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Yeasts are feasible and effective bioreactors and, therefore, there is a great interest in their industrial employment for the production of a wide range of molecules. In this study, the production by Saccharomyces cerevisiae of bioactive compounds such as hydroxytyrosol (HT), tyrosol (TYR) and melatonin (MEL) vs. volatile compounds in fermented must was studied. The concentration of the bioactive compounds HT and MEL in fermented must employing different yeast strains revealed that the higher the concentrations, the lower the amount of volatile compounds determined. This inverse correlation was especially remarkable with respect to the production of higher alcohols, especially 2-phenylethanol (2-PE) and esters. Furthermore, the employment of a modified Aro4pK229L S. cerevisiae QA23 yeast strain which overproduces HT, gave rise to fermented must also higher in 2-PE and their corresponding esters but with an outstanding less presence of other important esters such as ethyl hexanoate and ethyl octanoate. Both premises could point out that S. cerevisiae might have different approaches to handling cell stress/toxicity due to their nitrogen metabolism. One detoxifying pathway could be through the production of higher alcohols and these in turn to esters and the other be more related to synthesizing antioxidant molecules such as MEL and HT., Funding for open access publishing: Universidad de Sevilla/CBUA. This work has been funded with a project from Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (PID2019-108722RB-C32), a project from Junta de Andalucía-Consejería de Economía y Conocimiento (P18-RT-3098) and Universidad de Sevilla (US-1263469).

Representaciones e imaginarios urbanos a través de los opening de tres series estadounidenses: The Sopranos, Weeds y House of Cards Las secuencias de apertura de una serie o de una película funcionan como preámbulo en el que se encapsulan elementos denotativos de la trama o se insertan atributos estéticos e iconográficos directamente relacionados con la historia. Este trabajo analiza la representación de la ciudad contemporánea estadounidense a través de los openings de tres series recientes con notable recepción: The Sopranos (HBO, 1999–2007), Weeds (Showtime, 2005–2012) y House of Cards (Netflix, 2013–2018). Se lleva a cabo una caracterización de estos espacios urbanos, la representación y uso que se hace de sus elementos, la diferenciación (o no) entre “realidad” y ficción en cuanto a la configuración de su dimensión espacial y urbana, junto con la proyección mediática de los distintos contextos urbanos. The Sopranos y House of Cards dan cuenta de la figuración y funcionalidad de núcleos urbanos conocidos globalmente (Nueva York y Washington DC) y de su espacio metropolitano. Weeds, pero también The Sopranos, detalla lugares del ámbito suburbano, ejemplo del urban sprawl estadounidense e ideal residencial familiar, en contraposición con la ciudad vinculada a la cultura y la historia de House of Cards. Las tres secuencias de apertura conforman y representan los estereotipos del imaginario colectivo que tenemos del paisaje urbano de la costa este y oeste del país.

En el norte de la península Ibérica y más densamente en el área conocida como orla cantábrica (Galicia, Asturias, León, Cantabria, País Vasco y Navarra), se localizan pequeñas construcciones aisladas sobre columnas, de madera o piedra, que surgieron por la necesidad de guardar granos y otros productos agrícolas en un lugar seco, ventilado y fuera del alcance de las alimañas. Son los llamados hórreos, también conocidos como horrios, horrus, hurrus, orros, garaixes, garais, espigueiros, canastros, palleiros, cabaceiros, etc. Además, de su finalidad funcional, atendiendo a su tamaño y decoración, tenían una función social, representar el poder económico y el estatus social de la familia propietaria. Su morfología responde a la cultura constructiva local, es decir, a un intangible saber-hacer que toma como premisa el uso de materiales del lugar, resultando así una arquitectura vernácula sostenible tanto en su construcción y mantenimiento como en su uso tradicional. Pese a que el hórreo como granero ya fue reconocido en época clásica por Marco Terencio Varrón y Marco Vitruvio Polión, los casos más antiguos, en Asturias, datan de los siglos XIII y XIV y su obsolescencia y desaparición comenzó en el siglo XVII debido a cambios en el sistema económico productivo. Se calcula una pérdida de ejemplares en torno al 90% entre los siglos XVIII y XX, según datos del catastro del Marqués de la Ensenada y Catastro Inmobiliario del s. XX. El presente artículo muestra el resultado del estudio realizado sobre el hórreo en Asturias, basado en un análisis constructivo. Se concluye subrayando el valor de los hórreos en general y los asturianos en particular, como testigos que documentan una cultura constructiva local y esconden en su ser valores intangibles de los oficios desarrollados por los artesanos que los obraron.

