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The purpose of this study was to evaluate the mutual impact of community and individual factors on youth’s perceptions of community safety, using structural equation modeling (SEM) conceptualized by syndemic theory. This study used survey data collected from a county wide sample of middle and high school students (N=25,147) in West Central Florida in 2015. The outcome variable was youth’s perceptions of community safety. Predictors were latent individual and community factors constructed from 14 observed variables including gun accessibility, substance use, depressive symptoms, and multiple neighborhood disadvantage questions. Three structural equation models were conceptualized based on syndemic theory and analyzed in Mplus 8 using weighted least squares (WLS) estimation. Each model’s goodness of fit was assessed. Approximately seven percent of youth reported feeling unsafe in their community. After model modifications, the final model showed a good fit of the data and adhered to the theoretical assumption. In the final SEM model, an individual latent factor was implied by individual predictors measuring gun accessibility without adult’s permission (β=0.70), sadness and hopelessness (β=0.52), alcohol use (β=0.79), marijuana use (β=0.94), and illegal drug use (β=0.77). Meanwhile, a community latent factor was indicated by multiple community problems including public drinking (β=0.88), drug addiction (β=0.96), drug selling (β=0.97), lack of money (β=0.83), gang activities (β=0.90), litter and trash (β=0.79), graffiti (β=0.91), deserted houses (β=0.86), and shootings (β=0.93). A second-order syndemic factor that represented the individual and community factors showed a very strong negative association with youth’s safe perception (β=-0.98). This study indicates that individual risk factors and disadvantaged community conditions interacted with each other and mutually affected youth’s perceptions of community safety. To reduce these co-occurring effects and improve safe perceptions among youth, researchers and practitioners should develop and implement comprehensive strategies targeting both individual and community factors.

Preadolescents' involvement in religious congregations may serve as a distal protective factor against aggression. Interviews were conducted to explore Puerto Rico (PR) Christian church and faith-based organization (FBO) leaders' knowledge and perceptions about preadolescent violence, and the role of congregations in its prevention. Bullying was perceived as the most common type of aggression among PR preadolescents. Education, positive role modeling, and relationships with pro-social adults are considered important in its prevention. While willing to engage in violence prevention efforts, congregations may possess limited knowledge on the topic and its relevance. Findings can help inform the development of collaborative research and prevention efforts at the family and community levels.

This article focuses on access to domestic violence services within Belize. Using data from community asset mapping, interviews with key informants, and focus groups with community members, the multiple streams framework was used to identify potential areas for intervention to improve access and ameliorate the effects of family violence in Belize. Identified challenges to accessing limited domestic violence resources were mainly confidentiality concerns and mistrust. Existing laws and regulations, organizational structures, and policies and plans also influenced access. Women's groups, nongovernmental organizations, and the health department can play a crucial role in improving access to domestic violence services.

To improve intimate partner violence (IPV) service delivery, the Florida Maternal, Infant, and Early Childhood Home Visiting (MIECHV) Initiative’s continuous quality improvement (CQI) team implemented a Breakthrough Series model Learning Collaborative with eight program sites. Using mixed-methods, we: examined post-Collaborative changes in Florida MIECHV home visitors’ knowledge, system awareness, and confidence; identified strategies to address challenges in supporting families with IPV; and assessed post-Collaborative program improvements. The Collaborative included three interactive 2-day sessions, six webinars, and testing strategies using the Model for Improvement (Plan-Do-Study-Act). Three online surveys assessed changes influencing IPV screening, referrals, and safety planning. Thematic content analysis of qualitative data revealed existing barriers and strategies to address challenges. Home visitors reported accurate knowledge (change: 2.3%-34.8%), confidence (change: 31.8%-37.9%), and system awareness (change: 22.7%-53.5%) for all items from baseline to final survey. There was also an increase in rates of IPV screening (change: 88.0%-91.0%) and referrals (change: 43.0%-100.0%). Strategies for addressing challenges in supporting families experiencing IPV were identified at the individual (self-care, continuous education); interpersonal (reflective supervision, trauma-informed approach); organizational (defining success, supportive agency/program, policies); and community (collaboration with IPV service providers) levels. Lessons learned from the MIECHV IPV Learning Collaborative informed future CQI projects.

