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Peri-urban areas support a broad range of multifunctional demands for public goods. In northwest Europe, peri-urban areas tend to overlap with intensive agricultural land, resulting in conflicts between agricultural use and the public good demands of residents. Sustainable intensification (SI) of agriculture might help reconcile agricultural and well-being goals, but it is unclear how the mix of actors in a peri-urban setting can trigger or restrain SI. In a Dutch case study, we explored how SI of agriculture can contribute to making peri-urban areas more sustainable, and which actors are key enabling factors for implementing SI. We used interviews, surveys, workshops, and empirical analysis to obtain insight into the stakeholder’s vision of a sustainable future for the case study area, the farming system and actor network. We integrated these insights in a Bayesian Belief Network, where we linked the actor network to implementation of three SI measures (farm-level efficiency measures, small landscape elements, and direct sales), and used sensitivity analysis to model effects of support for implementation by different groups of actors. The case study has a dense stakeholder network, where, dependent on the SI measure, farmers are triggered by all actors to implement SI, or have a stronger role in uptake themselves. The sensitivity analysis suggested that the future preferred by the stakeholders requires broad support of all actors involved, with local actors without a formal role being essential for uptake. Overall, trade-offs among public goods are almost inevitable when taking up SI measures.

In the last decades, Mediterranean agricultural systems have experienced significant changes in land use and agricultural practices under the pressure of the worldwide market competition, the effects of the global changes and the need to contain the environmental impacts (Bajocco et al. 2012). The Mediterranean is characterized by peculiar traits (climate, soil, orography, traditions, etc.) which are rooted in history and allow us to distinguish this agriculture from those developed in the different European regions (Debolini et al., 2018).The study aims to describe and interpret the expansion and specialization of agricultural systems in the Western Mediterranean areas in terms of land use (cereals, forage, vegetables, etc.) by using the data from the agricultural censuses of France (FR), Italy (IT), Portugal (PT) and Spain (ES) over the 2000-2010 period. In this study, first, we chose to limit the analysis to four European countries in order to improve the accuracy and the homogeneity of the data to process. Secondly, we matched each record of data-base (single municipality) to its geographical position (Land Unit = LU) to make possible the selection of the portions of territory that can be classified as Mediterranean, according to the EU classification (Sundseth, 2009).Third, we had to verify the agreement of the different categories of crop grouping used in the different national agricultural censuses and to integrate any missing information.For the present study, the variables selected were: TAA (Total agricultural area), UAA (Utilized agricultural area), AL (Arable lands), PWC (Permanent Woody Crops), PFC (Permanent fodder crops), and RS (Remaining Surface) totaling a dataset with approximately 16,000 records. In addition, all records of the database were georeferenced with GIS to enable the geographical evaluation of the spatial data distribution. The LAU data analysis was carried out following the four steps: (1) level of land occupation by agricultural systems; (2) patterns of crop groups in UAA composition; (3) attribution to each LAU of an agricultural typology (AT), resulting from the combination of the two previous features; (4) calculation two indexes: Expansion Index (EXP) and the Specialization Index (SPE).Results showed lowering overtime of the TFA, UAA, and PG areas and an increase of IA and RS. The number of identified ATs was rising at the expense of their extension. This phenomenon led to a fragmentation in ATs spatial distribution within the same geographical region. Even if the range of time was short for a global analysis, we identified different interesting trends of agricultural systems, which could be confirmed with the next census expected in 2022. These aspects will be useful to make a correct diagnosis about the current Mediterranean agroecosystems and to verify if they can preserve agricultural productivity and increase the resilience of rural societies.

Foodshed approaches allow the assessment of the theoretical food self-sufficiency capacity of a specific region based on biophysical conditions. Recent analyses show that the focus needs to be shifted from foodshed size portrayed as an isotropic circle to a commodity-group-specific spatial configuration of the foodshed that takes into account the socio-economic and biophysical conditions essential to the development of local food supply chains. We focus on a specific animal product (beef) and use an innovative modeling approach based on spatial analysis to detect the areas of the foodshed dedicated to beef feeding (forage, pasture, and grassland), considering the foodshed as a complex of complementary areas called an archipelago. We use available statistical data including a census to address the city-region of Avignon (France) covering a 100 km radius. Our results show that the factors driving the use of short supply chains for beef feeding areas are the foodshed archipelago’s number of patches, the connectivity between them, and the rugosity of the boundaries. In addition, our beef self-sufficiency assessment results differ depending on geographical context. For instance, being located within the perimeters of a nature park seems to help orient beef production towards short supply chains. We discuss possible leverage for public action to reconnect beef production areas to consumption areas (the city) via short supply chains (e.g. green, home-grown school food programs) so as to increase local food security through increased local food self-sufficiency.

