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Face au succes des etudes urbaines s’appuyant sur Twitter, l’article vise a approfondir la fabrique de la donnee geolocalisee sur cette plateforme. A partir d’un cas d’etude realise sur les tweets localises a Paris pendant l’annee 2016, il livre une analyse sociotechnique des mecanismes de production et de representation des tweets geolocalises. En prenant en compte les interactions entre aspects techniques et sociaux, il souligne les effets de sens produits par la materialite du dispositif et met en discussion l’emploi recent des donnees geolocalisees comme traces numeriques de l’agir social et, plus particulierement, le concept de « soi spatial ».

This study proposes a geopolitical analysis of opinion dynamics based on a statistical exploration of a press dataset covering 2014–2019. This exploration questions three case studies of geopolitical and international interest: international migration, political borders, and pandemics. Through the framework of geopolitical agenda, the aim of this study is to question the “crisis” status of changes in the media coverage of the three topics in a cross-analysis and multilingual analysis of 20 western European newspapers. It concludes that there is a prevalence of national agendas.

Les itinéraires culturels ont récemment acquis une nouvelle importance en tant que destinations touristiques. Cependant, les outils théoriques et administratifs permettant de gérer ce nouveau type de patrimoine culturel sont encore rudimentaires. Sur le plan théorique, les études sur les itinéraires culturels ont été généralement disciplinaires et orientées principalement sur les problèmes de gestion du tourisme. Sur le plan administratif, le Conseil international des monuments et des sites (Icomos) et le Conseil de l’Europe ont fourni un cadre juridique pour la protection des itinéraires culturels, mais la mise en œuvre de ce cadre est encore limitée. Dans cet article, nous soutenons la nécessité d’adopter une approche véritablement interdisciplinaire et multi-acteurs pour l’étude des itinéraires culturels fondée sur les concepts de paysage (culturel) et de réseau d’acteurs. Cultural routes have recently acquired new prominence as tourist destinations. Yet, the theoretical and administrative tools to cope with this new kind of cultural heritage are still rudimentary. Theoretically, studies on cultural routes have been generally disciplinary and focused mainly on tourism management issues. Administratively, the International Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS) and the Council of Europe have provided a legal framework to protect cultural routes, but implementation of this framework is limited. In this paper, we argue the necessity of adopting a truly interdisciplinary and multi-actor approach for the study of cultural routes based on the concepts of (cultural) landscape and actor-network. Los itinerarios culturales han adquirido recientemente una nueva importancia como destinos turísticos. Sin embargo, las herramientas teóricas y administrativas para la gestión de este nuevo tipo de patrimonio cultural siguen siendo rudimentarias. En la teoría, los estudios sobre los itinerarios culturales han sido generalmente disciplinarios y se han centrado principalmente en los problemas de la gestión turística. A nivel administrativo, el Consejo Internacional de Monumentos y Sitios (Icomos) y el Consejo de Europa han proporcionado un marco jurídico para la protección de los itinerarios culturales, pero la aplicación de este marco es limitada. En este artículo, apoyamos la necesidad de adoptar un enfoque verdaderamente interdisciplinario y multi-actores para el estudio de los itinerarios culturales basado en los conceptos de paisaje (cultural) y de red de actores.

Cultural routes, defined as routes of historical importance that geographically represent the shared and living cultural heritage of different countries, have recently gained attention both as tourist destinations and as social repositories of collective local memories. In this paper we argue that the recent development of digital humanities can open interesting new perspectives for the empirical exploration of these routes as cultural objects. Indeed, the availability of new digital traces generated by human activities and social media combined with tools that facilitate the exploration of such traces allow researchers to create new types of fieldwork online. In this paper, we present a case study focused on the Via Francigena cultural route. We added a geographical component to a graph analysis tool called histograph, making it possible to explore and analyse a corpus of more than 8,000 Instagram pictures. We investigate the potential of the prototype to uncover socio-spatial relations related to the itinerary and to hypothesise about the collective memories that the route conveys in this corpus.

