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La necesidad del desarrollo de procesos industriales sostenibles ha llevado al concepto de biorrefinería, por el cual se usan materias primas renovables (biomasa) como punto de partida de procesos industriales. En el contexto de estos procesos el ácido fumárico está considerado uno de los productos químicos más prometedores para su obtención industrial, ya que tiene una amplia variedad de aplicaciones industriales que permitirían el desarrollo de una nueva industria sostenible en la valorización de biomasa, constituyendo una alternativa a la petroquímica. Por esta razón, en este trabajo se ha abordado el estudio de un proceso fermentativo de producción de ácido fumárico a partir de residuos de fruta, ya que son ricos en azúcares fermentables. Para esta producción se utilizan determinados hongos filamentosos que son conocidos por ser los mejores productores naturales de ácido fumárico. La cepa Rhizopus arrhizus NRRL 1526 ha sido la seleccionada para el desarrollo de este trabajo..., The need for the development of sustainable industrial processes has led to the biorefinery concept, whereby renewable raw materials (biomass) are used as astarting point for industrial processes. In the context of these processes, fumaric acidis considered one of the most promising chemical products for industrial production, since it has a wide variety of industrial applications that would allow the development of a new sustainable industry in the revaluation of biomass, constituting an alternative to petrochemicals. For this reason, in this work we have approached the study of a fermentative process for the production of fumaric acid from fruit residues, since they are rich infermentable sugars. For this production, certain filamentous fungi are used, which are known to be the best natural producers of fumaric acid. The strain Rhizopus arrhizus NRRL 1526 has been selected for the development of this work...

Fumaric acid is one of the most promising biorefinery platform chemicals, fruit residues being a very suitable raw material for its production in second generation biorefineries. In particular, apple pomace is a plentiful residue from the apple juice industry, with apple being the second largest fruit crop in the world, with a production that increased from 46 to 86 Mtons in the 1994–2021 period. With a global apple juice production of more than 4.5 Mtons, a similar amount of apple pomace is produced yearly. In this work, apple pomace hydrolysate has been obtained by enzymatic hydrolysis and further characterized for its content in sugars, phenolics and nitrogen using different analytic methods, based on HPLC and colorimetric techniques. Previous to the use of this hydrolysate (APH), we studied if the addition of fructose to the usual glucose-rich broth could lead to high fumaric acid yields, titers and productivities. Afterwards, APH fermentation was performed and improved using different nitrogen initial amounts, obtaining production yields (0.32 gFumaric acid/gconsumed sugar) similar to those obtained with synthetic media (0.38 gFumaric acid/gconsumed sugar). Kinetic modelling was employed to evaluate, explain, and understand the experimental values and trends of relevant components in the fermentation broth as functions of the bioprocess time, proposing a suitable reaction scheme and a non-structured, non-segregated kinetic model based on it., Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación, Comisión Europea, Depto. de Ingeniería Química y de Materiales, Fac. de Ciencias Químicas, TRUE, pub

The production of organic acids by biotechnological processes has experienced a notable impulse with the advent of first and second generation biorefineries and the need of searching for renewable and sustainable feedstock, such as biomass. Fumaric acid is a promising biomonomer for polyamide production and a well-known acidulant and preservative in food and feed industries. Malic acid is a well-known food acidulant with a high market share. The biotechnological Fumaric and Malic acid production via fungi of the Rhizopus genus is being explored nowadays as a process for the valorization of food and food-related waste to obtain food ingredients and key platform chemicals of the so-called biochemical biorefinery. In this work, a preliminary study is performed to find reproducible conditions for the production of the acids by Rhizopus arrhizus NRRL 1526 by controlling fungi morphology and inoculum conditions. Afterwards, several production runs are performed to obtain biomass, glucose, and acid concentration data at different processing time values. Finally, an unstructured, unsegregated model including a logistic-type equation for biomass and potential-type equations for the substrate and the products is fitted to experimental data. We find that the production of the organic acids is mainly non-associated with fungal growth., Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MICINN), Depto. de Ingeniería Química y de Materiales, Fac. de Ciencias Químicas, TRUE, pub

The increasing scarcity of fossil raw materials, together with the need to develop new processes and technology based on renewable sources, and the need to dispose of an increasing amount of biomass-derived waste, have boosted the concept of biorefineries. Both 1G and 2G biorefineries are focused on the obtention of biofuels, chemicals, materials, food and feed from biomass, a renewable resource. Fumaric acid, and most compounds involved in the Kreb cycle, are considered key platform chemicals, not only for being acidulants and additives in the food industry, but also for their prospective use as monomers. This review is focused on the biotechnological processes based on fungi, mainly of the Rhizopus genus, whose main product is fumaric acid, on the process conditions, the bioreactors and modes of operation and on the purification of the acid once it is produced., Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MICIIN), Depto. de Ingeniería Química y de Materiales, Fac. de Ciencias Químicas, TRUE, pub