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[EN] The digital transformation of the industry allows the optimization of resources through enabling technology that virtualizes the behavior of Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) along the entire value chain. However, these virtual environments characterized by machine-to-machine interactions lacked the presence of humans who are at the center of the next defined industrial revolution, Industry 5.0. The goal is for humans to be actively integrated into these virtual environments called metaverses where interactions with environmental digital assets are possible. To achieve this human-centered industrial metaverse perspective, it is necessary to provide humans with technologies that allow them to reach a more immersive and realistic conception of the production processes. For this purpose, we present in this paper, a framework based on hyperconnectivity where several enabling technologies (e.g., Digital Twins, Virtual Reality, Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT)) are integrated in order to converge towards the industrial human-centered metaverse. To validate our framework, a demonstrator has been developed enabling the evaluation of the behavior of humans in virtual environments when facing collaborative tasks that require human-to-human interaction. Within the evaluation of this demonstrator, an experiment based on an assembly that requires interaction with an autonomous vehicle has been carried out both in reality and in the virtual world. The results obtained indicate that the avatars’ metaverse performance is closer to reality when individuals have previous experience with VR goggles, even proving, in this case, the effectiveness of metaverse for industrial operators’ training. In addition, the performance of the application has been evaluated with technical parameters and the perception of the users has been analyzed by conducting a survey receiving very positive feedback and results. Therefore, the industrial metaverse, blending cutting-edge tech with a human-cent

[ES] La mejora continua en las metodologías docentes requiere de innovación. Por este motivo, los docentes deben estar al tanto de las nuevas tendencias educativas, así como de los avances tecnológicos. Esto implica que los profesores deben implementar técnicas y herramientas novedosas en sus clases para mejorar la experiencia de la enseñanza. Por este motivo, se ha desarrollado una aplicación de Realidad Aumentada (RA) para que los alumnos aprendan a identificar los elementos mecánicos de una máquina. La aplicación de RA permite al alumno visualizar de forma tridimensional las piezas pudiendo identificar mejor las particularidades de estas. Además, con la aplicación de RA el alumno puede ver la pieza a tamaño real mediante un dispositivo móvil inteligente y un código impreso. Esta experiencia docente se ha realizado en la asignatura de diseño avanzado de máquinas en el máster universitario de ingeniería industrial con el objetivo de facilitar el proceso de aprendizaje al alumno mediante una experiencia inmersiva en una práctica síncrona de dos horas de duración. De acuerdo con los resultados obtenidos se ha mejorado en las pruebas de evaluación continua, así como el interés por parte del alumnado en utilizar estas técnicas. Por lo tanto, esta aplicación de RA demuestra la utilidad de poner en práctica herramientas innovadoras durante la enseñanza para mejorar el proceso educativo.

[EN] Ultra-Wide-Band (UWB) technology allows for partially mitigating the NLOS and multipath effects of time-based localization in low-range applications. Thus, it has been widely proposed for indoor navigation, reaching very promising results with mature technology already available. However, an analysis of the suitability of different synchronous and asynchronous time-based architectures can provide valid conclusions for the future development of this field. For this reason, we perform in this paper a fair comparison of two traditional synchronous architectures (TOA and TDOA) and one asynchronous architecture (A-TDOA) defining the lowest error bounds for each architecture in an indoor industrial scenario devised for UAV navigation. Results have shown that although current industrial time-based localization software is mainly based on TDOA (synchronous) and Two-Way-Range (asynchronous) architectures, asynchronous localization can statistically provide more accurate and stable positioning services in indoor industrial environments. These results encourage further experimentation in other different asynchronous architectures in the coming years.

[EN] The selection of aircraft and engine models poses a significant challenge for Low-Cost Carriers (LCCs) striving for profitability. This decision is compounded by numerous subjective and objective variables and the vast array of available aircraft and engine configurations. Current methodologies, utilizing Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) and fuzzy logic, often simplify the problem, neglecting the engine consideration and limiting variables and alternatives. In this paper, we propose a novel methodology that circumvents these simplifications, considering engine configurations within the aircraft selection and addressing this problem for 27 parameters and real 51 selection alternatives. Through the consultation of different experts in the aeronautic field, we establish a comprehensive approach to assess the relative and overall performance of multiple variables, as well as their weights and hierarchy in the selection scheme. We apply this methodology to the aircraft selection problem in the medium-haul market, providing a framework and a solution for this currently unexplored literature domain. The results provide valuable insights for validating the devised methodology and providing relevant insights on the characteristics of the medium-haul market for LCCs.

