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Learning to read impacts the way the ventral occipitotemporal cortex (VOT) reorganizes. The postulated underlying mechanism of neuronal recycling was recently revisited. Neuroimaging data showed that voxels weakly specialized for visual processing keep their initial category selectivity (i.e., object or face processing) while acquiring an additional and stronger responsivity to written words. Here, we examined a large and diverse group of six-year-olds prior to formal literacy training (N = 72) using various data analysis techniques (univariate, multivariate, rapid adaptation) and types of stimuli (print, false fonts, houses, faces) to further explore how VOT changes and adapts to the novel skill of reading. We found that among several visual stimuli categories only print activated a wide network of language related areas outside of the bilateral visual cortex, and the level of reading skill was related to the strength of this activation, showing the development of the reading circuit. Rapid adaptation was not directly related to the level of reading skill in the young children studied here, but it clearly revealed the emergence of the reading network in readers. Most importantly, we found that the reorganization of the VOT is not in fact an "invasion" by reading acquisition-voxels previously activated for faces started to respond more for print, while at the same time keeping their previous function. We can thus conclude that the revised hypothesis of neuronal recycling is supported by our data.

Macroscopic analyses of plastic forming processes give only the overall description of the problem without the consideration of mechanisms of plastic deformation and the microstructure evolution. For the consideration of these processes, numerical simulations within crystal plasticity include the change of texture, anisotropy, and strain hardening of the material are used. In this paper, a crystal plasticity rate-independent model proposed by Anand and Kothari is applied for numerical analyses of polycrystalline materials. The slip was considered as the main mechanism of the plastic deformation. Basic constitutive equations of crystal plasticity for large deformation theories are presented. The selected results of elastic-plastic problems obtained using both macro- and micro- scales software for the explicit and implicit integration are featured here. The heterogeneous distribution of strain and stress in different grains are obtained, which is associated with the various crystal orientation. The crystal plasticity modelling of materials subject to plastic deformation involves not only the information about the change of a material’s shape in a macro-scale, but also describes the phenomena occurring in material in a micro-scale.

Numerical simulations of the extrusion process assisted by die cyclic oscillations (KOBO extrusion) is presented in this paper. This is highly non-linear coupled thermo-mechanical problem. The elastic-viscoplastic Bodner–Partom-Partom material model, assuming plastic and viscoplastic effects in a wide range of strain rates and temperatures, has been applied. In order to perform simulations, the user material procedure for B–P material has been written and implemented in the commercial FEM software. The coupled Eulerian–Lagrangian method has been used in numerical computations. In CEL method, explicit integration of the constitutive equations is required and remeshing is not necessary even for large displacements and large strains analyses. The results of numerical simulations show the heterogeneous distribution of stress and strain inside container and the non-uniform distribution of strain in the extruded material. The increase of material temperature has been noted. The results obtained (stress, temperature, location of plastic zones) qualitatively confirm the results of experimental investigations. The application of the user material procedure allows accessing all material state variables (current yield stress, hardening parameters, etc.), and therefore it gives detailed information about phenomena occurring in extruded material inside recipient. This information is useful for a proper selection of parameters of the KOBO extrusion process e.g. synchronization of the punch displacement with the die oscillations frequency to avoid the saturation of material isotropic hardening, which blocks the progress of extrusion.

Word knowledge and the speed of word processing in monolingual children and adults are influenced by word properties, such as the age of acquisition (AoA), imageability, and frequency. Understanding how different properties of words contribute to the ease of processing by bilingual children is a critical step for establishing models of childhood bilingualism. However, a joint impact of these properties has not been so far assessed in bilingual children. Here, we compared the impact of AoA, imageability, and frequency on accuracy and response times in picture naming and picture recognition tasks in monolingual and bilingual children. We used Cross-Linguistic Lexical Tasks to test 45 monolingual children (aged 4 to 7 years) and 45 migrant bilingual children in their L1 (Polish). Word AoA, imageability, and frequency independently affected the accuracy and response times in both picture naming and picture recognition tasks. Crucially, bilingual children were more sensitive to word characteristics than their monolingual peers: Bilingual children’s accuracy was particularly low for words of high AoA (in the picture recognition task) and for words of low frequency (in the picture naming task). Also, the increase in response times for low-imageable and low-frequent words was particularly salient in bilingual children. The results suggest a new area of interest for further studies: the question of whether bilinguals and monolinguals show different sensitivity to psycholinguistic factors, and if so, does that sensitivity change with age or language exposure?