While the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) provides numerous benefits to many enrolled families across the United States, including access to nutritious foods, some recent drops in maternal participation in Kentucky resulted from failures to retrieve those benefits. We explored perceived benefits of and encountered barriers to food benefit retrieval. Journey mapping included direct observations of client appointments, clinic lobby areas, and a shopping experience and was augmented with focus groups conducted in two urban and two rural areas. Major touchpoints before WIC appointments, during those appointments at clinics, and after appointments when redeeming food benefits were identified. Across touchpoints, mothers identified childcare, transportation issues, long waits, confusion regarding eligibility, problems scheduling appointments, and stigma as barriers to their ability to retrieve food instruments. Despite these barriers mothers value the benefits of WIC, especially access to healthy foods, infant formula, and nutrition education. This work demonstrates a method by which WIC mothers’ experiences shed light on client service shortfalls and possible opportunities to improve client services.

We identify women most and least likely to discontinue participation in the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) program. Kentucky WIC program management in...

To understand the positives and negatives of online dating according to the lived experience of older women, telephone interviews were conducted with 45 women ages 50+ who date online. Interviews were audio recorded, transcribed verbatim, and thematically team coded. The opportunity to expand one's social network for both friendships and romantic partners, the ability to control dating risks and pace of relationship formation, and knowing more about one's partner were significant reported benefits of online dating. Dating online also includes unique risks, such as pervasive lying, attempted financial exploitation in the form of scammers, and unwanted electronic sexual aggression.

Background Photovoice is a powerful qualitative method for community-based participatory research (CBPR), identifying violence and related risk behaviors that affect community safety through the eyes of residents, including youth. A systematic literature review was conducted to explore how photovoice has been applied to violence and related studies among youth. Methods A protocol was developed to specify the search strategies, inclusion criteria and data extraction methods. Then, a search including three concepts (photovoice, youth and violence-related topics) was conducted across five databases: PubMed, CINAHL, PsycINFO, Embase, and Web of Science, resulting in 254 records. After the removal of duplicates in EndNote, 150 records were screened on the titles and abstracts. Then full texts of eligible studies were screened for a second-round assessment. Results A total of 19 articles were identified, of which, 14 studies used qualitative design while others used mixed-methods design. Most studies had no more than 20 participants (n=10). Moreover, 13 articles described the use of the SHOWeD method to facilitate their group discussion or photo explanation and 9 studies addressed the methods of dissemination: Photo exhibits (n=7), video (n=2), PowerPoint presentation (n=2), colored newsletter (n=1). Of the 19 articles, 13 addressed their reasons of using photovoice to youth: 1) photovoice is a powerful tool in youth participatory action research (YPAR) and community-based participatory research (CBPR) by capturing community-level information through the eyes of youth (n=7); 2) photovoice allows youth, especially vulnerable youth to express their opinions, identify issues important to them and develop their critical thinking for social action (n=7); 3) photovoice is not constrained by languages and therefore more attuned to youth culture (n=1). Conclusion To the best of our knowledge, this is the first systematic review of photovoice in violence and related topics. It provides the evidence and rationale of using photovoice to youth participants.

Our objective was to explore if women who experience emergency peripartum hysterectomy (EPH), a type of severe maternal morbidity, are more likely to screen positive for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) compared to women who did not experience EPH. Using a retrospective cohort design, women were sampled through online communities. Participants completed online screens for PTSD. Additionally, women provided sociodemographic, obstetric, psychiatric, and psychosocial information. We conducted bivariate and logistic regression analyses, then Monte Carlo simulation and propensity score matching to calculate the risk of screening positive for PTSD after EPH. 74 exposed women (experienced EPH) and 335 non-exposed women (did not experience EPH) completed the survey. EPH survivors were nearly two times more likely to screen positive for PTSD (aOR: 1.90; 95 % CI: 1.57, 2.30), and nearly 2.5 times more likely to screen positive for PTSD at 6 months postpartum compared to women who were not EPH survivors (aOR: 2.46; 95 % CI: 1.92, 3.16). The association of EPH and PTSD was statistically significant, indicating a need for further research, and the potential need for support services for these women following childbirth.

Intimate partner violence (IPV) places children at risk for maltreatment (CM). It is critical for both IPV and CM professionals to assess the possibility of the co-occurrence of both of these types of family violence, whose risk factors are nearly identical. However, little is known about the attitudes and perceptions of child welfare (CW), IPV, child protection, or other related professionals when serving families where both of these circumstances may occur. This study examined the perceptions of service providers in Hillsborough County, Florida on the co-occurrence of CM and IPV. Findings demonstrate the inequitable knowledge, training, and perceived ability to deal with the co-occurrence of IPV and CM among professionals from different employment areas. These discrepancies serve as opportunities for different agencies to collaborate in reducing knowledge gaps and increasing respondent’s capacity to effectively identify and intervene with victims.

