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Objective: To describe the Drug-Related Problems (DRP) and their resolution after pharmacological review in institutionalised elderly patients under polypharmacy., Design: Descriptive, retrospective cohort study from January to October of 2022., Location: Twelve nursing homes at the Community of Madrid., Participants: 295 patients aged 65 or older taking at least 5 chronic medications prescribed prior to the treatment review., Interventions: Medication reviews carried out by the pharmacist and agreed upon in face-to-face meetings between the primary care doctor, the nursing home doctor and the pharmacist., Main Measurements: Detected DRP, types and resolution. A age, sex, and number of medications before and after the intervention. Pharmacological subgroups according to anatomical therapeutic chemical classification system (ATC) and active pharmaceutical ingredients involved in the detected DRPs., Results: 1425 DRP were detected, with a mean of 4.85 (SD 3.33) DRPs/patient. The most frequent DRP was reconciliation error (32.52%), followed by pharmaceutical regimen and dosaje. Among the 1425 improvement proposals, 86.73% of them were accepted.Significant statistically differences were observed between the number of medications per patient prior to the pharmacotherapy review (12.29) and after it (10.20), obtaining an average difference of 2.09 (95%CI: 1.98-2.21; P<.001)., Conclusions: It is found that the intervention of multidisciplinary team in which the pharmacist performs a revision of the medication decreased the number of prescribed medications. Therefore, it reduces polymedication and its associated risks., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Publicado por Elsevier España S.L.U. All rights reserved.)

Background: The term "post-COVID-19 condition" refers to the symptomatology that appears between four to twelve weeks after Covid-19 infection. These symptoms can persist for weeks or even months, significantly diminishing the quality of life for affected individuals. The primary objective of this study was to assess the effectiveness of pulmonary rehabilitation programs and/or respiratory muscle training on respiratory sequelae in patients with post-COVID condition., Methods: The literature search was conducted in the following databases: PubMed, PEDro, Embase, Cochrane, Scopus, and Web of Science. Randomized clinical trials were included in which participants were aged 18 years or older. Articles were excluded if at least one of the therapies did not involve pulmonary rehabilitation or respiratory muscle training, if the participants were COVID positive, if studies lacked results, and finally, if interventions were conducted without supervision or at home. This review only encompasses supervised non-virtual interventions. This study adheres to the PRISMA statement and has been registered in the PROSPERO database (CRD42023433843)., Results: The outcomes obtained in the included studies are assessed across the following variables: Exercise capacity using the 6-minute walk test, Dyspnea, fatigue, Pulmonary function, Maximum inspiratory pressure, and Quality of life., Conclusion: Despite the absence of a specific treatment at present, it was evident from this review that a well-structured pulmonary rehabilitation program that incorporates both aerobic and muscular strength exercises along with techniques and inspiratory muscle exercises was the most effective form of treatment., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Purpose: Long Covid syndrome is a multiorgan condition with multiple sequelae affecting quality of life, capacity to work and daily activities. The advantages that new technologies can offer are presented as an opportunity in the current healthcare framework., Objective: This research aimed to explore people with Long Covid's experiences with a digital physiotherapy practice intervention, during four weeks., Methods: Qualitative semistructured interviews were conducted by video call. Thirty-two Long Covid participants were invited to join an in-depth interview once the intervention was completed. Participants were queried on their intervention experiences and perceptions, as well as any lifestyle changes made, as a result of receiving digital physiotherapy practice. The interviews were transcribed and analysed using inductive qualitative content analysis., Results: In-depth qualitative analysis has revealed four themes that reflect participants' perceptions of digital physiotherapy intervention. The helpfulness of the exercises, interaction with the physiotherapist, the domestic use of technology and the future of digital health practice were the topics highlighted by Long Covid participants. Some improvements have been suggested including video sounds and the need to introduce face-to-face sessions. Participants stated that interventions were helpful and superior to printed exercise sheets, mobile phone apps and usual care received. This intervention did not present major barriers, highlighting the importance of personalized care and continuity in the provision of health services., Conclusion: The digital physiotherapy practice is perceived by people with Long Covid as an appropriate method for the care of their health needs. Participants stated the need for this type of intervention in the public health system, where it would eliminate waiting lists, facilitate accessibility and improve existing care., Patient and Public Contribution: Participants contributed to the interpretation of the data acquired in the interview., Clinical Trial Registration: Trial registration NCT04742946., (© 2024 The Authors. Health Expectations published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Primary lymphoedema, axillary web syndrome (AWS) and yellow nail syndrome may be related. Mr B is a 66-year-old gentleman with genital lymphoedema and lymphoedema of all four extremities. In 2023, he was diagnosed with non-Hodgkin lymphoma and also underwent cardiac surgery. In November 2023, he completed an inpatient rehabilitation at the Földi clinic in Germany, where he received intensive treatment for his lymphoedema and was also diagnosed with bilateral AWS. The presence of AWS in a patient with primary lymphoedema and no history of axillary surgery is unique. Although AWS typically presents after axillary surgery, this case highlights that it can also occur in patients without lymph node surgery. While the precise cause of this presentation of AWS is not known, it may be connected to yellow nail syndrome or potentially the recent chemotherapy treatment. This article will describe the clinical case, highlighting the need for further research on AWS present in primary lymphoedema.

