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Después del estancamiento a nivel urbanístico que supuso la etapa autárquica, comenzó el verdadero “boom” urbano que doblaría el área urbanizada de la ciudad de Valencia. A partir de la solución estructural radio-concéntrica que planteaba el PGOU de 1946, se establecieron los nuevos ejes del desarrollo tanto urbanos como industriales, siendo el del oeste, el de Manises-Quart de Poblet-Aldaia, el especializado en la industria metálica.Pero el Plan no era viable sin una red de vías radiales que dieran a los caminos históricos la proporción adecuada a su nueva condición. Este es el caso del Camí Reial de Castilla que en el año 1953 se abría al tránsito, convirtiéndose en la nueva entrada de la carretera de Madrid a la ciudad de Valencia y la conexión con el aeropuerto de Manises.Se creaba así un gran eje comercial e industrial a lo largo del cual se instalarían grandes empresas dadas sus buenas comunicaciones con la capital del Estado. Es el caso de la embotelladora Coca-Cola (1958), de la fábrica de transformados metálicos FLEX (1961) o de la filial de S.E.A.T (1965), edificios todos obra del mismo arquitecto, Mauro Lleó Serret (1914-2001), y que se convirtieron en pioneros de la modernidad en la ciudad.La planta de embotellar Coca-Cola, aún siendo deudora de los modelos de Gutiérrez-Soto en cuanto a materiales, juega en su composición con volúmenes sencillos de una o dos plantas que macla con acierto relacionando el programa que contienen. La fábrica FLEX es un edificio industrial en altura que muestra en fachada la retícula estructural que lo sostiene que, aunque todavía de hormigón, se confirma como recurso compositivo que va acercando al arquitecto a las soluciones constructivas miesianas y finalmente, el edificio para S.E.A.T. constituyó un paso hacia la construcción estandarizada y la prefabricación, aunque todavía con recelos, en la solución de sus fachadas a base de muros cortina, brise-soleil y marquesinas metálicas.

High-impact storm events have demonstrated the vulnerability of coastal zones in Europe and beyond. These impacts are likely to increase due to predicted climate change and ongoing coastal development. In order to reduce impacts, disaster risk reduction (DRR) measures need to be taken, which prevent or mitigate the effects of storm events. To drive the DRR agenda, the UNISDR formulated the Sendai Framework for Action, and the EU has issued the Floods Directive. However, neither is specific about the methods to be used to develop actionable DRR measures in the coastal zone. Therefore, there is a need to develop methods, tools and approaches which make it possible to: identify and prioritize the coastal zones which are most at risk through a Coastal Risk Assessment Framework, and to evaluate the effectiveness of DRR options for these coastal areas, using an Early Warning/Decision Support System, which can be used both in the planning and event-phase. This paper gives an overview of the products and results obtained in the FP7-funded project RISC-KIT, which aims to develop and apply a set of tools with which highly-vulnerable coastal areas (so-called “hotspots”) can be identified.

Las investigaciones empíricas sobre género y pobreza llevan demostrando desde la década de los ochenta que hay diferencias significativas entre varones y mujeres a la hora de sufrir las situaciones de pobreza. Este artículo aborda la inclusión de la perspectiva de género en los estudios sobre pobreza y desarrollo desde una línea histórica reciente. Este trabajo consta de cuatro partes. En la introducción se señalan las principales cuestiones a desarrollar. En el segundo y tercer punto se exponen las principales aportaciones teóricas que vinculan los estudios sobre mujer y pobreza, en primer lugar, y género y desarrollo. En el cuarto y último punto se señalan los elementos básicos para la inclusión de la perspectiva de género en los estudios sobre pobreza.

The release of nickel "Ni(II)" into aquatic environments is of great concern because of environmental and health issues. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are one of the most promising technologies for removing heavy metals from water. In this work, an octahedral Co-based MOF (Co-MOF) was synthesized with a high Ni(II) removal capacity (q max of 1534.09 ± 45.49 mg g -1 ) in aqueous media. For the first time, the effect of Co-MOF alone and in co-exposure with Ni(II) on nitrifying microbial consortium was assessed using dynamic microrespirometry. A single concentration of Co-MOF had no significant effects on nitrifying microbial consortium, while the concentration of Ni(II) exerted non-competitive inhibition on the nitrifying microbial consortium with an IC 50 of 1.67 ± 0.03 mg L -1 . In addition, the theoretical speciation analysis showed a decrease of 40% of IC 50 when the free Ni(II) concentration was considered. Co-exposure of Co-MOF and Ni(II) during the nitrifying process allowed us to conclude that Co-MOF is an effective adsorbent for Ni(II) and can be used to mitigate the inhibitory effects of nickel on nitrifying microbial consortia, which is crucial for maintaining the good operation of wastewater treatment and balance of nitrogen cycle., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