Background: Addressing suboptimal breastfeeding initiation and duration rates is a priority in the United States. To address challenges to improving these rates, the voices of the providers who work with breastfeeding mothers should be heard. Research aim: The purpose of this study was to explore lactation consultants’ perceived barriers to managing early breastfeeding problems. Methods: This qualitative study was conducted with a grounded theory methodological approach. In-depth interviews were conducted with 30 International Board Certified Lactation Consultants across Florida. Lactation consultants were from a range of practice settings, including hospitals, Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children clinics, private practice, and pediatric offices. Data were digitally recorded, transcribed, and analyzed in Atlas.ti. Results: A range of barriers was identified and grouped into the following categories/themes: indirect barriers (social norms, knowledge, attitudes); direct occupational barriers (institutional constraints, lack of coordination, poor service delivery); and direct individual barriers (social support, mother’s self-efficacy). A model was developed illustrating the factors that influence the role enactment of lactation consultants in managing breastfeeding problems. Conclusion: Inadequate support for addressing early breastfeeding challenges is compounded by a lack of collaboration among various healthcare providers and the family. Findings provide insight into the professional management issues of early breastfeeding problems faced by lactation consultants. Team-based, interprofessional approaches to breastfeeding support for mothers and their families are needed; improving interdisciplinary collaboration could lead to better integration of lactation consultants who are educated and experienced in providing lactation support and management of breastfeeding problems.

In contrast to younger populations, little attention has been paid to the increase in seniors using Internet-based venues to find relationships and the potential risk for adverse outcomes this poses. This study examined data collected via an online survey from 45 ethnically diverse women aged 50+ "seeking relationships" on MySpace. The majority of women reported a relationship with someone they met online (85%). They also reported experiencing adverse events including financial exploitation (40%), threats (55%), and physical harm (38%) by someone they met online at levels greater than traditional relationship seeking in the general population. Directions for future research are explored.

Background: Little is known of the experience and perceptions of care for survivors of emergency peripartum hysterectomy (EPH), an obstetric event that is increasing in incidence. We sought to explore women's experiences of EPH to make recommendations for care. Methods: This qualitative study utilized purposive sampling through an online support group of women who experienced EPH. Eligible participants were at least 18 years old, had their hysterectomy at least 6 months but no more than 3 years before the interview, had a surviving infant associated with the delivery, and did not report suicidal ideation. In- depth, semi-structured telephone interviews were conducted and analyzed using Constant Comparative Analysis. Kappa statistics assessed interrater reliability for two independent coders. Results: Fifteen women participated with a mean age of 32.5 years. Most had a cesarean section, with uterine atony as the most common indication for EPH. Kappa statistics indicated near-perfect interrater agreement between two coders, ranging from .82 to .89. Seven major themes were identified: fear; pain; death and dying; numbness or delay in emotional reaction; bonding with baby; communication; and the need for information. Psychological upset occurred postpartum and was often delayed. A major finding is the need for additional follow-up visits to address the emotional after-effects and to fill in gaps in women's understanding and memory of what had occurred. Conclusion: Understanding women's experiences with EPH can help practitioners address not only women's initial complications but provide needed long-term support. (BIRTH 40:4 December 2013)

Background Parents involved with child welfare services are often mandated to attend a variety of therapeutic services based on the stressors they face. Despite the need to understand how to best offer services to parents, there is limited research that examines parents' experiences with and barriers to accessing these services. Purpose This study utilized a family-centered care framework to examine the experiences of parents related to the development of case plans and the provision of mandated therapeutic services as a result of being involved with the child welfare system. Methods Semi-structured, in-depth, in-person qualitative interviews were conducted with 21 participants of a child welfare-related intensive therapeutic parenting program, including mothers, fathers and father-figures, and grandparents who acted as caregivers. The constant comparative method was used for coding and analysis. Results Results indicated that while the therapeutic services themselves often meet the needs of family members, parents are not empowered to influence the service plan; they face several important barriers to receiving services; and that case plans are not designed to take into account systemic family issues in addition to addressing the stressors of individual parents. Conclusions Increased attention to comprehensive family assessments and engaging parents in the design of their case plan may provide mechanisms for increasing family-centered services in child welfare.

