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Background: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is characterized by progressive and irreversible airflow limitation. Different factors that modify pulmonary function include age, sex, muscular strength, and a history of exposure to toxic agents. However, the impact of body composition compartments and sarcopenia on pulmonary function is not well-established. This study aimed to evaluate how body composition compartments and sarcopenia affect pulmonary function in COPD patients., Methods: In a cross-sectional study, patients with a confirmed diagnosis of COPD, > 40 years old, and forced expiratory volume in the first second /forced vital capacity ratio (FEV 1 /FVC) < 0.70 post-bronchodilator were included. Patients with cancer, HIV, and asthma were excluded. Body composition was measured with bioelectrical impedance. Sarcopenia was defined according to EWGSOP2, and pulmonary function was assessed by spirometry., Results: 185 patients were studied. The mean age was 72.20 ± 8.39 years; 55.14% were men. A linear regression adjusted model showed associations between body mass index, fat-free mass, skeletal muscle mass index, appendicular skeletal muscle mass index, and phase angle (PhA), and sarcopenia with FEV 1 (%). As regards FVC (%), PhA and exercise tolerance had positive associations., Conclusion: Body composition, especially PhA, SMMI, ASMMI, and sarcopenia, has a significant impact on pulmonary function. Early detection of disturbances of these indexes enables the early application of such therapeutic strategies in COPD patients., (© 2022. The Author(s).)

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) patients have alterations in body composition. Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) evaluates body composition, hydration status, and fluid distribution. Subjects with fluid disturbances have been found to have lower FEV 1 , respiratory muscle strength, and poor prognosis. We aimed to evaluate the effect of hydration status and fluid distribution on pulmonary function in COPD patients. A cross-sectional study, 180 patients with a confirmed diagnosis of COPD were included. Patients with asthma, advanced renal or liver disease, acute HF, exacerbation of COPD, or pacemakers were excluded. Hydration status variables (TBW, ECW, ICW) and disturbance of fluid distribution [impedance ratio (IR) > 0.84 and phase angle (PhA)] were evaluated by BIA. Pulmonary function was assessed by spirometry. The mean population age was 71.55 ± 8.94 years; 55% were men. Subjects were divided into two groups according to the IR ≥ 0.84 or < 0.84. The group with higher IR ≥ 0.84 had lower FEV 1 , FVC, FEV 1 /FVC, DLCO and, PhA compared to those with IR < 0.84. After adjusting for confounding variables TBW, ECW, IR ≥ 0.84, PhA, and resistance/height increase were associated with decreased FEV 1 . In the same way, with IR ≥ 0.84, edema index ≥ 0.48, trunk and abdominal IR were negatively associated with FVC, and PhA had a positive association with FVC. Fluid distribution, especially IR and PhA, could be a useful parameter for predicting pulmonary function in COPD patients., (© 2022. The Author(s).)

Background: Hepatitis C virus (HCV) management is a challenge in patients with substance use disorder (SUD). This study aimed to describe an HCV screening and linkage to care program in SUD patients, and analyze the characteristics of this population in relation to HCV infection, particularly the impact of psychiatric comorbidities (dual diagnosis)., Methods: This study was a prospective clinical cohort study using a collaborative, multidisciplinary model to offer HCV care (screening, diagnosis, and therapy) to individuals with SUD attending a dedicated hospital clinic. The characteristics of the participants, prevalence of HCV infection, percentage who started therapy, and adherence to treatment were compared according to the patients' consumption characteristics and presence of dual diagnosis. HCV screening, diagnosis, treatment initiation, and sustained virologic response were analyzed., Results: 528 individuals attended the center (November 2018-June 2019) and 401 (76%) accepted screening. In total, 112 (28%) were anti-HCV-positive and 42 (10%) had detectable HCV RNA, but only 20 of the latter started HCV therapy. Among the 253 (63%) patients with a dual diagnosis, there were no differences in HCV infection prevalence versus patients with SUD alone ( p  = 0.28). Dual diagnosis did not lead to a higher risk of HCV infection or interfere with linkage to care or treatment., Conclusion: This study found a high prevalence of dual diagnosis and HCV infection in SUD patients, but dual diagnosis was not associated with an increased risk of acquiring HCV or more complex access to care. Despite use of a multidisciplinary management approach, considerable barriers to HCV care remain in this population that would need more specific focus., Competing Interests: Conflict of interest statement: Lara Grau-López: No personal or financial conflicts of interest. Cristina Marcos-Fosch: No personal or financial conflicts of interest. Constanza Daigre: No personal or financial conflicts of interest. Raúl Felipe Palma-Alvarez: No personal or financial conflicts of interest. Ariadna Rando-Segura: No personal or financial conflicts of interest. Jordi Llaneras: No personal or financial conflicts of interest. Marta Perea-Ortueta: No personal or financial conflicts of interest. Francisco Rodriguez-Frias: No personal or financial conflicts of interest. Nieves Martínez-Luna: No personal or financial conflicts of interest. Mar Riveiro-Barciela: Has received research grants from Gilead, and served as speaker for Gilead and Grifols. No personal conflicts of interest. Josep Antoni Ramos-Quiroga: No personal or financial conflicts of interest. Joan Colom: No personal or financial conflicts of interest. Rafael Esteban: Has received research grants from Gilead and has served as advisor for Gilead, Bristol-Myers Squibb, and Novartis. No personal conflicts of interest. María Buti: Has received research grants from Gilead and has served as advisor for Gilead, Bristol-Myers Squibb, and Novartis. No personal conflicts of interest., (© The Author(s), 2021.)