International audience; Addressing agriculture at the landscape level leads to dealing with agricultural landscapes, defined here as landscapes that contain mainly agricultural land uses. In this chapter, we focus on how agronomy and other disciplines have addressed to date agriculture beyond field and farm management. The landscape agronomy framework suggests that addressing agriculture at the landscape level allows farmers to be included with other stakeholders involved in spatially explicit management of natural resources. This framework also bridges gaps with other disciplines that work to describe and understand agricultural landscapes and their management. In addition to this qualitative summary of the scientific background, we present results of a bibliometric analysis that used the CorTexT platform to explore research keywords, (inter)disciplinary bridges and emerging issues related to these topics. The results highlighted the emergence of climate change, ecosystem services and management practices in the literature related to agronomic terms, especially when landscape is explicitly mentioned in publications’ titles, abstracts or keywords. In the end, we draw conclusions about potential improvements to this conceptual framework and introduce the structure of the present book about advances and challenges of a territorial approach to agricultural issues.

International audience; Mediterranean coastlines are undergoing a strong process of urbanization due not only to demographic growth, but also to the development of tourism. Moreover, municipalities have become more dependent on residential tax income, which creates a vicious circle for local urban planning. The Var department, in south-eastern France, can be considered as a relevaznt example of these dynamics, where residential urban sprawl is threatening existing vacant lands. At the same time, most of these territories still have a high natural value and agricultural potential. In this paper, we describe our inventory of vacant lands on a large territory (two intermunicipalities, which include 24 municipalities) at parcel scale, to give an innovative assessment of this phenomenon. We investigated non-residential development possibilities for existing vacant lands through possible pathways for sustainable planning projects. In particular, the impacts of increases in agricultural spaces were explored in the normative scenarios and were measured through socio-economic indexes. This work shows that there is still a large amount of vacant land (23.5% and 37% respectively for the two case studies) with different opportunities for agricultural valorization. It had to be taken into account that these lands are often on the fringe of urban areas, where the urbanization process is stronger. The possible alternative scenarios suggested here can be used as examples for policy makers, to encourage a different point of view regarding land use planning.

International audience; Understanding land system dynamics is fundamental for policy-making from local to global scale. Land system is a combination of land use, land management and territorial practices. To attain such complete information about landscape structures is a challenging task. Aiming to deepen knowledge on land systems, we applied a methodology meant to achieve a broader understanding of dynamics in the Sítio de Monfurado (SM), a Natura 2000 site and holder of High Nature Value farming systems. To do so, we combined spatial analysis of land system changes with a participatory approach designated as Territory Game. While the spatial analysis shows little change in the SM land systems, the territory is perceived as fast-changing by the territorial actors (e.g., stakeholders with an explicit role in territorial development). At both scales, and in agreement with literature, we find trends of simplification and intensification in land systems, typically associated with the reduction of multifunctionality. The combination of both approaches contributed to the understanding of past changes, the drivers that induce such changes, how these are interpreted and, how to act upon them in the future. The proposed combined methodology can bring new useful insights for policy-makers, although scaling from local to broader scale remains a challenge.

The Mediterranean Basin is at the same time a region of stark social and ecological contrasts and a global biodiversity hotspot, where complex local evolving land use and land cover patterns compose the region&rsquo, s landscapes. In this context, we aimed for a specific case study of the southeast of France, to assess land and farming systems&rsquo, dynamics, to identify their underlying drivers, and to propose possible shared future scenarios for local policies&rsquo, implementation. We based our analyses on a mixed approach and operated at downscale from territorial to local scale. First, we applied a quantitative statistical approach for the Vaucluse department. Then, we identified a subzone of the study area and pursued a local analysis through a qualitative and participative approach based on stakeholders&rsquo, knowledge. The study highlighted two main dynamics in land and farming systems that involve several changes. The first one is a process of land abandonment, strongly connected to a peri-urbanization process in some areas or to the loss of traditional farming systems in others. The second one is a process of specialization, at both territorial and farm levels, that corresponds to an intensification process and is linked to vineyards&rsquo, expansion dynamic with a landscape homogenizing effect.

