting the main population cities and hubs of transport. Due to its geographical location in southern Europe, during the summer months the entire network is subjected to high temperatures variations, including heat wave events, where temperatures become exceptionally elevates. With the use of continuous welded rails and the absence of expansion joints, temperature changes in rails results in significant compressive stresses. Moreover, climate models considers that extreme temperatures are going to become more frequent and intense in the next decades. Thus, understanding the nature of buckling events is required to identify potential causes and develop adaptation strategies and safety procedures. However, the impact in the railway infrastructure in Spain have not been fully addressed due to the differences in local environmental parameters and track characteristics, among others. In this study, the issue of potential impacts of temperatures on the Spanish railway network are analyzed in terms of average track buckling failures until 2030. The approach addresses the frequency of future buckling events considering the spatial and temporal distribution to establish trends between climate projections and track buckling events. Therefore, this work is of significant importance for planning, design and maintenance, providing a predictive track maintenance regime in order to assist the decision-making process.

[EN] This paper presents the training of a neural network using consumption data measured in the underground network of Valencia (Spain), with the objective of estimating the energy consumption of the systems. After the calibration and validation of the neural network using part of the gathered consumption data, the results obtained show that the neural network is capable of predicting power consumption with high accuracy. Once fully trained, the network can be used to study the energy consumption of a metro system and for testing the hypothetical operation scenarios.

[EN] In rail transport, track gauge is one of the principal factors that condition the passage of trains. For technical and economic reasons, in some circumstances it is necessary to build and operate the so-called dual gauge track, in which a third rail is added to allow operation of trains in two separate gauges. Although the problem of lateral buckling of rail tracks under thermal loading has been well researched, the addition of the third rail increases the steel area subjected to thermal loads, and thus requires a more accurate analysis. The objective of this paper is to develop an analytical model to analyse the lateral buckling under thermal loads on dual gauge tracks. An in-depth analysis of the effects of the thermal track buckling response produced by each fundamental parameter is presented and discussed. It is found that the risk of buckling is more in dual gauge tracks when compared with the conventional tracks. Finally, this model establishes a mechanism that can be used to perform a more effective infrastructure management policy.

[EN] This paper represents a final stage in the assessment of granular sub-ballast materials mixed with tyre-derived aggregate (TDA) without binder material. The objective is to evaluate such mixtures through a full-scale test under real traffic conditions. An experimental track with three 30-metre long sections was constructed: one section was built with conventional sub-ballast; and the other two sections were built with mixtures containing increasing rubber content. This track was then monitored using accelerometers. The results show a clear reduction in the acceleration peaks as rubber content increases. Moreover, the excited frequency bandwidth tends to become narrower and shifts to lower frequencies.

[EN] This study presents a train simulation tool for the evaluation of a train journey and its energy consumption. The simulation tool consists of a train motion model and an energy consumption model, specifically developed for a diesel multiple unit. The underlying equations are numerically solved following the finite difference method. The models¿ performances are tested against a set of measured data including fuel consumption and speed profiles from real operation services. The results yield adjustment errors below 9% in all simulations, including simplified route profiles. The consideration of wind speed and direction further contributes to improve speed adjustment by 1.5% in those stretches where such variables are taken into account. Hence, the simulation tool can be used to predict the travel time and fuel consumption in any potential railway service even at an early stage design.

In the National Spanish railway network, two types of track gauge with continuous welded rails are currently in use: the Iberian wide gauge (1668 mm) and the standard gauge (1435 mm). In order to improve links and freight traffic between different lines and with the rest of Europe, a dual gauge track with three rails was developed. This solution modifies the classical track configuration, so it is necessary to develop new methodologies and studies to understand its behavior. Among other loads applied on a continuous welded rail track, a considerable rise in temperature induces compressive stresses in the three rails that can lead to lateral track buckling. Moreover, on dual gauge tracks, the addition of the third rail increases the axial compression, which may lead to track instability. For this reason, a three-dimensional continuous welded rail model is developed in this study to be used for dual gauge track buckling analysis on straight tracks subjected to temperature load. The continuous welded rail dual gauge track model consists of beam, solid and spring elements, in which a non-linear behaviour of the ballast is considered. The results obtained may be used to predict the buckling capacity of the continuous welded rail on dual gauge tracks with respect to different parameters such as lateral resist-ance, lateral imperfections, sleeper spacing or torsional stiffness.