International audience

International audience; Comment fabriquons-nous nos territoires ? Que ce soit les discours, les écritures médiatiques, la visualisation cartographique ou l'analyse de données, ces dispositifs de mise en visibilités contribuent à la définition et à la production de nos quartiers, de nos lieux de socialisation et de nos activités dans l'espace public. Cet ouvrage aborde des processus sociaux de territorialisation par lesquels les sociétés, les collectifs, les acteurs donnent du sens à leur espace de vie et le redéfinissent. Il montre la manière dont s'engagent et se confrontent différentes représentations, par exemple autour des jeunes et des médias d'information, de l'inclusion numérique, de la mutation d'un quartier, de la gestion de crise, de ce qui fait mémoire et patrimoine.

Cultural routes have recently acquired new prominence as tourist destinations. Yet, the theoretical and administrative tools to cope with this new kind of cultural heritage are still rudimentary. T...

Objet d’une patrimonialisation récente de la part du Conseil de l’Europe (Conseil de l’Europe, 2010) et de l’ICOMOS (ICOMOS, 2008), les itinéraires ont joué un rôle clé dans l’histoire de l’humanité. Des voies de commerce aux chemins de pèlerinage, des sentiers naturels aux parcours urbains, ce phénomène a pris des formes différentes à travers les siècles et a révélé sa nature multiforme — sociale, politique, géographique, économique, religieuse, culturelle, etc. (Berti, 2012 ; Timothy et Boy...

Area and volume values of buildings and building parts have been used in many applications including taxation, valuation and land use planning. Many countries maintain a national standard for representing the measurements of floor areas in buildings. The national standards generally use similar basis for measuring building floor areas, in fact, areas specified in national standards often have semantic differences. An abundance of geographic information is hidden within texts and multimedia objects that has the potential to enrich our knowledge about the relationship between people and places. One such example is the geographic information embedded within user-generated content collected and curated by the social media giants. Such geographic data can be encoded either explicitly as geotags or implicitly as geographical references expressed as texts that comprise part of a title or image caption. To use such data for knowledge building there is a need for new mapping interfaces. These interfaces should support both data integration and visualization, and geographical exploration with open-ended discovery. Based on a user scenario on the Via Francigena (a significant European cultural route), we set out to adapt an existing humanities interface to support social and spatial exploration of how the route is perceived. Our dataset was derived from Instagram. We adopted a thinking by doing approach to co-design an interdisciplinary prototype and discuss the six stages of activity, beginning with the definition of the use case and ending in experimentation with a working technology prototype. Through reflection on the process of tool modification and an in-depth exploration of the data encoding, we were better able to understand the strengths and limitations of the data, the tool, and the underlying workflows. This in-depth knowledge helped us to define a set of requirements for tools and data that will serve as a valuable contribution for those engaged in the design of deep mapping interfaces for place-based research.

In recent years, decision makers have reported difficulties in the use of official statistics in public policy: excessively long publication delays, insufficient coverage of topics of interest, and the top-down process of data creation. The deluge of data available online represents a potential answer to these problems, with social media data in particular as a possible alternative to traditional data. In this article, we propose a definition of “Soft Data” to indicate data that are freely available on the Internet, and that are not controlled by a public administration but rather by public or private actors. The term Soft Data is not intended to replace those of “Big Data” and “Open Data,” but rather to highlight specific properties and research methods required to convert them into information of interest for decision makers. The analysis is based on a case study of Twitter data for urban policymaking carried out for a European research program aimed at enhancing the effectiveness of European cohesion policy. The article explores methodological issues and the possible impact of “Soft Data” on public policy, reporting on semistructured interviews carried out with nine European policymakers.

This article discusses the value of gift exchange in online social media. In the first part, the authors show how most of the commentators have considered online gifting as an alternative to the classical market economy. Yet the recent (re)territorialization of the web challenges this perspective. As a consequence, the internet can no longer be considered a reply to capitalism. In the second part, the authors argue that in anthropology and social philosophy the term ‘gift’ has often been used improperly, and that gift exchange has nothing to do with goods exchange, but with mutual recognition. In the third part, they use this definition to stress the importance of gift circulation through Facebook’s ‘Like’ button and the Twitter feature called ‘Mention’. In conclusion, the authors deal with the ‘Like economy’, i.e. the interference between gift exchange and market economy which is daily at work online.