Shoulder tendinopathies produce pain and reduce functionality. The aim of this randomized clinical trial was to analyze the effects of Percutaneous electrolysis (PE), Percutaneous peripheral Nerve Stimulation (PNS) and eccentric exercise (EE) on pain (NPRS), strength, electromyographic activity, ultrasound characteristics of the tendon (echogenicity, thickness and hypervascularization) and functionality (DASH and SPADI) in individuals with supraspinatus tendinopathy. Participants ( n = 50) were divided into two groups; they received 4 treatment sessions, 1 per week, of PE and PNS ( n = 25) or 10 treatment sessions of TENS and US ( n = 25). Both groups performed the EE program consisting of 3 sets of 10 repetitions of each of the 3 exercises, twice a day, during the 4 weeks. Follow-up was carried out at 4, 12 and 24 weeks after the start of the intervention. There are statistically significant differences in the analysis between groups ( p < 0.001) in the post-treatment and follow-up measurements favorable to the PE+PNS+EE treatment on pain (NPRS), strength, supraspinatus electromyographic amplitude, ultrasound characteristics of the tendon (echogenicity, thickness and hypervascularization) and DASH and SPADI questionnaires. The combined treatment with PE, PNS and EE is an effective option in the clinical management of tendinopathies, with positive results in the short and long term on the variables studied.

Fibromyalgia is a chronic condition characterized by musculoskeletal pain. The aim of this study was to synthesize scientific evidence on the effects of aquatic exercise programs on pain and quality of life in individuals with fibromyalgia. This review was carried out using the following databases in January 2024: Cochrane Library, PEDro, PubMed, SCOPUS, and Web of Science. Four clinical trials focusing on aquatic exercise as a treatment for patients with fibromyalgia were selected. These trials were published in English between 2019 and 2024. Pain recorded using the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) and quality of life with the Short Form-36 Health Survey (SF-36) or Fibromyalgia Impact on Quality of Life (FIQ) were the most commonly analyzed variables. This review was carried out according to the PRISMA statement and was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42024510219). The results in terms of pain and quality of life were positive. In conclusion, these findings support the incorporation of aquatic exercise into fibromyalgia physical therapy treatment. However, the benefits could be equivalent to those of other exercise modalities, underscoring the need for individualized adaptation to each patient's needs.

Objective: This research aimed to explore Long COVID patient's quality of life, satisfaction and perception with an individualized and customizable digital physiotherapy intervention during a 4-week period., Methods: A pre-post clinical trial was conducted with 32 Long COVID patients. Quality of life was assessed using the 12-Item Short Form Survey and the European Quality of Life-5 Dimensions questionnaire (EuroQol-5D), while satisfaction and perception were measured using the Telemedicine Satisfaction Questionnaire. Optional open-ended questions were added as qualitative approach. A mixed design method was conducted., Results: After intervention, a statistically significant improvement ( p  < 0.05) was observed in quality of life. The SF-12 questionnaire showed an increase of 4.04 points in the physical component and 6.55 points in the mental component with a small/medium effect size. The EuroQoL-5D questionnaire demonstrated a medium effect size with an increase of 0.87 points. Patient perception indicated high rates of satisfaction and values above the minimal clinically important difference. The qualitative approach revealed several interesting findings., Conclusion: Participants found the digital intervention satisfactory and effective in improving their quality of life. Suggestions for improvement, such as the inclusion of face-to-face sessions, a chat for immediate contact, sound in breath exercises in the digital program, longer duration and continuity of intervention, were mentioned. Larger sample studies and in-deep qualitative methodologies are needed to draw extrapolable conclusions., Trial Registration: NCT04742946., Competing Interests: The authors declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article., (© The Author(s) 2024.)

Background: Stroke is a clinical syndrome that can cause neurological disorders due to a reduction or interruption in the blood flow at the brain level. Transcranial direct current stimulation (TDCS) is a non-invasive electrotherapy technique with the ability to modulate the function of nervous tissue., Objective: The aim of this review is to analyze the effects derived from the application of the TDCS for post-stroke patients on functionality and mobility., Methods: The data search was conducted in PubMed, PEDro, Cochrane Library, Web of Science and Scopus between July and August 2023. The search focused on randomized clinical trials conducted in the period of 2019-2023, and according to the selection criteria, seven studies were obtained., Results: The results found are mainly focused on the analysis of the scales Fugl-Meyer Assessment for Upper Extremity and Wolf Motor Function Test., Conclusion: The application of TDCS presents benefits in post-stroke individuals on functionality, mobility and other secondary studied variables.