The KOBO extrusion is an unconventional elastic-plastic deformation process in which the phenomenon of changing a path of plastic deformation due to die cyclic oscillations by a given angle and with a given frequency is applied. As the results of the application of the oscillating rotary motion of the die, the reduction of the extrusion force is obtained. The numerical study of the KOBO extrusion of metallic materials is presented in this paper. The three-dimensional coupled Eulerian-Lagrangian (CEL) analysis is applied here. The relationship between the extrusion force and the punch displacement during the KOBO process was achieved. The effective plastic strain distribution in the butt was found. The results of the numerical computations are compared with the experimental data. The influence of the material hardening parameters on the cyclic loading phenomena (ratcheting, mean stress relaxation) in terms of the course of the KOBO extrusion was also examined. The proper determination of the material hardening parameters can help to optimize the KOBO process in terms of the reduction the extrusion force and the choice of the amount of die oscillations.

The possibility of the application of biomass fly ash (BFA) as a precursor material for the synthesis of alkali-activated materials (AAM) is presented in this paper. Glass powder (GP) was tested as an additional substrate in a synthesis process. Different mixtures of samples were produced: four mixtures using only BFA for different NaOH concentrations and nine mixtures where BFA was partially replaced by the GP. Three different NaOH concentrations were applied here. Compressive and flexural strength after 7 and 14 days were performed. The microstructure and the chemical composition of samples were obtained. The results show that the compressive and flexural strength of materials increased with the increase of NaOH concentration and the decrease of the GP content in a mixture. The samples were also characterized by the high porosity with some voids and microcracks. The poorly dissolved BFA particles were also noted in a matrix.

A very good knowledge of material properties is required in the analysis of severe plastic deformation problems in which the classical material processing methods are accelerated by the application of the additional cyclic load. A general fuzzy logic-based approach is proposed for the analysis of experimental and numerical data in this paper. As an application of the fuzzy analysis, the calibration of Chaboche–Lemaitre model hardening parameters of PA6 aluminum is considered here. The experimental data obtained in a symmetrical strain-controlled cyclic tension–compression test were used to estimate the material’s hardening parameters. The numerically generated curves were compared to the experimental ones. For better fitting of numerical and experimental results, the optimization approach using the least-square method was applied. Unfortunately, commonly accepted calibration methods can provide various sets of hardening parameters. In order to choose the most reliable set, the fuzzy analysis was used. Primarily selected values of hardening parameters were assumed to be fuzzy input parameters. The error of the hysteresis loop approximation for each set was used to compute its membership function. The discrete value of this error was obtained in the defuzzification step. The correct selections of hardening parameters were verified in ratcheting and mean stress relaxation tests. The application of the fuzzy analysis has improved the convergence between experimental and numerical stress–strain curves. The fuzzy logic allows analyzing the variation of elastic–plastic material response when some imprecisions or uncertainties of input parameters are taken into consideration.

Artykuł porównuje stan służby zdrowia w wybranych obszarach tematycznych w województwach. Skupia się na 2 głównych aspektach, takich jak: wydatki na służbę zdrowia i liczba specjalistów. Analizę przeprowadzono na podstawie danych pochodzących z lat 2018-2019. Jej celem było pogrupowanie województw ze względu na wybrane zmienne dotyczące stanu służby zdrowia. Przeanalizowano ich umiejscowienie geograficzne, oraz demografię. Wskazano rozbieżność pomiedzy stanem służby zdrowia w aglomeracjach miejskich i obszarach wiejskich. W badaniu wykorzystano metodę k-średnich.

This article presents the application of Chaboche nonlinear kinematic hardening model in simulations of uniaxial ratcheting. First, the symmetrical strain-controlled cyclic tension/compression tests for PA6 aluminum samples were done. Using the experimental stress–strain curve, initial material hardening parameters were determined by the ABAQUS software. The experimental curve was compared with the numerical one. For better fitting of both curves, the optimization procedure based on the least-square method was applied. Using the determined hardening parameters, numerical simulations of the ratcheting were done by the finite element analysis software. Numerical results were then compared with the experimental data obtained in the stress-controlled cyclic loading test.

