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This systematic review shows the effectiveness of Matricaria chamomilla for improving health. Original papers and case reports published during 2014–2018 in PubMed, Science Direct and Scopus were included. Most studies were in vitro, performed with extracts, in 2018, and originated from Iran. In vitro assays focused mainly on antimicrobial, antiparasitic and antioxidant activities. In vivo studies specially investigated organ and tissue protective activity of chamomile. Clinical trials have validated some of these in vitro and in vivo pharmacological activities (diabetes mellitus, hypertension and pain). Future preclinical and clinical investigations should be aimed at deeping into pure compounds responsible for activities.

El presente trabajo pretende proponer una optimización de los procesos de prevención y detección de dificultades de aprendizaje en el contexto educativo, mediante el estudio de la relación que la Escala Observacional de Memoria Operativa (EOMO) muestra con medidas de la eficacia lectora, comprensión lectora, rendimiento matemático y rendimiento académico. Para ello se estudió una muestra incidental de 636 alumnos de educación primaria, pertenecientes a centros educativos de la comarca de Cartagena. Los datos mostraron relaciones significativas de la EOMO con las diferentes variables medidas, y en el sentido esperado. Los datos permitieron concluir que el EOMO puede ser una herramienta de filtrado o screening que delimite claramente la muestra de alumnos que ha de ser valorada con mayor detalle, a fin de prevenir o detectar dificultades de aprendizaje. The present study aims to improve the effectiveness of the process of preventing and detecting learning disabilities by studying the relationship between the Observational Scale of Working Memory (EOMO) and effective reading, reading comprehension, mathematical achievement, and academic achievement. The incidental sample consisted of 636 students from Primary Education, belonging to different schools in Cartagena. As expected, the results showed signi-ficant relationships between EOMO and all the variables measured. These findings showed that EOMO can be used as a screening tool to limit the sample of students that should be assessed in detail so as to prevent and detect learning disabilities.

espanolEl aprendizaje servicio es una metodologia innovadora que comienza a tener relevancia. Consiste en formar a estudiantes en valores civicos, que sean capaces de poner en practica sus destrezas para afrontar problemas sociales. En el ambito de la ensenanza de la Historia y el patrimonio, puede devenir en una metodologia alternativa, englobada en las estrategias de indagacion y tecnicas cooperativas, en la que los estudiantes tengan un papel activo. Sin embargo, este tipo de metodos, con ser harto interesantes, no suelen redundar en algo util para la sociedad. El aprendizaje servicio puede suplir algunas carencias en los modelos formativos que vienen utilizandose, al aportar una colaboracion activa entre entidades educativas y colectivos sociales que se ocupan de problemas que afectan al contexto donde vive el alumnado. Asi pues, se propone que, para una mejor ensenanza de la historia en niveles educativos iniciales, estudien los problemas de conservacion del patrimonio de su entorno proximo y el paisaje en que se ubica. En este texto se hace una propuesta para que los estudiantes del grado en educacion primaria de la Universidad de Murcia (Espana) analicen la historia y el patrimonio local, colaborando con asociaciones civicas que promueven la conservacion de un patrimonio que suelen desconocer. EnglishService-learning is an innovative methodology that begins to have relevance. It consists of training students in civic values, who are able to put their skills to face social problems. In the field of history and heritage teaching it can become an alternative methodology, encompassed in inquiry strategies and cooperative techniques, where students play an active role. However this type of methods with being very interesting do not usually result in something useful for society. Service-learning can fill some gaps in the training models that are being used by providing active collaboration between educational entities and social groups, which deal with problems that affect the context in which students live. It is proposed that, for a better teaching of history at initial educational levels, study the problems of conservation of the heritage of their immediate environment and the landscape in which it is located. In this text a proposal is made so that the students of the Degree in Primary Education of the University of Murcia (Spain) analyze local history and heritage, collaborating with civic associations that promote the conservation of a heritage that they usually do not know.