Families involved with child welfare services often experience a range of stressors in addition to maltreatment, including intimate partner violence, substance abuse, and mental health problems. Children in these families are at risk for developing a myriad of problems. Although parenting education programs are among the most routine interventions for families involved with child welfare services, there is relatively little data available about these programs for families with multiple stressors. This study sought to explore the family stressors in parents involved in the child welfare system who have been referred to an intensive therapeutic parenting program, and the relationship of those stressors to change in parenting attitudes. Quantitative abstraction of parenting program files was conducted. Analyses included descriptive and bivariate statistics, and related samples t tests to examine change in parenting attitudes. Qualitative interviews were conducted with a sub-sample of this population. File abstraction revealed that parents in this population experiencing multiple co-occurring stressors ranged from 23 to 39%. Significant improvements in parenting attitudes were found for most groups of participants, including those with violence, mental health, and substance abuse problems. Qualitative interviews indicated that parents felt that they were learning from the parenting program and were supported by the facilitators. Parents facing multiple stressors are unlikely to be able to parent effectively, and may need significant support and intervention. Additional understanding of the types of issues they face and whether particular interventions are effective for those groups would allow for the development of more targeted interventions.

Although a non-gender-specific problem, intimate partner violence (IPV) disproportionately affects women on welfare, with an estimated prevalence two to three times larger than the national prevalence rates of IPV for all women. This article examines the effects of IPV on women leaving welfare for employment in a purposive sample of 411 women in Florida who participated or were actively participating in the 2000–2002 Work and Gain Economic Self-Sufficiency (WAGES) program. Data on sociodemographic characteristics, their IPV experiences, and mediating factors (i.e., social support, employer support, physical and mental health, parenting stress, and employment success) were collected via quantitative telephone interviews. Logistic regression analyses found that employment success among welfare-recipient women who are currently in a relationship is best predicted by a short-term impact of having experienced IPV before the past 12 months (OR = 2.17). Linear regression analyses found that having suitable housing predicted lower parenting stress (F = 3.20, p ≤ .05) and better physical health (F = 4.30, p ≤ .05) and social support (F = 1.90, p ≤ .001) outcomes. In addition, suffering from IPV within the past 12 months predicted worse mental health (F = −7.74, p ≤ .001) and lower parenting stress outcomes (F = −3.99, p ≤ .001). This study contributes to understanding the complexity of mediating factors affecting IPV’s impact on employment success of women leaving welfare.

Intimate partner violence (IPV) exposure has been associated with poor mental health outcomes for victims, but fewer studies have examined the unique contributions of emotional abuse to mental health. This study explored the contextual relationships between the type and frequency of IPV, community factors, and emotional health. Data were collected from a community-based IPV intervention program. Logistic regression found an increased likelihood of depression for respondents who experienced emotional abuse more than once per week (odds ratio [OR] = 4.864) and were worried about contact by the abuser (OR = 5.898). Results indicate the need for specific policy and practice attention to this issue.

Workplace accidents and violence are both potential sources of employee injuries that have been dealt with in entirely separate literatures. In this study we adapted the concept of safety climate from the accident/injury literature to violence in developing the concept of perceived violence climate. A scale was developed to assess perceived violence climate, including items about management attention, concern, and policies designed to keep employees safe from violence. Data were collected from a sample of 198 nurses from a US Hospital. Perceived violence climate was found to correlate significantly with both physical violence and verbal aggression experienced by the nurses, injury from violence, and perceptions of workplace danger. Furthermore, regression analyses showed that climate explained additional variance in psychological strain and perceptions of danger over experienced violence. These results have implications for interventions aimed at producing a good perceived violence climate in ord...

The multimethod study assesses the perceptions of specialized domestic violence courts' processes with victims' experiences as the central focus. Perceptions of the traditional courts and specialized domestic violence courts are compared among victims, courtroom police, attorneys, judges and victim advocates. Domestic violence education among attorneys, judges, and victim advocates is also compared. Despite the intended improvements with the specialized court model, victims report similar problems in both court models. Safety and victims support among respondents is mixed. Professionals from the specialized court receive no more domestic violence education than those from the general court. Victims' and courtroom police recommendations are presented.

In child protection cases, the mental health evaluator is required to have a broad range of expertise in family violence and child and adult psychological issues. This article reviews epidemiological as well as other quantitative data to provide an empirical foundation by which to understand the problem of family violence, the characteristics of abusers and victims, and the consequences to the child who is a witness to or victim of family violence. Forensic evaluation guidelines and recommendations for structuring child protection evaluations are addressed.

