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Funder: FP7 Ideas: European Research Council; doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100011199; Grant(s): HEALTH-F2-2010-241909, Purpose: The EUropean Network of National Schizophrenia Networks Studying Gene–Environment Interactions (EU-GEI) study contains an unparalleled wealth of comprehensive data that allows for testing hypotheses about (1) variations in incidence within and between countries, including by urbanicity and minority ethnic groups; and (2) the role of multiple environmental and genetic risk factors, and their interactions, in the development of psychotic disorders. Methods: Between 2010 and 2015, we identified 2774 incident cases of psychotic disorders during 12.9 million person-years at risk, across 17 sites in 6 countries (UK, The Netherlands, France, Spain, Italy, and Brazil). Of the 2774 incident cases, 1130 cases were assessed in detail and form the case sample for case–control analyses. Across all sites, 1497 controls were recruited and assessed. We collected data on an extensive range of exposures and outcomes, including demographic, clinical (e.g. premorbid adjustment), social (e.g. childhood and adult adversity, cannabis use, migration, discrimination), cognitive (e.g. IQ, facial affect processing, attributional biases), and biological (DNA via blood sample/cheek swab). We describe the methodology of the study and some descriptive results, including representativeness of the cohort. Conclusions: This resource constitutes the largest and most extensive incidence and case–control study of psychosis ever conducted.

Esta propuesta de intervención va dirigida al estudio y la mejora de las habilidades sociales en este tipo de alumnado en Educación Infantil, ya que es un ámbito en el que fallan, pero en el que no suelen recibir ayuda. Está científicamente demostrado que el alumnado con altas capacidades tiene problemas en el uso de sus habilidades sociales y que esto puede acarrear consecuencias en un futuro, pero no se suele hacer nada por arreglarlo. Por lo tanto, he decidido realizar esta propuesta para intentar ayudar a este tipo de alumnado a mejorar tanto sus habilidades sociales como el conocimiento del autoconcepto y el conocimiento y la expresión de las emociones.

Tesis con mención internacional

IMPORTANCE Psychotic disorders contribute significantly to the global disease burden, yet the latest international incidence study of psychotic disorders was conducted in the 1980s. OBJECTIVES To estimate the incidence of psychotic disorders using comparable methods across 17 catchment areas in 6 countries and to examine the variance between catchment areas by putative environmental risk factors. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS An international multisite incidence study (the European Network of National Schizophrenia Networks Studying Gene-Environment Interactions) was conducted from May 1, 2010, to April 1, 2015, among 2774 individuals from England (2 catchment areas), France (3 catchment areas), Italy (3 catchment areas), the Netherlands (2 catchment areas), Spain (6 catchment areas), and Brazil (1 catchment area) with a first episode of nonorganic psychotic disorders (International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, Tenth Revision [ICD-10] codes F20-F33) confirmed by the Operational Criteria Checklist. Denominator populations were estimated using official national statistics. EXPOSURES Age, sex, and racial/ethnic minority status were treated as a priori confounders. Latitude, population density, percentage unemployment, owner-occupied housing, and single-person households were treated as catchment area-level exposures. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Incidence of nonorganic psychotic disorders (ICD-10 codes F20-F33), nonaffective psychoses (ICD-10 codes F20-F29), and affective psychoses (ICD-10 codes F30-F33) confirmed by the Operational Criteria Checklist. RESULTS A total of 2774 patients (1196 women and 1578 men; median age, 30.5 years [interquartile range, 23.0-41.0 years]) with incident cases of psychotic disorders were identified during 12.9 million person-years at risk (crude incidence, 21.4 per 100 000 person-years; 95%CI, 19.4-23.4 per 100 000 person-years). A total of 2183 patients (78.7%) had nonaffective psychotic disorders. After direct standardization for age, sex, and racial/ethnic minority status, an 8-fold variation was seen in the incidence of all psychotic disorders, from 6.0 (95%CI, 3.5-8.6) per 100 000 person-years in Santiago, Spain, to 46.1 (95%CI, 37.3-55.0) per 100 000 person-years in Paris, France. Rates were elevated in racial/ethnic minority groups (incidence rate ratio, 1.6; 95%CI, 1.5-1.7), were highest for men 18 to 24 years of age, and were lower in catchment areas with more owner-occupied homes (incidence rate ratio, 0.8; 95%CI, 0.7-0.8). Similar patterns were observed for nonaffective psychoses; a lower incidence of affective psychoses was associated with higher area-level unemployment (incidence rate ratio, 0.3; 95%CI, 0.2-0.5). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE This study confirmed marked heterogeneity in risk for psychotic disorders by person and place, including higher rates in younger men, racial/ethnic minorities, and areas characterized by a lower percentage of owner-occupied houses.

La democracia mexicana fue seriamente cuestionada durante la mayor parte del siglo XX; entre otras cosas había poca credibilidad en las elecciones y en las instancias responsables de las mismas. La situación cambió en la década de los noventa y ahora el Instituto Federal Electoral es una de las instituciones que más confianza inspira a los ciudadanos. Una de las tareas que contribuyó al cambio fue el proceso de redistritación llevado a cabo en 1996, para el cual se desarrolló un sistema de información geográfica. La experiencia incluyó la integración de un equipo multidisciplinario, la elaboración de un marco conceptual y metodológico, la implementación del sistema, la obtención y presentación de resultados y una serie de acuerdos entre todos los partidos políticos., The Mexican democracy was seriously criticized for most of the 20th century; among other reasons, due the lack of credibility of the electoral authorities and the electoral processes themselves. This situation changed drastically during the 1990s and nowadays the Federal Electoral Institute is one of the most respected authorities in the country. One major contribution to this change of attitude was the electoral redistricting of 1996, a process which involved the development of a specialized geographical system. This experience included the integration of a multidisciplinary team, the elaboration of conceptual methodological frameworks, implementing the system, obtaining and presenting results and a series of agreements between all the political parties.