[EN] After two decades of research on sustainable intensification (SI), namely securing food production on less environmental cost, heterogeneous understandings and perspectives prevail in a broad and partly fragmented scientific literature. Structuring and consolidating contributions to provide practice-oriented guidelines are lacking. The objectives of this study are to (1) comprehensively explore the academic SI literature, (2) propose an implementation-oriented conceptual framework, and (3) demonstrate its applicability for region-specific problem settings. In a systematic literature review of 349 papers covering the international literature of 20 years of SI research, we identified SI practices and analysed temporal, spatial and disciplinary trends and foci. Based on key SI practices, a conceptual framework was developed differentiating four fields of action from farm to regional and landscape scale and from land use to structural optimisation. Its applicability to derive region specific SI solutions was successfully tested through stakeholder processes in four European case studies. Disciplinary boundaries and the separation of the temporal and spatial strands in the literature prevent a holistic address of SI. This leads to the dominance of research describing SI practices in isolation, mainly on the farm scale. Coordinated actions on the regional scale and the coupling of multiple practices are comparatively un-derrepresented. Results from the case studies demonstrate that implementation is extremely context-sensitive and thus crucially depends on the situational knowledge of farmers and stakeholders. Although, there is no 'one size fits all' solution, practitioners in all regions identified the need for integrated solutions and common action to implement suitable SI strategies at the regional landscape level and in local ecosystems., This research was financially supported by the European Commission under grant agreement 652615 and conducted in the context of the ERA-Net FACCE SURPLUS project VITAL, with the national funders NWO (Netherlands), BMBF (Germany), INIA (Spain), ANR (France).

International audience; Given the heterogeneity and richness of Mediterranean farming systems, it is difficult to assess the nature and causes of observed dynamics based on single case studies. This research identifies case studies conducted on the north and south of the Mediterranean basin to provide a comprehensive overview of the current land and farming system dynamics and their main drivers. We analyze 80 papers published in international journals from 1985 to 2015. The studies vary in spatial scale, from 4 km2 in the case of peri-urban regions and small agricultural areas to more than 500,000 km2 in the case of national-based analyses. Most of the papers focus on mountainous rural areas, whereas only a few case studies are located in mixed regions or peri-urban inland regions. We analyze the farm trajectories behind the general dynamics to understand the ongoing processes at the agricultural level and their related drivers. Social and demographic drivers are indicated as particularly relevant for abandonment, which is frequently associated with intensification processes. Intensification dynamics are driven mainly by economic factors, which particularly affect annual crop production. Few papers analyze the dynamics of extensification and more research in this field is needed to understand this process and its eventual transition to the abandonment of agricultural areas. This analysis provides an opportunity for the exchange of ideas and information from a diverse range of disciplines and interest groups, which should be combined to formulate effective land use policies.

Since the 1960s, research has dealt with agricultural intensification (AI) as a solution to ensure global food security. Recently, sustainable intensification (SI) has increasingly been used to describe those agricultural and farming systems that ensure adequate ecosystem service provision. Studies differ in terms of the application scales and methodologies, thus we aim to summarize the main findings from the literature on how AI and SI are assessed, from the farm to global levels. Our literature review is based on 7865 papers selected from the Web of Science database and analysed using CorText software. A further selection of 105 relevant papers was used for an in-depth full-text analysis on: i) farming systems studied; ii) related ecosystem services; iii) indicators of intensity; and iv) temporal and spatial scales of analysis. Through this two-step analysis we were able to highlight three main research gaps in the AI research indicators. Firstly, the farming systems analysed for assessing AI are often quite simplified or monoculture- oriented, and they do not take the diversity and complex organisation of farming systems into account. Secondly, these studies mainly focus on northern countries or developing countries, whereas there is a gap of knowledge in Mediterranean areas, which are the areas with a high complexity of farming systems and diversity in ecosystem services. Finally, AI is mostly assessed through nitrogen inputs and economic yield, which are used the most both at very local and global levels. Intermediate regional or local levels, which are relevant for policy implementation and local planning, are often neglected.