Introduction: The impact of psychiatric comorbidity and addiction features throughout the course of addiction has been widely studied. This is a naturalistic study conducted in an outpatient unit, where treatment follow-up studies are scarce compared to studies including inpatients or those under experimental conditions. Therefore, this follow-up study aims to analyze the treatment adherence and abstinence of outpatients with SUD (Substance Use Disorders) according to addiction severity and psychiatric comorbidity., Methods: The current six-month follow-up study examined 404 SUD outpatients. Psychiatric comorbidity, addiction severity, substance consumption and treatment adherence were systematically evaluated using semistructured interviews. Survival analyses were conducted to compare the time of treatment adherence and abstinence in a bivariate and multivariate level., Results: A progressive dropout was observed, reaching 32.2% of dropouts at the six-month follow-up. More than 50% achieved abstinence during the first month and similar percentages were found until the six-month follow-up. At the multivariate level, treatment adherence, cannabis use disorder and polyconsumption were independently associated with earlier dropout. ADHD was the only mental disorder significantly related with dropout. Regarding substance consumption, the time of abstinence was independently associated with months of treatment adherence and the achievement of abstinence before starting treatment. In general, dual diagnosis was associated with less time of abstinence, but only depressive disorder across the lifespan was related to less time of abstinence in the multivariate model., Conclusion: These findings highlight the importance of an accurate diagnosis at the beginning of treatment, especially in an outpatient setting, addressing the treatment needs and promoting strategies that improve treatment adherence and reduce the risk of relapses., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Objective: The objective of this study was to compare psychiatric comorbidity and consumption-related variables in ADHD patients seeking treatment for cocaine, cannabis, or both. Method: Assessment was conducted using European Addiction Severity Index (EuropASI), Conners' Adult ADHD Diagnostic Interview (CAADID), Structured Clinical Interview for DSM Disorders (SCID), Adult Self-Report Scale (ASRS), Wender Utah Rating Scale (WURS), Barratt Impulsiveness Scale-11 (BIS-11), and FIDI, with statistical analyses of analysis of variance (ANOVA), Student's t test, chi-square test, and multinomial regression model. Results: In total, 1,538 patients with substance use disorder (SUD) were evaluated for ADHD; 239 (15.5%) had ADHD, with cannabis 41, cannabis/cocaine 36, and cocaine 74. Men represented 80%, with mean age of 32.9 ± 10 years. Significant variables were-in bivariate analysis-more years of cannabis use in cannabis group and younger age for cocaine use disorder in cannabis/cocaine group, and-in multivariate analysis-lifetime anxiety disorder and younger age at onset of any SUD in cannabis group and working affected scale in cannabis and polysubstance use in cannabis/cocaine group. Conclusion: Groups with cannabis use had higher severity. ADHD features were similar in all groups. The assessment of ADHD and comorbid disorders is important.

