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[EN] Acid mine drainage (AMD) systems are extremely acidic and are metal-rich formations inhabited by relatively low-complexity communities of acidophiles whose enzymes remain mostly uncharacterized. Indeed, enzymes from only a few AMD sites have been studied. The low number of available cultured representatives and genome sequences of acidophiles inhabiting AMDs makes it difficult to assess the potential of these environments for enzyme bioprospecting. In this study, using naïve and in silico metagenomic approaches, we retrieved 16 esterases from the α/β-hydrolase fold superfamily with the closest match from uncultured acidophilic Acidobacteria, Actinobacteria (Acidithrix, Acidimicrobium, and Ferrimicrobium), Acidiphilium, and other Proteobacteria inhabiting the Los Rueldos site, which is a unique AMD formation in northwestern Spain with a pH of ∼2. Within this set, only two polypeptides showed high homology (99.4%), while for the rest, the pairwise identities ranged between 4 and 44.9%, suggesting that the diversity of active polypeptides was dominated not by a particular type of protein or highly similar clusters of proteins, but by diverse non-redundant sequences. The enzymes exhibited amino acid sequence identities ranging from 39 to 99% relative to homologous proteins in public databases, including those from other AMDs, thus indicating the potential novelty of proteins associated with a specialized acidophilic community. Ten of the 16 hydrolases were successfully expressed in Escherichia coli. The pH for optimal activity ranged from 7.0 to 9.0, with the enzymes retaining 33–68% of their activities at pH 5.5, which was consistent with the relative frequencies of acid residues (from 54 to 67%). The enzymes were the most active at 30–65°C, retaining 20–61% of their activity under the thermal conditions characterizing Los Rueldos (13.8 ± 0.6°C). The analysis of the substrate specificity revealed the capacity of six hydrolases to efficiently degrade (up to 1,652 ± 75 U/g at pH 8.0 and 30°C) acrylic- and terephthalic-like [including bis(2-hydroxyethyl)-terephthalate, BHET] esters, and these enzymes could potentially be of use for developing plastic degradation strategies yet to be explored. Our assessment uncovers the novelty and potential biotechnological interest of enzymes present in the microbial populations that inhibit the Los Rueldos AMD system., This study was conducted under the auspices of the FuturEnzyme Project funded by the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme under Grant Agreement No. 101000327. We acknowledge financial support under Grants PCIN-2017-078 (within the Marine Biotechnology ERA-NET, GA No. 604814) (MF), BIO2017-85522-R (MF), PID2020-112758RB-I00 (MF), PID2019-106370RB-I00 (VG), and PDC2021-121534-I00 (MF) from the Ministerio de Economía, Industria y Competitividad, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación, Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI) (Doi: 10.13039/501100011033), Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER) and the European Union (“NextGenerationEU/PRTR”), and Grant 2020AEP061 (MF) from the Agencia Estatal CSIC. OG acknowledges the support of the Centre for Environmental Biotechnology Project funded by the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) via the Welsh Government. SR thanks the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation for a Ph.D. fellowship (FPU19/00608).

[EN] The Bachelor's degrees of the first round of verifications (2008), have the obligation to review and renew their teaching approaches, since neither the ways of teaching, nor the ways of practicing the profession, nor the technologies are the same in 2021. There is an opportunity to update the contents and the interrelation between them. The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) can and should be part of this process of teaching innovation. This is the case of the evolution of the Degree in Science and Technology of Building, to the Degree in Technical Architecture and Building, recently approved (March 2021). The objective of the communication is to present the method followed for the integration of the SDGs in the verification process. The way practiced to determine the goals of each SDG to be incorporated is analyzed. The prioritization of the character of transversality in the planned approach, not as a specific subject but integrated, coordinated, and related between the different subjects in which it is progressively integrated into the degree. Finally, the definitive incorporation procedure to the Plan, its documentary and conceptual reflection, and the implementation forecast, the monitoring and control processes for the 2021/2022 academic year will be discussed. [ES] Las titulaciones de Grado de la primera tanda de verificaciones (2008), tienen la obligación de revisar y renovar sus planteamientos docentes, ya que ni los modos de enseñar, ni los modos de ejercer la profesión, ni las tecnologías son las mismas en 2021. Se presenta una oportunidad de actualización de los contenidos y la interrelación entre ellos. Los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible (ODS) pueden y deben formar parte de este proceso de innovación docente. Es el caso de la evolución del Grado en Ciencia y Tecnología de la Edificación, al Grado de Arquitectura Técnica y Edificación, aprobado recientemente (marzo 2021). El objetivo de la comunicación es presentar el método seguido para la integración de los ODS en el proceso de verificación. Se analiza el modo practicado para determinar las metas de cada ODS a incorporar. La priorización del carácter de transversalidad en el enfoque planificado, no como materia específica sino integrada, coordinada, y relacionada entre las diferentes asignaturas en las que se integra de forma progresiva en la titulación. Por último se comentará el procedimiento de incorporación definitiva al Plan, su reflejo documental y conceptual, y la previsión de implantación, los procesos de seguimientos y control para el curso 2021/2022.