Introduction: Maximal inspiratory and expiratory pressures (PImax/PEmax) reference equations obtained in healthy people are needed to correctly interpret respiratory muscle strength. Currently, no clear cut-off points defining respiratory muscle weakness are available. We aimed to establish sex-specific reference equations for PImax/PEmax in a large sample of healthy adults and to objectively determine cut-off points for respiratory muscle weakness., Methods: A multicentre cross-sectional study was conducted across 14 Spanish centres. Healthy non-smoking volunteers aged 18-80 years stratified by sex and age were recruited. PImax/PEmax were assessed using uniform methodology according to international standards. Multiple linear regressions were used to obtain reference equations. Cut-off points for respiratory muscle weakness were established by using T-scores., Results: The final sample consisted of 610 subjects (314 females; 48 [standard deviation, SD: 17] years). Reference equations for PImax/PEmax included body mass index and a squared term of the age as independent variables for both sexes (p<0.01). Cut-off points for respiratory muscle weakness based on T-scores ≥2.5 SD below the peak mean value achieved at a young age were: 62 and 83cmH 2 O for PImax and 81 and 109cmH 2 O for PEmax in females and males, respectively., Conclusion: These reference values, based on the largest dataset collected in a European population to date using uniform methodology, help identify cut-off points for respiratory muscle weakness in females and males. These data will help to better identify the presence of respiratory muscle weakness and to determine indications for interventions to improve respiratory muscle function., (Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)

Background: Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) and Becker muscular dystrophy (BMD) are neuromuscular diseases. DMD is the most prevalent in children. It affects dystrophin production, reducing the patient's mobility and quality of life. New technologies have become a part of physical therapy in DMD and BMD. During the COVID-19 pandemic, conducting telerehabilitation through virtual reality-based games could help these children maintain their physical abilities., Objective: This study examined if the use of a virtual platform in a multimodal intervention program changes the results of the 6-minute walk test (6MWT) in children with DMD and BMD. The main objective was to test whether children with DMD and BMD obtain different results on the 6MWT after completing 10 telerehabilitation treatment sessions. The secondary objective was to measure whether other specific motor scales also produce different results after the 10 defined sessions., Methods: This was a descriptive, open, and quasi-experimental study with a prospective A-B (control-intervention) design. A sample of 12 participants who fulfilled the inclusion criteria followed the program for 5 weeks with 10 telerehabilitation sessions. During the sessions, the participants used virtual reality glasses to train for the treatment goals. All participants were assessed in person before and after the intervention. Analysis was performed using R software according to the different functional assessments performed for each test., Results: The participants showed a 19.55-meter increase in the 6MWT. Motor function also remained stable according to other scales used to assess it. The North Start Ambulatory Assessment scores were stable in both treatment conditions (P=.20). Furthermore, the timed up and go test results were 0.1 seconds faster in the telerehabilitation condition, and the Motor Function Measure in all of the 3 dimensions showed no significant differences (P=.08). Finally, the Effort Perception Infant scale showed that during the training, fatigue increased in the middle and decreased by the end of the sessions, but the perception throughout the sessions was lower even as the exercise intensity increased., Conclusions: There were no differences between conventional and telerehabilitation treatments, so the telerehabilitation tool could be used without harming children with DMD and BMD, facilitating their access to therapies and stimulating learning to maintain their functional capacity. Therefore, telerehabilitation in general may be helpful in maintaining motor function in children with DMD and BMD. The learning effect helped reduce the feeling of fatigue in the children during the program., (© María Rosa Baeza-Barragán, Maria Teresa Labajos Manzanares, Mercedes Cristina Amaya-Álvarez, Fabián Morales Vega, Judit Rodriguez Ruiz, Rocío Martín-Valero. Originally published in JMIR Serious Games (https://games.jmir.org).)