Les unités Ecodéveloppement et EMMAH ont organisé en commun un colloque international sur le site d'Avignon, centré sur l'analyse multiscalaire des dynamiques spatiales des usages des sols en Méditerranée. L'enjeu de la rencontre était de faire le point sur la faisabilité d'une analyse intégrée des principales tendances spatiales à l’œuvre à l'échelle du bassin méditerranéen.Les unités Ecodéveloppement et EMMAH ont organisé en commun un colloque international sur le site d'Avignon, centré sur l'analyse multiscalaire des dynamiques spatiales des usages des sols en Méditerranée. L'enjeu de la rencontre était de faire le point sur la faisabilité d'une analyse intégrée des principales tendances spatiales à l’œuvre à l'échelle du bassin méditerranéen.; A meta-analysis of land and farming system dynamics in Mediterranean basin. AgroMed International Conference 2016

International audience; The geographical and socio-economic characteristics of peri-urban areas make them particularly vulnerable to land use competition. They are transitional zones, in continuous transformation, where various economic activities attempt to co-exist in equilibrium. Peri-urban agriculture plays a key role in this dynamic, functioning in a complex system that includes a large and diverse set of stakeholders which act to provide environmental and economic services to cities. The work described in this paper was undertaken to develop a methodology to map land use competition in terms of vulnerability to urbanization of agricultural lands, based on explicit spatial indicators set up in a GIS-based multi-criteria analysis (hereafter GIS-MCDA). The applied indicators are generated from an analysis of existing drivers of land use competition within the peri-urban area of Meknes (Morocco). This area is particularly interesting because of its agricultural characteristics, and because of recent changes in the dynamics of land use and tenure. This case study indicates a high risk of land competition in 37% of the area examined, and a very high risk in 16% of the area. The highest risk areas are located in the southern part of the peri-urban region, which is also considered the most valuable in terms of agricultural production. The map we have developed can be considered a preliminary tool for improving new planning strategies to manage land resource competition in rural–urban fringe zones. The approach presented is particularly useful as a simplified methodology to obtain spatialized indicators for the drivers of land use competition when data are limited, as often found in developing countries.

This paper presents and analyses land use changes in the periurban areas of Meknes, Morocco, focusing on disappearing fertile and productive farmland. Although identified by the Moroccan public policies, the concern for periurban farmland protection is not the government’s first priority. It remains behind economic development and housing of lowincomes. In Meknes, where land tenure remains very complex, urban growth is impacting high-quality-soil farmland while the land market is characterised by increasing farmland values and weak public policy regulation. As an example, this paper focuses on the casestudy of the Naı¨ji cooperative stemming from the land reform and on the land strategies of the farmers.; L'article présente et analyse les changements de l'usage du sol en périphérie urbaine de Meknès au Maroc, dans un contexte de consommation de terres agricoles pourtant réputées fertiles et productives. La question de la préservation des terres agricoles situées à proximité du front d'urbanisation, si elle a été identifiée par les pouvoirs publics au Maroc, qu'ils soient nationaux ou locaux, n'est pas une préoccupation première de l'action publique, davantage centrée sur le développement économique et le logement des plus démunis. À Meknès, dans un contexte foncier complexe, la croissance urbaine s'opère sur des terres de haute qualité agronomique, au sein d'un marché très spéculatif. En guise d'illustration, l'article présente le cas particulier de la coopérative de la réforme agraire Naïji et des stratégies foncières de ses agriculteurs.

Au Maroc, la croissance démographique s'accompagne d'une expansion notable des espaces urbains au détriment des espaces ruraux et agricoles, impliquant des concurrences d'activités et d'usages en périphérie urbaine. En dépit de réglementations telle que la loi 12.90 relative à l'urbanisme, préconisant le principe de la préservation des terres agricoles à haute productivité, de l'urbanisation et des usages autres qu'agricoles, les terres agricoles sont menacées par la pression urbaine. En outre, les superficie ouvertes à l'urbanisation ne répondent souvent à aucun besoin réel d'espace mais obéissent seulement à des logiques spéculatives. Les politiques publiques d'éradication des constructions clandestines, des bidonvilles et des logements insalubres ont ainsi été le point de départ d'une mobilisation du foncier parfois à outrance et parfois détournée. Cet article propose d'interroger les processus de la consommation des terres agricoles en périphérie de la ville de Meknès, en se focalisant sur les acteurs et les dispositifs influant cette urbanisation.