Procedimiento sobre la correcta toma de medidas antropométricas (talla, peso, circunferencias corporales, pliegues cutáneos y porcentaje de grasa corporal por bioimpedancia) para la evaluación del estado nutricional de la población. Prácticas de laboratorio para alumnos/as de prácticas y seminarios de asignaturas del Área de nutrición, dietética y ciencia de los alimentos. Así mismo, este recurso puede ser útil para usuarios de cualquier rama de la ciencia que necesiten valorar el estado nutricional a través de las medidas antropométricas. El estado nutricional de un individuo se puede definir como el resultado entre el aporte nutricional que recibe y sus demandas nutritivas, de tal manera que se mantengan las reservas y compensen las pérdidas. Una de las pruebas más importantes que deben ser llevadas a cabo para evaluar correctamente el estado nutricional son las medidas antropométricas, que permiten conocer la composición corporal de un individuo, es decir, las reservas proteicas y de grasa. Este recurso es idóneo para comprender y aprender a tomar de manera correcta las medidas antropométricas de peso, talla, circunferencias corporales, pliegues cutáneos y porcentaje de grasa corporal por bioimpedancia.

Rural and urban areas are often conceptualized as two separate entities and studied accordingly. However, in reality, they are related in multiple ways. Here we explore this relation between rural and urban areas from a land use perspective. We argue that land should be characterized along a gradient from rural to urban. Further, we argue that land use along this gradient typically combines both rural and urban functions. Finally, we point at the complex patterns of migration and mobility between different types of settlements, which is a multidirectional process that further blurs the distinction between rural and urban areas. These propositions are supported by examples from recent research and suggest the need for a more inclusive approach towards the analysis of rural and urban land use systems, as well as plans and policies that target these systems. Rural and urban areas are often conceptualized as two separate entities and studied accordingly. However, in reality, they are related in multiple ways. Here we explore this relation between rural and urban areas from a land use perspective. We argue that land should be characterized along a gradient from rural to urban. Further, we argue that land use along this gradient typically combines both rural and urban functions. Finally, we point at the complex patterns of migration and mobility between different types of settlements, which is a multidirectional process that further blurs the distinction between rural and urban areas. These propositions are supported by examples from recent research and suggest the need for a more inclusive approach towards the analysis of rural and urban land use systems, as well as plans and policies that target these systems.

Urban parks are green areas known for their multifunctional nature, including playgrounds, sport and leisure zones, vegetation, walkways, and resting areas. Given their size and composition, they offer citizens physical and social benefits, in addition to ecological and environmental benefits to the city itself. Living close to one of these areas is fundamental to improve the quality of living. This study measures the walking access of residents with different demographic profiles to 13 urban parks ranked based on their quality in the city of Concepción, Chile. The findings show that adults and children have easy access to quality parks, while senior citizens, affected by reduced mobility and downtown residence, show the worst results regardless of the existing parks’ quality., Los parques urbanos son espacios verdes caracterizados por su concepción multifuncional que incorpora, junto a la vegetación y las áreas de paseo y estanciales, zonas de juego, deportivas o de ocio. Por su tamaño y composición aportan beneficios sociales y físicos a la ciudadanía además de ecológicos y medioambientales a la propia ciudad. Vivir próximos a ellos es clave para mejorar la calidad de vida. Este estudio mide el acceso a pie de residentes con diferentes perfiles demográficos a trece parques urbanos clasificados según su calidad en la ciudad de Concepción, Chile. Los resultados muestran que los adultos y niños disponen de un acceso expedito a parques de calidad, mientras que los adultos mayores, aquejados de mayores problemas de movilidad y una distribución residencial más central, presentan los peores datos independientemente de la calidad de los parques existentes.