Previous research has addressed the motivations of domestic violence victims to contact police and police responses to domestic violence calls. In a study of 498 women who entered a battered women's shelter, a questionnaire was used to elicit types of abuse they experienced, police contact, and police-victim interactions. Approximately 58% of victims called the police in response to physical, emotional, and other forms of domestic abuse; however, less than one fourth of the batterers were arrested. Batterers who physically abused their victims or used other forms of abuse such as sexual abuse or stalking were more frequently arrested compared to those batterers who used emotional abuse. The women arrested for domestic violence felt that they had acted in self-defense. These results suggest that the police response to domestic violence is variable and the majority of batterers, regardless of type of abuse, may not be receiving any legal or therapeutic intervention.

Five states now have mandatory reporting laws when a victim of domestic violence is identified in a clinical setting, and many other states are considering such legislation. Advocates for battered women have frequently warned that abused women may not wish mandatory reporting laws. Published data derived from the opinions, wishes, and beliefs of women victims of domestic violence have been noticeably lacking. This study presents a preliminary study of 45 abused women. Results indicate that women victims overwhelmingly support mandatory reporting laws. In an apparent paradox, however, they were much less certain that mandatory reporting would have been helpful to them in their specific case.

Children throughout the world work on street corners selling newspapers, washing car windows, shining shoes, or hustling anything that will earn cash for the day. Many of them start early in the morning, work all day without attending school, and then return home late in the evening. A 26-item questionnaire was given to a sample of forty children working the streets of Santo Domingo. Examination of the responses revealed that the mean age was 14.5 years. Over 92 percent of the children had contact with a relative in the past thirty days. Fifty percent responded that they were victims of physical abuse at home, while 97 percent said they believe they are healthy. Qualitative data on family, friends, and future goals are discussed.

This study evaluated whether the use of a multilevel system of intervention based on batterer assessment resulted in lowered risk of re-arrests for both domestic violence and other crimes. The study conducted analysis of data from 1995 to 2004, including initial arrest and program placement information and re-arrest rates for 17,999 individual batterers. The study found that recidivism rates were substantially lower for participants who completed the programs when compared to those who did not and that the re-arrest rates were substantially lower than are generally found in the literature on batterer recidivism. The study provides guidance to batterers intervention programs in approaches to designing countywide programs that are most effective in reducing recidivism in domestic violence batterers.

(1999). Putting Politics Back in Public Health Education. Journal of Health Education: Vol. 30, No. 6, pp. 372-374.

While conducting a prospective study of 100 sexually abused children, we found a much higher rate of out-of-home placement than has been previously described for child maltreatment. This study was designed to determine which factors were most influential in predicting the placement experiences of this cohort. The children, ages 6–17 years, were recently substantiated victims of intrafamilial sexual abuse whose parents or guardians permitted study involvement. We examined child and family demographics, abuse characteristics, and family response as possible determinants of immediate and later placement. At the initial assessment, within a few weeks of the disclosure. 50% of the children had already been removed. A follow-up assessment of 83 children two years later revealed that 73% had been removed from the abusing home. In a multivariate regression model, only maternal support of the child emerged as a significant predictor of immediate placement and placement over time. The offender's status as a resident in the child's home was an important predictor of immediate placement but was not significant as a predictor of all placements at any time. As maternal support is an important predictor of the need for placement, workers are encouraged to seek ways of enhancing maternal support as a means of reducing placement.

To determine whether experiencing sibling violence in adolescence is a significant predictor for later dating violence. The influence of parent-to-child and parent-to-parent violence is also explored.A modified version of the CTS2 was administered to community college students. The survey instrument used the CTS2 psychological and physical assault subscales.Adolescent sibling violence was a predictor for college dating violence. Males reported experiencing more sibling violence than females did, but females reported experiencing more dating violence, both as perpetrators and victims.Further research is needed to improve understanding of the reasons for and the long-term consequences of sibling violence.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether experiencing sibling violence in adolescence is a significant predictor for later dating violence. The influence of parent-to-child and parent-to-parent violence is also explored. METHODS: A modified version of the CTS2 was administered to community college students. The survey instrument used the CTS2 psychological and physical assault subscales. RESULTS: Adolescent sibling violence was a predictor for college dating violence. Males reported experiencing more sibling violence than females did, but females reported experiencing more dating violence, both as perpetrators and victims. CONCLUSION: Further research is needed to improve understanding of the reasons for and the long-term consequences of sibling violence. (Abstract Adapted from Source: American Journal of Health Behavior, 2004. Copyright © 2004 by the American Academy of Health Behavior) VioLit keywords Partner Violence Violence Against Women Domestic Violence Effects Domestic Violence Victim Sibling Violence Effects Sibling Violence Victim Juvenile Victim Childhood Experience Childhood Victimization College Student Research Dating Violence Causes Dating Violence Offender Dating Violence Predictors Dating Violence Victim Dating Violence Risk Factors Adult Offender Adult Victim Adult Violence Adult Female Adult Male Long-Term Effects Victimization Causes Victimization Predictors Victimization Risk Factors 06-04