Land-use changes (LUCs) can be defined as the result of the direct action of the stakeholders in a particular area and natural or human driving forces. LUCs can influence various processes within the landscape and can have an impact on landscape functions. An analysis of the impact of LUCs on landscape processes can help to focus future rural policies. LUCs in Mediterranean areas particularly affect landscape functions because of their agro-pedoclimatical characteristics. The aims of this work are as follows: (i) to characterise LUCs in the last 11?years in a typical Mediterranean area, the Trasubbie river basin (southern Tuscany, Italy); (ii) to extrapolate these changes and create spatially explicit LUC scenarios for the near future; and (iii) to simulate how and where the predicted LUCs may affect soil redistribution. We carried out an analysis of LUCs within the study area and used the trends to propose alternative scenarios for 2013. For these years, we spatially allocated land use (using the Conversions of Land Use and its Effects model) and used a landscape process model (landscape process modelling at multi-dimensions and scales) to assess soil redistribution patterns. Land use in the study area changed almost linearly between 1996 and 2007, with cereals and annual fodder crops decreasing, and vineyards, perennial pastures and land abandonment increasing. Our LUC scenario extrapolates these dynamics to make predictions for 2013. A comparison of LAPSUS results between LUC and baseline scenarios for 2013 showed an increase in terms of net soil loss and total erosion, and a decrease in terms of sediment delivery ratio.

Olive mill wastewater (OMW) is the main residual product of olive processing and its disposal can represent a relevant environmental issue in Mediterranean countries, where olive oil production is large and concentrated in a short-lasting period. OMW is characterised by high pollutant load, salinity and phytotoxic levels of polyphenols, but also by a high amount of organic compounds and plant mineral nutrients. Therefore, OMW field spreading may represent a low cost contribution to crop fertilisation and soil amendment. Here, we assessed the short- and long-term effects of long-lasting repeated OMW applications on soil chemical and biochemical properties and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). In addition the influence of two OMW management strategies, characterised by different seasonality of spreading (autumn and spring times) was evaluated. Soil was amended by 0 and 80 m3 ha−1 of OMW. Principal coordinate analyses (PCO) together with PERMANOVAs showed that long-lasting repeated OMW spreading: (i) affected the main soil chemical and biochemical parameters in the short-term, whereas did not determine long-term residual effects irrespective of the application times; (ii) decreased AM fungal root colonisation both after autumn and spring OMW applications; (iii) improved arbuscule occurrence in the short- and long-term for both disposal times. Therefore, at least regarding the monitored parameters, we can argue that OMW may be utilised as organic amendment in agriculture under controlled conditions given the short-term negative effects on soil quality, which can be considered negligible after a suitable waiting period.

Land use and land cover change (LULCC) dynamics have been particularly strong in the Mediterranean region, due to its historical development and to agro-pedoclimatic conditions favorable to human settlement. This area has undergone in the 1950s and the 1980s intense urbanization processes that has followed different trajectories. Urban expansion commonly occurs at the expense of agricultural land, leading to the fragmentation of natural areas and conflicts over access to land resources. These dynamics mainly concern the fringe between urban and agricultural land, e.g. the peri-urban areas usually included within functional urban regions. Here, to identify common features of LULCC in Western Mediterranean urban regions, we investigated two main features: direct changes due to urbanization and indirect changes affecting non-artificial land uses. We compared LULCC dynamics in 6 case studies from the north and south of the Western Mediterranean region: the urban regions of Montpellier and Avignon (France), Pisa (Italy), Madrid (Spain), Meknes (Morocco), and Constantine (Algeria), using a 30-year multitemporal spatial analysis (1980–2010). Two series of Landsat TM images were acquired for each case study and land cover data were analyzed both for dynamics and for land patterns, using landscape and class metrics. We found no significant north-south differences in LULCC dynamics between the investigated Western Mediterranean urban regions. Differences are more pronounced between small–medium cities and large metropolitan areas in type of urban diffusion, which is more sprawled in small–medium cities and more compact in large metropolitan areas. Rather, differences occur in LULCC not directly affected by urbanization, since in Northern Mediterranean urban regions afforestation and abandonment of agricultural areas are prevalent and closer to the urban areas, whereas transformation of natural areas into agricultural ones occurs mainly in Southern Mediterranean urban regions at a similar distance from urban areas than it happens for afforested or abandoned areas. In attempting for the first time to assess LULCC in these Mediterranean urban regions, we provide a preliminary comprehensive analysis that can contribute to the active LULCC research in the Mediterranean basin and that can be easily applied to other Mediterranean urban regions.