Several validation techniques based on the cross-tabulation matrix can be applied to validate Land Use Cover (LUC) maps. The exercises in this chapter focus, in particular, on the cross-tabulation techniques proposed by Robert Gilmore Pontius Jr., who has developed many indices and techniques in this field. Given his major contribution to this family of validation techniques, we have associated his name here with cross-tabulation techniques without this in any way implying that his scientific activity is limited to this field. The null model (Sect. 1) is especially useful for validating simulations, comparing the modelled map to a reference map with full persistence. LUCC budget (Sect. 2) only focusses on changes, which it splits into different components. This method can be used to compare the changes we want to validate with a reference set of changes, so providing interesting information as to how well our maps capture the dynamics of the landscape. Quantity and allocation disagreement (Sect. 3) analyse the differences between the reference map and the map being validated using two indices: disagreement in quantity and disagreement in allocation. The Figure of Merit (FoM) (Sect. 4) technique is used to validate a set of LUC changes by comparing them with a reference, distinguishing between different components of agreement: correctly simulated change, wrongly simulated or missing change. Incidents and States (Sect. 5) allows us to identify illogical transitions in a time series of maps by providing the number of states and transitions that a cell undergoes over the course of the series. Intensity analysis (Sect. 6) and Flow matrix (Sect. 7) also enable us to validate the logic of LUC changes in a time series of maps. Intensity analysis provides information on the speed of changes, identifying those transitions or changes that do not follow a logical trend, while the flow matrix enables us to spot unstable changes in a series of maps. In this chapter, we present examples of how these techniques can be used in different cases: to validate single LUC maps, to validate a series of maps with two or more time points, to validate simulated changes against a reference map of changes and to validate changes simulated by various models. All these techniques are illustrated by exercises using datasets from the Asturias Central Area and the Ariège Valley.

This chapter offers a general overview of the available tools and strategies for validating Land Use Cover (LUC) data—specifically LUC maps—and Land Use Cover Change Modelling (LUCCM) exercises. We give readers some guidelines according to the type of maps they want to validate: single LUC maps (Sect. 3), time series of LUC maps (Sect. 4) or the results of LUCCM exercises (Sect. 5). Despite the fact that some of the available methods are applicable to all these maps, each type of validation exercise has its own particularities which must be taken into account. Each section of this chapter starts with a brief introduction about the specific type of maps (single, time series or modelling exercises) and the reference data needed to validate them. We also present the validation methods/functions and the corresponding exercises developed in Part III of this book. To this end, we address, in this order, the tools for validating Land Use Cover data based on basic and Multiple-Resolution Cross-Tabulation (see chapter “Basic and Multiple-Resolution Cross Tabulation to Validate Land Use Cover Maps”), metrics based on the Cross-Tabulation matrix (see chapter “Metrics Based on a Cross-Tabulation Matrix to Validate Land Use Cover Maps”), Pontius Jr. methods based on the Cross-Tabulation matrix (see chapter “Pontius Jr. Methods Based on a Cross-Tabulation Matrix to Validate Land Use Cover Maps”), validation practices with soft maps produced by Land Use Cover models (see chapter “Validation of Soft Maps Produced by a Land Use Cover Change Model”), spatial metrics (see chapter “Spatial Metrics to Validate Land Use Cover Maps”), advanced pattern analysis (see chapter “Advanced Pattern Analysis to Validate Land Use Cover Maps”) and geographically weighted methods (see chapter “Geographically Weighted Methods to Validate Land Use Cover Maps”).

Angiogenesis is a key process involved in both cancer and cardiovascular diseases, the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and its VEGF receptor-2 (VEGFR-2) being the main triggers. The aim of this study was to determine the molecular mechanism underlying the potent inhibition of VEGF signaling by hydroxytyrosol (HT) metabolites and indolic compounds and establish a relation between their structure and bioactivity. Experiments involved the evaluation of their potential to inhibit VEGF on human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) by ELISA assay and their subsequent effect on the downstream signaling pathway (PLCγ1, Akt, and endothelial nitric oxide synthetase (eNOS)) by Western blot. Respectively, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetaldehyde (DOPAL) (100 µM) and indole pyruvic acid (IPy) (1 mM) were capable of inhibiting VEGFR-2 activation with an IC50 value of 119 µM and 1.037 mM. The anti-angiogenic effect of DOPAL and IPy is mediated via PLCγ1. Additionally, DOPAL significantly increases eNOS phosphorylation, while IPy maintained it. These data provide for the first time evidence of the anti-angiogenic effect of DOPAL and IPy for future use as potential bioactive food ingredients. Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación PID2019-108722RB-C32 Junta de Andalucía (P18-RT-3098)

