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The accelerated aging of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) multifilament yarns containing nano or microparticles of titanium dioxide (TiO2), silicon carbide (SiC), or fluorite (CaF2) at a maximum percentage of 2% has been studied. For this, the yarn samples were introduced into a climatic chamber at 50 °C, 50% relative humidity, and an ultraviolet A (UVA) irradiance of 1.4 W/m2. They were then removed from the chamber after periods of between 21 and 170 days of exposure. Subsequently, the variation in weight average molecular weight, number molecular weight, and polydispersity was evaluated by gel permeation chromatography (GPC), the surface appearance was evaluated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), the thermal properties were evaluated using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and the mechanical properties were evaluated using dynamometry. The results showed that, at the test conditions, there was degradation in all of the exposed substrates, possibly due to the excision of the chains that make up the polymeric matrix, which resulted in the variation in the mechanical and thermal properties depending on the type and size of the particle used. This study provides insight into the evolution of the properties of PET-based nano- and microcomposites and might be helpful when selecting materials for specific applications, which is of great interest from an industrial point of view The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support for this research from the Ministry of Science and Innovation of Spain (Project MAT2010-20324-CO2-01) and the National Secretary of the Higher Education Science Technology and Innovation of Ecuador (SENESCYT) for Fellowship No. CZ02-000926-2018

In different organs and tissues, the lymphatic system serves as a drainage system for interstitial fluid and is useful for removing substances that would otherwise accumulate in the interstitium. In the brain, which lacks lymphatic circulation, the drainage and cleaning function is performed by the glymphatic system, called so for its dependence on glial cells and its similar function to that of the lymphatic system. In the present article, we define glymphatic insufficiency as the inability of the glymphatic system to properly perform the brain cleaning function. Furthermore, we propose that corpora amylacea or wasteosomes, which are protective structures that act as waste containers and accumulate waste products, are, in fact, a manifestation of chronic glymphatic insufficiency. Assuming this premise, we provide an explanation that coherently links the formation, distribution, structure, and function of these bodies in the human brain. Moreover, we open up new perspectives in the study of the glymphatic system since wasteosomes can provide information about which variables have the greatest impact on the glymphatic system and which diseases occur with chronic glymphatic insufficiency. For example, based on the presence of wasteosomes, it seems that aging, sleep disorders, and cerebrovascular pathologies have the highest impact on the glymphatic system, whereas neurodegenerative diseases have a more limited impact. Furthermore, as glymphatic insufficiency is a risk factor for neurodegenerative diseases, information provided by wasteosomes could help to define the strategies and actions that can prevent glymphatic disruptions, thus limiting the risk of developing neurodegenerative diseases.

In different organs and tissues, the lymphatic system serves as a drainage system for interstitial fluid and is useful for removing substances that would otherwise accumulate in the interstitium. In the brain, which lacks lymphatic circulation, the drainage and cleaning function is performed by the glymphatic system, called so for its dependence on glial cells and its similar function to that of the lymphatic system. In the present article, we define glymphatic insufficiency as the inability of the glymphatic system to properly perform the brain cleaning function. Furthermore, we propose that