A significant proportion of women experience low back and pelvic pain during and after pregnancy, which can negatively impact their daily lives. Various factors are attributed to these complaints, and many affected women do not receive adequate healthcare. However, there is evidence to support the use of different physiotherapeutic interventions to alleviate these conditions. Virtual reality is a promising complementary treatment to physiotherapy, particularly in improving pain perception and avoidance. The primary objective of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of a four-week program combining VR and physiotherapy compared to standard physiotherapy in pregnant women with low back and pelvic pain, in terms of improving pain avoidance, intensity, disability, and functional level. The study also aims to investigate patient satisfaction with the VR intervention. This research will be conducted through a multi-center randomized controlled clinical trial involving pregnant patients residing in the provinces of Seville and Malaga with a diagnosis of low back and pelvic pain during pregnancy. The alternative hypothesis is that the implementation of a Virtual Reality program in combination with standard physiotherapy will result in better clinical outcomes compared to the current standard intervention, which could lead to the development of new policies and interventions for these pathologies and their consequences. Clinical trial registration : clinicaltrials.gov, identifier NCT05571358., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2023 García-López, Pastora-Bernal, Moreno-Morales, Estebanez-Pérez, Liñán-González and Martín-Valero.)

Background: Cystic fibrosis causes mucus to build up in the lungs, digestive tract, and other areas. It is the most common chronic lung disease in children and young adults. It requires daily medical care. Before the COVID-19 pandemic, telerehabilitation and telehealth were used, but it was after this that there was a boom in these types of assistance in order to continue caring for cystic fibrosis patients., Objective: The objective is to evaluate the effect of telemedicine programs in people with cystic fibrosis., Methods: For the search, the PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, PEDro, Cochrane, and CINAHL databases were used. Randomized controlled trials, pilot studies, and clinical trials have been included. The exclusion criteria have considered that the population did not have another active disease or that telemedicine was not used as the main intervention. This study follows the PRISMA statement and has been registered in the PROSPERO database (CRD42021257647)., Results: A total of 11 articles have been included in the systematic review. No improvements have been found in quality of life, forced expiratory volume, and forced vital capacity. Good results have been found in increasing physical activity and early detection of exacerbations. Adherence and satisfaction are very positive and promising., Conclusions: Despite not obtaining significant improvements in some of the variables, it should be noted that the adherence and satisfaction of both patients and workers reinforce the use of this type of care. Future studies are recommended in which to continue investigating this topic., Competing Interests: The authors declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article., (© The Author(s) 2023.)

Long COVID syndrome has been recognized as a public health problem. Digital physiotherapy practice is an alternative that can better meet the needs of patients. The aim of this review was to synthesize the evidence of digital physiotherapy practice in Long COVID patients. A systematic review was carried out until December 2022. The review was complemented by an assessment of the risk of bias and methodological quality. A narrative synthesis of results was conducted, including subgroup analyses by intervention and clinical outcomes. Six articles, including 540 participants, were selected. Five articles were considered of high enough methodological quality. Parallel-group, single-blind, randomized controlled trials were the most commonly used research design. Tele-supervised home-based exercise training was the most commonly used intervention. Great heterogeneity in clinical outcomes and measurement tools was found. A subgroup analysis showed that digital physiotherapy is effective in improving clinical outcomes. Significant differences in favor of digital interventions over usual care were reported. Nevertheless, discrepancies regarding effectiveness were found. Improvements in clinical outcomes with digital physiotherapy were found to be at least non-inferior to usual care. This review provides new evidence that digital physiotherapy practice is an appropriate intervention for Long COVID patients, despite the inherent limitations of the review. Registration: CRD42022379004.

Background: The axillary web syndrome (AWS) is a surgical breast cancer sequel that limits the functionality of the patient and delays the protocol times of application of cancer treatments. This implies a long period of discomfort and limitations for the user., Objective: To investigate the different physiotherapy treatments for the AWS and how effective they are., Methods: A systematic review based on PRISMA protocol and registered in PROSPERO (CRD42021281354) was conducted. The research was performed using PubMed, Scopus, CINAHL, PEDro, and Web of Science databases during January 2022 and March 2022. All randomized controlled trials and controlled clinical trials were included in this review., Results: A total of 188 articles were identified, with 9 studies selected for the systematic review. These studies basically propose treatments based on exercises and stretching, manual therapy, and the combination of manual therapy and exercises., Conclusions: Exercise and stretching are the most effective therapies within the field of physiotherapy for the rehabilitation of axillary web syndrome. They restore range of motion faster, reduce pain, improve quality of life, and reduce disabilities. Manual therapy, scar massage, and myofascial release could help improve outcomes but with worse results. The meta-analysis conclusion is that pain is the only outcome with a significant reduction after the application of physiotherapy treatments - 0.82 [- 1.67; 0.03]. This conclusion is drawn from the only three studies with small sample sizes., (© 2023. The Author(s).)