International audience; Dans cette fiche, nous proposons d'utiliser un automate cellulaire pour appréhender les logiques d'évolutions spatiales de structures agricoles antagonistes : agriculture conventionnelle et agriculture biologique. A partir d'une conceptualisation élémentaire de l'espace (une cellule représentant une parcelle agricole), le modèle permet de simuler le comportement d'agents (les agriculteurs qui possèdent les parcelles) en fonction de règles de voisinage très simples : l'agriculture biologique tend à augmenter le « capital sympathie » des agents mais offre une rentabilité faible, et inversement.Le réseau thématique MAPS «Modélisation multi-Agent appliquée aux Phénomènes Spatialisés » propose depuis 2009 des évènements scientifiques ayant pour but de diffuser les pratiques de modélisations multi-agents au sein des Sciences de l’Homme et de la Société (SHS). Ce collectif pluridisciplinaire de chercheurs, d’enseignants-chercheurs et de doctorants est labellisé en tant que ≪ réseau thématique » par le Réseau National des Systèmes Complexes (GIS RNSC) et bénéficie du soutien du CNRS au titre de la Formation Permanente.Le réseau est né de la nécessité de favoriser de fortes interactions entre les chercheurs de tous niveaux autour de la modélisation multi-agents appliquée aux phénomènes spatialisés, tant du point de vue théorique que pratique. Il compte près d’une centaine de membres à ce jour.En cinq années, sept événements MAPS de nature différente ont eu lieu : écoles thématiques (MAPS 1 et MAPS 5), conférences (MAPS 2 et MAPS 6) et ateliers-chercheurs (MAPS 3, 4 et 7). Chacun de ces événements a permis à des scientifiques issus de nombreuses disciplines (géographie, aménagement, écologie, agronomie, économie, sociologie, statistiques, informatique, mathématiques) et de niveaux de compétences variés (du débutant au modélisateur confirmé) de travailler en groupe restreint autour d’un modèle spécifique. Le souci du collectif MAPS a toujours été de permettre aux scientifiques d’aboutir à une certaine autonomie en matière de modélisation, notamment en sensibilisant chacun aux différentes étapes de la modélisation : ontologie du modèle, conceptualisation, implémentation dans une plateforme de simulation, exploration des paramètres, analyses de sensibilité, interprétation des résultats, diffusion. Chaque événement a donc visé à apporter une compréhension des concepts et de la démarche de modélisation aux apprenants, avec une mise en application des différentes étapes du processus sur un modèle imaginé durant chaque événement. La question modélisée a ainsi été définie par chacun des groupes constitués et affinée chemin faisant.Ce souci de la diffusion d’un certain savoir-faire, a toujours reposé sur la volonté de pouvoir diffuser les productions et les acquis du réseau MAPS. Les modèles réalisés lors des écoles thématiques se devaient d’être accessibles en ligne, de même que les cours, Travaux Pratiques et conférences. La qualité de la production de chaque groupe de travail et ce souci de la diffusion ont amené le collectif à concevoir la restitution des travaux d’ateliers-chercheurs et d’écoles thématiques sous la forme de « fiches pédagogiques ».L’objectif de ces fiches est de permettre la diffusion de travaux scientifiques qui sont de nature diverse. Dans certains cas, ce sont des modèles « classiques » d’analyse spatiale qui sont explorés, décortiqués et implémentés (Christaller, Von Thünen, Résilience) ; dans d’autres, ce sont des cas particuliers qui sont abordés, faisant référence à des thématiques largement étudiées par les SHS (EpiSim sur l’épidémiologie ; Irius, en écologie). D’autres modèles abordés sont des modèles didactiques, dont les particularités consistent à appréhender un phénomène connu (Sisbio et Iznogoug, les comportements adaptatifs ; Bestiole, la simulation participative). Enfin, certaines fiches développent des réflexions sur les démarches de modélisation en elles-mêmes, et par exemple le couplage entre les niveaux macro et micro (MicMac ; Proie-Prédateur). Ces fiches pédagogiques, en accès libre, sont destinées aux communautés éducatives et universitaires et en particulier aux enseignants qui souhaiteraient faire découvrir la modélisation à leurs étudiants, mais aussi à ceux qui envisagent d’approfondir certains aspects avec un public plus averti. Elles sont également destinées à tous les curieux qui souhaiteraient découvrir ce que la modélisation apporte aux SHS, du point de vue heuristique et du point de vue opérationnel. Enfin, elles sont aussi des supports pour toutes les personnes qui souhaiteraient diffuser les réflexions scientifiques sur la modélisation et la simulation qui ont présidé à la rédaction de ces fiches.