The objective of this work was to assess the possibility of dyeing a substrate composed of non-textile industrial hemp using natural dyes from common madder (Rubia Tinctorum L.) and calendula (Calendula Officialis) and tannin and alum as mordants. The substrate used for the dyeing had a 25/75 hemp/cotton composition. The hemp raw material is an agricultural by-product that was subjected to mechanical and chemical treatments in order to cottonize the fibers, blend them with cotton, and thus obtain first 40-tex open-end yarns and then a knitted fabric. The latter was subjected to different dyeing conditions by varying the dye, mordant, and method for its application, type of water, and rinsing after dyeing. Measurements of the difference (¿E) and intensity (K/S) of color and fastness to washing and rubbing were carried out. The results showed that dyeing of a non-textile residual hemp substrate is possible, and that calendula is a good option for dyeing it with tap water, tannin-alum set in a meta-mordanting process, and rinsing after 24 h. In this way, a contribution has been made to the circular economy of the textile industry through the use of more sustainable sources and products The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support for this research from the Ministry of Science and Innovation of Spain (Project MAT2016-79352-R) and from the National Secretary of Higher Education, Science, Technology and Innovation of Ecuador (SENESCYT) for Doctoral Fellowship (No. CZ02-000926-2018) Objectius de Desenvolupament Sostenible::8 - Treball Decent i Creixement Econòmic Objectius de Desenvolupament Sostenible::9 - Indústria, Innovació i Infraestructura Objectius de Desenvolupament Sostenible::12 - Producció i Consum Responsables Objectius de Desenvolupament Sostenible::13 - Acció per al Clima Objectius de Desenvolupament Sostenible::13 - Acció per al Clima::13.b - Promoure mecanismes per a augmentar la capacitat de planificació i gestió eficaces en relació amb el canvi climàtic als països menys avançats i als petits estats insulars en desenvolupament, centrats concretament en les dones, persones joves i comunitats locals i marginades

Highly porous Ni films have been potentiostatically synthesised by micelle-assisted electrodeposition using custom-made PS-b-P4VP block copolymer micelles as a soft template. Two PS-b-P4VP block copolymers with PS/P4VP block ratios of 1:1 and 1:4 were used for the micelle-assisted electrodeposition, resulting in Ni films with large pores of diameters varying from 25 to 600 nm (1:1), and from 10 to 230 nm (1:4). As a result of the interconnected porosity, and hence the drastic increase of the surface-to-volume ratio, the electrocatalytic performance at hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) in alkaline media is significantly improved in comparison to a dense Ni film, and—more importantly—even in comparison to a highly mesoporous Ni film with monodisperse 10 nm wide pores. Most remarkably, it is discovered that the openly porous Ni electrocatalysts not only lead to a simple increase in HER current density, but also to a lower overpotential and a better long-term performance. While the bulk of the films is metallic, Ni(OH)2 is formed on the surfaces of all Ni films during HER. This effect leads to an initial decrease of the catalytic activity, but provides excellent stability in alkaline media. The presented synthesis process for pure Ni may be readily adopted to any other electroplatable metals and alloys This work has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 101058076 and the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement No 764977. Additional funding was obtained from the Generalitat de Catalunya under project 2017-SGR-292 and the Spanish Government under PID2019–108794 GB-I00, PID2020–116844RB-C21, and associated FEDER Project. KE acknowledges the Spanish Ministerio de Uni- versidades for a Margarita Salas fellowship, financed by the European Union – NextGenerationEU. AGC acknowledges financial support from the Spanish Ministry of Science through the “Severo Ochoa” Programme for Centres of Excellence (FUNFUTURE, 2020–2023)

Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) is a plant of which, its ease of cultivation, structure and properties, provide it great potential for industrial applications; nevertheless, the unfavorable content of lignin complicates its processing, especially in the textile area. Thus, an appropriate knowledge of the delignification process would lead to treating hemp fibers as cotton fibers. In this work, hemp has been treated with an alkaline liquor [NaOH 1 M] at 110 °C during different times and afterwards, the substrates were chemically characterized in order to determine their lignin content and also analyzed by thermogravimetry (TGA). Through the correlation analysis, the relationship between lignin content, onset temperature of cellulose decomposition and loss of mass at the different decomposition steps were established. A hyperbolic kinetic model to explain the influence of alkaline treatment time on lignin content and also on the loss of mass at the four steps of decomposition of the samples by TGA up to 600 °C has been developed. Although it has been found that the degradation of lignin occurred across the entire temperature range, results have shown that the influence of treatment time has become clearly relevant on lignin content, Step2 (180.5 °C-273.5 °C) where a fraction of 10 to 16% of lignin was degraded, and Step3 273.5 °C-396.5 °C) where cellulose was mainly decomposed and 20% of lignin was also degraded., Authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support for this research from the Ministry of Science and Innovation of Spain (Project MAT2016-79352-R) and from the National Secretary of Higher Education, Science, Technology and Innovation of Ecuador (SENESCYT) for Doctoral's Fellowship (No. CZ02-000926-2018).