Numerical results of superplastic punchless deep drawing of the Ti-6Al-4V titanium alloy are presented in this paper. The material behavior subjected to the forming process was characterized by deformation-microstructure constitutive equations including the grain growth. Superplastic stress-strain characteristics used in the numerical simulations have been computed with the application of authorial program. The explicit integration scheme is used in solving differential equations. Numerical simulations of the super-elastic deep drawing are made by finite element method analysis. The von Mises stress distribution in the blow-forming process was obtained. The possible faults of extrusions caused by the improper load history as well as unsuitable pressure were also presented in this paper. Numerical simulations included in this research allow for the proper choice of material and drawing parameters which can help to optimize the superplastic forming process.

This study evaluated the effects of a center-based Intensive Behavioral Intervention (IBI) model for preschool aged children with autism. Outcomes of 25 children receiving IBI was compared to the outcomes of 14 children receiving autism specific, eclectic, special education. Both provisions were described as appropriate treatment options by the professional agency who diagnosed the children, and the decision of where to enroll the child was made by the parents after consultations with the specialists. After 14 months of treatment, children from the IBI group improved significantly on standard scores in intellectual functioning and adaptive behavior and had a significant reduction in autism severity compared to the children in the autism specific, eclectic, special education group. Results suggest that preschool aged children with autism may make large gains in intellectual and adaptive functioning and improvement in autism severity with IBI, and that effects of IBI may be similar to that of EIBI. These findings must be interpreted with caution due to the limitations inherent in the present comparison-controlled design.

Carbonaceous adsorbents have been pointed out as promising adsorbents for the recovery of methane from its mixture with carbon dioxide, including biogas. This is because of the fact that CO2 is more strongly adsorbed and also diffuses faster compared to methane in these materials. Therefore, the present study aimed to test alternative carbonaceous materials for the gas separation process with the purpose of enriching biogas in biomethane and to compare them with the commercial one. Among them was coconut shell activated carbon (AC) as the adsorbent derived from bio-waste, rubber tire pyrolysis char (RPC) as a by-product of waste utilization technology, and carbon molecular sieve (CMS) as the commercial material. The breakthrough experiments were conducted using two mixtures, a methane-rich mixture (consisting of 75% CH4 and 25% CO2) and a carbon dioxide-rich mixture (containing 25% CH4 and 75% CO2). This investigation showed that the AC sample would be a better candidate material for the CH4/CO2 separation using a fixed-bed adsorption column than the commercial CMS sample. It is worth mentioning that due to its poorly developed micropore structure, the RPC sample exhibited limited adsorption capacity for both compounds, particularly for CO2. However, it was observed that for the methane-rich mixture, it was possible to obtain an instantaneous concentration of around 93% CH4. This indicates that there is still much potential for the use of the RPC, but this raw material needs further treatment. The Yoon–Nelson model was used to predict breakthrough curves for the experimental data. The results show that the data for the AC were best fitted with this model.

Sixty five patients (18–31 years) who had received allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (3–27 years from HSCT) were evaluated for the tolerance and immunogenicity of the COVID-19 mRNA BNT163b2 vaccine. Methods: Patients were vaccinated with two doses at 5 weeks interval. After each dose, patients completed a survey concerning adverse events (AE) and anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies were measured before the first vaccine dose (1stVD) and 14–21 days after the second dose (2ndVD). AE reported after 1stVD and 2ndVD, respectively were: fever 0%, 1.7%, fatigue 15.4%, 25.8%, headache 15.4%, 24.1%, chills 6.1%, 12.0%, muscle pain 15.4%, 24.1%, joint pain 3.0%, 6.9%, nausea 6.1%, 6.9%, pain at injection site 30.7%, 34.4%, swelling 3.0%, 10.3%, redness 0, 3.4%, pruritus 0, 5.2%, and axillary lymphadenopathy 3.0%, 1.7%. After 2ndVD, 96.5% patients were positive for anti-SARS-CoV-2 (GMC 3290.94 BAU/mL). No correlation presented between the antibody titer and symptoms of chronic Graft-versus-Host disease, total IgG, lymphocyte CD4+, or AE. Significantly higher titers were observed in COVID-19 convalescents, and inverse correlation (R2 = −0.0925, p = 0.02) between the time from HSCT and titers after 2ndVD was present. Conclusions: The young adults after HSCT tolerate the COVID-19 mRNA vaccine well and show immunologic response.