Hydroxytyrosol (HT) is a phenolic compound with proven biological properties present in a limited number of foods such as table olives, virgin olive oil (VOO) and wines. The present work aims to evaluate the dietary intake of HT in the European (EU) population by compiling scattered literature data on its concentration in foods. The consumption of the involved foods was estimated based on the EFSA Comprehensive European Food Consumption Database. The updated average contents of HT are as follows: 629.1, 5.2 and 2.1 µg/g for olives, olive oil and wine, respectively. The HT estimated intake in the European Union (EU) adult population falls within 0.13–6.82 mg/day/person, with table olives and wine being the main contributors. The estimated mean dietary intake of HT in EU countries is 1.97 ± 2.62 mg/day. Greece showed the highest HT intake (6.82 mg/day), while Austria presented the lowest (0.13 mg/day). Moreover, HT is an authorized novel food ingredient in the EU that can be added to different foods. Since the estimated HT intake is substantially low, the use of HT as a food ingredient seems feasible. This opens new possibilities for revalorizing waste products from olive oil and olive production which are rich HT sources.

espanolEn las ultimas decadas se ha producido un gran desarrollo de tecnicas y modelos para la captura y el analisis de dinamicas de usos del suelo. Dicho interes se demuestra en los diversos programas institucionales y las numerosas investigaciones que se han llevado a cabo con el objeto principal de valorar y abordar un desarrollo sostenible del territorio. La sostenibilidad tiene implicaciones muy diversas, por lo que dichos estudios son tambien muy variados dependiendo del objetivo que se pretende alcanzar. Los modelos se han hecho cada vez mas complejos, desde simples extrapolaciones a modelos estadisticos-matematicos que compilan varias tecnicas. Se presenta una revision bibliografica de trabajos sobre modelos de cambios de usos del suelo y de escenarios a futuro. Se definen las grandes tipologias de modelos que existen, las metodologias, factores explicativos, tematicas y modelos empleados, internacionalmente y en Espana. Se presentan tambien los grandes problemas y retos que afronta esta materia EnglishIn the last decades there has been a broad development of techniques and models to capture and analyze land use dynamics, at global, regional, national and local scales. This interest is shown in the several institutional programs and studies that have been carried out with the main purpose of assessing and addressing a sustainable development of the territory. Sustainability has very different implications, so these studies are also wide-ranging depending on their objective. Models have become more complex, from simple extrapolations to statistical-mathematical models that compile different techniques. A review of different land use change and future scenarios works is presented, describing different typologies, methodologies, driving factors and models used, worldwide and in Spain. Finally, the main problems and challenges faced by this subject are presented.

Procedimiento completo para poder determinar sodio en orina medido por potenciometría. Incluye tanto la determinación técnica como los cálculos finales. Esta práctica de laboratorio está diseñada para alumnos/as de asignaturas del Área de nutrición, dietética y ciencia de los alimentos. Así mismo, este recurso puede ser útil para usuarios de cualquier rama de la ciencia que necesiten monitorizar el sodio en pacientes así como en investigación básica. Se basa en el principio de la potenciometría que consiste en la diferencia de potencial entre dos electrodos sumergidos en una solución bajo condiciones de corriente cero. El ionómetro está formado por un electrodo de referencia que contiene una disolución de concentración constante del ión a analizar y el electrodo de medida está en contacto con la disolución problema a través de un tabique poroso. El electrodo selectivo de Na + contiene una membrana de vidrio en el que cationes Na + y Ca 2+ neutralizan las cargas negativas de los aniones silicato. La corriente transporta en el interior del vidrio los iones Na +. Si dicha membrana se pone en contacto con dos disoluciones de diferente actividad de Na +, se crea una diferencia de potencial a ambos lados de la membrana que está en relación directa con su concentración. Este método es fiable para hacer una monitorización del consumo de sodio en pacientes.