Thermal processing properties are a key factor in the industrial processing industry. The obtaining of a PET-based hybrid composite multifilament with textile properties (yarns) is presented. The system is composed by ceramic silicon carbide (SiC) nanoparticles and a dispersing agent included in a PET matrix. With the objective to produce a suitable nanocomposite, the study is divided in three parts: (i) evaluation by non-isothermal crystallization of three different dispersing agents (two of them based on esters of montanic acids and, the other on an amide wax) to achieve an homogeneous nanocomposite; (ii) study of the influence of the concentrations of SiC and of the more suitable dispersing agent on the thermal properties of the PET-hybrid composite; and (iii) the obtaining of a PET-hybrid multifilament with textile properties together with its characterization by Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and mechanical properties

Raw hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) was subjected to alkaline delignification with the application of NaOH ranging from [0.125M] to [1M] for times from 5 to 480 min. Lignin contents of the original and delignified samples were determined. The samples were subjected to thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) under a N2 atmosphere with temperatures ramped from 25 to 600 °C at 10 °C min-1. Lignosulfonates samples of low, medium and high molecular weight were subjected to the same TGA and showed that lignin decomposed over the entire temperature range. The contributions of lignin to the mass loss during thermal decomposition of hemp and kinetics of lignin content and the most relevant TGA results were determined. Regression models estimating the lignin content of the fibers based on TGA results were formulated. These models allow for the prediction of mean lignin content within ± 0.1% (based on dry weight of pulp) in the central range of the experimental field., Authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support for this research from the Ministry of Science and Innovation of Spain (Project MAT2016-79352-R) and from the National Secretary of Higher Education, Science, Technology and Innovation of Ecuador (SENESCYT) for Doctoral’s Fellowship (No. CZ02-000926-2018).

Purpose This study aims to demonstrate that orange-derived and lemon-derived systems can be used in continuous processes as efficient adsorbents to the entrapment of some anionic and cationic dyes in the textile dyeing wastewater effluents. Design/methodology/approach Physically and chemically modified orange and lemon mesocarps are used as natural adsorbents for the cationic dyes Basic Blue 3, Basic Yellow 21, Basic Red 18 and Basic Green 4 and the anionic dyes Acid Blue 264, Acid Yellow 49 and Acid Red 337, all commonly used in the textile dyeing industry. Adsorption capacities of the orange-derived and lemon-derived adsorbents on the dyes are studied simulating a batch and continuous industrial processes. Findings Results demonstrate that treated orange mesocarp (orange-derived adsorbent) can adsorb up to 97% of cationic Basic Green 4 in 30 min, whereas the lemon mesocarp (lemon-derived adsorbent) can retain up to 88% within the same time. In the case of anionic, 91% Acid Blue 264 is adsorbed by the orange mesocarp in 15 min, whereas 92% is adsorbed by the lemon homologue within the same time. Originality/value As far as the authors know, physically and chemically modified orange and lemon mesocarps have not been used on the removal of cationic (Basic Blue 3, Basic Yellow 21, Basic Red 18 and Basic Green 4) and anioinic (Acid Blue 264, Acid Yellow 49 and Acid Red 337) dyes of textile dyeing wastewater industry. It is a costless and efficient treatment that supposes, on the one hand, an eco-friendly and feasible process for discolouration of wastewater and, on the other, a valorisation (upcycling) of orange and lemon peels, which are not currently used.