(1) Background: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disease. There is no evidence on the analysis of the measurement instruments available to assess quality of life in these patients, following the consensus-based standards for the selection of health measurement instruments (COSMIN) checklist; (2) Methods: A systematic review was performed in PubMed, Embase, PEDro, Web of Science and Cochrane. The psychometric properties of the questionnaires were determined by using the COSMIN checklist. Two searches were carried out. This systematic review was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42021249005); (3) Results: There were four published articles that analysed the measurement properties in patients with ALS for the following scales: Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Assessment Questionnaire 40, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis-Specific Quality of Life Questionnaire, Short Form 36 Healthy Survey, Epworth Sleepiness Scale and Sickness Impact Profile. Another five scales also met the inclusion criteria: ALS-Depression-Inventory, State Trait Anxiety-Inventory, World Health Organization Quality of Life, Schedule for the Evaluation of Individual Quality of Life, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Assessment Questionnaire 5. Most Patient Reported Outcome Measures (PROMs) present a low-quality synthesis of evidence. It was observed an excellent pooled reliability of 0.92 (95% Confidence Interval: 0.83-0.96, I 2 = 87.3%) for four dimensions for questionnaires ALSAQ-40. (4) Conclusions: There is little evidence on generic instruments. Future studies are necessary to develop new tools.

To assess and meta-analyse the pooled dropout rate from the randomised control trilas that use virtual reality for balance or gait rehabilitation in people with multiple sclerosis. A systematic review of randomised control trials with meta-analysis and meta-regressions was performed. A search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, the Physiotherapy Evidence Database, the Cochrane Database, CINHAL, LILACS, ScienceDirect, and ProQuest. It was last updated in July 2022. After the selection of studies, a quality appraisal was carried out using the PEDro Scale and the Revised Cochrane risk-of-bias tool for randomised trials. A descriptive analysis of main characteristics and dropout information was performed. An overall proportion meta-analysis calculated the pooled dropout rate. Odds ratio meta-analysis compared the dropout likelihood between interventions. The meta-regression evaluated the influence of moderators related to dropout. Sixteen studies with 656 participants were included. The overall pooled dropout rate was 6.6% and 5.7% for virtual reality and 9.7% in control groups. The odds ratio (0.89, p  = 0.46) indicated no differences in the probability of dropouts between the interventions. The number, duration, frequency, and weeks of sessions, intervention, sex, multiple sclerosis phenotype, Expanded Disability Status Scale score, and PEDro score were not moderators ( p  > 0.05). Adverse events were not reported and could not be analysed as moderators. Dropouts across the virtual reality and control comparators were similar without significant differences. Nonetheless, there is a slight trend that could favour virtual reality. Standardisation in reporting dropouts and adverse events is recommended for future trials. PROSPERO database, registration number ID CRD42021284989., Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10055-022-00733-4., Competing Interests: Conflict of interestThe authors declare no conflicts of interest., (© The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag London Ltd., part of Springer Nature 2022, Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.)

Introduction: In rural India the scarcity of physiotherapists and inequalities complicate the recovery of traumatized children. This study protocol will explore a digital physiotherapy intervention in children with ankle fracture in a low-resource setting to improve functional independence and quality of life., Methods and Analysis: A randomized clinical trial with a mixed quantitative-qualitative design will be carried out. It is a single-blind study, where the evaluator does not know the nature of the intervention. Sixty subjects will be enrolled and randomly divided into two groups: the experimental group (EG) will receive a 4-week digital physiotherapy intervention through an app in a recycled mobile device after hospital discharge; the control group (CG) will receive the physiotherapy standard care recommended for patients discharged from the hospital. Subjects will receive a baseline (T0-pre) assessment of Functional Independence and Quality of Life. At the end of the 4-week intervention (T1-post) a new assessment of the outcome will be performed adding data on adherence, satisfaction ( ad hoc questionnaire and TSQ), and barriers of use. Qualitative outcomes will also be explored. The author's hypothesized that the implementation of a digital physiotherapy intervention is feasible and effective to improve functional independence and quality of life. This study protocol is the first to explore the effect of digital physiotherapy intervention in children's patients in a low resource setting (Anantapur)., Discussion: The successful delivery of the intervention, an optimal adherence records, the absence of significant adverse effects, user satisfaction level and the qualitative analysis of limitations, will demonstrate the effectiveness of these procedure. This study will add more evidence in support the use of digital physiotherapy practice as an effective tool. User particularities, provider's capacity, technological and cultural limitations, and considerations for vulnerable populations will be taken into account., Clinical Trial Registration: NCT04946695 (https://clinicaltrials.gov/)., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Estebanez-Pérez, Martín-Valero, Moreno-Morales, Liñán-González, Fernández-Navarro and Pastora-Bernal.)