"This is an Accepted Manuscript of a book chapter published by Routledge in Modeling for Sustainable Management in Agriculture, Food and the Environment on 2021, available online: https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.1201/9780429197529-3/”, Land use and land cover (LULC) is a powerful driver of sustainable landscape development, conservation and management. This is especially true for Mediterranean agricultural landscapes, which are increasingly sensitive to human activities, water scarcity and climate change. Therefore, this study investigates the patterns, dynamics and driving forces of LULC changes affecting Mediterranean agricultural ecosystems, taking southern Spain (regions of Andalusia and Murcia) as a representative case study. Analysis of LULC change facilitates the design of policies to balance competing uses, development pressures and conservation imperatives. Cartographic modelling of LULC changes was applied using the level-3 44 classes of CORINE Land Cover (CLC) maps for 2006 and 2018. Cross-tabulation techniques and descriptive statistics of land uses (persistence, gains, losses, total change, net change and annual change) have been used. LULC change processes have been geographically localized and correlated with their driving factors using logistic regression modelling. Part of these factors are environmental and biophysical (topography, climate, soils, aquifers, protected areas) whereas others are socioeconomic (accessibility, agricultural and environmental policies, natural resource management plans, urban planning, among others). GUIDOS software has been used to compute a fragmentation index of agricultural landscape that contributes to understanding ecological implications of the LULC changes within agricultural semi-natural ecosystems in the study area. Results indicate inter alia that in both regions over 81,000 hectares of agricultural land have changed their use status toward other non-agricultural uses during 2006-2018 due to diverse processes of LULC change, generating significant socioeconomic and environmental implications. Agricultural lands have experienced inverse processes such as crop intensification and extension of irrigated crops, as well as reduction in rainfed arable land and agroforestry areas. It is expected that the results obtained can help policymakers and managers responsible for agricultural and environmental policies in their decision-making processes, including decisions related to agricultural land management, crop diversification, and allocation of the CAP and the agri-environmental payments. Results also could be useful for other countries holding similar agricultural ecosystems.

Yeasts can synthetise bioactive compounds such as Melatonin (MEL), Serotonin (SER) and Hydroxytyrosol (HT). Deciphering the mechanisms involved in their formation can lead to exploit this fact to increase the bioactive potential of fermented beverages. Quantitative analysis using labelled compounds, 15-N2 l-tryptophan and 13-C tyrosine, allowed tracking the formation of the above-mentioned bioactive compounds during the alcoholic fermentation of synthetic must by two different Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains. Labelled and unlabelled MEL, SER and HT were undoubtedly identified and quantified by High Resolution Mass Spectrometry (HRMS). Our results prove that there are at least two pathways involved in MEL biosynthesis by yeast. One starts with tryptophan as precursor being known for the vertebrates’ pathway. Additionally, MEL is produced from SER which in turn is consistent with the plants’ biosynthesis pathway. Concerning HT, it can be formed both from labelled tyrosine and from intermediates of the Erlich pathway. Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad AGL2016-77505-C3-2-R Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades PID2019-108722RB-C32 Junta de Andalucía, Consejería de Economía y Conocimiento P18-RT-3098

En el ámbito universitario y de las instituciones de investigación, las mujeres tienen una baja representación. Después de obtener un doctorado, parecen progresar poco y su carrera profesional se ve obstaculizada por responsabilidades familiares. La maternidad puede afectar a la productividad científica y, por lo tanto, las posibilidades de promoción. Equilibrar las tareas de docencia, investigación, gestión y otros roles dentro de la academia con la conciliación cuando se es madre puede resultar difícil. El estudio que se presenta comprende una encuesta online que se ha realizado a madres recientes (con hijos de hasta 5 años) que trabajan en una universidad española, concretamente en la Universidad de Murcia (n=80), con el objeto de conocer sus puntos de vista sobre la maternidad y el trabajo que realizan. Los resultados demuestran que estas científicas se inclinan por una mayor dedicación a la docencia que a la investigación, presentando desventajas con respecto a la movilidad y el trabajo desde casa. El 63% percibe que su currículum vitae es menos competitivo que el de sus compañeras de trabajo que no son madres, alegando que su productividad en investigación disminuyó por el hecho de su maternidad. A pesar de estas dificultades, los resultados muestran que más de la mitad confía en que pronto tendrán posibilidades de promocionar. Con el objeto de disminuir el techo de cristal existente, se deben implementar acciones y políticas que promuevan la igualdad de acceso y promoción a la carrera científica y que integren la vida laboral y el cuidado familiar.