In this research, ground walnut shells were used in order to improve the sewage sludge treatment. The influence of walnut shells on capillary suction time (CST); the sludge moisture content (MC), bound water (BW), the specific resistance to filtration (SRF) as well as the total bacteria number was investigated. The results have shown that the addition of ground walnut shells into sewage sludge affected the reduction of total bacteria count and the improvement of sewage sludge dewaterability. The addition of ground walnut shells in the amount of approximately 200% of sewage sludge dry mass (DS) decreased the MC by 66%, CST by 68% and SRF by 64%. The total bacteria number was reduced by approximately 88% after physical conditioning with the use of walnut shells in a dosage of 200% DS. It was proved that walnut shells might be considered as a material assisting the sewage sludge treatment.

W opracowaniu przedstawiono wykorzystanie analizy skupień metodą Warda do zobrazowania warunków oferowanych względem małych i średnich przedsiębiorstw w poszczególnych województwach Polski. W badaniu wykorzystano dane z Głównego Urzędu Statystycznego. Wykorzystując hierarchiczne procedury aglomeracyjne dokonano grupowania województw na jednorodne klasy ze względu na zmienne charakteryzujące otoczenie jakie stwarza województwo dla małych i średnich przedsiębiorstw. Stworzono również ranking województw pod względem atrakcyjności dla biznesu.

This paper presents the determination of material hardening parameters with the use of the fuzzy set theory. The hardening parameters were initially predicted from measurements taken in the cyclic tension–compression test. The experimental hysteresis loop was compared to numerical one obtained by the integration of the plastic flow rule. The nonlinear combined hardening model—Voce isotropic hardening and Frederick–Armstrong kinematic hardening—was considered here. After the initial selection, the hardening parameters were adjusted in the optimization problem using the least-squares method. An approximation error of the hysteresis loop was minimized. Finally, nonlinear isotropic and kinematic hardening parameters were assumed to be fuzzy variables. Hardening parameters obtained in the optimization problem were randomly scattered up to 20%, and the membership functions associated with them were computed. The approximation error of the hysteresis loop was found for each selection of the hardening parameters providing the output membership function associated with this error. The $$\upalpha $$-level optimization method was used as the main numerical tool, while the extension principle was tested only as the reference solution. In the defuzzification process, the most reliable hardening parameters were found.

Introduction Infectious complications are among the most frequent and significant complications in retrograde intrarenal lithotripsy. To date, review articles have covered complications after a ureteroscopy, but not after retrograde intrarenal surgery (RIRS), specifically. Because the complications and risk factors are different for a ureteroscopy and RIRS, we aimed to identify variables related to the occurrence of infectious complications post-RIRS. Material and methods This systematic review was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses statement. We included original studies that described 100 or more procedures published in 2014-2021. We extracted data and performed a narrative synthesis to explore and interpret differences between the studies. Results We selected 17 studies for analysis, including 10 from 2019-2021. Infectious complications after RIRS were observed in 2.8-7.5% of patients (mean 7.1%). We found seven independent risk factors associated with infectious complications after RIRS: long operative time, recent history of positive urine culture or urinary tract infection or antibiotic use, pyuria/nitrites, small caliber of ureteral access sheath, struvite stone, high irrigation rate, and comorbidities. Conclusions If an increased rate of infectious complications is found at a RIRS center, countermeasures should include restrictions on operative time and irrigation rate, and consideration of larger access sheaths, especially for patients with abnormal urine results or with struvite stones or with a history of urinary tract infection or co-morbidities.

Nowadays, the fast growing of the automotive sector is one of the main social and environmental risks in the world. “Green” solutions in an automotive sector are included in designing, production, exploitation and the final utilization of vehicles. The reduction of harmful impact of vehicles on the environment might be achieved by the use of ecological construction materials or by the assembly of systems which influence the fuel consumption. Construction innovations, especially the application of biodegradable and recycled materials in an automotive sector, were showed in the first part of article. This paper presents the technologies which influence the operation of the engine. The aforementioned solutions in conjunction with the eco-driving can limit the harmful impact of the automotive sector on the environment. The initial economic analysis associated with the application of ecological innovations in vehicles and their impact on the annual cost of the acquisition of fuel was also presented.