[EN] This paper focuses on the assessment of the vibration behaviour of granular sub-ballast materials mixed with rubber particles from scrap tyres. The main objective is to evaluate whether these mixes attenuate vibrations caused by passing trains, and if so, to what extent. Several laboratory and field tests were carried out to monitor the response of such materials to various excitation sources. The results show that under controlled laboratory conditions, the addition of rubber (up to 5% by weight) greatly increases the damping ratio and reduces vibration. Field tests also show that higher percentages of rubber yield a significant alleviation of vibration caused by repetitive and harmonic loads that are similar to those produced by passing trains. An addition of 5% by weight yields a reduction of 50% in the mean acceleration peak at one metre from the excitation source. The anisotropy of the mix is another key factor when evaluating the vibration behaviour of these mixes.

INTRAS Foundation (Research and Treatment in Mental Health and Social Services) was aware of the high demand of sports and physical activity by young people and adults who attend our health care services. Therefore the Sport Club “Duero” was created, throughout this club, Intras regulates the practice of sports and physical activities into the community, and this experience tells us that people who practice sports in public spaces improve their wellbeing, and thus leads to a series of cognitive, emotional, physical and social benefits for participants. We have managed to channel this motivation towards the acquisition of cross sectorskills needed to be included into the labour market, such as: focus on results, customer compeservice, responsibility, teamwork and flexibility. This will benefit clients to get into employment. These skills have been assessed, weekly and monthly for nine months by the development of a set of indicators., Fundación INTRAS (Investigación y Tratamiento en Salud Mental y Servicios Sociales) ha percibido la alta demanda de práctica deportiva por parte de los jóvenes y adultos que asisten a sus recursos de atención directa. Por eso, se ha regulado su práctica con el Club Deportivo Duero, observando que la versatilidad de deportes practicados en espacios comunitarios no formales, propicia una serie de beneficios cognitivos, emocionales, físicos y sociales en los participantes. Debido a esa motivación, se está vinculando su práctica hacia la adquisición y/o refuerzo de las siguientes competencias transversales a todo puesto de trabajo: orientación al resultado, atención al cliente, responsabilidad, trabajo en equipo y flexibilidad. Que benefician a la persona en una dimensión “nueva” u olvidada para ellos, la inserción laboral. Estas competencias se han evaluado, semanal y mensualmente, durante nueve meses por medio de la elaboración de una serie de indicadores.

Esta obra consta de dos volúmenes que pretenden ser una referencia en materia de infraestructuras ferroviarias para los estudios de grado y de máster. El primer volumen se centra en los elementos constituyentes de la superestructura, exponiendo los aspectos generales del ferrocarril como medio de transporte guiado.Parte de este libro se dedica a los elementos principales de la vía: el carril, la traviesa, el balasto y el pequeño material, respectivamente. Por otra parte, el lector también puede encontrar información sobre la tipología de vía con juntas, la más tradicional, en la que los carriles se unen mediante bridas, enfatizando los problemas que plantea en una explotación moderna.Por último, se exponen y analizan los diferentes dispositivos existentes en la vía que permiten a los trenes realizar diferentes tipos de maniobras.

[EN] Nowadays there is an evident concern regarding the efficiency and sustainability of the transport sector due to both the threat of climate change and the current financial crisis. This concern explains the growth of railways over the last years as they present an inherent efficiency compared to other transport means. However, in order to further expand their role, it is necessary to optimise their energy consumption so as to increase their competitiveness. Improving railways energy efficiency requires both reliable data and modelling tools that will allow the study of different variables and alternatives. With this need in mind, this paper presents the development of consumption models based on neural networks that calculate the energy consumption of electric trains. These networks have been trained based on an extensive set of consumption data measured in line 1 of the Valencia Metro Network. Once trained, the neural networks provide a reliable estimation of the vehicles consumption along a specific route when fed with input data such as train speed, acceleration or track longitudinal slope. These networks represent a useful modelling tool that may allow a deeper study of railway lines in terms of energy expenditure with the objective of reducing the costs and environmental impact associated to railways.

Esta obra consta de dos volúmenes que pretenden ser una referencia en materia de infraestructuras ferroviarias para los estudios de grado y de máster. El segundo volumen se centra en los elementos constituyentes de la infraestructura, exponiendo, por una parte, las particularidades de las obras de tierra, es decir, de los desmontes y terraplenes; y por otra, las de las obras de fábrica, necesarias cuando resulta inviable que la infraestructura esté compuesta sólo por obras de tierra. Además,también se analizan las capas constituyentes de la plataforma como superficie sobrela que se apoya la superestructura de vía y que recibe, a través de la capa de balasto,las tensiones producidas por el tráfico. Finalmente, con el objetivo de que el lector pueda adquirir una visión más práctica del conocimiento teórico expuesto, el libro se complementa con una relación de ejercicios tanto resueltos como propuestos.