Neuroinflammation is a common feature shared by neurodegenerative disorders, such as Parkinson&rsquo, s disease (PD), and seems to play a key role in their development and progression. Microglia cells, the principal orchestrators of neuroinflammation, can be polarized in different phenotypes, which means they are able to have anti-inflammatory, pro-inflammatory, or neurodegenerative effects. Increasing evidence supports that the traditional Mediterranean dietary pattern is related to the reduction of cognitive decline in neurodegenerative diseases. A considerable intake of plant foods, fish, and extra virgin olive oil (EVOO), as well as a moderate consumption of red wine, all characteristic of the Mediterranean diet (MD), are behind these effects. These foods are especially rich in polyphenols, being the most relevant in the MD hydroxytyrosol (HT) and their derivatives present in EVOO, which have demonstrated a wide array of biological activities. Here, we demonstrate that HT is able to reduce the inflammation induced by two different stimuli: lipopolysaccharide and &alpha, synuclein. We also study the possible molecular mechanisms involved in the anti-inflammatory effect of HT, including the study of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-кB), mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase, and inflammasome. Our data support the use of HT to prevent the inflammation associated with PD and shed light into the relationship between MD and this neurological disorder.

Cinema can be considered a useful tool for understanding different geographic concepts, showing physical and human factors and the interactions between them. Andres Wood's film Football Stories explores the Chilean territory allowing the observation of the differences between the north and south of the country. Geographic components such as landscapes, architectures, the impact of anthropogenic activities, social inequalities, ways of life, and city and countryside differences are analyzed, as well as the importance of location, the spatial environment, and cinematic narration. The study of geography through films could contribute to understanding of our world and to spatial knowledge.

Se presenta una actividad docente en un entorno universitario mediante el análisis de conceptos de la Geografía Económica a través del visionado de videoclips musicales integrados en la plataforma YouTube. El alumnado (N=33) trabaja de manera grupal y colaborativamente, en sesiones presenciales y sesiones tutorizadas, seleccionando un grupo musical y una canción y analizando en profundidad la letra y las imágenes presentes en el vídeo, con el objeto de observar e intentar resolver problemáticas cotidianas. Son los propios estudiantes quienes califican la práctica. A través de un breve cuestionario los alumnos destacan la realización de un trabajo participativo, ameno, divertido y novedoso. Se observa una alta motivación de los estudiantes y la capacidad de reflexión y de debate sobre cuestiones geográficas y económicas actuales. Se sugiere un mayor seguimiento por parte del profesorado y, por tanto, una mayor dedicación de horas si se desea implementar en cursos venideros. This article shows a teaching exercise implemented at the university level through the analysis of different concepts related to Economic Geography, by the viewing of music video clips through the YouTube platform. The students (N=33) work collaboratively in teams, choosing a music band and a song and analyzing in depth its lyrics and pictures, in order to observe and try to solve everyday problems. The students themselves qualify the exercise. The evaluation is done through a brief questionnaire which highlights a participatory approach and an entertaining, dynamic and original work. A high motivation and students’ capacity for critical reflection on current geographical and economic issues are observed. It is suggested a higher follow-up of the activity and, therefore, a greater dedication of hours to be implemented in future classes.

In recent decades, the region of Madrid has experienced extensive changes in land use-land cover (LULC). Most of these changes are related to an increase in developed areas (urban, industrial, commercial and transport) and abandonment of agricultural uses. The general guideline for regional management has been disregarded and the legal framework overstepped, allowing such changes to go ahead unchecked. Using four maps for different points in time, 1982, 1990, 2000 and 2006, LULC dynamics are analysed and the changes are related to Madrid regional policies. The IDRISI Land Change Modeller is used in order to quantify the changes and find out where they took place. The results show that developed areas doubled in size between 1982 and 2006. Changes were concentrated around the Madrid metropolis and around the main road network, with an increase in urban sprawl and with new, small urban patches in mountain areas of high scenic beauty. These fast and extensive changes were largely made possible by public disinterest and limitations in land and natural resource conservation mechanisms and in housing market regulation., The research leading to these results has been sponsored by a JAE-predoc grant (CSIC) awarded to M. Gallardo