[ES] La transformación digital está revolucionando la industria manufacturera, fomentando una convergencia entre los mundos físico y virtual a través de los sistemas ciberfísicos (CPS). Estos sistemas, equipados con sensores, actuadores, inteligencia y conectividad, forjan un entorno de colaboración crucial. Sin embargo, superar los retos tecnológicos inherentes a la fusión de diversas tecnologías asociadas a la fabricación inteligente es fundamental para lograr la virtualización industrial. Este cambio digital ha abierto nuevas perspectivas para la simulación de procesos y la formación de operarios, elevando la eficiencia y la colaboración en los entornos industriales. El desarrollo de estas aplicaciones requiere virtualizar los CPS, lo que exige modelar su comportamiento mediante la comprensión de sus respuestas a estímulos reales en el entorno físico. Así, la virtualización se extiende más allá de los CPS para abarcar sus entornos físicos dinámicos, creando un entorno de simulación denominado Digital Twins (DTs). Estos DTs pueden recrear numerosos escenarios e hipótesis que replican el comportamiento real de los sistemas de forma virtual permitiendo el análisis de diferentes condiciones operativas en el mundo virtual. En este sentido, los DTs encuentran relevancia en contextos como el transporte industrial inteligente, donde el entorno juega un papel fundamental a la hora de guiar la navegación de los Robots Móviles Autónomos (AMRs). Por esta razón, en el capítulo 5, se desarrolló un DT para comparar tiempos y trayectorias entre un vehículo autónomo virtual y uno real, obteniendo una alta similitud. La implementación de DTs en el transporte industrial mejora la toma de decisiones para la optimización de procesos clave críticos para el rendimiento global de la planta industrial. Además, este entorno virtualizado incorpora posteriormente una flota de AMR para analizar su comportamiento en entornos industriales reales. Esto permite comprender la respuesta de cada AM, [EN] The digital transformation is revolutionizing the manufacturing industry, fostering a convergence between physical and virtual realms through Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS). These systems, equipped with sensors, actuators, intelligence, and connectivity, forge a crucial collaborative environment. Yet, overcoming technological challenges inherent in the merging of diverse Smart Manufacturing-associated technologies is pivotal to attaining industrial virtualization. This digital shift has opened novel perspectives for process simulation and operator training, elevating efficiency and collaboration in industrial landscapes. Developing these applications requires virtualizing the CPSs, requiring modeling their behavior by understanding their responses to real stimuli in the physical environment. Thus, the virtualization extends beyond CPSs to encompass their dynamic physical settings, creating a simulation environment denominated as Digital Twins (DTs). These DTs can recreate numerous scenarios and hypotheses that replicate the real behavior of the systems in a virtual way allowing the analysis of different operational conditions in the virtual world. In this sense, DTs find relevance in contexts like intelligent industrial transportation, where the environment plays a pivotal role in guiding Autonomous Mobile Robots (AMRs) navigation. For this reason, in Chapter 5, a DT was developed to compare times and trajectories between a virtual and a real autonomous vehicle, yielding high similarity. Implementing DTs in industrial transportation enhances decision-making for optimizing key processes critical for the overall performance of the industrial plant. Moreover, this virtualized environment later incorporates an AMR fleet to scrutinize their behavior under real industrial settings. This allows the understanding of the response of each AMR of the fleet using different navigation algorithms within a dynamic virtualized environment. Particularly, Chapter 6 analyzes the Ti