Cet article analyse les flux RSS internationaux emis par 37 quotidiens d’information situes dans 16 Etats differents en se focalisant sur les mentions des Etats. Trois aspects sont etudies : la hierarchie entre Etats, les cooccurrences toujours presentes et enfin les effets de voisinage. Les resultats montrent une tres forte concentration de l’actualite internationale, 20 % des Etats assurant au minimum 80 % des mentions pour l’ensemble des journaux du corpus. Quel que soit le point d’observation retenu, les Etats-Unis occupent une position preponderante. L’etude des cooccurrences place aussi les Etats-Unis au centre, mais permet de reveler les principaux couples etatiques, qu’ils soient cooperatifs ou conflictuels. Enfin, l’etude de sous-corpus nationaux permet de reveler des logiques editoriales et spatiales specifiques : si l’actualite internationale est d’abord celle des Etats-Unis, elle est ensuite celle des Etats voisins et culturellement proches. Inversement, le stato-centrisme souvent evoque dans les etudes mediatiques precedentes n’apparait pas comme une regle systematique.

For centuries, cultural-heritage protection systems have been based on written inventories that functioned as tools with which to record heritage objects. Yet the new category of “intangible cultural heritage,” created by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) in its 2003 Convention, is an exception within such a registration and classification framework. The Convention, which includes in this category all living cultural practices, introduces the need to build a new system of protection based on a dynamic and inclusive principle that rejects any kind of hierarchy or fossilization. The implementation of this democratic ideal of safeguarding raises numerous paradoxes. Is it really possible to build a protection system with no record? This chapter focuses on the role that digital media can play in the resolution of this paradoxes.

International audience; Today, there is an emerging interest for the potential role of hermeneutics in reflecting on the practices related to digital technologies and their consequences. Nonetheless, such an interest has not yet given rise to a unitary approach nor to a shared debate. The primary goal of this paper is to map and synthetize the different existing perspectives in order to pave the way for an open discussion on the topic. The article is developed in two steps. In the first section, the authors analyze digital hermeneutics “in theory” by confronting and systematizing the existing literature. In particular, they stress three main distinctions among the approaches: 1) between “methodological” and “ontological” digital hermeneutics; 2) between data- and text-oriented digital hermeneutics and 3) between “quantitative” and “qualitative” credos in digital hermeneutics. In the second section, they consider digital hermeneutics “in action”, by critically analyzing the uses of digital data (notably tweets) for studying a classical object such as the political opinion. In the conclusion, we will pave the way to an ontological turn in digital hermeneutics. Most of this article is devoted to the methodological issue of interpreting with digital machines. The main task of an ontological digital hermeneutics would consist instead in wondering if it is legitimate, and eventually to which extent, to speak of digital technologies, or at least of some of them, as interpretational machines.

International audience; Social research on public opinion has been affected by the recent deluge of new digital data on the Web, from blogs and forums to Facebook pages and Twitter accounts. This fresh type of information useful for mining opinions is emerging as an alternative to traditional techniques, such as opinion polls. Firstly, by building the state of the art of studies of political opinion based on Twitter data, this paper aims at identifying the relationship between the chosen data analysis method and the definition of political opinion implied in these studies. Secondly, it aims at investigating the feasibility of performing multiscale analysis in digital social research on political opinion by addressing the merits of several methodological techniques, from content-based to interaction-based methods, from statistical to semantic analysis, from supervised to unsupervised approaches. The end result of such an approach is to identify future trends in social science research on political opinion.; Des blogs et forums aux pages Facebook et comptes Twitter, le récent déluge des données numériques du Web a fortement affecté la recherche en sciences sociales. Cette nouvelle catégorie d’information, utile à l’extraction des opinions politiques, se présente comme une alternative aux techniques traditionnelles telles que les sondages. Premièrement, en réalisant un état de l’art des études de l’opinion s’appuyant sur les données Twitter, cet article vise à mettre en relation les méthodes d’analyse utilisées dans ces études et les définitions de l’opinion politique qui y sont suggérées. Deuxièmement, cet article étudie la faisabilité de réaliser des analyses multi-échelles en sciences sociales concernant l’étude de l’opinion politique en exposant les mérites de plusieurs méthodes, allant des méthodes orientées contenus aux méthodes orientées interactions, de l’analyse statistique à l’analyse sémantique, des approches supervisées aux approches non-supervisées. Le résultat de notre démarche est d’ainsi identifier les tendances futures de la recherche en sciences sociales concernant l’étude de l’opinion politique.