The global chocolate value chain is based exclusively on cacao beans (CBs). With few exceptions, most CBs traded worldwide are produced under a linear economy model, where only 8 to 10% of the biomass ends up in chocolate-related products. This contribution reports the mass balance and composition dynamics of cacao fruit biomass outputs throughout one full year of the crop cycle. This information is relevant because future biorefinery developments and the efficient use of cacao fruits will depend on reliable, robust, and time-dependent compositional and mass balance data. Cacao husk (CH), beans (CBs), and placenta (CP) constitute, as dry weight, 8.92 ± 0.90 wt %, 8.87 ± 0.52 wt %, and 0.57 ± 0.05 wt % of the cacao fruit, respectively, while moisture makes up most of the biomass weight (71.6 ± 2.29 wt %). CH and CP are solid lignocellulosic outputs. Interestingly, the highest cellulose and lignin contents in CH coincide with cacao's primary harvest season (October to January). CB contains carbohydrates, fats, protein, ash, and phenolic compounds. The total polyphenol content in CBs is time-dependent, reaching maxima values during the harvest seasons. In addition, the fruit contains 4.13 ± 0.80 wt % of CME, a sugar- and nutrient-rich liquid output, with an average of 20 wt % of simple sugars (glucose, fructose, and sucrose), in addition to minerals (mainly K and Ca) and proteins. The total carbohydrate content in CME changes dramatically throughout the year, with a minimum of 10 wt % from August to January and a maximum of 29 wt % in March.

Currently, gold nanoparticles have found applications in engineering and medical sciences, taking advantage from their properties and characteristics. Surface plasmon resonance, for instance, is one of the main features for optical applications and other physical properties, like high density, that represents the key for cellular uptake. Among other applications, in the medical field, some diseases may be treated by using gene therapy, including monogenetic or polygenetic disorders and infections. Gene adding, suppression, or substitution is one of the many options for genetic manipulation. This work explores an alternative non-viral method for gene transfer by using gold nanoparticles functionalized with organic polymers; two routes of synthesis were used: one of them with sodium borohydride as reducing agent and the other one with chitosan oligosaccharide as reducing and stabilizing agent. Gold nanoparticles conjugated with chitosan, acylated chitosan and chitosan oligosaccharide, were used to evaluate transfection efficiency of plasmid DNA into cell culture (HEK-293). Physical and chemical properties of gold nanocomposites were characterized by using UV-Vis Spectroscopy, ξ-potential, and transmission electron microscopy. Furthermore, the interaction between gold nanoparticles and plasmid DNA was demonstrated by using agarose gel electrophoresis. Transfection tests were performed and evaluated by β-galactosidase activity and green fluorescence protein expression. The percentage of transfection obtained with chitosan, acylated chitosan, and chitosan oligosaccharide were of 27%, 33%, and 60% respectively.