Age-related neurodegenerative disorders are an increasing public health problem. Oxidative stress is one of the major causes. Medicinal plant-based functional foods can be effective for these diseases. The aim of this work is to investigate the neuroprotective role of methanol extracts of Moringa oleifera leaf powder on antioxidant/oxidant imbalance and mitochondrial regulation in a H2O2-induced oxidative stress model in human neuroblastoma cells. On nutritional analysis, results showed that moringa contained 28.50% carbohydrates, 25.02% proteins, 10.42% fat, 11.83% dietary fiber, 1.108 mg β-carotene, 326.4 µg/100 g vitamin B1 and 15.2 mg/100 g vitamin C. In-vitro assays revealed that moringa methanol extracts had more phenolic content and higher antioxidant activity than acetone extracts. Moreover, pretreatments with methanol extracts showed a protective effect against H2O2-induced oxidative damage through increasing cell viability and reducing free radicals. Furthermore, the extract decreased lipid peroxidation and enhanced glutathione levels and antioxidant enzyme activity. Finally, moringa also prevented mitochondrial dysfunction by regulating calcium levels and increasing mitochondrial membrane potential. The most active concentration was 25 µg/mL. In summary, the nutritional and functional properties of Moringa oleifera as a neuroprotective agent could be beneficial to protect against oxidative stress and provide necessary nutrients for a healthy diet.

Valeriana officinalis L. (Caprifoliaceae) has been traditionally used to treat mild nervous tension and sleep problems. The basis of these activities are mainly attributed to valerenic acid through the modulation of the GABA receptor. Moreover, V. officinalis is claimed to have other biological activities such as cardiovascular benefits, anticancer, antimicrobial and spasmolytic. The current review aims to update the biological and pharmacological studies (in vitro, in vivo and clinical trials) of V. officinalis and its major secondary metabolites in order to guide future research. Databases PubMed, Science Direct and Scopus were used for literature search including original papers written in English and published between 2014 and 2020. There have been identified 33 articles which met inclusion criteria. Most of these works were performed with V. officinalis extracts and only a few papers (in vitro and in vivo studies) evaluated the activity of isolated compounds (valerenic acid and volvalerenal acid K). In vitro studies focused on studying antioxidant and neuroprotective activity. In vivo studies and clinical trials mainly investigated activities on the nervous system (anticonvulsant activity, antidepressant, cognitive problems, anxiety and sleep disorders). Just few studies were focused on other different activities, highlight effects on symptoms of premenstrual and postmenopausal syndromes. Valeriana officinalis continues to be one of the medicinal plants most used by today's society for its therapeutic properties and whose biological and pharmacological activities continue to arouse great scientific interest as evidenced in recent publications. This review shows scientific evidence on traditional uses of V. officinalis on nervous system.

Background The usage of medicinal plants as a key component of complementary and alternative medicine, has acquired renewed interest in developed countries. The current situation of medicinal plants in Spain is very limited. This paper provides new insights and greater knowledge about current trends and consumption patterns of medicinal plants in the Autonomous Community of Madrid (Spain) for health benefits. Methods A descriptive cross-sectional study was designed for a population-based survey on medicinal plants. The data were collected (May 2018 to May 2019) using semi-structured face-to-face interviews in independent pharmacies, hospital centers and primary care health centers in the Autonomous Community of Madrid. The survey had 18 multiple choice and open-ended questions. Quantitative indices were calculated: Fidelity Level (FL), Use Value (UV) and Informants Consensus Factor (ICF). Chi-square test was used for data analysis. Results Five hundred forty-three people were interviewed. The majority of the participants (89.6%) have used medicinal plants to treat health disorders in the past 12 months, mainly for digestive problems, sleep disorders and central nervous system diseases. A total of 78 plants were recorded, being Matricaria recutita, Valeriana officinalis, Tilia spp. and Aloe vera the most used. The highest UV was found for Mentha pulegium (UV 0.130) followed by Aloe vera (UV 0.097) and Vaccinium macrocarpon. (UV 0.080). The highest FL values were for Eucalyptus spp. (FL 90.47%) for respiratory conditions and, Matricaria recutita (85.55%) and Mentha pulegium (84.09%) for digestive problems. The highest ICF corresponded to metabolism and depression (ICF = 1), pain (ICF = 0.97), insomnia (ICF = 0.96) and anxiety (ICF = 0.95). Participants mostly acquired herbal medicines from pharmacies, herbal shops and supermarkets. Some side effects (tachycardia, dizziness and gastrointestinal symptoms) and potential interactions medicinal plants-drugs (V. officinalis and benzodiazepines) were reported. Conclusion Many inhabitants of the Autonomous Community of Madrid currently use herbal products to treat minor health problems. The most common consumer pattern are young women between 18 and 44 years of age with higher education. In order to confirm the pattern, further research should be focused to investigate current uses of medicinal plants in other Spanish regions.