The abnormal assembly of α-synuclein (α-Syn) is an initial step in the formation of Lewy bodies in the brain, which finally causes the neuronal death, being considered as a pathological hallmark in Parkinson’s disease (PD). Certain food bioactives or their metabolites at very low concentrations can trespass the blood brain barrier (BBB) that might, thereafter, act simultaneously. The aim of this work was to evaluate the inhibitory and destabilising capacities on α-Syn kinetics and the neuroprotective effects of three well-known bioactive compounds able to cross the BBB and present in foods; melatonin (MEL), protocatechuic acid (PCA) and hydroxytyrosol (HT), and their combinations. For this purpose, different in vitro techniques (Thioflavin T (ThT), Transmission Electronic Microscopy (TEM), electrophoresis and MTT assay) were used. All tested compounds and their combinations were able to abolish the toxicity induced by α-Syn. In addition, the combination of PCA (100 µM) +HT (100 µM) showed the highest inhibitory effect against α-Syn fibril formation and destabilises α-Syn fibrils (88 and 62%, respectively). This is the first time that MEL, PCA and HT prove a joint effect against α-Syn aggregation and toxicity when they are tested together.

International audience; Preventing the abnormal assembly of α-synuclein (α-Syn) and the correct modulation of vitagenes system exercise strong neuroprotective effects. It has been reported that melatonin (MEL), protocatechuic acid (PCA) and hydroxytyrosol (HT) reduce α-Syn toxicity. Their effect on the vitagenes system of PC12 cells have not been explored yet. These bioactive can cross the blood brain barrier (BBB). Therefore, this work aims to evaluate the inhibitory and destabilising capacities of MEL, PCA, HT, and their combinations on α-Syn kinetics and effects on vitagenes system (sirtuin-1 (SIRT-1), sirtuin-2 (SIRT-2), heme oxygenase (HO-1) and heat shock protein 70 (Hsp-70)). In vitro techniques (Thioflavin T (ThT), Transmission Electronic Microscopy (TEM), electrophoresis, MTT assay and qPCR) were used. Compounds, both individually and simultaneously were able to decrease the toxicity induced by α-Syn. Concurrently, occurrence of PCA (100 μM) +HT (100 μM) showed the highest inhibitory effect against α-Syn fibril formation and destabilisation of α-Syn fibrils (88 and 62%, respectively). Moreover, these compounds increased the expression of SIRT-2, HO-1 and Hsp70, contributing to a neuroprotective effect. In addition, the most important result is the increase on the expression of SIRT-2 caused by the combination of MEL + HT + PCA in the absence of α-Syn fibrils.

Los métodos de enseñanza y aprendizaje están en pleno proceso de cambio y la introducción de las tecnologías de información y comunicación (TIC) ya es una realidad. Las nuevas generaciones de estudiantes están cada vez más informatizadas y son numerosos los estudios que demuestran que las herramientas que incluyen dichas tecnologías proporcionan un aprendizaje colaborativo y una mayor participación e interés por parte del alumnado. La web 2.0 crece exponencialmente, tanto su uso personal como profesional y también como complemento en la docencia. En este sentido, los videoclips que se encuentran en la plataforma YouTube combinan el medio audiovisual con la música (dos aspectos que suelen motivar a la población joven) y pueden ser reproducidos de manera gratuita. Su visionado puede introducirse en el aula sin necesidad de dedicar un tiempo excesivo y la facilidad en su uso permite que pueda ser utilizado tanto por alumnado o académicos que no estén muy familiarizados con las TIC. Se presenta una propuesta cuyo objetivo es analizar el espacio urbano de la ciudad de Madrid y cómo este es representado por diferentes artistas o grupos musicales, mediante la elección de dos videoclips. Se observará si dicha representación se ajusta a la realidad y cómo este medio puede influir en el imaginario colectivo, especialmente de la población joven. Esta práctica puede realizarse en los cursos de Bachillerato o primeros cursos de diferentes carreras de humanidades y ciencias sociales.