Mine tailings have adverse chemical and physical conditions, including high concentrations of metals and salts, low organic matter content, and unbalanced rates of nutrients which limit the development of vegetation. A large scale field experiment was conducted to reclaim a tailing pond by triggering the growth of native species by spontaneous colonization by tilling (TL) the tailing pond surface and using marble waste (CaCO 3 ; MW), pig slurry (PS) and their combination (MW + PS) as soil amendments. Soil physicochemical properties and water and DTPA extractable metal concentrations of bulk and rhizosphere soils were analyzed after five year from the application of the treatments. In addition, plants of Atriplex halimus from each treatment were collected and metals in roots, leaves and stems analyzed. Before amendments application, the studied pond showed a neutral pH, high salinity and a moderate organic carbon content. After five years, the pH value was significantly increased only in MW plot. The results showed significant increases of DTPA-extractable Zn in MW and MW + PS plots, Pb in all treatments except MW plot, Cd only in PS plot, and Cu only in MW + PS plot. A. halimus was the most dominant species, growing spontaneously in all plots, with lower vegetation cover in CT and MW plots, 6% and 2% respectively. Application of MW increased leaf Pb accumulation by 2.5-fold and Cd by 55%, when compared to the CT. The high initial salinity and probable substitution of metals by Ca 2+ on exchangeable surfaces of soil particles may be the reasons for higher uptake of metals in MW plot when compared to the other plots. Although this plant is widely utilized in contaminated sites for phytostabilization purposes, it may absorb and translocate high concentrations of metals to the aboveground tissues in saline contaminated sites., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Background: Onychocryptosis is one of the most common painful nail conditions. Conservative treatment may take a long time to obtain effective results., Objective: The purpose of this study is to show the effectiveness of a conservative treatment of ingrown nails that shows rapid results., Methods and Materials: Patients with painful Stage 1 to 2 onychocryptosis who were not candidates or refused surgery were treated with the cotton cast. The severity and cause of onychocryptosis was clinically evaluated during a 2-month period. A questionnaire was applied to all patients to evaluate pain, final treatment, and possible complications., Results: All patients noticed results in less than 72 hours. Pain subsided in less than 24 hours in half of the patients and before 72 hours in 100% of the patients without the need of other treatments. The use of the cast prevented surgery and the accompanying morbidities in most of the patients (80%)., Conclusion: The "cotton nail cast" is an effective conservative method for mild nail embedding. It is easy to apply, inexpensive, relieves pain rapidly, and avoids surgery in most patients.

Introduction: This work presents clinical evolution and functional outcome of patients with histologic diagnosis of Muscle-aponeurotic aggressive fibromatosis in 10 years of follow up in the National Rehabilitation Institute., Material and Methods: We performed a descriptive, retrospective, cross sectioned clinical trial in the Bone Tumour Department. We reviewed the clinical and radiological files from 1996 to 2006., Inclusion Criteria: both genres, any age, clinical and histological diagnosis., Exclusion Criteria: incomplete file, lost to follow up, other diagnosis. Elimination criteria: Death during trial period. Analyzed variables. Age, genre, occupation, birth place, school degree, anatomic situation, signs and symptoms, time of follow up, treatment, relapses. We used statistical computed system Excel 2007, with central trend descriptive variables., Results: Eleven patients (mean age 24.36; SD 18.32, 1-61 years), 9 female (81.8%) 2 male; birth place: Mexico City 7 (63.63%), Puebla 1, Toluca 1, South Baja California 1 and Chiapas 1. Anatomic situation: Pelvis 6 (54.54%), thoracic and gluteus 3. Pain and presence of a mass 10 (90.9%), range of motion limitation 5, edema and erithema 1. Relapses 6 (55%)., Treatment: broad resection 3 patients, marginal resection 6 patients, radical resection 2 patients., Conclusions: If clinical suspicion of Muscle-aponeurotic fibromatosis appears, one should start protocol work up: laboratory, radiographic assessment, nuclear medicine, biopsy and histologic and immune-histochemistry. One should perform broad resections aiming to preserve the most possible extremity tissue disease free.

The need in resolving massive bone losses in hip region caused by tumors, infections, trauma or failed arthroplasties in 17 years of the Bone Tumors Department of the National Rehabilitation Institute, Mexico City, and data obtained from different studies: 1) Biomechanic study of an unconventional hip arthroplasty system, 2) Tridimensional model of a human femur by the finite element method, 3) Biomechanical analysis of a system bone-implant for reconstruction of the proximal third of the femur by the finite element method, 4) Incidence of tumor and pseudotumor bone and soft tissue lesions of the hip, generated the project of designing an unconventional interlocked hip arthroplasty system for femur reconstruction. Two processes were done for adequate manufacturing and dimensioning: Anthropomorphometric study of Mexican femora; 2) Design of an unconventional hip arthroplasty system with the following characteristics: first, the arthroplasty system is constituted by an intramedullar stem, is fixated to femur with interlocking screws, this fixation method was inspired from the design of intramedullar nails of Dr. Fernando Colchero Rosas. The system has a second fixation system in the femur cut region, resolved by a fenestrated support introduced in the cortical wall. Once data was processed, the need for manufacturing 2 models was determined: 1) One for the proximal 11 cm of the femur and 2) other for the 12 distal cm. The height of interlocking screws, 2 models of intracortical proximal support (one fixated and one fixable with an expansible screw), were designed. Diameter, length of the stems, size of spacers and supports were determined for adequate interlocking fixation. We designed the instruments for assembling, impaction and orientation of the arthroplasty system. The system was presented to the Mexican Institute of Industrial Property, at March 15, 1996 and the patent was conceded April 19, 2007 (#245717).