[EN] The COVID-19 pandemic has challenged all physical interactions. Social distancing, face masks and other rules have reshaped our way of living during the last year. The impact of these measures for indoor establishments, such as education or hostelry businesses, resulted in a considerable organisation problem. Achieving a table distribution inside these indoor spaces that fulfilled the distancing requirements while trying to allocate the maximum number of tables for enduring the pandemic has proved to be a considerable task for multiple establishments. This problem, defined as the Table Location Problem (TLP), is categorised as NP-Hard, thus a metaheuristic resolution is recommended. In our previous works, a Genetic Algorithm (GA) optimisation was proposed for optimising the table distribution in real classrooms. However, the proposed algorithm performed poorly for high obstacle density scenarios, especially when allocating a considerable number of tables due to the existing dependency between adjacent tables in the distance distribution. Therefore, in this paper, we introduce for the first time, to the authors’ best knowledge, a Memetic Algorithm (MA) optimisation that improves the previously designed GA through the introduction of a Gradient Based Local Search. Multiple configurations have been analysed for a real hostelryrelated scenario and a comparison between methodologies has been performed. Results show that the proposed MA optimisation obtained adequate solutions that the GA was unable to reach, demonstrating a superior convergence performance and an overall greater flexibility. The MA performance denoted its value not only from a COVID-19 distancing perspective but also as a flexible managing algorithm for daily table arrangement, thus fulfilling the main objectives of this paper.

[EN] Industry 4.0 is the fourth industrial revolution consisting of the digitalization of processes facilitating an incremental value chain. Smart Manufacturing (SM) is one of the branches of the Industry 4.0 regarding logistics, visual inspection of pieces, optimal organization of processes, machine sensorization, real-time data adquisition and treatment and virtualization of industrial activities. Among these tecniques, Digital Twin (DT) is attracting the research interest of the scientific community in the last few years due to the cost reduction through the simulation of the dynamic behaviour of the industrial plant predicting potential problems in the SM paradigm. In this paper, we propose a new DT design concept based on external service for the transportation of the Automatic Guided Vehicles (AGVs) which are being recently introduced for the Material Requirement Planning satisfaction in the collaborative industrial plant. We have performed real experimentation in two different scenarios through the definition of an Industrial Ethernet platform for the real validation of the DT results obtained. Results show the correlation between the virtual and real experiments carried out in the two scenarios defined in this paper with an accuracy of 97.95% and 98.82% in the total time of the missions analysed in the DT. Therefore, these results validate the model created for the AGV navigation, thus fulfilling the objectives of this paper.

[EN] Smart Manufacturing is characterized by the digitization and massive communication of Cyber-Physical Systems under the Industrial Internet of Things paradigm. However, the heterogeneity of communication protocols hinders connectivity among assets due to lack of interoperability. Moreover, the decomposition of the classical production hierarchy towards decentralized self-organization makes the implementation of interoperability in industrial environments key to help decision-making. In this sense, the interoperability of heterogeneous assets (e.g., external, internal, and human) has been defined as hyperconnectivity and supposes a technological challenge in the scientific literature. To prove this novel hyperconnectivity definition, the authors propose and develop a novel hyperconnected demonstrator where all types of assets are interconnected in a case study consisting of the automation of an inspection process. For this purpose, an industrial internet platform has been used for connecting industrial equipment creating a collaborative environment through the use of interoperability. In this regard, it has been possible to communicate assets among the cloud, humans, and CPS with a processing time of less than 10 ms, which demonstrates that the technological challenge of implementing the hyperconnectivity concept of this paper has been successfully addressed.