Examining the psychologic risks of court and related interventions on child sexual abuse victims.A prospective cohort study with follow-up at 5 months.Eleven county social service departments in central North Carolina.100 sexually abused children, ages 6 to 17 years, were recruited from consecutive referrals by social service departments; 75 completed the study.Using a structured psychiatric inventory, the Child Assessment Schedule, we found a high degree of distress at referral. The level of distress fell by 26% over the next 5 months (p less than 0.001). The 33 children not involved in criminal proceedings improved 30%, in comparison with a 17% improvement in the 22 children waiting for the proceedings (p = 0.042). The 12 children who had testified in juvenile court improved 42% on the Anxiety subscale, in comparison with a 17% improvement in all other subjects (p less than 0.01). With mathematical modeling that controlled for the factors of vaginal or anal penetration, the relationship to the perpetrator, an estimate of verbal IQ, duration of abuse, and whether counseling was received, it was estimated that children waiting for court proceedings at the follow-up examination were only one twelfth as likely to have improved by one standard deviation on the Depression subscale (p less than 0.05). A second model revealed that children who testified in juvenile court were 20.11 times more likely to improve by one standard deviation on the CAS Anxiety subscale (p less than 0.05).Testimony in juvenile court may be beneficial for the child, whereas protracted criminal proceedings may have an adverse effect on the mental health of the victim.

A child sexual abuse research project was designed which was dependent on referrals from local departments of social services. Significant differences in needs and goals existed between the referral sources and the research team. Modifications of project designs were necessary in the areas of subject recruitment, allocation of project resources, design and measurement, and analysis and reporting. These modifications resulted in a beneficial blend of service and research and produced a useful service in the setting of competent research.

In Florida, the need for clinically oriented social workers with expertise in planning and evaluating maternal and child health programs has led to the establishment of a joint master of social work and master of public health degree program. This program has a clinical social work concentration combined with a public health concentration in maternal and child health content, administration, and research design. The philosophy and development of the program, the course content and degree requirements, the field placement content, issues regarding student acceptance and advisement, faculty appointments, and program directions and goals are discussed. Descriptions of both the social work and public health programs that operate the joint-degree curriculum and the differing perspectives are outlined as well as skills that students obtained through their participation in the program.

A modified social support network intervention model is presented that can prevent extreme or inappropriate public response to exposure to perceived environmental toxins and other perceived technological disasters. Social workers in public health and environmental health settings may find this model useful as a basis for preexposure community intervention.

Fifth and sixth grade children randomly assigned to experimental and control groups saw videotaped television programs in which the drinking of alcoholic beverages by the principal characters appeared in the experimental condition but not the control condition. Parents' drinking and home television watching were similar for both groups. Immediately after viewing the television programs, the children completed alcohol attitude and subjective expected utility (SEU) questionnaires. There were no significant differences in attitudes or SEU scores with one exception. Among boys only, those who saw the film with drinking were significantly more likely to respond that the good things about alcohol are more important than the bad things. Further research into the potential effects on children of drinking on television serials is indicated.

The level of maternal support to incest victims following disclosure was found to be more closely related to perpetrator than to child characteristics. Lack of maternal support was significantly associated with foster placement and higher psychopathology scores in a clinical interview. Evidence is presented challenging the validity of maternal behavioral reports in assessments of incest victims.

Bureau Common Reporting Requirements (BCRR) data tapes for Fiscal Year 1980 were analyzed to determine whether the type of sponsoring agency influenced the productivity or indicators of care of Maternity and Infant Care and Children and Youth Projects. Sponsors were classified as either health department or non-health department, health department or major medical center, or public or private in three separate sets of analyses. Some of these analyses indicated that special projects that were either health department or public agency sponsored were more likely to have more non-medical patient encounters and more health education and social work staff for a given level of expenditures. Although publicly sponsored projects employed fewer physician equivalents than did the non-public projects, those physicians were more productive. Despite these differences in encounters, staffing, and utilization of physicians, there were no differences in available measures of the process of care between categories of projects in any of the analyses.