Aloe vera has been traditionally used to treat skin injuries (burns, cuts, insect bites, and eczemas) and digestive problems because its anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and wound healing properties. Research on this medicinal plant has been aimed at validating traditional uses and deepening the mechanism of action, identifying the compounds responsible for these activities. The most investigated active compounds are aloe-emodin, aloin, aloesin, emodin, and acemannan. Likewise, new actions have been investigated for Aloe vera and its active compounds. This review provides an overview of current pharmacological studies (in vitro, in vivo, and clinical trials), written in English during the last six years (2014−2019). In particular, new pharmacological data research has shown that most studies refer to anti-cancer action, skin and digestive protective activity, and antimicrobial properties. Most recent works are in vitro and in vivo. Clinical trials have been conducted just with Aloe vera, but not with isolated compounds; therefore, it would be interesting to study the clinical effect of relevant metabolites in different human conditions and pathologies. The promising results of these studies in basic research encourage a greater number of clinical trials to test the clinical application of Aloe vera and its main compounds, particularly on bone protection, cancer, and diabetes.

Tea made from Camellia sinensis leaves is one of the most consumed beverages worldwide. This systematic review aims to update Camellia sinensis pharmacological activity on metabolic and endocrine disorders. Inclusion criteria were preclinical and clinical studies of tea extracts and isolated compounds on osteoporosis, hypertension, diabetes, metabolic syndrome, hypercholesterolemia, and obesity written in English between 2014 and 2019 and published in Pubmed, Science Direct, and Scopus. From a total of 1384 studies, 80 reports met inclusion criteria. Most papers were published in 2015 (29.3%) and 2017 (20.6%), conducted in China (28.75%), US (12.5%), and South Korea (10%) and carried out with extracts (67.5%, especially green tea) and isolated compounds (41.25%, especially epigallocatechin gallate). Most pharmacological studies were in vitro and in vivo studies focused on diabetes and obesity. Clinical trials, although they have demonstrated promising results, are very limited. Future research should be aimed at providing more clinical evidence on less studied pathologies such as osteoporosis, hypertension, and metabolic syndrome. Given the close relationship among all endocrine disorders, it would be of interest to find a standard dose of tea or their bioactive constituents that would be beneficial for all of them.

Este trabajo tiene como propósito conocer las creencias del profesorado de Educación Física en Educación Primaria sobre la educación en valores. Desde un enfoque cualitativo se exploran las percepciones de 30 profesores de centros públicos de Educación Infantil y Primaria, de similar contexto socioeconómico, de la Región de Murcia, utilizando como instrumento de recogida de información la entrevista semiestructurada. Los resultados permitieron conocer aquellas variables que determinan la educación en valores así como vislumbrar algunos de los obstáculos que imposibilitan la educación integral del alumnado. Se concluye con algunas propuestas para avanzar hacia una educación que integre el componente ético y con líneas de investigación futuras sobre la temática. The purpose of this study is to examine the beliefs of Primary Education Physical Education teachers about education in values. From a qualitative perspective based on semi-structured interviews, the perceptions of 30 teachers from public Infant and Primary Education schools with a similar socioeconomic status in the Region of Murcia were explored. The results allowed for the determination of both the variables that define education in values and some of the obstacles that hinder the integral education of students. The study concludes with some proposals to advance towards a form of education that includes the moral component and with future lines of research in this area. Ce travail a pour objectif de connaître les croyances du professorat d’Education Physique en Enseignement Primaire sur l’éducation dans des valeurs. D’un point de vue qualitatif, on explore les perceptions de 30 professeurs de centres publics d’Education Infantile et Primaire, dans un contexte socio-économique similaire, de la Région de Murcie, en utilisant, comme instrument de collecte d’information, l’interview semi structurée. Les résultats ont permis de découvrir les variables qui déterminent l’éducation dans des valeurs ainsi que reconnaître certains des obstacles qui empêchent l’éducation intégrale de l’ensemble des élèves. Nous concluons avec quelques propositions pour avancer vers une éducation qui intègre le composant moral et avec de futures lignes de recherche sur la thématique.