Interest in spatial evaluation to develop comprehensive strategies to plan and manage agricultural systems and to assess the impact of agricultural policies has been growing among policy-makers and scientists. Innovative methods of acquiring and processing spatial data and information related to agricultural topics have therefore been gaining attention. In this context, place-based and experiential knowledge of local actors has been recognized as an important source of data, especially for decision-making and planning. Several methods have been proposed in the literature for retrieving and analyzing this knowledge. Our aim was to analyze the capability of one of these methods (the mapping of local spatial knowledge) to identify the organizational gaps in the provision of agricultural services in rural areas. The method consisted of an interview supported with a fixed-scale map; the goal of the interview was to retrieve both spatial data and descriptive information (local spatial knowledge mapping) for GIS processing. Map-based interviews were conducted with 26 representative collective structures of the Grosseto (central Italy) agro-food system. Five agricultural systems (field crops, livestock, viticulture, olive-growing, and fruit-growing/horticulture) and five services (stocking/selling of farm products, technical advising, sale of farm inputs, promotion and contract services) were identified by local spatial knowledge. The main organizational and spatial gaps were assessed in each agricultural system for the following: (a) the number, typology and combinations of supplied services and (b) the overlap of operational areas of the agro-food system structures with the areas reported as being suitable for the five agricultural systems. This analysis allowed us to identify the benefits and drawbacks related to the spatial configurations that determine the provision of agricultural services for local farming activities.

[Departement_IRSTEA]Territoires [TR1_IRSTEA]DTAM [Axe_IRSTEA]DTAM3-ECOPRAe-mail de contact: ridavide@gmail.com; Agriculture faces big challenges, such as feeding a growing population and providing an increasing amount of biomass for energy production. Land is, however, a limited resource and intensification of agricultural practices is deprecated because of the negative impacts on natural resources. Effective answers should therefore be fostered by the development of smarter spatial configurations of agricultural activities. The improvement of farming systems therefore requires agronomy to interact with geography and other disciplines that deal with spatially-explicit aspects of agricultural land management. Different research approaches have supported agronomy in the development of a landscape approach and in this paper we focus on the interactions with geography fostering the enhancement of a common language about the way farming practices are observed and understood by the two disciplines. For this purpose, we compare land management units, identified in recent agronomic literature, with the aim to facilitate future synergies of landscape-oriented research about farming system design. We conclude by arguing for the enhancement of the interface between agronomy and geography and discussing some perspectives on the use of the various land management units in the design of future farming systems with a landscape approach.

Part II, chapter 12; Farming Systems Research has three core characteristics: it builds on systems thinking, it depends on the close collaboration between social and biophysical sciences, and it relies on participation to build co-learning processes. Farming Systems Research posits that to contribute towards sustainable rural development, both interdisciplinary collaborations and local actor engagement are needed. Together, they allow for changes in understanding and changes in practices.This book gives an overview of the insights generated in 20 years of Farming Systems Research. It retraces the emergence and development of Farming Systems Research in Europe, summarises the state-of-the-art for key areas, and provides an outlook on new explorations, especially those tackling the dynamic nature of farming systems and their interaction with the natural environment and the context of action.We hope this book will serve as an inspiration for all those who seek an alternative approach to research in farming and rural development. One that builds on the reflexivity of researchers, one that takes the role of human subjectivities and perceptions seriously, one that gives voice to farmers, one that emphasises participation and co-learning processes, one that focuses on interactions between the elements, one that allows to capture interdependencies and their dynamics.There is no doubt that Farming Systems Research has much to offer to answer the challenges faced by rural areas in the current turbulent and uncertain times. The book is thus aimed at practitioners, at graduate students and at researchers who seek new inspiration outside the mainstream, who take into account the ethical dimension of their work, and who seek encouragement to deepen their reflexivity about the meaning of professional practice and about their approach to research.

Preserving our landscape in sustainable development processes is now widely considered as fundamental. It is a complex and evolving issue that can be tackled from several perspectives. Agronomy can contribute to analyzing the relationships between agricultural production systems (cropping, farming and agricultural systems) at different levels (field, farm, and region) and the agricultural landscape (in terms of patches, matrixes, dynamics, etc). This is of particular interest where the relationships between “what and how” are produced by agricultural activities and the landscape are changing. In this case their own reciprocity may represent an opportunity to analyze complex systems, such as the characterization of agri-landscapes at a regional level. We propose a case study developed as an up-scaling analytical process from a farm to a regional level. The result was the identification of six main agri-landscape systems highlighting the landscape drivers that are changing the traditional landscape of a rural region in Northern Tuscany (Lunigiana).