The influence of the alkaline delignification of hemp on its moisture uptake has been studied under the project “Preparation and functionalization of hemp for textile substrates” focussed on the reduction of cotton imports for the manufacturing of clothing, household textiles and medical devices. The project looks for the partial replacement of cotton by hemp on the production of natural cellulosic textiles. Hemp fibres are alkaline delignified at different times to evaluate its effect on their moisture uptake behaviour to evaluate the ability of replacing cotton in the next-to-skin goods manufacturing. The paper gives three easy tools to analyse the moisture uptake behaviour by determining the sorption ratio, the hysteresis and the parameters of the isotherms fitted using three different models (GAB, Hailwood-Horrobin and Dent) to the absorption desorption isotherms. The samples of the original and delignified hemp have been subjected to moisture absorption/desorption trials from 5% to 95% RH at 25 °C. Sorption ratio and hysteresis reveal the greater influence of lignin on moisture uptake at low relative humidities, while at high, was cellulose which plays the most important role. The models fitted to the isotherms show that delignification decreases the size of the monolayer that, in desorption results always greater than in absorption. The energy constants of the monolayer for delignified fibres in absorption were higher than those for the original fibres, while the opposite occurred in desorption. Lignin caused great differences between absorption and desorption. The energy constants of the multilayer show a greater range of variation in delignified samples than in the original one, and results in absorption were higher than those in desorption. Delignification time of 3 h reached the highest cellulose content which best approached to the cellulose content of cotton causing that the moisture uptake behaviour drew near to it, especially at higher relative humidity., This work was supported by Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (ES) through the Project MAT2016-79352-R.

Corpora amylacea (CA) have been described in several human organs and have been associated with ageing and several pathological conditions. Although they were first discovered two centuries ago, their function and significance have not yet been identified. Here, we provide a chronological summary of the findings on CA in various organs and identify their similarities. After collecting and integrating these findings, we propose to consider CA as waste containers created by specific cells, which sequester waste products and foreign products, and assemble them within a glycan structure. The containers are then secreted into the external medium or interstitial spaces, in this latter case subsequently being phagocytosed by macrophages. This proposal explains, among others, why CA are so varied in content, why only some of them contain fibrillary amyloid proteins, why all of them contain glycan structures, why some of them contain neo-epitopes and are phagocytosed, and why they can be intracellular or extracellular structures. Lastly, in order to avoid the ambiguity of the term amyloid (which can indicate starch-like structures but also insoluble fibrillary proteins), we propose renaming CA as "wasteosomes", emphasising the waste products they entrap rather than their misleading amyloid properties.

Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) has been mixed with fluorite (CaF2) particles to obtain micro- and nano-composites aiming to obtain a hybrid multifilament. In first term, the use of two montanic waxes and an amide wax as dispersing agents towards the compatibilization of the inorganic and organic components of the CaF2/PET composite were considered. To do this, non-isothermal crystallization studies by differential scanning calorimetry have been carried out. Moreover, the influence of the CaF2 particle size and concentration on the thermal properties of the system have been also studied by this technique. Finally, the extrapolation of the results has materialised as a novel PET/CaF2 hybrid multifilament. Thermal and mechanical properties and molecular weight of the multifilament have been as well evaluated.

This paper is part of the 2019 Women in porphyrin science special issue., The coordination of the chiral metalloporphyrin ([5,10,15,20-[4-(R,R,R,R)-2-N-octadecylamidoethyloxiphenyl]porphyrin] zinc (II)) and an achiral homologue to an amphiphilic block copolymer of poly(styrene-b-4-vinyl pyridine) (PS-b-P4VP) have been studied in solution and as cast material. The resulting chiral dye-polymer hybrid material has been accomplished via axial coordination between the zinc (II) metal ion in the core of the porphyrin ring and the pyridyl units of the block-copolymer in a non-coordinative solvent. The supramolecular organization and possible chirality transfer to the hybrid material have been studied in solution by UV-visible absorption spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and Circular Dichroism. The morphology of the chiral and achiral doped polymers has been studied in solid state by Transmission Electron Microscopy and Atomic Force Microscopy. We show that the nanostructures formed depend greatly upon the nature of the side-chains on the porphyrins, where a chiral group leads to a very homogeneous phase-separated material, perhaps indicating that chiral side groups are useful for the preparation of this type of supramolecular hybrid., We thank T. Parella (UAB) for its help in DOSY-NMR measurements, J. Oró (ICMAB) for its help in TEM imaging and M. Simón (ICMAB) for its help in AFM imaging. The work was supported by MINECO with the Project MAT2016-77852-C2-1-R (AEI/FEDER, UE) and MAT2013-47869-C4-2-P and Generalitat de Catalunya for the project 2017-SGR-1277. AGC acknowledges financial support from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness, through the “Severo Ochoa” Programme for Centres of Excellence in R&D (SEV- 2015-0496) and the Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities for a Ramon y Cajal contract (RYC-2017-22910).