There is growing interest for medicinal plants in the world drug market. Particularly, Matricaria recutita L., Valeriana officinalis L., Tilia spp., and Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze are some of the most consumed medicinal plants for treatment of minor health problems. Medicinal plants are seen as natural and safe, however, they can cause interactions and produce adverse reactions. Moreover, there is lack of consensus in medicinal plants regulation worldwide. DNA barcoding and UHPLC-MS technique are increasingly used to correctly identify medicinal plants and guarantee their quality and therapeutic safety. We analyzed 33 samples of valerian, linden, tea, and chamomile acquired in pharmacies, supermarkets, and herbal shops by DNA barcoding and UHPLC-MS. DNA barcoding, using matk as a barcode marker, revealed that CH1 sold as Camellia sinensis was Blepharocalyx tweediei, and sample TS2 sold as linden belong to Malvales. On the other hand, UHPLC-MS analysis revealed the presence of bioactive compounds (apigenin-7-glucoside, acetoxy valerenic acid, valerenic acid, epigallocatechin, and tiliroside). However, none of samples met minimum content of these active principles (except for valerenic acid in VF3) according to the European Medicines Agency (EMA) and Real Spanish Pharmacopeia. In conclusion, this study revealed the need to incorporate DNA barcoding and HPLC-MS techniques in quality controls of medicinal plants.

Purpose. To identify the influence of gender stereotypes on eating habits among Costa Rican adolescents. Design. Qualitative, descriptive research was used in this study. Setting. Adolescents and parents were recruited from socioeconomically diverse populations in rural and urban areas of San José, Costa Rica. Subjects. Subjects were 92 adolescents (14 to 17 years old) and 48 parents. Methods. Focus group data were transcribed and entered into the qualitative data analysis software Atlas.ti version 5.0. Analyses were grounded on the social cognitive theory. Results. Five themes emerged from the focus group discussions: (1) Costa Rican adolescents associate the consumption of moderate quantities of healthy foods with femininity and male homosexuality. (2) The consumption of hearty portions of nonhealthy foods was associated with masculinity and male heterosexuality. (3) There is an emerging view that it is acceptable for heterosexual male adolescents to take care of their bodies through healthy eating. (4) Body care among female adolescents is an element of femininity and body image. (5) Parents reinforce their daughters' persistent concern with weight control because they perceive it as feminine behavior. Conclusion. Health promoters should be aware of the existing and changing food stereotypes around gender as an avenue for the promotion of healthy eating.

The use of life stories as a methodological tool for the process of teaching has been the starting point of this research experience conducted in a graduate course at the University of Almeria. The experience was carried out with students enrolled in one of the subjects taught Gender master at this University. All are women. This narrative approach has shown the difficulty, aggression, abuse and the violence on the bodies of these women, as well as relations of power and inequality experienced by these students in personal contexts and gender-related professionals. Also this experience of educational research has uncovered the foundations of dialogic learning and the principles for developing a shared understanding and built from the students.