Proyecto de investigación para evaluar la mortalidad a largo plazo (definida ésta como mortalidad a los dos años) en pacientes que padecen un evento séptico y valorar la asociación con marcadores biológicos como la proadrenomedulina y marcadores clínicos. El desconocimiento acerca de las consecuencias a largo plazo que la sepsis desencadena en los pacientes que la sufren tiene un importante impacto en la salud pública. Por este motivo y con la intención de valorar si la morbi-mortalidad a largo plazo es mayor en pacientes que han padecido un evento séptico, se va a diseñar este estudio. Esto nos permitirá evaluar, además, si existe relación entre ciertos marcadores y dichas consecuencias a largo plazo. Metodológicamente, consistirá en un estudio observacional de cohortes prospectivo en el que se incluirán, de forma consecutiva, los pacientes procedentes del servicio de urgencias del Hospital General Universitario Reina Sofía de Murcia con sepsis, según los criterios de la campaña para sobrevivir a la sepsis, durante un periodo de 6 meses. A todos se les realizará una analítica con marcadores inflamatorios entre las 48-72 horas del ingreso, simultáneo a la valoración de datos clínicos de comorbilidad y gravedad. Tras dos años, se revisarán las historias clínicas y otras aplicaciones informáticas disponibles en el Sistema Murciano de Salud (entorno documental, Ágora¿) para recoger datos de morbimortalidad a largo plazo en espera de establecer si exsiste o no asociacion estadística entre esto y el padecer un evento séptico. Para el análisis estadístico se utilizará el software estadístico SPSS 22.

In the present work it is explained how the architect Felix Candela got to analyse the roof long cylindrical shells in reinforced concrete using an method based simply on equilibrium equations. All this, in a moment in which the elastic theory of shells becomes practically impossible to apply due to the involvement of eighth-order differential equations. Felix Candela ‘objective was to get a safely and easily calculation method, respecting the assignment of reinforced concrete and, therefore, obviating the considerations of compatibility and deformation that could undergo the structure. This method, developed previously by other engineers, is explained mathematically choosing an example of work of Félix Candela, done by roof long cylindrical shells, and making the necessary structural calculations proposed. Resumen En el presente trabajo se describe cómo el arquitecto Félix Candela llevó a cabo el análisis de cáscaras cilíndricas largas de cubierta de hormigón armado utilizando un método basado simplemente en ecuaciones de equilibrio. Todo ello, en un momento en el que la teoría elástica de cáscaras cilíndricas resultaba prácticamente inaplicable al implicar la resolución de ecuaciones diferenciales de octavo orden. El objetivo de Félix Candela era obtener un método de cálculo seguro y sencillo, respetando la característica de cedencia del hormigón armado y, por tanto, obviando consideraciones de compatibilidad y deformación que pudiera sufrir la estructura. Este método, desarrollado anteriormente por otros ingenieros, se expone matemáticamente seleccionando un ejemplo de la obra de Félix Candela, ejecutada por medio de cáscaras cilíndricas largas, y elaborando el proceso de cálculo necesario propuesto.

In the present work it is explained how the architect Felix Candela got to analyse the roof long cylindrical shells in reinforced concrete using an method based simply on equilibrium equations. All this, in a moment in which the elastic theory of shells becomes practically impossible to apply due to the involvement of eighth-order differential equations. Felix Candela 'objective was to get a safely and easily calculation method, respecting the assignment of reinforced concrete and, therefore, obviating the considerations of compatibility and deformation that could undergo the structure. This method, developed previously by other engineers, is explained mathematically choosing an example of work of Félix Candela, done by roof long cylindrical shells, and making the necessary structural calculations proposed., En el presente trabajo se describe cómo el arquitecto Félix Candela llevó a cabo el análisis de cáscaras cilíndricas largas de cubierta de hormigón armado utilizando un método basado simplemente en ecuaciones de equilibrio. Todo ello, en un momento en el que la teoría elástica de cáscaras cilíndricas resultaba prácticamente inaplicable al implicar la resolución de ecuaciones diferenciales de octavo orden. El objetivo de Félix Candela era obtener un método de cálculo seguro y sencillo, respetando la característica de cedencia del hormigón armado y, por tanto, obviando consideraciones de compatibilidad y deformación que pudiera sufrir la estructura. Este método, desarrollado anteriormente por otros ingenieros, se expone matemáticamente seleccionando un ejemplo de la obra de Félix Candela, ejecutada por medio de cáscaras cilíndricas largas, y elaborando el proceso de cálculo necesario propuesto.