Myositis ossificans is a reactive, ossifying process within soft tissues, which by its clinical and histological features is considered a pseudosarcomatous lesion. There are few reports that describe the cytologic findings in myositis ossificans, and each of these mentions different cellular composition. We describe the cytology of a case of myositis ossificans in a 14-year-old boy with clinical diagnosis of soft tissue sarcoma, and analyze the most common cytologic findings reported previously of this entity. We conclude that the different cellular composition reported, reflects the different histologic components of this lesion according to the area (zonation phenomenon), and that clinico-radiologic correlation is essential for the cytological diagnosis.

Background: Intraoperative consultation is an integral part of surgical pathology. However, there are few reports concerning intraoperative pathology consultation exclusively for bone tumors., Method: Our hospital is an orthopedic institution that specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of bone tumors, and we retrospectively reviewed the intraoperative consultations for bone tumors on our service from January 2002 to February 2006. The objectives of this work were to: (1) evaluate the clinical reasons for intraoperative consultation on bone tumors; (2) identify discordant diagnoses between the intraoperative consultation diagnosis and the definitive diagnosis; (3) determine in how many cases it was possible to establish a specific diagnosis; and (4) analyze the accuracy of the intraoperative consultation diagnosis on the bone tumors., Results: The two most common reasons for an intraoperative consultation were to rule out malignancy and to determine the adequacy of the resection margins. The third most common reason was to establish a diagnosis. In the latter cases, it was possible to establish a specific diagnosis in 86.3% of the cases; and we had only one discordant case., Conclusions: Intraoperative consultation on bone tumors has problems and limitations. They are due mainly to the characteristics of the material that comprise the specimen from this type of lesion. It is important that similar assays be carried out at medical institutions that specialized in bone tumors to determine the effectiveness rates of intraoperative consultation in this field throughout the world. This is the first series that has analyzed the accuracy of intraoperative consultation on bone tumors with respect to the clinical reasons for the consultation.

Bone surface is an exceptional location for chondromyxoid fibroma. Only 14 cases of juxtacortical chondromyxoid fibroma have been reported to date and, to our knowledge, none of these cases are documented with imprint cytology. We report a case of periosteal chondromyxoid fibroma located in the distal tibial metaphysis of a 4-yr-old boy. The clinical diagnosis was metaphyseal fibrous defect. Cytologic examination revealed a mixoid matrix, with stellate and spindle-shaped cells seen singly, focus of chondroid material, and epithelioid cells. Multinucleate giant cells were not seen. The diagnosis of periosteal chondromyxoid fibroma can be made by fine-needle aspiration or imprint cytology with clinico-radiologic correlation., (Copyright 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc)

Monomeric and chimeric synthetic peptides were used as coating antigens in four different mixtures in a solid phase immunoassay to select an optimal combination for the detection of antibodies to human T-cell lymphotropic virus (HTLV) in serum samples. The peptides, P-13 (gp21 I), Q5 (gp21 II)-GG-(gp46 II), and Q (gp46 I)-GG-(p19 I), represent immunodominant sequences from transmembrane protein (gp21), envelope protein (gp46), and core protein (p19) of HTLV I/II viruses; they were the most antigenic and specific peptides in previous studies. The sequences of the chimeric peptides were separated by two glycine residues. An indirect UltramicroEnzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (UMELISA) was used to evaluate the antigenicity of these peptide mixtures by using samples from anti-HTLV I/II PRP205(M), (n = 20), HTLV I-infected individuals from Cuba (n = 7), and HTLV I-positive sera from Colombia and Chile (n = 9). The specificity was evaluated with healthy blood donor sera (n = 300), anti-HIV 1-positive samples (n = 10), and other seropositive samples to different infectious agents. The highest sensitivity and specificity was obtained with mixture 1, which could be very useful in the immunodiagnostic of HTLV infection.