Land Use-Cover Changes (LUCCs) are one of the main problems for the preservation of biodiversity. Protected Areas (PAs) do not escape this threat. Some processes, such as intensive recreational use, forest fires or the expansion of artificial areas taking place inside and around them in response to their appeal, question their environmental sustainability and their efficiency. In this paper, we analyze the LUCCs that took place between 1990 and 2006 in two National Parks (NPs) belonging to the Spanish network and in their surroundings: Ordesa and Monte Perdido (Ordesa NP) and Sierra de Guadarrama (Guadarrama NP). We also simulate land use changes between 2006 and 2030 by means of Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs), taking into account two scenarios: trend and green. Finally, we perform a multi-temporal analysis of natural habitat fragmentation in each NP. The results show that the NPs analyzed are well-preserved and have seen hardly any significant LUCCs inside them. However, Socioeconomic Influence Zones (SIZs) and buffers are subject to different dynamics. In the SIZ and buffer of the Ordesa NP, there has been an expansion of built-up areas (annual rate of change = +1.19) around small urban hubs and ski resorts. There has also been a gradual recovery of natural areas, which had been interrupted by forest fires. The invasion of sub-alpine grasslands by shrubs is clear (+2735 ha). The SIZ and buffer of the Guadarrama NP are subject to urban sprawl in forest areas and to the construction of road infrastructures (+5549 ha and an annual rate of change = +1.20). Industrial area has multiplied by 3.3 in 20 years. The consequences are an increase in the Wildland-Urban Interface (WUI), greater risk of forest fires and greater fragmentation of natural habitats (+0.04 in SIZ). In the change scenarios, if conditions change as expected, the specific threats facing each NP can be expected to increase. There are substantial differences between the scenarios depending on whether or not incentives are accepted and legal restrictions are respected.

This paper assesses the relative importance of socioeconomic factors linked to fire occurrence through the simulation of future land use/land cover (LULC) change scenarios in the Madrid region (Spain). This region is a clear example of the socioeconomic changes that have been occurring over recent decades in the European Mediterranean as well as their impact on LULC and fire occurrence. Using the LULC changes observed between 1990 and 2006 as a reference, future scenarios were run up to 2025 with the conversion of land use and its effects model. Simultaneously, the relationship between LULC arrangement (interfaces) and historical fire occurrence was calculated using logistic regression analysis and used to quantify changes in future fire occurrence due to projected changes in LULC interfaces. The results revealed that it is possible to explain the probability of fire occurrence using only variables obtained from LULC maps, although the explanatory power of the model is low. In this context, border areas between some LULC types are of particular interest (i.e., urban/forest, grassland/forest and agricultural/forest interfaces). Results indicated that expected LULC changes in Euro-Mediterranean regions, particularly given the foreseeable increase in the wildland¿urban interface, will substantially increase fire occurrence (up to 155 %). This underlines the importance of future LULC scenarios when planning fire prevention measures., This research received funding from the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under Grant agreement 243888 (FUME Project). Marta Gallardo was sponsored by a JAE-Predoc Grant from the Spanish National Research Council (CSIC). We specially thank Dr. David Riaño (CSIC-UC Davis) for editing this manuscript in its final stage and Pilar Echavarria (CSIC) for her assistance in re-designing cartographic figures

Land use change due to human activity can have serious, often irreversible effects on the environment. It affects ecosystem functions and the sustainability of protected natural areas. Problems such as fragmentation, low habitat connectivity or a decline in a territory’s ability to capture carbon are some of its consequences. By studying past land use trends we can simulate future land uses, and modeling such trends is essential if a preventive approach to the management of protected areas is to be adopted. The aim of this chapter is to simulate different change scenarios in protected natural areas in the urban region of Madrid, from National and Nature Parks to Special Areas of Conservation and Special Protection Areas. To this end we study land use changes both inside and around these protected areas. CORINE Land Cover maps from 1990, 2000 and 2006 are used. Cross-tabulation techniques are applied in order to study trends in land use change. Three scenarios are designed: a baseline or trend scenario, an economic crisis scenario and a green scenario. The CLUE model (based on logistic regression) is used. LCM (based on neural networks) is also used but only in the trend scenario. Biophysical, socio-economic and accessibility factors and incentives and restrictions are considered. FRAGSTATS and GUIDOS are used to analyse the effect of infrastructure and built-up land growth on connectivity and fragmentation. In recent decades, the region of Madrid has experienced intense urban and infrastructure development (48,332 ha). Protected areas have been affected by this urbanization process. Built-up areas have grown at an average annual rate of 5.52% in protected areas and around them. According to the trend scenario, the built-up area will increase by 28,000 ha over the period 2006–2025 to 7.6% of the study area. No fragmentation processes are expected in the National Park. However, fragmentation of agricultural and natural habitats around protected areas is expected to increase by 7.2% during this period. These findings should alert land use planners and the managers of protected areas to the potential threats.