Significance Aging and neurodegenerative processes induce the formation of waste substances in the brain. Some of these substances accumulate in corpora amylacea (CA). We reveal that CA are released from the brain into the cerebrospinal fluid and are present in the cervical lymph nodes, into which cerebrospinal fluid drains through the meningeal lymphatic system. We also show that CA can be phagocytosed by macrophages. We conclude that CA can act as waste containers and hypothesize that CA are involved in a mechanism that cleans the brain. We also postulate that CA may contain clinical markers of brain disorders and may also play significant roles in some brain autoimmune diseases. These last points merit further study due to their possible clinical implications., Corpora amylacea (CA) in the human brain are granular bodies formed by polyglucosan aggregates that amass waste products of different origins. They are generated by astrocytes, mainly during aging and neurodegenerative conditions, and are located predominantly in periventricular and subpial regions. This study shows that CA are released from these regions to the cerebrospinal fluid and are present in the cervical lymph nodes, into which cerebrospinal fluid drains through the meningeal lymphatic system. We also show that CA can be phagocytosed by macrophages. We conclude that CA can act as containers that remove waste products from the brain and may be involved in a mechanism that cleans the brain. Moreover, we postulate that CA may contribute in some autoimmune brain diseases, exporting brain substances that interact with the immune system, and hypothesize that CA may contain brain markers that may aid in the diagnosis of certain brain diseases.

Nanocomposite carbon-paste electrodes (NC-CPEs) have been investigated for the first time in electrolyte-gated organic field-effect transistors (EGOFETs) as a replacement of conventional metal gate electrodes, using carbon nanotubes (CNTs) as a model carbon filler. Interestingly, the electrical properties of the resulting devices have been modulated by changing the loading percentage of CNTs within the insulating polymeric matrix. The potential of using such non-conventional gate electrodes for sensing purposes has also been evaluated by investigating, as a proof of concept, the formation of a supramolecular complex between a functionalized CNT-based NC-CPE containing β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) as a bio-recognition element and tryptophan (TRP). This approach, in synergism with the amplification function of an EGOFET, affords a shift in the threshold voltage (VTH) of the transistor, giving promising analytical results with detection limits at picomolar levels (1.0 ± 0.1 pM) as well as a linear response from 10−12 to 10−9 M. Accordingly, NC-CPEs have been demonstrated to be a potential alternative to metal gate electrodes for the development of a new generation of highly sensitive carbon-based EGOFET bio-sensors., This work was funded by the ERC StG 2012-306826 e-GAMES. The authors also thank the DGI (Spain) project FANCY CTQ2016-80030-R, MAT2016-77852-C2-1-R (AEI/FEDER, UE), the Generalitat de Catalunya (2017-SGR-918 and 2017-SGR-1277), the Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials, and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN) and the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness, through the “Severo Ochoa” Programme for Centers of Excellence in R&D (SEV-2015-0496). Dr J. Muñoz and Dr F. Leonardi gratefully thank the “Juan de la Cierva” programme. Dr A. González-Campo thanks the Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities for the Ramon y Cajal contract (RYC-2017-22910). We acknowledge support of the publication fee by the CSIC Open Access Publication Support Initiative through its Unit of Information Resources for Research (URICI).