Introduction: Breast cancer is the most common malignant tumour in women, with more than 2 million new cases annually worldwide. One of the most frequent and well-known surgical and post-actinic sequelae is post-mastectomy lymphoedema. The axillary web syndrome is another sequela that limits the functionality of the patient and delays the protocol time of administering cancer treatments; and in many cases, this sequela is misdiagnosed. This surgical sequela usually disappears spontaneously after the third month of appearance, but this implies a long period of discomfort and limitations for the patient, at the same time, it may delay the application of radiotherapy within the indicated protocol deadline (due to a need for body posture)., Methods and Analysis: With the present quasi-experimental study, we intend to show the application of physiotherapy and stretching from the beginning of the appearance of the axillary cord, in a controlled and scheduled way by the physiotherapist. It is possible to reduce the time in which the lymphatic thrombus is present and, therefore, recover functionality and mobility, reduce pain and be able to apply treatments within the established deadline. We intend to apply this therapy into the intervention group and compare thrombus evolution time with the control group., Ethics and Dissemination: This trial has the approval of the Andalucía Ethics Committee (PEIBA code 1909-N1-21, reg. number 171.21)., Trial Registration Number: ClinicalTrials.gov Registry (NCT05115799)., Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared., (© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2022. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.)

Long COVID-19 has been defined as the condition occurring in individuals with a history of probable or confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection, with related symptoms lasting at least 2 months and not explainable by an alternative diagnosis. The practice of digital physiotherapy presents itself as a promising complementary treatment method to standard physiotherapy, playing a key role in the recovery of function in subjects who have passed the disease and who maintain some symptomatology over time. The aims of this research are to explore the effect of a digital physiotherapy intervention on functional recovery in patients diagnosed with Long COVID-19 and to identify the level of adherence to the treatment carried out. A quasi-experimental pre-post study assessed initially and at the end of the 4-week intervention the functional capacity (1-min STS and SPPB) and the adherence (software) of a total of 32 participants. After the 4-week digital physiotherapy practice intervention with an individualised and customise exercise programme, a statistically significant improvement was observed (p < 0.05) with a small to medium effect size, high adherence rates and values above the minimal clinically important difference (MCID). We consider our intervention feasible, safe and consistent with our objectives. However, further randomised clinical trials and studies with larger samples are needed to draw extrapolable conclusions. Trial registration NCT04742946.

Electromagnetic fields are emerging as a therapeutic option for patients with spasticity. They have been applied at brain or peripheral level. The effects of electromagnetic fields applied to the brain have been extensively studied for years in spasticity, but not so at the peripheral level. Therefore, the purpose of our work is to analyze the effects of electromagnetic fields, applied peripherally to spasticity. A systematic review was conducted resulting in 10 clinical trials. The frequency ranged from 1 Hz to 150 Hz, with 25 Hz being the most commonly used and the intensity it was gradually increased but there was low homogeneity in how it was increased. Positive results on spasticity were found in 80% of the studies: improvements in stretch reflex threshold, self questionnaire about difficulties related to spasticity, clinical spasticity score, performance scale, Ashworth scale, spastic tone, Hmax/Mmax Ratio and active and passive dorsal flexion. However, results must be taken with caution due to the large heterogeneity and the small number of articles. In future studies, it would be interesting to agree on the parameters to be used, as well as the way of assessing spasticity, to be more objective in the study of their effectiveness.

Chronic pelvic pain (CPP), also known as chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CPPS), is a common and painful condition. However, its treatment is still a challenge. The findings about the beneficial effects of electromagnetic therapy provide a new, potentially valid, therapeutic alternative for the management of patients with CPP. Objectives: to analyze the efficacy of magnetic field therapy in pain reduction in patients with CPP and for other variables, such as urinary symptoms and quality of life, as well as to review the evidence, in order to establish an action protocol. A qualitative systematic review was carried out, based on the PRISMA protocol and registered in PROSPERO (CRD42022285428). A search was performed in the PubMed, Medline, Scopus, Cochrane, PEDro, BVS, and WOS databases, including those articles in which the patients suffered from CPP; the study variable was pain, and the intervention was based on the application of magnetic fields. Results: Among the 81 articles found, five clinical trials were considered (with an average score of 7.2 in the PEDro scale), with a total of 278 participants, most of whom presented improvements in perceived pain (p ≤ 0.05), as well as in quality of life (p < 0.05) and urinary symptoms (p = 0.05), evaluated through the NIH-CPSI and VAS scales. The therapy was conducted as a monotherapy or in combination with a pharmacological treatment. There was no common protocol among the different articles. Conclusions: Intervention programs through electromagnetic therapy, on their own or with other therapies, can be effective in patients with CPP.