This paper presents the influence of different methods of sewage sludge conditioning on the effectiveness of dewatering. In the laboratory research, three conditioning methods were tested: (1) with the use of biomass ash, (2) chemical conditioning by means of polyelectrolyte and (3) dual conditioning with the application of biomass ash in conjunction with polyelectrolyte. The specific resistance to filtration, the moisture content and characteristics of filtrates were measured. The influence of sludge conditioning on capillary suction time and the initial pH was also examined. The obtained results showed that MC and SRF decreased after sludge conditioning. Among all tested methods, the dual conditioning influenced the sludge dewaterability to the highest extent. Due to their effectiveness, physical and dual conditioning methods might be a promising alternative for the application of polyelectrolytes. The reduction of polyelectrolyte consumption has also economic benefits, which was confirmed in a previous economic analysis.

The operating as well as energy-efficiency criteria determine specific rheological parameters of car's fluids, including brake fluids. The aim of this paper is the determination of rheological properties of new and used DOT 3 brake fluid with the use of rotational cone-plate rheometer. The viscosity and flow curves of brake fluids were determined at ≈ 20oC and ≈ 80oC. The results of tests showed differences between new and used brake fluids. It was noted that used brake fluid was characterized by lower viscosity and higher density. The viscosity was constant in the whole range of a shear rate. Additionally, the decrease of viscosity with the increase of temperature was also observed. The linear dependence between shear rate and shear stress for both tested brake fluids was noted. The aforementioned relationship enables to classify both new and used brake fluids as Newtonian liquids.

The limited possibilities of agricultural utilization of sewage sludge results in the development of unconventional methods of its final management. Recently, the recycling of sewage sludge in road construction is under examination. Literature review mentions that properly prepared sludge might replace other conventional materials which are commonly used in a construction sector. In this paper, the proposition of the use of sewage sludge in the production of unconventional material for a road construction is presented. In laboratory tests, dewatered sewage sludge with the moisture content at the level of 62%, glass powder and quartz sand were applied. For obtained product, physical and chemical characteristics were examined. The compressive strength and the hardness were also measured. Results were compared with other materials which are also used in a construction sector. The research confirmed the possibility to produce a material from different fractions of waste, which might indicate the usefulness in civil engineering.

The automotive sector is one of the fastest growing sectors of economy. The increasing amount of cars both in Polish and world roads results in the immeasurable benefits associated with the goods and human transport. On the other hand, this phenomenon caused the contamination of the environment. During the fuel combustion in petrol or diesel engines, the harmful gases, for example CO2, NOx and SOx are emitted. Apart from the negative impact on the environment, the emission of the aforementioned gases results in the deterioration of human conditions, as well as, the development of civilization diseases. In order to minimalize the harmful influence of an automotive industry on the environment, new technologies which can reduce the consumption of fuel or limit the fumes emission are developed. The first part of paper presents new solutions in an automotive sector which influence on the decline of the negative impact of automobiles on the environment. Additionally, proposed solutions affect the development of a car industry, taking into consideration environmental aspects. Branza motoryzacyjna nalezy do jednych z najintensywniej rozwijających sie sektorow gospodarki. Wzrost liczby pojazdow zarowno na polskich, jak i światowych drogach poza niewymiernymi korzyściami związanymi z transportem towarow i ludzi, skutkuje rowniez znacznym zanieczyszczeniem środowiska. Podczas spalania paliw w silnikach benzynowych oraz wysokopreznych emitowane są gazy, m.in. CO2, NOx oraz SOx, ktore poza negatywnym wplywem na środowisko przyczyniają sie do pogorszenia warunkow zycia oraz rozwoju chorob cywilizacyjnych. Celem zminimalizowania szkodliwego oddzialywania sektora motoryzacyjnego na środowisko opracowywane są nowe technologie zmniejszające zuzycie paliwa oraz ograniczające emisje spalin i innych toksycznych związkow. Pierwsza cześc artykulu przedstawia rozwiązania konstrukcyjne w sektorze motoryzacyjnym, wplywające na zmniejszenie szkodliwego wplywu pojazdow na środowisko oraz przyczyniające sie do rozwoju tzw. eko-motoryzacji, uwzgledniającej aspekty ekologiczne.