Les réseaux sociaux numériques participent à la transformation de notre société. En complément des relations sociales traditionnelles, de nouvelles formes de sociabilité numérique se développent dans un espace virtuel. Toutefois, ces pratiques online s’inscrivent aussi dans l’espace et dessinent des territoires. Dans une démarche exploratoire, cet article cherche à éclairer la dimension territoriale des pratiques numériques des utilisateurs du réseau social Facebook à travers l’analyse spatiale des géoréférencements (check-in) laissés par les utilisateurs. Le terrain d’étude proposé correspond à un ensemble de 252 communes des franges du périurbain francilien et picard rassemblant plus d’un million d’habitants. La méthodologie employée repose sur un corpus de 1935 lieux ayant recueilli près de 2 millions de géoréférencements.Le choix de ce type d’espace des densités intermédiaires permet d’interroger les représentations d’un espace périphérique caractérisé par une faible identification et une urbanité quasi-absente. Les principaux résultats permettent de mettre en valeur le réseau Facebook comme un descripteur territorial original, complémentaire des outils traditionnels de l’analyse spatiale. En effet, l’analyse des géoréférencements donne à voir une cartographie des densités et surtout des hauts-lieux numériques de ces territoires de densités intermédiaires. Dans une perspective théorique, le principal apport de ce travail est l’ajout d’une couche d’informations online aux traditionnelles informations offline, dans l’analyse territoriale des espaces locaux. Social networks have a strong transformative effect over our culture and practices. In addition to traditional social relations, new digital social bonds have increased in virtual spaces. However, these online practices are also embedded in actual material spaces and define territorialities. This exploratory paper aims at investigating the spatial dimension of digital practices of Facebook users through the spatial analysis of individual check-ins. The case study is drawn from data collected in 252 municipalities, in the Northern suburbs of Paris, an area with about 1 M inhabitants. Data used are composed of 1935 geotagged unique places on Facebook network, i.e. 2 M checks-in. The choice of this intermediate density suburban area allows questioning the main representations of areas traditionally characterized by low levels of urbanity and a lack of spatial identities. This paper is meant to highlight the Facebook network as real « spatial goggles », added to traditional spatial variables. Indeed, datas show a specific geography of geotagging practices, identified by the means of density maps, and digital hot-spots in these suburban areas of the Greater Paris region. From a theoretical viewpoint, this paper brings a better understanding of the news online information layer, which can to traditional offline information layers in geographical analysis at a local level.

As part of the analysis of cultural routes, complex object of the symbolic, social and territorial point of view, the project Digital Route focuses onthe analysis of digital content available online for the development of the Via Francigena route. In this article, we propose a semi-automatic methodology for the extraction of spatial information related to Via Francigena from Instagram data., Dans le cadre de l’analyse des itinéraires culturels, objet complexe du point de vue territorial, symbolique et social, le projet Itinéraire Numérique s’attache à analyser les contenus numériques disponibles en ligne pour la valorisation de l’itinéraire Via Francigena. Dans cet article, nous proposons une méthodologie semiautomatique pour l’extraction d’information spatiale liées à la Via Francigena à partir des données Instagram.

Le developpement des Digital Studies a eu un impact important sur le cadre methodologique des Sciences de l’information-communication. Nous pouvons identifier deux facons ou le numerique a modifie les modalites de recherche empirique dans le cadre des SIC : la mutation des methodes traditionnelles d’enquete grâce au numerique (« methodes numerisees »), comme par exemple les questionnaires en ligne ou les entretiens en visioconference ; et le deploiement de nouvelles methodes (« nativement num...