Non-specific low back pain is defined as pain located in the lumbar region; this condition is the most frequent musculoskeletal disorder. Negative pulsed-pressure myofascial vacuum therapy (vacuum treatment (VT)) devices mobilize tissue according to previously programmed parameters of force, time and frequency. The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of VT combined with core therapeutic exercise versus a physical therapy program (PTP) based only on core therapeutic exercise. Fifty participants with chronic non-specific low back pain were randomly assigned to two treatment groups, the VT group ( n = 25) or the PTP group ( n = 25). Pain, pressure-pain threshold, range of motion, functionality and quality of life were measured before treatment, at the end of treatment, and at one-month and three-month follow-ups. Both groups received 15 therapy sessions over 5 weeks. Statistically significant differences in favor of the VT group were shown in the results. In conclusion, the intervention based on myofascial vacuum therapy improved pain, mobility, pressure pain threshold, functionality and quality of life.

Breast cancer treatments can trigger respiratory sequelae. Respiratory physiotherapy helps to eliminate or mitigate the sequelae by optimizing respiratory function. This systematic review aims to synthesize the scientific evidence and assess its quality regarding the use of respiratory physiotherapy in the sequelae of breast cancer. The Cochrane Library, Physiotherapy Evidence Database, PubMed, Web of Science, Scientific Electronic Library Online, Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Literature Complete, and Scopus were searched. Study quality was determined using the PEDro scale, STROBE Statement, and Single-Case Experimental Design Scale. Ten studies, six clinical trials, one case study, and three observational studies were selected. The mean methodological quality of the clinical trials was 5.6, that of the case study was 7, and that of the observational studies was 56%. Respiratory physiotherapy has been observed to improve respiratory capacity, lung function, respiratory muscle strength, effort tolerance, dyspnea, fatigue, thoracic mobility, upper limb volume, sleep quality and quality of life, as well as sensitivity to adverse physiological reactions, nausea, vomiting, and anxiety. However, it is not effective for vasomotor symptoms. More clinical trials are needed. These studies should homogenize the techniques used, as well as improve their methodological quality.

Triathlon is an aerobic sport, which is commonly measured by maximal aerobic consumption (VO 2 max)., Objective: to analyze the changes produced in cardiorespiratory and physiological measurements during practice, which determine triathletes' performance level. A systematic review and a meta-analysis based on PRISMA protocol and registered in PROSPERO (CRD42020189076) was conducted. The research was performed using PubMed, SPORTDiscus, Embase, Dialnet, Web of Science (WOS) and MEDLINE databases during February and March 2020. Studies that measured cardiorespiratory variables in triathletes published in the last 10 years were included., Results: 713 articles were identified, with 25 studies selected for the systematic review and five articles for the meta-analysis. These articles concluded that the main cardiorespiratory variables that determine triathletes' performance were modified depending on the triathlon segment performed and the athletes' sex and age. The meta-analysis showed no conclusive results related to the effects of changes in VO 2 max in triathletes' performance [SMD = -0.21; 95%CI: (-0.84 to 0.43)]., Conclusions: cardiorespiratory fitness, in terms of VO 2 max and ventilatory thresholds, is the strongest predictor of performance in triathlon. This response may be affected depending on the triathlon segment performed and the athlete's age or sex, leading to both physiological and biomechanical alterations that affect competition performance.

Background: Augmented reality (AR) is a rapidly expanding technology; it comprises the generation of new images from digital information in the real physical environment of a person, which simulates an environment where the artificial and real are mixed. The use of AR in physiotherapy has shown benefits in certain areas of patient health. However, these benefits have not been studied as a whole., Objective: This study aims to ascertain the current scientific evidence on AR therapy as a complement to physiotherapy and to determine the areas in which it has been used the most and which variables and methods have been most effective., Methods: A systematic review registered in PROSPERO (International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews) was conducted following PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) recommendations. The search was conducted from July to August 2021 in the PubMed, PEDro, Web of Science, Scopus, and Cochrane Library scientific databases using the keywords augmented reality, physiotherapy, physical therapy, exercise therapy, rehabilitation, physical medicine, fitness, and occupational therapy. The methodological quality was evaluated using the PEDro scale and the Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network scale to determine the degree of recommendation. The Cochrane Collaboration tool was used to evaluate the risk of bias., Results: In total, 11 articles were included in the systematic review. Of the 11 articles, 4 (36%) contributed information to the meta-analysis. Overall, 64% (7/11) obtained a good level of evidence, and most had a B degree of recommendation of evidence. A total of 308 participants were analyzed. Favorable results were found for the Berg Balance Scale (standardized mean change 0.473, 95% CI -0.0877 to 1.0338; z=1.65; P=.10) and the Timed Up and Go test (standardized mean change -1.211, 95% CI -3.2005 to 0.7768; z=-1.194; P=.23)., Conclusions: AR, in combination with conventional therapy, has been used for the treatment of balance and fall prevention in geriatrics, lower and upper limb functionality in stroke, pain in phantom pain syndrome, and turning in place in patients with Parkinson disease with freezing of gait. AR is effective for the improvement of balance; however, given the small size of the samples and the high heterogeneity of the studies, the results were not conclusive. Future studies using larger sample sizes and with greater homogeneity in terms of the devices used and the frequency and intensity of the interventions are needed., Trial Registration: PROSPERO International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews CRD42020180766; https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display&#95;record.php?RecordID=180766., (©Maria Jesus Vinolo Gil, Gloria Gonzalez-Medina, David Lucena-Anton, Veronica Perez-Cabezas, María Del Carmen Ruiz-Molinero, Rocío Martín-Valero. Originally published in JMIR Serious Games (https://games.jmir.org), 15.12.2021.)