El arquitecto español Juan Antonio Tonda Magallón, es conocido como uno de los más importantes discípulos y colaboradores del arquitecto Félix Candela Outeriño. A pesar de los numerosos escritos existentes sobre la vida y obra de Félix Candela, faltan estudios de detalle referentes a los métodos de cálculo empleados en sus estructuras. Juan Antonio Tonda participó en el cálculo estructural y desarrollo geométrico de las estructuras proyectadas por Félix Candela, especializándose en las cáscaras delgadas de hormigón armado. Los cálculos basados en la teoría de la elasticidad, referentes al método de análisis de los cascarones cilíndricos largos de hormigón armado, hacían referencia a estructuras perfectas y no a construcciones reales. Las investigaciones realizadas en las estructuras en general por G.v. Kazinczy, H. Maier-Leibnitz, A.A. Gvozdev, J.F. Baker, etc. y posteriormente, de manera concreta en relación a las cáscaras cilíndricas largas, de la mano de los ingenieros daneses K.W. Johansen y H. Lundgren, condujeron a la utilización de los métodos plásticos como herramienta de cálculo en estas estructuras, basados en el concepto de carga límite y no en el de tensión admisible. En la comunicación se analizará y desarrolla la aportación metodológica de J. A. Tonda al cálculo estructural de las cáscaras cilíndricas largas de cubierta, basada en el análisis límite con el enfoque plástico del equilibrio. Con el método expuesto, denominado método de la viga, se demostrará como se logró calcular de manera sencilla y segura estas tipologías estructurales sin necesidad de recurrir a complejos, costosos e irreales métodos de cálculo basados en la teoría de la elasticidad.

Amine transaminases of the class III ω-TAs are key enzymes for modification of chemical building blocks, but finding those capable of converting bulky ketones and (R) amines is still challenging. Here, by an extensive analysis of the substrate spectra of 10 class III ω-TAs, we identified a number of residues playing a role in determining the access and positioning of bulky ketones, bulky amines, and (R)- and (S) amines, as well as of environmentally relevant polyamines, particularly putrescine. The results presented can significantly expand future opportunities for designing (R)-specific class III ω-TAs to convert valuable bulky ketones and amines, as well as for deepening the knowledge into the polyamine catabolic pathways., Amination of bulky ketones, particularly in (R) configuration, is an attractive chemical conversion; however, known ω-transaminases (ω-TAs) show insufficient levels of performance. By applying two screening methods, we discovered 10 amine transaminases from the class III ω-TA family that were 38% to 76% identical to homologues. We present examples of such enzymes preferring bulky ketones over keto acids and aldehydes with stringent (S) selectivity. We also report representatives from the class III ω-TAs capable of converting (R) and (S) amines and bulky ketones and one that can convert amines with longer alkyl substituents. The preference for bulky ketones was associated with the presence of a hairpin region proximal to the conserved Arg414 and residues conforming and close to it. The outward orientation of Arg414 additionally favored the conversion of (R) amines. This configuration was also found to favor the utilization of putrescine as an amine donor, so that class III ω-TAs with Arg414 in outward orientation may participate in vivo in the catabolism of putrescine. The positioning of the conserved Ser231 also contributes to the preference for amines with longer alkyl substituents. Optimal temperatures for activity ranged from 45 to 65°C, and a few enzymes retained ≥50% of their activity in water-soluble solvents (up to 50% [vol/vol]). Hence, our results will pave the way to design, in the future, new class III ω-TAs converting bulky ketones and (R) amines for the production of high-value products and to screen for those converting putrescine. IMPORTANCE Amine transaminases of the class III ω-TAs are key enzymes for modification of chemical building blocks, but finding those capable of converting bulky ketones and (R) amines is still challenging. Here, by an extensive analysis of the substrate spectra of 10 class III ω-TAs, we identified a number of residues playing a role in determining the access and positioning of bulky ketones, bulky amines, and (R)- and (S) amines, as well as of environmentally relevant polyamines, particularly putrescine. The results presented can significantly expand future opportunities for designing (R)-specific class III ω-TAs to convert valuable bulky ketones and amines, as well as for deepening the knowledge into the polyamine catabolic pathways.