The development of highly sensitive and selective enantiomeric platforms towards the rapid screening of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) is nowadays a crucial challenge in several fields related to pharmacology, biomedicine, biotechnology and (bio)sensors. Herein, it is presented a novel, facile and generic methodology focused on exploiting the synergistically and electrocatalytic properties of chiral magnetic-nanobiofluids (mNBFs) with electrochemical enantiobiosensing at a magneto nanocomposite graphene paste electrode (mNC–GPE). The feasibility of this approach has been validated by chirally recognizing tryptophan (TRP) enantiomers as a proof-of-concept. For this aim, a specific chiral mNBF based on an aqueous dispersion of cobalt ferrite loaded with gold nanoparticles carrying a thiolated β-cyclodextrin (β–CD-SH/Au/CoFe2O4–NPs) has been synthesized and used towards the supramolecular discrimination of TRP enantiomers at an advanced graphene-paste transducer via cyclic voltammetry. This strategy, which is the first demonstration of applicability of chiral mNBFs for electrochemical enantiorecognition, opens up new approaches into enantio(bio)sensing., This work was funded by the ERC StG 2012–306826 e-GAMES. The authors also thank the Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials, and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), the DGI (Spain) project FANCY CTQ2016-80030-R, the Generalitat de Catalunya (2014-SGR-17), the MAT2016-77852-C2-1-R (AEI/FEDER, UE) and the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness, through the “Severo Ochoa” Programme for Centers of Excellence in R&D (SEV-2015-0496).

Two different types of calcium fluoride (CaF2) particles were incorporated into a poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) matrix, fine particles (approximate to 350nm), and nanoparticles (approximate to 70nm). Both of them were synthesized by a chemical precipitation method using triethanolamine (TEA) as stabilizer. To obtain the nanoparticles, a greater amount of TEA was added during the synthesis in order to limit their growth. Therefore, unlike the fine particles, nanoparticles contained a greater amount of the stabilizer. Once CaF2 particles were obtained, the composite materials were prepared by melt-blending PET and particles at different filler loadings. The influence of both kinds of particles on the non-isothermal crystallization behavior of PET was investigated by using differential scanning calorimetry and field emission scanning electron microscopy. The Jeziorny-modified Avrami equation was applied to describe the kinetics of the non-isothermal crystallization, and several parameters were analyzed (half-crystallization time, Avrami exponent, and rate constant). According to the results, it is clear that CaF2 particles act as nucleating agents, accelerating the crystallization rate of PET. However, the effect on the crystallization rate was more noticeable with the addition of the fine particles where the surface plays an important role for epitaxial crystallization, while the addition of the nanoparticles with an organic surface coating resulted in a crystallization behavior similar to the observed for PET

We present a model to assess the systemness of an innovation system. Patent and citation datawith an institutional address in Catalonia (1986-1996) were analyzed in terms of relationallinkages and the development in these distributions over time was evaluated using methods fromsystems dynamics. Relational linkages are extremely scarce. A transition at the system's levelcould be indicated around 1990 when using institutional addresses, but not when using cognitivecategories. The institutional restructuring has led to changes in the pattern of linkages(coauthorship, etc.), but the reproduction of the system's knowledge base has remaineddifferentiated. We conclude that although a system in several other respects, Catalonia cannot(yet) be considered as a (knowledge-based) innovation system. The existence of a mechanism forthe integration could not be indicated at the regional level.

Polylactide fibers (PLA), false-twist textured at different temperatures (135, 150 and 165℃) and draw ratios (1.30, 1.35 and 1.40) were stabilized by a continuous setting treatment at 50 m/min and 100℃ using a specially designed chamber. The crystallinity and the orientation of the original textured filaments and those of the stabilized ones were measured. The effect of post setting on the dimensional stability, mechanical properties and thermomechanical behavior in accordance with the texturing conditions was studied. The relationships between crystallinity and the dimensional stability and between the orientation and both the relaxation shrinkage and the endset temperature of shrinkage were considered.