The occupation of a worker is a determining factor of sickness absence (SA) and can influence both the beginning and continuation of the latter. This study describes SA in Spain, separately in the different Autonomous Communities (AC) in relation to the occupation of workers, with the aim of determining the possible differences in its frequency and duration, relating it also to the diagnosis. A total of 6,543,307 workers, aged 16 years and older, who had at least one episode of SA in the year 2019, constituted the study sample. The obtained results indicate that SA is more frequent and shorter in more elemental occupations. The average duration increases with age and is longer in women, except in technical and administrative occupations, where there is no gender divide. Sickness absences caused by musculoskeletal and mental disorders are more frequent in the lower occupational classes, although their average duration is shorter than in other, more qualified groups. The ACs with shorter duration in almost all the occupational groups are Madrid, Navarre and the Basque Country. In conclusion, SA is more frequent and shorter in lower occupational classes.

Massive open online courses (MOOCs) provide accessible and engaging information for Physical Therapy and Occupational Therapy students. The objective of this research was to determine the usefulness in improving academic performance and empathy in health sciences undergraduates, and to test a hypothetical model through structural equation analysis. This research was carried out using a descriptive and quasi-experimental design. It was conducted in a sample of 381 participants: 176 used a MOOC and 205 did not. The results of the Student's t-test showed statistically significant differences in academic performance between the groups in favor of those students who had realized the MOOC. Participants carried out an evaluation rubric after taking MOOC. Statistically significant differences in empathy were also obtained between the pre (X = 62.06; SD = 4.41) and post (X = 73.77; SD = 9.93) tests. The hypothetical model tested via structural equation modeling was supported by the results. Motivation for the MOOC explained 50% of the variance. The MOOC (participation and realization) explained 58% of academic performance, 35% of cognitive empathy and 48% of affective empathy. The results suggest an association between higher realization and participation in a MOOC and higher levels of academic performance, and cognitive and affective empathy.

Background: There are different therapeutic strategies such as physiotherapy and music therapy for the treatment of cerebral palsy. Intervention protocols using both therapies to unify the measurement of motor function have not been investigated. Aims and scope: To summarize the effects of the treatment of cerebral palsy through the use of both for the improvement of motor function, analyse the challenges encountered, and submit proposals for improving them., Methods: The systematic review was conducted following PRISMA guidelines and registered in the PROSPERO database (CRD42020162493). Clinical trials that described the results obtained in terms of motor function through physiotherapy and music therapy were included., Results: Eight clinical trials with 234 participants were considered with a significant improvement in motor function. Results of meta-analysis suggested improvements in gait velocity in favour of the control group for cerebral palsy (mean differences = 0.03; 95% confidence interval = 0.01, 0.04, p = 0.001; I 2 = 97%). However, high heterogeneity was identified in the meta-analysis due to the small number of studies included., Conclusions: The combination can be effective in subjects with cerebral palsy to improve motor function, although due to the diversity of studies analysed, it is complex to extrapolate results.

Background: In health professions, the curriculum that must be met in order to obtain the academic certificate is based on the development of the so-called competencies. The broad content of the Practicum of the Degree of Physiotherapy has led to the creation of multiple types of evaluation, which makes it difficult for faculty members to reach a consensus on competencies. The aim of this study was to develop and validate content of a rubric for the evaluation of acquired competencies related to physiotherapeutic performance and intervention in traumatology within the Practicum of the Degree of Physiotherapy., Methods: Following the Delphi methodology, a group of experts from all over the Spanish territory participated in the study. Through on-line questionnaires, several sequential rounds were established, alternated by controlled feedback until obtaining a consensus in the opinion of the experts, which allowed elaborating the final rubric., Results: Initially, 16 experts were contacted, of whom 10 worked and completed the final content of the rubric. For the 3 rounds that were conducted, the initial 142 interventions of the initial proposition, which correspond to specific competencies, were reduced to the final 29 items that compose the specific evaluation rubric presented in this study., Conclusions: This rubric is an evaluation instrument with valid content for the assessment of specific competencies of Traumatology in the Practicum of the Degree of Physiotherapy., (© 2021. The Author(s).)