Objective To assess the perceptions of rural and urban Costa Rican adolescents about their diet and the factors they consider significant to healthful eating. Design Data were collected in focus group discussions. Participants The study sample included 108 male and female adolescents aged 12 to 18 years. Adolescents were recruited among 7th to 11th grade students interested in taking part in the study. Setting Two urban and one rural high school in San Jose, Costa Rica. Phenomena of Interest Diet perceptions and barriers to and motivators for healthful eating. Analysis Data were reviewed for emerging themes, and themes were coded applying content analysis procedures. The conceptual model for understanding adolescent eating behavior, proposed by Story and colleagues, served as the framework for this study. Results Factors perceived as barriers to adopting healthful eating practices included unavailability of healthful food in the school environment, inadequate food choices within the family diet, and the peer-group notion among males and females that healthful eating by males is effeminate. Factors perceived as motivators included improving the nutritional quality of foods available at school, adoption of healthful eating practices by the entire family, and healthful eating becoming a peer-group social norm. Conclusions and Implications This study suggests that the family, peer group, and school environment are potential targets for nutrition interventions for Costa Rican adolescents, but further studies are needed to confirm this conclusion. Future studies should explore in depth the factors associated with the family's eating pattern and the influence of adolescent socialization patterns (particularly male) in the establishment of a healthful diet.

Objective To determine whether LH supplementation improved pregnancy and implantation rates in GnRH antagonist donor cycles. Design Donors were randomly assigned to a protocol using GnRH antagonist (GnRH-a) alone or GnRH-a + recombinant LH. Analysis of variance, Student's t -test and Fisher's exact test were used where appropriate . Setting Private clinical setting. Patient(s) Young voluntary donors with antagonist (n = 20) and antagonist + LH (n = 22). Fifty-five patients received oocytes. Intervention(s) Donors received the GnRH-a (Cetrorelix, 0.25 mg/day) alone or in combination with recombinant LH (75 IU/day). Ovulation induction was carried out with recombinant FSH in a step-down protocol. The endometrial tissue of recipient patients was prepared with oral E 2 and P. Main outcome measure(s) Pregnancy and implantation rates in a donor program. Result(s) A significant increase in MII oocyte (80% vs. 71%), fertilization rates (83% vs. 71%), G1 embryos (17% vs. 3%), and implantation rates (35% vs. 15%), were found in recipients whose embryos originated from donors receiving GnRH-a + recombinant LH as compared to donors receiving GnRH-a alone. Estradiol levels, pregnancy/transfer and clinical pregnancies were lower (not significant) in donors treated with the GnRH-a alone vs. those receiving the recombinant LH-supplemented GnRH-a. Conclusion(s) The LH supplementation improved the possibilities of gestation for recipients whose embryos originated from GnRH-a-treated donors.

Este artículo pretende describir las principales tendencias sociales y rasgos culturales que predominan hoy día, buscar el fundamento filosófico de este modo de pensar, sentir y vivir y dar una respuesta educativa seria y adaptada a la realidad axiológica y cultural presente. En las sociedades occidentales actuales conviven grandes paradojas y contradicciones: crecimiento económico, desarrollo tecnológico y mayores cotas de libertad, pero también gran consumismo, deterioro cultural, dependencia tecnológica y pensamiento único. De ahí que hablemos de las grandes posibilidades y, al mismo tiempo, de las terribles amenazas que existen para que las actuales sociedades de la información se conviertan en verdaderas sociedades del aprendizaje. Para conocer esta realidad hemos centrado nuestro análisis en tres aspectos clave: el impacto de la revolución digital, el estado de la cultura en la sociedad contemporánea y la necesidad de una “nueva educación” que parta de presupuestos diferentes.

The influence of the regions crossed by the air mass before the precipitation in the rainwater acidity was analyzed. Logrono, a remote station in the North of Spain was chosen for the analyses. NO X and S-compounds emission, radiation at the top of the atmosphere and low cloudiness were taken to reproduce the ability of the region in the emission and transformation of the pollutants. Results prove that the regions crossed by the air masses from 48 hours until 24 hours before the precipitation, were more important than the regions run by the air masses from 24 hours before until precipitation to explain the rainwater pH.

A set of functions is defined to quantify the influence of a geographical region in the precipitation acidity of a remote station. This influence is evaluated with respect to three different aspects of the region: its efficiency to emit pollutants and its efficiency to transform them both into gas and aqueous phases.