Aquest treball tracta de la comunicacio entre la propietat intel·lectual i la sanitat que es dona en una llista de distribucio dedicada (Iphealth), gestionada pel Projecte de Consum sobre Tecnologia (CPT). S'han estudiat els arxius d'aquesta llista de distribucio segons l'analisi de continguts i de citacions. La llista es mes un canal de captacio de noticies i de divulgacio d'informacio que un forum fluid en el qual es discuteixin estrategies, com indica el baix nombre de fils de discussio. La tipologia dels documents enviats es diversa: s'han identificat vint-i-un tipus de documents, que van des de textos juridics a comunicats de premsa d'empreses. La majoria de missatges son articles de premsa reenviats i la situacio geografica de les noticies abasta tot el mon. Els emissors treballen majoritariament en ONG, tot i que tambe hi ha representats altres sectors, com l'academic, el governamental i l'industrial. Per materies, el tema general de la relacio entre la propietat intel·lectual (IP) i la sanitat gira al voltant de les patents dels medicaments per a la SIDA. Aixo es demostra analitzant les paraules mes frequents dels titols i la classificacio dels missatges segons el propi lloc web tematic en estructura d'arbre del CPT anomenat "Propietat intel·lectual i sanitat". S'han codificat els missatges de dos mesos per descobrir quines estrategies predominaven en aquell moment en el moviment, segons la teoria de xarxes de defensa transnacionals de Keck i Sikkink (1998) –d'informacio, simboliques, de cerca d'influencies (leverage) i de rendicio de comptes (accountability). L'estrategia predominant es la de cerca d'influencies, fet que indica que la questio no esta ni de bon tros tancada. La diversitat de documents i les seves funcions en la llista de distribucio s'utilitzen per a reflectir la relacio de l'activisme amb els mitjans de comunicacio, la ciencia, el dret i la politica.

Tetrathiafulvalene molecules substituted with a carboxylic acid group (TTFCOOH) were bound as redox-active moieties into a poly(4-vinyl pyridine) (P4VP) skeleton through non-covalent interactions (hydrogen bonds). The aspect of the resulting P4VP-TTFCOOH films showed a uniform and smooth morphology. Moreover, the redox function of TTFCOOH in P4VP-TTFCOOH was demonstrated using tetrachloroauric acid, iron(III) perchlorate and iodine vapors as doping agents. The oxidized states of TTFCOOH as well as the mixed valance state TTFCOOH 0 -TTFCOOH +• were generated in a controlled manner in solid state, resulting in an organic film capable of charge transport. The charge transport along the organic donor molecules hydrogen bonded to the polymer matrix was demonstrated employing Electrostatic Force Microscopy (EFM).

Two different types of calcium fluoride particles (approximate to 325 nm), one of them surface modified using a long-chain organophosphorous reagent, were incorporated into a poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) matrix. The CaF2 particles were synthesized by a simple chemical precipitation method. To modify the particles surface, a heat treatment using Cyanex((R)) 921 [tri-n-octylphosphine oxide (TOPO)] dissolved in isopropanol, was carried out. Therefore, unlike the as-synthesized particles, the modified particles contained an amount of TOPO. The composite materials were prepared by melt-blending PET and particles at different filler loadings. The influence of the particles surface modification on the nonisothermal crystallization behavior of PET was investigated by using differential scanning calorimetry and field emission scanning electron microscopy. The Jeziorny-modified Avrami equation was applied to describe the crystallization kinetics and several parameters were analyzed (half-crystallization time, Avrami exponent, and rate constant). According to the results, the fluorite particles act as nucleating agents, accelerating the PET crystallization rate. However, the effect on the polymer crystallization rate was more noticeable with the addition of the nonmodified particles where the surface might play an important role for epitaxial crystallization, while the addition of the particles, with an organic coating layer on the surface, resulted in a crystallization behavior more similar to the observed for neat PET. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 54:2938-2946, 2014. (c) 2014 Society of Plastics Engineers