Background: Alexithymia frequently correlates with several psychiatric disorders, including substance use disorder (SUD). However, most studies reporting the associations between alexithymia and psychiatric disorders have been performed in populations without SUD. This research, therefore, evaluates alexithymia in Spanish patients with SUD and the relationship among alexithymia, psychiatric comorbidities, psychological symptoms/traits, SUD variables, and health-related quality of life (HRQoL). Methodology: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 126 Spanish outpatients with SUD (75.4% males; mean age 43.72 ± 14.61 years), correlating their alexithymia levels (using the Toronto Alexithymia Scale 20 [TAS-20]) to their psychiatric comorbidities, psychological symptoms/traits, SUD variables, and HRQoL. Results: Alexithymia was significantly higher in patients who had cannabis use disorder. Higher alexithymia scores were also related to higher levels of depression, anxiety, impulsivity, and lower HRQoL. After multivariate analysis, trait anxiety, impulsivity, and the physical component summary of the HRQoL were found to be independently related to alexithymia. Conclusions: SUD patients with higher alexithymia levels have more frequently psychiatric comorbidities, present specific psychological features, and have worse HRQoL. Hence, it is important to evaluate these factors and offer more accurate psychotherapeutic approaches for this patient population., Competing Interests: RP-Á has received fees to give talks for Exeltis, Lundbeck, MSD, Mundipharma and Takeda. ER-C has received fees to give talks for Janssen-Cilag, Lundbeck, Otsuka, Pfizer, Lilly, Servier, Rovi, Juste. She has received financial compensation for projects with Lundbeck, Esteve, Pfizer, Rovi, Exeltis, Servier, and Eisai. She has received financial compensation for her participation as a board member of Janssen-Cilag. She has no other relevant affiliations or financial involvement with any organization or entity with a financial interest in or financial conflict. NM-L has received fees to give talks for Janssen-Cilag, Lundbeck and Servier. JR-Q has received fees as speaker from Janssen-Cilag, Shire, Lilly, Ferrer, Medice and Rubió. He has received research funding from Janssen-Cilag, Lilly, Ferrer, Lundbeck and Rubió. CR has received fees to give lectures for Janssen-Cilag, Ferrer-Brainfarma, Pfizer, Indivior, Lundbeck, Otsuka, Servier, GSK, Rovi, Astra, Gilead, MSD, Sanofi and Exeltis. He has received financial compensation for his participation as a board member of JanssenCilag, Lundbeck, Gilead, MSD, Indivior and Mundipharma. He has carried out the PROTEUS project, which was funded by a grant from Reckitt-Benckiser/Indivior. He received a medical education grant for Gilead. LG-L has received fees to give talks for Janssen-Cilag, Lundbeck, Servier, Otsuka, and Pfizer. The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2021 Palma-Álvarez, Ros-Cucurull, Daigre, Perea-Ortueta, Serrano-Pérez, Martínez-Luna, Salas-Martínez, Robles-Martínez, Ramos-Quiroga, Roncero and Grau-López.)

Alexithymia is related to a higher severity of substance use disorders (SUD); however, few longitudinal studies have been performed on how alexithymia impacts treatment outcomes. This study aims to evaluate alexithymia as a factor that could influence retention and the time of the first relapse in a one-year follow-up in an outpatient treatment center for SUD. In total, 126 SUD outpatients (74.60% males; M age = 43.71, SD = 14.61 years) were evaluated at baseline with an AdHoc questionnaire for sociodemographic variables, the European Addiction Severity Index (EuropASI), the Semi-structured Clinical Interview for Axis I and Axis II Disorders of the DSM-IV, and the Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20). The prevalence of alexithymia was 41.3% and the mean score of TAS-20, was 57.27 (SD = 12.84). At baseline, alexithymia was related to a lower education level, cannabis use disorder, the psychological item of EuropASI, and mood spectrum disorders. In the Kaplan-Meier analysis, SUD patients with alexithymia were in treatment for less time and presented earlier relapses than non-alexithymic patients. In the Cox regression, alexithymia was only associated with less time in treatment. Therefore, alexithymia may have an important role in the outcomes of SUD treatment, and hence, therapeutic approaches for SUD that cover emotional impairments associated with alexithymia should be investigated and developed., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Psychiatric comorbidity can negatively impact the course of addictions. Psychiatric features of patients who continued treatment after the first stage of an addiction program have not been sufficiently analysed. Therefore, only these patients were included in order to compare psychiatric comorbidity and clinical factors between patients who were able or not to complete a long term substance-free program. Treatment-completion status of 245 patients was systematically recorded. Addiction severity, psychiatry comorbidity, and psychological symptoms were evaluated. No significant differences were found regarding comorbid psychiatric diagnoses and the completion of the treatment. Longer treatment duration (OR: 1.22; p < 0.01), higher educational level (OR: 2.37; p = 0.02), and cocaine dependence as main substance (OR: 3.68; p < 0.01) were found to be related to increased likelihood in completing the treatment. Patients with higher severity of alcohol consumption (OR: 0.06; p = 0.02) and more depressive symptoms (OR: 0.95; p = 0.01) completed the treatment less frequently. Moreover, differences regarding employment problems, treatment facilities, anxiety symptoms, dysfunctional impulsivity, and mental HRQoL were found. It is concluded that comorbid psychiatric diagnoses do not determine treatment outcomes. However, therapeutic and psychological factors have a major influence on the likelihood to complete a long-term treatment program., (Copyright © 2019. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

