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The Water Framework Directive of the European Union has become a milestone in the water policy for this area. This Directive aims to achieve a "good ecological status" of bodies of water in the Member States of the European Union by 2015. The Water Framework Directive calls for the application of economic principles, economic approaches, tools and instruments. The functions of this economic analysis include identifying methods to estimate resource and environmental costs. The purpose of this paper is to define the applications of Environmental Economics techniques in a groundwater valuation, taking the Gavilán Aquifer, located in the southeast of Spain, as a case study. This aquifer discharges support a very important wetland, with high biological, recreational and landscaping values. As this groundwater is also used for agricultural purposes, it is an ideal case to test a methodology aimed at measuring both environmental and resource costs. Two valuation techniques % Contingent Valuation Method and Production Function Approach% were applied so as to achieve this goal. The total economic value estimated for this groundwater is 0.454 €/m3, out of which 16.1% is related to environmental and recreational aspects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coastal lagoons are a special type of boundary ecosystem between marine and terrestrial environments, which in many cases are threatened by human activities developed in the periphery. One of the most important anthropogenic impacts sustained by coastal lagoons is eutrophication, as a result of nutrient enrichment of the water from agriculture and deficient treatment systems. In the European Union, laws such as the Water Framework Directive and Marine Strategy Framework Directive aim to achieve a good ecological status for these ecosystems through a program of measures, which must take into account the benefits generated by them. In this study we have applied the contingent valuation method to estimate the benefits generated by the measures to improve the ecological status of the Mar Menor coastal lagoon (SE Spain), one of the most important of the Mediterranean Sea. The results show that there is a willingness to pay for the implementation of additional measures apart from urban wastewater treatment and other obligatory measures. From the willingness to pay values obtained, the environmental benefits generated by the correction of the impacts at Mar Menor were estimated. These benefits add up to 17.4 million euros per year, of which 7.7 and 9.7 are related to the increase in the use and non-use values, respectively. On the other hand, the estimation of the derived demand function has shown that variables such as the connection to Mar Menor and the level of environmental awareness have a positive influence on the willingness to pay. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]