Introduction: Critically ill patients who require intensive care unit (ICU) treatment may experience psychological distress with increasing development of psychological disorders and related morbidity. Our aim was to determine whether intra-ICU clinical psychologist interventions decrease the prevalence of anxiety, depression and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) after 12 months from ICU discharge. Methods: Our observational study included critical patients admitted before clinical psychologist intervention (control group) and patients who were involved in a clinical psychologist program (intervention group). The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and Impact of Event Scale-Revised questionnaires were used to assess the level of posttraumatic stress, anxiety and depression symptoms. Results: The control and intervention groups showed similar demographic and clinical characteristics. Patients in the intervention group showed lower rates of anxiety (8.9% vs. 17.4%) and depression (6.5% vs. 12.8%) than the control group on the basis of HADS scores, even if the differences were not statistically significant. High risk for PTSD was significantly lower in patients receiving early clinical psychologist support than in the control group (21.1% vs. 57%; P < 0.0001). The percentage of patients who needed psychiatric medications at 12 months was significantly higher in the control group than in the patient group (41.7% vs. 8.1%; P < 0.0001). Conclusions: Our results suggest that that early intra-ICU clinical psychologist intervention may help critically ill trauma patients recover from this stressful experience.

Le réseau thématique MAPS «Modélisation multi-Agent appliquée aux Phénomènes Spatialisés » propose depuis 2009 des évènements scientifiques ayant pour but de diffuser les pratiques de modélisations multi-agents au sein des Sciences de l’Homme et de la Société (SHS). Ce collectif pluridisciplinaire de chercheurs, d’enseignants-chercheurs et de doctorants est labellisé en tant que ≪ réseau thématique » par le Réseau National des Systèmes Complexes (GIS RNSC) et bénéficie du soutien du CNRS au titre de la Formation Permanente. Depuis 2009, plusieurs modèles ont été développés au cours d'événements MAPS. Ces modèles ont fait l'objet de fiches pédagogiques détaillées destinées aux communautés éducatives et universitaires et en particulier aux enseignants qui souhaiteraient faire découvrir la modélisation à leurs étudiants, mais aussi à ceux qui envisagent d’approfondir certains aspects avec un public plus averti. Elles sont également destinées à tous les curieux qui souhaiteraient découvrir ce que la modélisation apporte aux SHS, du point de vue heuristique et du point de vue opérationnel. Enfin, elles sont aussi des supports pour toutes les personnes qui souhaiteraient diffuser les réflexions scientifiques sur la modélisation et la simulation qui ont présidé à la rédaction de ces fiches.

The challenges of an increasing world population accelerating food demand, biodiversity globally under threat, depleting natural resources, and the need to mitigate the effects of climate change, signal that new food for thought is needed for food and non-food biomass production systems. Sustainable intensification (SI) needs to be one element of the solution. It aims at the development of intensive agricultural systems that have minimal detrimental environmental and social effects. The VITAL project explores the transition process of European agriculture towards sustainably intensified production. This first deliverable report synthesising the results of task 1.1 establishes the scientific framing of SI and the analytical approach of the project. We therefore analysed the literature using in-depth as well as systematic approaches and developed a conceptual-scenario framework of sustainable intensification. The aim is to establish an anchoring point to assess the implementation of SI at farm and regional scale and to enable an up-scaling of the results to the European level. The conceptual-scenario framework was validated by a group of regional stakeholders in order to ensure its applicability to practice and to develop a common science-practice understanding. We found that the understanding on what SI is and how it should be achieved varies in the literature and overlap with other concepts of sustainable agriculture, such as ecological intensification or agroecology, is debated. However, in this report we demonstrate that the discussed measures and concepts of sustainable intensification can be clustered alongside two dimensions: from the farm/local to the landscape/regional level and from land-use optimization to structural optimization. Using these two dimensions, we conceptualize four different scenarios of SI which we label sustainable intensification pathways (SIP). SIP I “Agronomic Development” and SIP II “Resource Use Efficiency” address land-use and structural optimization respectively on the farm level. On the regional scale we derive SIP III “Land Use Allocation” and SIP IV “Regional Integration”. The consulted local stakeholders were able to assign local solutions to each SIP. Based on the conceptual-scenario framework, an analytical line is drawn between SI implementation, evaluation and up-scaling defining the process of the project in a common analytical framework.