Due to inappropriate agricultural treatments, soils often turn into wastelands. After years, the return to cultivation is very difficult or even impossible. It is a serious problem for agriculture, also in Poland. In order to improve soil quality and to restore its value in use, different fertilizers are commonly used. As an alternative for artificial fertilizers, sewage sludge and biomass ashes might be applied. High cost of sewage sludge conditioning with the use of polyelectrolytes has resulted in the development of research dedicated to finding new and inexpensive conditioners. The article discusses the possibility of sludge conditioning by means of wood biomass ash. In the paper, the findings of sewage sludge dewatering with the use of wood ash on a laboratory and on a technical scale are presented. The analysis of results has shown that the addition of wood biomass ash improved sludge dewatering by 10–23% in a laboratory scale and by 15–27% on a technical scale. The application of wood ash also reduced the total bacteria number by 83–89% in a laboratory scale and by 40–53% on a technical scale. Additionally, the obtained mixture of sewage sludge and wood biomass ash might be applied in agricultural practices, especially in fertilizing perennial plants plantations. Thanks to that it is possible to obtain inexpensive and valuable natural fertilizer while reducing costs of sludge dewatering.

The increasing consumerism and the improvement of lifestyle result in the production of various fractions of waste. Some waste indicates specific properties and for this reason, it application is advantageous in many sectors of economy. Regardless to the development of recycling technologies, most of generated waste is dumped. The landfilling of waste is wastage of valuable substances with a great management potential. This paper presents the possibility of recycling of waste in construction and road industry focus on the protection of environment and the reduction of reduction of consumption of raw materials.

Increasing requirements concerning the environmental protection and waste management result in the development both new and effective recycling methods of various fractions of waste. From the technical and natural sciences point of view, the utilization of hazardous waste is essential. The inappropriate utilization of hazardous waste causes the environmental degradation. Particularly harmful waste is asbestos using not so long ago in many sectors of economy, including automotive industry. Despite of the ban of production and exploitation of asbestos, waste containing asbestos minerals are still in the environment. The necessity of the utilization of asbestos waste leads to the development of high-efficiency recycling methods with the application of different technologies. This paper shows the current state of knowledge concerning the asbestos waste with particular reference to the automotive industry. The recycling methods of asbestos used both in laboratory and industrial scale are also presented. Rosnące wymagania w zakresie ochrony środowiska i gospodarki odpadami skutkują koniecznością poszukiwania nowych, a zarazem efektywnych, metod recyklingu roznych frakcji odpadow. Z punktu widzenia nauk technicznych i przyrodniczych niezwykle istotna jest utylizacja odpadow niebezpiecznych, ktore – niewlaściwie zagospodarowane – prowadzą do degradacji środowiska. Szczegolnie niebezpiecznym odpadem jest azbest, stosowany do niedawna w wielu sektorach gospodarki, w tym rowniez w przemyśle motoryzacyjnym. Pomimo wprowadzonego w wielu krajach zakazu produkcji i uzytkowania, odpady zawierające mineraly azbestowe są nadal obecne w środowisku. Potrzeba utylizacji odpadow azbestowych doprowadzila do rozwoju badan nad opracowaniem wysokoefektywnych metod recyklingu, opartych na zastosowaniu roznych technologii. W artykule zaprezentowano obecny stan wiedzy dotyczący odpadow zawierających azbest, ze szczegolnym uwzglednieniem przemyslu motoryzacyjnego. Przedstawiono rowniez sposoby recyklingu azbestu, stosowane zarowno w skali przemyslowej, jak i testowane w warunkach laboratoryjnych.

Sewage sludge management in Poland is a relatively new field of waste management called “in statu nascendi”, the standards of which have not been recognized yet. It also requires the implementation of new solutions in the field of sewage sludge. So far, the most popular method of sewage sludge utilization has been landfill disposal. In line with the restriction placed on landfill waste with a calorific value above 6 MJ/kg introduced on 1 January 2016, agricultural use and thermal methods are particularly applied. Municipal sewage sludge may be successfully used in the cultivation of energetic plant plantations. The aforementioned waste could be treated as an alternative to traditional mineral fertilizers, which in turn might successfully provide valuable nutrients for plants. This paper illustrates the SWOT analysis (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats) associated with the use of sewage sludge from Świlcza-Kamyszyn WTTP (Podkarpackie Province, Poland) for agricultural purposes. This analysis could be useful in evaluating the utility of sewage sludge in perennial plant plantations in order to determine the appropriate waste management strategies.