Background: Substance dependence is a chronic and relapsing disorder explained by genetic and environmental risk factors. The aim of our study is to replicate previous genome-wide significant (GWS) hits identified in substance dependence in general or in cocaine dependence in particular using an independent sample from Spain., Methods: We evaluated, in a Spanish sample of 1711 subjects with substance dependence (1011 of them cocaine dependent) and 1719 control individuals, three SNPs identified as GWS in previous studies: rs1868152 and rs2952621 (located near LINC02052 and LINC01854, respectively), associated with substance dependence, and rs2629540 (in the first intron of FAM53B), associated with cocaine dependence., Results: We replicated the association between rs2952621 and substance dependence under the dominant model (P = 0.020), with the risk allele (T) being the same in our sample and in those two reported previously. We then performed a meta-analysis of the two samples used in the original study that reported the association of rs2952621 with substance dependence (Collaborative Studies on Genetics of Alcoholism (COGA) and Study of Addiction: Genetics and Environment (SAGE)) together with our Spanish sample. The meta-analysis of 3747 cases and 4043 controls confirmed the association (OR = 1.26, 95% CI = 1.15-1.39)., Conclusions: The rs2952621 variant, located downstream from the yet uncharacterized gene LINC01854, is associated with substance dependence in our Spanish sample. Further research is needed to understand its contribution to the susceptibility to substance dependence., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Objective: The aim was to analyze the psychometric properties of two screening instruments, Wender-Utah Rating Scale (WURS) that evaluates childhood ADHD and Adult ADHD Self-Report Scales (ASRS) that assesses symptoms in adulthood, in alcohol-dependent patients., Method: A total of 355 outpatients were included. Conners' adult ADHD diagnostic interview results were used as a gold standard in childhood and adulthood ADHD., Results: The WURS with a 41 cutoff had a sensitivity of 79.6% and a specificity of 60.3%. The ASRS with a 14 cutoff had a sensitivity of 86.7% and specificity of 66.1%. Analyzing both rating scales in combination, it was observed that patients with positive ASRS and WURS presented a sensitivity of 92.3%. Patients with positive ASRS, but negative WURS, presented a specificity of 73.6%., Conclusion: WURS and ASRS are useful tools in the diagnosis of adult ADHD in alcohol-dependent patients; with the use of both instruments, the psychometric properties are substantially improved., (© 2014 SAGE Publications.)