International Conference on construction research_EDUARDO TORROJA. Architecture, Engineering, Concrete / AEC 2018, 21/11/2018-23/11/2018, Madrid, España, La primera cáscara cilíndrica larga de hormigón armado aparece en Alemania en 1924, para cubrir un edificio perteneciente a la fábrica de la compañía Zeiss. El origen del cálculo estructural de estas tipologías estructurales coincidió con un momento caracterizado por un elevado aprecio por las matemáticas. Este hecho repercutió enormemente en los métodos surgidos, aplicados al cálculo estructural de las cáscaras cilíndricas largas y fundamentados en la Teoría de la Elasticidad. A partir de este momento, las cáscaras cilíndricas largas de cubierta se impusieron como tipologías estructurales capaces de cubrir grandes luces con un gasto mínimo de material. Sin embargo, el problema residía en la gran complejidad que entrañaba la resolución de los procesos matemáticos, basados en la aplicación de la Teoría de la Elasticidad y empleados para realizar su cálculo estructural. A partir de 1940 se producirá una gran eclosión en el cálculo estructural de estas tipologías estructurales a consecuencia de las discrepancias existentes entre los resultados matemáticos obtenidos en base a la teoría de la elasticidad y los logrados, por medio de ensayos, sobre estructuras reales. En este contexto, los estudios realizados por los ingenieros daneses K. W. Johansen, en 1944, y H. Lundgren, en 1949, marcarán el origen de la aplicación del método denominado de la viga al cálculo estructural de las cáscaras cilíndricas largas de cubierta de hormigón armado. Con este método se logró calcular, de manera sencilla y segura, estas tipologías estructurales como se tratará de demostrar en la comunicación., The first long cylindrical shell of reinforced concrete was built in Germany in 1924, to house a factory building belonging to the Zeiss company. The structural calculation of these buildings emerged at a time characterized by a high appreciation of mathematics. This attitude exerted a strong influence on the methods that emerged for the structural calculation of the roof long cylindrical shells in reinforced concrete and based on the Theory of Elasticity. From this moment, these structural typologies were seen as buildings that could span wide areas with minimum material costs. However, the main problem was the enormous complexity entailed in mathematical calculations based on the Theory of Elasticity, employees for structural calculation. After 1940, the structural calculation of cylindrical thin concrete shells developed rapidly as a result of discrepancies between the mathematical results obtained based on the theory of elasticity and those obtained from assays on real structures. In this context, studies conducted by Danish engineers KW Johansen, in 1944, and H. Lundgren, in 1949, will mark the origin of the application of the method, called the beam method, to the structural calculation of the roof long cylindrical shells in reinforced concrete. With this method it was possible to calculate, in a simple and safe way, these structural typologies as it will try to demonstrate in the communication.

The beginning of the 20th century brought a new typology of architecture based on the use of geometrical laws of nature, the use of a new material such as reinforced concrete, and the use of plastic calculus as a tool to mold continuous, adirectional structures, such as the long cylindrical shells of Eduardo Torroja or the hyperbolic paraboloids shells of Felix Candela. This type of architecture allowed the creation of large diaphanous spaces of great plastic beauty due to its close connection with the laws of nature that generates them. Little more than 100 years later we see how the necessary legal protection has not been given to these buildings to consider them part of the heritage and we are witnessing a process of disappearance of most of the structures that have defined an important period of modern architecture. From this research we have made an inventory of the main structures made with these techniques and their state of preservation today and the possible measures for their possible rehabilitation, and real or virtual reconstruction through the use of digital tools, 3D scanners or lifting using photography, and especially its inclusion in the catalogs of buildings that are part of the architectural and cultural heritage. The process culminates with the possible construction on a real scale of the models lost by digital manufacturing systems or the diffusion through augmented reality.

Summary Recent reports have suggested that the establishment of industrially relevant enzyme collections from environmental genomes has become a routine procedure. Across the studies assessed, a mean number of approximately 44 active clones were obtained in an average size of approximately 53 000 clones tested using naïve screening protocols. This number could be significantly increased in shorter times when novel metagenome enzyme sequences obtained by direct sequencing are selected and subjected to high‐throughput expression for subsequent production and characterization. The pre‐screening of clone libraries by naïve screens followed by the pyrosequencing of the inserts allowed for a 106‐fold increase in the success rate of identifying genes encoding enzymes of interest. However, a much longer time, usually on the order of years, is needed from the time of enzyme identification to the establishment of an industrial process. If the hit frequency for the identification of enzymes performing at high turnover rates under real application conditions could be increased while still covering a high natural diversity, the very expensive and time‐consuming enzyme optimization phase would likely be significantly shortened. At this point, it is important to review the current knowledge about the success of fine‐tuned naïve‐ and sequence‐based screening protocols for enzyme selection and to describe the environments worldwide that have already been subjected to enzyme screen programmes through metagenomic tools. Here, we provide such estimations and suggest the current challenges and future actions needed before environmental enzymes can be successfully introduced into the market.