[ES] Como se ha observado en los últimos años debido a la gran amenaza que supone el cambio climático la bicicleta se ha alzado como un medio de transporte ecológico pues la fuerza motriz es ejercida por el conductor mediante el pedaleo sin la intervención de un motor de combustión. Pues bien, cada vez se hace más normal el uso de motores eléctricos para este método de transporte como una ayuda al pedaleo y que ofrezca una mayor adaptación a que la bicicleta sea un medio de transporte más cómodo y eficaz. En este documento se describirá la fabricación de las piezas internas de uno de los tipos de estos motores eléctricos, más concretamente de corriente continua. Se hablará de su proceso productivo, es decir, la secuencia de procesos que se llevarán a cabo para concluir cada una de las piezas internas que lo forman, este proceso productivo irá acompañado de un estudio de todos los tiempos que lo forman con el fin de conocer la capacidad de producción que se puede conseguir, es decir, el número de piezas que se pueden obtener en un año con las máquinas y recursos que se plantean. También se atenderá a la disposición de las máquinas disponibles empleadas sobre la nave industrial preparada para tal fin, de modo que todos los procesos se puedan ejecutar con el número mínimo de recursos para obtener un producto de gran calidad con un precio reducido y competitivo en el mercado actual y, finalmente, se describirá el montaje del motor y se podrá ofrecer un precio final estimado., [EN] As has been observed in recent years due to the great threat posed by climate change, the bicycle has emerged as an environmentally friendly means of transport because the driving force is exerted by the driver through pedaling without the intervention of a combustion engine. Well, it is becoming more and more common to use electric motors for this method of transport as an aid to pedaling and offering a greater adaptation to make the bicycle a more comfortable and efficient means of transport. This paper will describe the manufacture of the internal parts of one of the types of these electric motors, more specifically of direct current. It will talk about its production process, that is to say, the sequence of processes that will be carried out to conclude each of the internal parts that form it, this production process will be accompanied by a study of all the times that form it in order to know the production capacity that can be achieved, that is to say, the number of parts that can be obtained in a year with the machines and resources that are raised. The layout of the available machines used on the industrial building prepared for this purpose will also be considered, so that all the processes can be carried out with the minimum number of resources to obtain a high quality product with a reduced and competitive price in the current market and, finally, the assembly of the engine will be described and an estimated final price can be offered.

[ES] La realidad aumentada es una tecnología que está en continuo aumento debido a las grandes posibilidades que ofrece en cuanto al ensayo de nuevos objetos, visualizaciones previas antes de lanzar un nuevo producto al mercado y otras múltiples opciones. En este proyecto se realiza el diseño de una motocicleta de competición de estilo infantil para su posterior visualización mediante una aplicación Android gracias a la tecnología de Realidad Aumentada. Los softwares empleados para la creación del modelo de motocicletas utilizados se han basado en el diseño CAD, centrando el trabajo en el programa SolidWorks para la elaboración de un producto que cumpla con los requisitos de calidad buscados.

[ES] El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo la implementación de un entorno de comunicación entre el hombre y la máquina bajo el paradigma de la smart manufacturing. Además, se logra la implementación de una plataforma de comunicaciones basada en la aplicación de mensajería instantánea WhatsApp. También se crea una interfaz intuitiva que permite la comunicación por parte de cualquier usuario del entorno industrial con el robot colaborativo. La implementación de sistemas ciberfísicos para mejorar la trazabilidad de productos haciendo uso del control del brazo robótico. El fin es mejorar la competitividad de las empresas logrando un beneficio social y económico.

[EN] Unmanned-Aerial-Vehicles (UAVs) represent an active research topic over multiple fields for performing inspection, delivery and surveillance applications among other operations. However, achieving the utmost efficiency requires drones to perform these tasks without the need of human intervention, which demands a robust and accurate localization system for achieving a safe and efficient autonomous navigation. Nevertheless, currently used satellite-based localization systems like GPS are insufficient for high-precision applications, especially in harsh scenarios like indoor and deep urban environments. In these contexts, Local Positioning Systems (LPS) have been widely proposed for satisfying the localization requirements of these vehicles. However, the performance of LPS is highly dependent on the actual localization architecture and the spatial disposition of the deployed sensor distribution. Therefore, before the deployment of an extensive localization network, an analysis regarding localization architecture and sensor distribution should be taken into consideration for the task at hand. Nonetheless, no actual study is proposed either for comparing localization architectures or for attaining a solution for the Node Location Problem (NLP), a problem of NP-Hard complexity. Therefore, in this paper, we propose a comparison among synchronous LPS for determining the most suited system for localizing UAVs over urban scenarios. We employ the Cràmer–Rao-Bound (CRB) for evaluating the performance of each localization system, based on the provided error characterization of each synchronous architecture. Furthermore, in order to attain the optimal sensor distribution for each architecture, a Black-Widow-Optimization (BWO) algorithm is devised for the NLP and the application at hand. The results obtained denote the effectiveness of the devised technique and recommend the implementation of Time Difference Of Arrival (TDOA) over Time of Arrival (TOA) systems, attaining up t