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L-citrulline (CIT) supplementation seems to improve resistance training performance; yet, whether malate has additive ergogenic effects when combined with CIT is unknown. This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover trial aimed to compare the acute effects of CIT versus citrulline malate (CMA) supplementation on neuromuscular performance and exertion and emotional perceptions in young, trained men and women. 43 (21 women; 24.2 ± 3.7 years) participants ingested a placebo, CIT (5.3 g of CIT), or CMA (5.3 g of CIT, 2.7 g of malate) 45 min before three experimental sessions in a counterbalanced manner. We evaluated the upper and lower limb maximal neuromuscular and ballistic performance through the two-point method and countermovement jump. Strength-endurance was assessed across three sets of 10 repetitions in the squat and bench press exercises. Exertion and emotional perceptions were evaluated before and after the assessment and during the strength-endurance assessment. CIT and CMA supplementation did not enhance maximal neuromuscular performance (all p ≥.061, η p 2 ≤.066), or ballistic strength (all p ≥.348, η p 2 ≤.025). Neither CIT nor CMA supplementation improved strength-endurance as observed in the total number of repetitions (all p ≥.590, η p 2 ≤.013), repetitions before reaching velocity loss threshold (all p ≥.623, η p 2 ≤.010), mean velocity (all p ≥.792, η p 2 ≤.004), mean velocity decline (all p ≥.293, η p 2 ≤.029), and mean velocity maintenance (all p ≥.393 η p 2 ≤.022), or exertion and emotional perceptions (both p ≥.306, η p 2 ≤.028). In conclusion, CIT and CMA supplementation may not increase the neuromuscular performance during low- to moderate-volume resistance training sessions in young, trained adults. This trial was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (No. NCT05183893). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractBoth the growing prevalence of chronic diseases and the consumer’s health awareness have increased the intake of fish oil supplements since it is rich in omega-3. However, the proposed preventive or therapeutic effects of fish oil in different diseases are inconsistent, partially because processing affects on omega-3 stability and bioavailability. Thus, this review aims to describe the influence of fish oil processing on the omega-3 bioavailability in humans. This review illustrates how fish oil is obtained and processed, summarizes how omega-3 bioavailability is assessed, and describes how the molecular form and formulation may modulate their bioavailability. The bioavailability of omega-3 depends on the processing and formulation of fish oil, which influences the acceptability and stability of the final product. Currently, omega-3 is more bioavailable when ingested as free fatty acid, followed by triglyceride, and lastly as ethyl ester. Due to their high susceptibility to oxidation and preliminary findings, administering omega-3 in the form of triglyceride may be the most suitable to maximize bioavailability. Additionally, formulations that promote self-emulsification of fish oil show promise, though more human studies are needed to support these results. These results could optimize the bioavailability of omega-3 and the potential health-related applications of fish oil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]