The aim of this study is to compare the clinical characteristics of three groups of patients in treatment for cocaine dependence: patients without any psychotic symptoms (NS), patients with transient psychotic symptoms (PS) and patients with cocaine-induced psychotic disorder (CIPD). An observational and retrospective study of 150 cocaine-dependent patients undergoing treatment in the Drug Unit of the Psychiatry Department of University Hospital Vall d׳Hebron in Barcelona (Spain) using these three groups, NS, PS and CIPD, was performed. All patients were evaluated with the PRISM interview. ANOVA, χ2 tests and multivariate multinomial regression analysis were used to perform statistical analyses. Seven patients with a primary psychotic disorder were discharged. Forty-six patients (32.1%) did not report any psychotic symptoms. Ninety-seven patients (67.9%) presented with a history of any cocaine-induced psychotic symptom and were considered as the cocaine-induced psychotic (CIP) group. Among them, 39 (27.3%) were included in the PS group and 58 (40.6%) were included in the CIPD group. A history of imprisonment was found significantly more frequently in the PS group than in the NS group. The distribution of age at onset of dependence, lifetime cannabis abuse or dependence and imprisonment were significantly different between the NS and CIPD groups. We conclude that in cocaine-dependent patients, clinicians should be advised about the risk of development of psychotic symptoms. The presence of some psychotic symptoms could increase the potential risks of disturbing behaviours., (Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Cocaine use can induce transient psychotic symptoms that include suspiciousness, paranoia, hallucinations, and other cocaine-related behaviors. In this commentary, the authors provide an international perspective while reviewing the recent advances in epidemiology, clinical features, and risk factors related to cocaine-induced psychosis exhibited by patients with cocaine use disorders. In some settings, the occurrence of cocaine-induced psychosis has been shown to be as high as 86.5%. Many risk factors have been linked with cocaine-induced psychosis, including the quantity of cocaine consumed, lifetime amount of cocaine use, onset of cocaine dependence, years of use, routes of administration, other substance use disorder comorbidity, weight, gender, comorbidity with other medical and mental health disorders, genetics, and pharmacological interactions. Research has shown that the evaluation of cocaine-induced psychosis in patients with cocaine use is clinically relevant, especially in those patients who consume high amounts of cocaine, have a cannabis dependence history, have antisocial personality disorder, use administration routes other than intranasal, or exhibit attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) comorbidity. Currently, the literature lacks information regarding the evolution of cocaine dependence or cocaine-dependent patients' risk for developing schizophrenia or other psychotic disorders. Furthermore, clinicians still do not have an evidence-based pharmacological approach to management of cocaine dependence available to them. Additional research is also needed regarding risk factors such as neurobiological markers and personality traits. Finally, we recommend the development of an integrative model including all of the risk factors and protective factors for cocaine-induced psychosis.

Attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neuropsychiatric disorder characterized by inappropriate and impaired levels of hyperactivity, impulsivity and inattention. Around 75% of adults with ADHD show comorbidity with other psychiatric disorders such as disruptive behavior disorders or substance use disorders (SUDs). Recently, there has been growing interest in studying the role of microRNAs (miRNAs) in the susceptibility to complex disorders. Interestingly, converging evidence suggests that single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within miRNAs or miRNA target sites may modulate the miRNA-mediated regulation of gene expression through the alteration of the miRNA maturation, structure or expression pattern as well as the silencing mechanisms of target genes. Genetic studies and animal models support the involvement of the serotonin receptor (HTR1B) in ADHD. We evaluated the contribution of one SNP in the miR-96 target site at HTR1B and eight tagSNPs within the genomic region containing this miRNA in 695 adults with ADHD (266 and 396 subjects with and without comorbid SUD, respectively), 403 subjects with SUD without life-time diagnosis of ADHD and 485 sex-matched controls from Spain. Single and multiple marker analyses revealed association between two SNPs located at the 3' region of miR-96 (rs2402959 and rs6965643) and ADHD without SUD. Our results provide preliminary evidence for the contribution of two sequence variants at the miR-183-96-182 cluster to ADHD without comorbid SUD, and emphasize the need to take comorbidities into account in genetic studies to minimize the effect of heterogeneity and to clarify these complex phenotypes., (Copyright © 2013 Elsevier B.V. and ECNP. All rights reserved.)

Background and Objectives: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is highly prevalent among drug abusers. We studied the psychiatric comorbidity and characteristics of cocaine use in relation to the presence of ADHD among patients with cocaine dependence., Methods: A total of 200 cocaine-dependent patients attending an Outpatient Drug Clinic participated in the study. A systematic evaluation of ADHD (CAADID-II), the severity of addiction (EuropASI) and other axes I and II psychiatric disorders was made (SCID-I and SCID-II). A descriptive, bivariate, and multivariate analysis of the data was performed., Results: In the multivariate analysis, the identified risk factors for the development of ADHD were a history of behavioral disorder in childhood (OR: 3.04), a lifetime history of cannabis dependence in the course of life (OR: 2.68), and age at the start of treatment (OR: 1.08). The bivariate analysis showed ADHD to be associated with other factors such as male gender, age at start of cocaine use and dependence, the amount of cocaine consumed weekly, increased occupational alteration, alcohol consumption, general psychological discomfort, depressive disorder, and antisocial personality disorder., Conclusions and Scientific Significance: We conclude that ADHD is associated with increased psychiatric comorbidity and greater severity of addiction., (Copyright © American Academy of Addiction Psychiatry.)

Background: Psychotic symptoms are common among cocaine users., Methods: An observational naturalistic study on the effects and events of intravenous cocaine use in a drug consumption room was carried out; the patients were diagnosed of cocaine dependence (according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision)., Results: Twenty-one patients, 81% men self-injected cocaine 375 times. Psychotic symptoms were observed in 62% of the patients and 21% of the self-injections; delusions were observed in 9.3%, psychotic self-reference with insight in 9.1%, illusions in 6.4%, and hallucinations in 5.3%. A higher presence of psychotic symptoms was noted with cannabis used in the previous month (76.9% versus 44.4%; P = .001) (no psychotic symptoms group); also, a greater use of benzodiazepines was observed: 75.6% versus 63.6% (P = .046). Lower use of methadone in the group with psychosis was observed: 75.6% versus 97.3% (P = .001). Motor alterations were tremor 58%, stereotyped movements 24%, and behaviour alteration 6%, significantly more frequent in the psychotic group., Conclusions: Thus, there was a high frequency of psychotic symptoms after intravenous cocaine use; patients with psychotic symptoms reported higher use of cannabis and benzodiazepines in the previous month and lower use of methadone. More tremors and stereotyped movements were observed in the group with psychotic symptoms. It is necessary to give a special approach to cocaine intravenous users.

Background: Cocaine-induced psychosis (CIP) is among the most serious adverse effects of cocaine. Reduced serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels have been reported in schizophrenia and psychosis; however, studies assessing the involvement of BDNF in CIP are lacking., Methods: A total of 22 cocaine-dependent patients (aged 33.65 ± 6.85) who had never experienced psychotic symptoms under the influence of cocaine (non-CIP) and 18 patients (aged 34.18 ± 8.54) with a history of CIP completed a 2-week detoxification program in an inpatient facility. Two serum samples were collected from each patient at baseline and at the end of the protocol. Demographic, consumption and clinical data were recorded for all patients. A paired group of healthy controls was also included., Results: At the beginning of the detoxification treatment, serum BDNF levels were similar in both the non-CIP and the CIP groups. During early abstinence, the non-CIP group exhibited a significant increase in serum BDNF levels (p = 0.030), whereas the CIP group exhibited a decrease. Improvements in depression (Beck Depression Inventory, BDI, p = 0.003) and withdrawal symptoms (Cocaine Selective Severity Assessment, CSSA, p = 0.013) show a significant positive correlation with serum BDNF levels in the non-CIP group, whereas no correlation between the same variables was found in the CIP group., Conclusions: This study suggests that BDNF plays a role in the transient psychotic symptoms associated with cocaine consumption. In the non-CIP group, the increase in serum BDNF appears to be driven by the effects of chronic cocaine consumption and withdrawal. In contrast, patients with CIP share some of the neurotrophic deficiencies that characterize schizophrenia and psychosis., (Copyright © 2013 S. Karger AG, Basel.)

Background and Objective: We aimed to study the relationship between sleep disorders and the type of substance use and the number of previous hospitalizations in patients admitted in a detoxification unit., Patients and Methods: We evaluated 150 drug-dependent inpatients with SCID-I. Patients were asked to complete an 11-item questionnaire measure (Likert scales from 1-minimum to 7-maximum) designed to assess the relationship between sleep disorders and drug use., Results: 75.3% were men. 39% were alcoholic, 34,67% cocaine-users, 30% poly-drug users, 22.6% opioid, 18% benzodiazepine and 14% cannabis-dependent patients. 68.1% reported experiencing sleep problems. 80.1% related sleep disorders to drug consumption. Worry about sleep problems was found in all patients with previous hospitalizations (47.3%). This group experienced more insomnia than those who had never been hospitalized (43.7 vs 22.8%, P<.05). Poly-drug users perceived more sleep disorders (57.8 vs 24.3%, P<.05). Insomnia was referred by 61% of alcoholic patients. 86% of the sample used benzodiazepines, 75.4% used them without prescription., Conclusions: The perception of suffering from disordered sleep is frequent in drug addicts. Patients with poly-drug use and previous hospitalizations were the most affected., (Copyright © 2010 Elsevier España, S.L. All rights reserved.)